One of the three genres of fiction. Literary genera and genres

DRAMA is one of the four genres of literature. In the narrow sense of the word - the genre of a work depicting a conflict between characters, in a broad sense - all works without the author's speech. Species (genres) dramatic works: tragedy, drama, comedy, vaudeville.

LYRICS - one of the four types of literature, reflecting life through the personal experiences of a person, his feelings and thoughts. Types of lyrics: song, elegy, ode, thought, message, madrigal, stanzas, eclogue, epigram, epitaph.

EPOS is one of the four types of literature, reflecting life through a story about a person and the events that happen to him. Main types (genres) epic literature: epic, novel, story, short story, short story, artistic essay.

Types of literature- these are large associations of verbal and artistic works according to the type of relationship of the speaker ("carrier of speech") to the artistic whole. Three genera are distinguished: drama, epic, lyrics. Between all kinds of literature, and there are three of them - epic, lyrics and drama - a lot in common. First of all, they have a common subject of depiction - a person. Literature - all its genera - differs from other genera and art forms in that it has the only means of depiction - the word. The mutual proximity of all three types of literature lies in the fact that each of them as if it penetrates another. Drama has a number of features of epic and lyric, lyrics often has a number of features of drama, epic also has a number of features of drama and lyric. Epos is an ancient Greek word. It means "song". The epic goes back to ancient times, when there was no written language and when historical narratives about the past, most often associated with military exploits, were preserved in the memory of the people in myths, recalled in songs. The epic songs of antiquity, however, also know love, labor, and even sports themes. The subject of the epic depiction is one or another period of social development saturated with significant events. is depicted not abstractly, but through the characters, through the person.

So, the epic embodies the image of the era in the heroes. Let's take a look at the most famous epic works modernity. For example, Sholokhov Quiet Don". The term "lyric" also comes from the ancient Greek word, from the name string instrument"lyre". Lyric, in contrast to the epic, creates mainly an image internal state of a person, depicts an experience, as a rule, one-time, which a person is experiencing at the moment. Let us recall the poem by M. Yu. Lermontov “I go out alone on the road”. It depicts a certain state of mind, which we recognize because each of us has probably experienced a similar philosophical mood. The drama has a lot in common with both the epic and the lyrics. Drama, like epic, depicts a person in a particular era, creates an image of time. But at the same time, the drama has significant differences from the epic and its own specific features. First, the drama is basically devoid of the narrator's speech, author's characteristics, author's comments, author's portraits. This rule knows known exceptions. For example, in modern dramaturgy, a person from the author appears more and more often - the leader, who takes on the author's commentary on events, characterization of the characters, where the leader determines the compositional structure.

Ticket 3

B. Action - basic means of expression theater and performing arts. Action elements.

Action is a psycho-physical act aimed at achieving a goal in the fight against the proposed circumstances. difference stage action from action in life: - time - dynamism, - action can move both in time and in space, stage action is a push of feelings. The purpose of action on stage.

1. Make changes to the environment.

2. Change inner world.

physical action is an action that is intended to bring about a change in surrounding a person material environment, in one or another object. A psychological action is an action that is aimed at the human psyche by influencing feelings, consciousness and will. It can be directed both at a partner and at oneself. There is a mimic action - this is a look, a movement of the hand, aimed at the psyche. Verbal action - according to the principle I cannot be silent. Stage attention - focusing on an object. He can be brought up. It happens arbitrarily on the stage, involuntary - in life. Receiving information - I evaluate - I make a decision - adaptation - we begin to act. Our attention is subject to rotation and imagination. There is an external to an external object, and an internal to itself. Objects of attention: partner, spectator, myself. Circles of attention: small - on yourself, medium - on a partner, scenery and stage area, and large - auditorium and backstage. Action-conflict in its development. unity of action. Action is the main expressive means of spectacular art. The stage action is embodied in the actor. The source of our actions is the circumstances in which we find ourselves. In poetic material, all action should be conditional, no everyday decision! Clear scenes. Conditional reception of the organization of action -- Concentration of thoughts, feelings, moods - Conciseness of the plot and presentation of thoughts. IN compositional effect effective reception of a changeling, when the outcome of the situation in the final changes by 180 degrees.

