The earliest architectural style. Basic styles in architecture

Buildings are characterized monumentality, magnificent decoration of buildings, a lot of decorations, a desire for strict symmetry, an interest in the utilitarian aspects of architecture, in the creation of predominantly not temple complexes, but buildings for practical needs.

Characteristic features of the Roman architectural