The characterization of the characters should be sharpened. Both external and internal Both in the plastic and in the speech version of the characters, we are going to exaggerate.

The tempo action should be swift. The rhythm is tense.

The most expressive are the sharp contrasts in the development of the action, the contrasts in the emotional state of the actors. Maskiness, gracefulness.

Action elements.

The work of the sense organs

Memory for feeling

Creating imaginative visions

activity of the imagination

Logic and sequence of action of thoughts and feelings

Physical and verbal interaction with the object.

Video lesson 2: Literary genera and genres

Lecture: Literary genera. Genres of literature

Literary genera

epic- a story about past events. Large epic works contain descriptions, reasoning, lyrical digressions, and dialogues. The epic involves the participation of a large number of actors, many events that are not limited by time or space. In works of an epic nature, a significant role is given to the narrator or narrator, who does not interfere in the course of events, assesses what is happening from a distance, objectively (I. Goncharov's novels, A. Chekhov's stories). Often the narrator tells a story heard from the narrator.

Lyrics unites a lot of poetic genres: sonnet, elegy, song, romance. A lyrical work is easy to distinguish from the other two main types of literature - epic and drama - by the absence of events and the presence of an image of a person's inner world, a description of the change in his moods, impressions. In the lyrics, the description of nature, event or object is presented from the standpoint of personal experience.

Between these main types of literature there is an intermediate, lyrical-epic genre. Lyro-epos combines epic narrative and lyrical emotionality into one whole (A. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin").

Drama- the main literary genus, residing in two hypostases - the genus of stage action and the genre of literature. In a dramatic work there is no narrative detailed description, the text consists entirely of dialogues, replicas, monologues of characters. In order for a stage action to have signs of drama, a conflict is necessary (the main and only one, or several conflict situations). Some playwrights are masterfully able to show the inner action, when the characters only reflect and experience, thereby “moving” the plot to the denouement.

So, remember what is the difference between the main literary genres:

Epic - the event is told

Lyrics - the event is experienced

Drama - the event is depicted

Genres of literature

Novel- belongs to the epic genre of literature, is distinguished by a significant time period in the development of the plot, filled with many characters. Some novels trace the fate of several generations of the same family ("family sagas"). In a novel, as a rule, several storylines, complex and deep life processes. A work written in the genre of a novel is full of conflicts (internal, external), events do not always keep the chronology of following.

Roman - epic describes broad layers folk life at culminating moments, at the turn of historical epochs. Other features of the epic are similar to the features of the novel as an epic work. The genre includes "Quiet Flows the Don" by M. Sholokhov, "War and Peace" by L. Tolstoy.

Tale– prose work medium volume (less than a novel by the amount of text and by the number of characters, but more than a story).

Compositional features: the story is characterized by a chronicle development of events, the author does not set large-scale historical tasks for the reader. Compared to the novel, the story is more "chamber" literary genre, where the main action is focused on the character and fate of the protagonist.

Story is the product of a small prose form. Characteristic signs:

short duration of events

a small number of characters (there can be only one or two characters),

one problem,

one event.

Feature article- a literary prose work of small form, a kind of story. The essay touches on the most pressing social problems. The plot is based on facts, documents, observations of the author.

Parable- a short prose story of an instructive nature, the content is conveyed with the help of allegories, in an allegorical manner. The parable is very close to a fable, but unlike it, it does not end the story with a ready-made moral, but invites the reader to think and draw a conclusion for himself.

Poetry

Poem- voluminous poetry plot work. The poem combines the features of lyrics and epic: on the one hand, this is a detailed, voluminous content, on the other hand, the inner world of the hero is revealed in all details, his experiences, the movements of the soul are carefully studied by the author.

Ballad. Works written in the ballad genre are not so common in contemporary literature, like poems or songs, however, in former times, ballad creativity was very widespread and popular. In ancient times (presumably in the Middle Ages), the ballad was folklore ritual nature, uniting song and dance. The ballad is easily recognizable by the plot of the narration, subordination to a strict rhythm, repetitions (refrains) of individual words or entire lines. The ballad was especially loved in the era of romanticism: the thematic diversity of the genre allowed romantic poets to create fantastic, fabulous, historical, humorous works. Quite often, plots from translated literature were taken as a basis. The ballad experienced a rebirth at the beginning of the 20th century, the genre was developed during the years of the development of the ideas of revolutionary romance.

Lyric poem. The most beloved representative of the poetic genre by readers and listeners is a lyric poem. Small in volume, often written in the first person, the poem conveys feelings, moods, experiences lyrical hero, or directly the author of the verse.

Song. Small-form poetic works containing stanzas (verse) and refrain (chorus). As a literary genre, the song is in the culture of every nation; these are the oldest examples of amateur oral art- folk songs. Songs are composed in a variety of genres: there are historical, heroic, folk, humorous, etc. A song may have an official author - a professional poet, a song may have a collective author (folk art), songs are composed by professional amateurs (the so-called "author's", amateur song).

Elegy. One can guess what an elegy is by translating the meaning of the word from the Greek language - “mournful song”. Indeed, elegies always bear the imprint of a sad mood, sadness, sometimes even sorrow. Some philosophical experiences of the lyrical hero are turned into an elegiac form. Elegiac verse was very popular among romantic and sentimentalist poets.

Message. A letter in verse addressed to a specific person or group of people received the name “message” in poetry. The content of such a work could be friendly, lyrical, mocking, etc.

Epigram. This small poem could be quite capacious in content: often only a few lines contained a capacious, devastating description of some person or several persons. Recognition of the epigram was given by two circumstances: wit and extreme brevity. A. Pushkin, P. Vyazemsky, I. Dmitriev, N. Nekrasov, F. Tyutchev were famous for their magnificent, sometimes impartial epigrams. IN modern poetry outstanding masters A. Ivanov, L. Filatov, V. Gaft are considered to be the “smashing line”.

Oh yeah composed in honor of some event or specific person. poetic work small form was filled with solemn content, distinguished by grandiloquence of presentation (“high calm”), pomposity. If the Ode was dedicated to the reigning person, the small form could be significantly “enlarged” so that the poet could mark with verse all the excellent qualities of the addressee.

Sonnet- a poem of 14 lines (4 + 4 + 3 + 3), has certain construction rules:

Three-liner. denouement

Three-liner. A denouement is planned

Quatrain. Exposition development

The final line of the denouement expresses the essence of the poem.

Comedy, tragedy, drama

It's hard to define funny. What exactly creates laughter? Why is it funny?

Comedy(Greek “jolly song”) from its inception to the present day is the most beloved type of stage work and literary creativity. In works of comedic content, the authors portray human types and various life situations in a comic manifestation: ugliness is presented as beauty, stupidity is presented as a manifestation of a brilliant mind, etc.

Comedies are of several types:

"High" ("Woe from Wit") - serious life situation presented against the backdrop of the actions of comic characters.

Satirical ("Inspector") - exposes the characters and actions in a funny, ridiculous light.

Lyric (" The Cherry Orchard”) - there is no division of heroes into “good” and “bad”, there is no action, there is no visible conflict. Sounds, details, symbolism are of great importance.

Tragedy- a special dramatic genre: there is no, and cannot be, a happy denouement in the work. The plot of the tragic work lies in the irreconcilable clash of the hero with society, with Fate, with the outside world. The outcome of a tragedy is always sad - in the end, the hero must die. were especially tragic ancient greek tragedies created according to strictly prescribed rules. Later (in the 18th century), tragedy began to gradually lose its genre rigor, moving closer to drama. New genres are being formed - heroic historical, tragic drama. IN late XIX V. the combination of tragedy and comedy took place, a new genre - tragicomedy.

Drama differs as a genre of literature and as a kind of stage performance.

To understand the features of the drama, you can compare the features, character traits tragedy and dramatic work.

One of the founders of Russian literary criticism was V. G. Belinsky. And although serious steps were taken in antiquity in the development of the concept of literary gender (Aristotle), it is Belinsky who owns the scientifically based theory of three literary genera, which you can get acquainted with in detail by reading Belinsky's article "Division of poetry into genera and types."

There are three kinds fiction: epic(from the Greek. Epos, narration), lyrical(called the lyre musical instrument, accompanied by sung verses) and dramatic(from Greek Drama, action).

Presenting a particular subject to the reader (meaning the subject of conversation), the author chooses different approaches to it:

First approach: can be detailed tell about the subject, about the events associated with it, about the circumstances of the existence of this subject, etc.; at the same time, the position of the author will be more or less detached, the author will act as a kind of chronicler, narrator, or choose one of the characters as the narrator; the main thing in such a work will be precisely the story, the narration about the subject, the leading type of speech will be precisely narration; this kind of literature is called epic;

The second approach: you can tell not so much about events, but about impression, which they produced on the author, about those feelings that they called; image inner world, experiences, impressions and will refer to the lyrical genre of literature; exactly experience becomes the main event of the lyrics;

Third approach: you can portray item in action, show him on stage; introduce to the reader and viewer of it, surrounded by other phenomena; this kind of literature is dramatic; in the drama itself, the voice of the author will be the least likely to sound - in remarks, that is, the author's explanations for the action and replicas of the characters.

Look at the table and try to remember its contents:

Genres of fiction

Each type of literature in turn includes a number of genres.

GENRE is a historically formed group of works united common features content and form. These groups include novels, stories, poems, elegies, short stories, feuilletons, comedies, etc. In literary criticism, the concept of a literary type is often introduced; this is a broader concept than a genre. In this case, the novel will be considered a type of fiction, and genres - various varieties of the novel, for example, adventure, detective, psychological, parable novel, dystopian novel, etc.

Examples genus-species relations in literature:

• Genus: dramatic; view: comedy; genre: sitcom.
• Genus: epic; view: story; genre: fantasy story etc.

Genres being categories historical, appear, develop and eventually "leave" from the "active reserve" of artists, depending on historical era: ancient lyricists did not know the sonnet; in our time, an archaic genre has become born in antiquity and popular in XVII-XVIII centuries Oh yeah; romanticism XIX century brought to life detective literature etc.

Consider the following table, which lists the types and genres related to the different kinds of word art:

Genera, types and genres of fiction

Modern literary criticism also highlights fourth, an adjacent genre of literature, combining the features of the epic and lyrical genera: lyrical-epic to which it refers poem. Indeed, by telling the reader a story, the poem manifests itself as an epic; revealing to the reader the depth of feelings, the inner world of the person who tells this story, the poem manifests itself as a lyric.

In the table you came across the expression "small genres". epic and lyrical works are divided into large and small genres to a greater extent in terms of volume. The epic, the novel, the poem belong to the large ones, the story, the story, the fable, the song, the sonnet, etc., to the small ones.

Read V. Belinsky's statement about the genre of the story:

If the story, according to Belinsky, is "a leaf from the book of life", then, using his metaphor, one can figuratively define the novel from the genre point of view as "a chapter from the book of life", and the story as "a line from the book of life".

Small epic genres to which the story relates is "intense" in terms of the content of prose: due to the small volume, the writer does not have the opportunity to "spread his thoughts along the tree", get carried away detailed descriptions, enumerations, reproduce a large number of events in detail, and the reader often needs to say a lot.

The story is characterized by the following features:

• small volume;
• the plot is most often based on one event, the rest are only outlined by the author;
• a small number of characters: usually one or two central characters;
• the author is interested in a certain topic;
• one decides main question, the remaining questions are "derived" from the main one.

So,
STORY- this is a small prose work with one or two main characters, dedicated to the image of a single event. Somewhat more voluminous story, but the difference between a story and a story is not always possible to catch: the work of A. Chekhov "Duel" is called by some a small story, and some - a big story. The following is important: as the critic E. Anichkov wrote at the beginning of the twentieth century, " personality is at the center of the story rather than a group of people."

Rise of the Russian short prose starts in the 20s XIX years century, which gave excellent examples of small epic prose, including the unconditional masterpieces of Pushkin ("Belkin's Tales", " Queen of Spades") and Gogol ("Evenings on a farm near Dikanka", St. Petersburg stories), romantic novels A. Pogorelsky, A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky, V. Odoevsky and others. In the second half of the 19th century, small epic works by F. Dostoevsky were created ("Dream funny man"," Notes from the Underground"), N. Leskova ("Lefty", "Dumb Artist", "Lady Macbeth Mtsensk district"), I. Turgenev ("Hamlet of the Shchigrovsky district", "Steppe King Lear", "Ghosts", "Notes of a hunter"), L. Tolstoy (" Prisoner of the Caucasus"," Hadji Murat "," Cossacks ", Sevastopol stories), A. Chekhov as the greatest master short story, works by V. Garshin, D. Grigorovich, G. Uspensky and many others.

The twentieth century also did not remain in debt - and the stories of I. Bunin, A. Kuprin, M. Zoshchenko, Teffi, A. Averchenko, M. Bulgakov appear ... Even such recognized lyrics as A. Blok, N. Gumilyov, M. Tsvetaeva "descended to despicable prose," in the words of Pushkin. It can be argued that on turn of XIX-XX centuries, the small genre of epic took leading position in Russian literature.

And for this reason alone, one should not think that the story raises some minor problems and touches on shallow topics. Form story concise, and the plot is sometimes uncomplicated and concerns, at first glance, simple, as L. Tolstoy said, "natural" relations: there is simply nowhere for a complex chain of events in the story to unfold. But this is precisely the task of the writer, in order to conclude a serious and often inexhaustible subject of conversation in a small space of text.

If the plot of the thumbnail I. Bunina "Muravsky Way", consisting of only 64 words, captures only a few moments of the conversation between the traveler and the coachman in the middle of the endless steppe, then the plot of the story A. Chekhov "Ionych" Enough for a whole novel artistic time The story spans nearly a decade and a half. But the author does not care what happened to the hero at each stage of this time: it is enough for him to “snatch” several “links”-episodes from the hero’s life chain, similar friend on a friend, like drops of water, and the whole life of Dr. Startsev becomes extremely clear to both the author and the reader. “As you live one day of your life, so you will live your whole life,” Chekhov seems to say. At the same time, the writer, reproducing the situation in the house of the most "cultural" family provincial town S., can focus all his attention on the sound of knives from the kitchen and the smell of fried onions ( artistic details! ), but to say about several years of a person’s life as if they didn’t exist at all, or it was a “passing”, uninteresting time: “Four years have passed”, “Several more years have passed”, as if it’s not worth wasting time and paper on the image of such a trifle ...

Image Everyday life a person devoid of external storms and upheavals, but in a routine that makes a person wait forever for happiness that never comes, became a cross-cutting theme of A. Chekhov's stories, which determined further development Russian short prose.

Historical upheavals, of course, dictate other themes and plots to the artist. M. Sholokhov in the cycle of Don stories speaks of terrible and beautiful human destinies in a time of revolutionary upheaval. But the point here is not so much in the revolution itself, but in eternal problem man's struggle with himself, in the eternal tragedy of the collapse of the old familiar world, which mankind has experienced many times. And therefore Sholokhov turns to plots that have long been rooted in world literature, depicting private human life, as it were, in the context of the world. legendary history. Yes, in the story "Mole" Sholokhov uses an ancient story, like the world, about the duel between father and son, who are not recognized by each other, which we meet in Russian epics, in epics ancient persia and medieval Germany ... But if ancient epic explains the tragedy of a father who killed his son in battle by the laws of fate beyond the control of man, then Sholokhov speaks of the problem of a person’s choice of his life path, a choice that determines all future events and in the end makes one a beast in human form, and the other an equal to the greatest heroes of the past.

• A. Pushkin. The stories "Dubrovsky", "Snowstorm"
• N. Gogol. The stories "The Night Before Christmas", "Taras Bulba", "The Overcoat", "Nevsky Prospekt".
• I.S. Turgenev. Tale " Noble Nest"; "Notes of a hunter" (2-3 stories of your choice); story "Asya"
• N.S. Leskov. Stories "Lefty", "Dumb Artist"
• L.N. Tolstoy. The stories "After the Ball", "The Death of Ivan Ilyich"
• M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin. Fairy tales " wise gudgeon", "Bogatyr", "Bear in the province"
• A.P. Chekhov. The stories "The Jumper", "Ionych", "Gooseberries", "About Love", "The Lady with the Dog", "Ward Number Six", "In the Ravine"; other stories of your choice
• I.A. Bunin. Stories and novels "The Gentleman from San Francisco", "Dry Valley", " easy breathing", "Antonov apples", "Dark alleys" A.I. Kuprin. The story "Olesya", the story "Garnet Bracelet"
• M. Gorky. The stories "Old Woman Izergil", "Makar Chudra", "Chelkash"; collection "Untimely Thoughts"
• A.N. Tolstoy. The story "Viper"
• M. Sholokhov. The stories "The Mole", "Alien Blood", "The Fate of Man";
• M. Zoshchenko. Stories "Aristocrat", "Monkey tongue", "Love" and others of your choice
• A.I. Solzhenitsyn. The story "Matryona yard"
• V. Shukshin. The stories "I believe!", "Boots", "Space, nervous system and shmat lard", "Mil pardon, madam!", "Stalled"

Before doing task 6, consult a dictionary and set exact value concepts with which you have to work.

• Grechnev V.Ya. Russian end story XIX-beginning XX century. - L., 1979.
• Zhuk A.A. Russian prose II half of XIX century. - M.: Enlightenment, 1981.
• Literary encyclopedic Dictionary. - M., 1987.
• Literary criticism: Reference materials. - M., 1988.
• Russian story XIX century: History and problems of the genre. - L., 1973.

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Literary genera and genres (theory of literary criticism)

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Literary gender- a group of literary works, singled out according to a number of unity of features.

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Lyrics is a kind of literature that reflects life by depicting individual states, thoughts, feelings, impressions and experiences of a person. Feature- poetic speech, rhythm, lack of plot, small size.

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The epic is coherent story about certain events that are as close as possible to objectivity. The epic is characterized by the reproduction of an action unfolding in space and time. specific trait The epic is that the author (or narrator) himself reports the events and their details as something past and remembered, along the way resorting to descriptions of the situation of the action and the appearance of the characters, and sometimes to reasoning. The epic narration is conducted on behalf of the narrator, a kind of intermediary between the depicted and the listener (reader).

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Drama is a kind of literature that reflects life in the action (actions and experiences) of people. Designed to be performed on stage. The action is shown through the conflict that lies at the center of the dramatic work, defining all the structural elements. dramatic action. Dramatic conflict, reflecting specific historical and universal contradictions, revealing the essence of time, social relations, is embodied in the behavior and actions of the characters, and, above all, in dialogues, monologues, replicas.

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Lyroepic is one of the four types of literature in the traditional classification. In lyrical works art world the reader observes and evaluates from the outside as a plot narrative, but at the same time events and characters receive a certain emotional assessment of the narrator.

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Epic (ancient Greek “word, narration” + “I create”) is a generic designation for large epic and similar works: An extensive narrative in verse or prose about outstanding national historical events. A complex, long history of something, including a number of major events. A novel is a work in which the narrative is focused on the fate of an individual in the process of its formation and development. According to Belinsky, a novel is an "epos privacy"(eg. "Oblomov" by A. Goncharov, "Fathers and Sons" by I. Turgenev). The story is a "medium" genre epic kind literature. In terms of volume, as a rule, it is less than a novel, but more than a story, a short story. If in the novel the center of gravity lies in the holistic action, in the actual and psychological movement of the plot, then in the story the main burden is often transferred to the static components of the work - positions, states of mind, landscapes, descriptions, etc. (eg "Steppe"). Novella - small prose genre, comparable in volume to the story (which sometimes gives rise to their identification - there is a point of view on the short story as a kind of story), but differs from it in a sharp centripetal plot, often paradoxical, lack of descriptiveness and compositional rigor (for example, A. Chekhov's stories , N. Gogol, " dark woods"I. Bunina). The story is a small epic genre form of fiction - a small prose work in terms of the volume of the phenomena of life depicted, and hence in terms of the volume of the text.

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A fable is a poetic or prose literary work of a moralizing, satirical nature. At the end of the fable there is a brief moralizing conclusion - the so-called morality. Actors animals, plants, things usually act. In the fable, the vices of people are ridiculed. The fable is one of the oldest literary genres. Epics (starins) - heroic-patriotic songs-tales that tell about the exploits of heroes and reflect the life of Ancient Rus' in the 9th-13th centuries; kind of oral folk art, which is inherent in the song-epic way of reflecting reality. The main plot of the epic is some heroic event, or a remarkable episode of Russian history (hence vernacular name epics - “old man”, “old woman”, implying that the action in question took place in the past). Fairy tale literary - epic genre: fiction-oriented work, closely related to folk tale, but, unlike it, belongs to a specific author, did not exist before publication in oral form and had no options.

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Myth is a legend that conveys people's ideas about the world, the place of man in it, about the origin of all things, about gods and heroes. Legend (from the Middle Latin “reading”, “readable”, “collection of liturgical passages for daily service”) is one of the varieties of fabulous prose folklore. Written tradition about some historical events or personalities. In a figurative sense, refers to those who are fanned with glory, admirable events of the past, reflected in fairy tales, stories, etc. As a rule, it contains additional religious or social pathos. An essay is one of all varieties of a small form of epic literature - a story, which differs from its other form, a short story, by the absence of a single, acute and quickly resolved conflict and a greater development of a descriptive image. Both differences depend on the features of the problematics of the essay. Essay literature does not touch on the problems of the formation of the character of the individual in its conflicts with the established public environment, as is inherent in the short story (and the novel), and the problems of the civil and moral state of the "environment" (usually embodied in individuals) - "moral descriptive" problems; it has great educational diversity. Essay literature usually combines features of fiction and journalism.

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1. Ode - glorifying genre, solemn lyric poem, chanting heroic deed. It goes back to the traditions of classicism. For example, the ode "Liberty". 2. Elegy - a genre of romantic poetry, a poem riddled with sadness, sad thoughts about life, fate, your dream. For example, "The light of day went out ...". 3. Message - an appeal to another person. A genre unrelated to a particular tradition. Pushkin's epistles are based on the combination of the personal beginning with the public, civil beginning. In terms of its problems, it is broader than a specific life situation. For example "To Chaadaev". 4. An epigram is a satirical poem addressed to a specific person. For example, "on Vorontsov". 5. Song - The genre goes back to the traditions of oral folk art. For example "song Western Slavs". 6. Romance - for example, "I'm here, Inezilla ...". 7. Sonnet - for example, "Severe Dante did not despise advice ...".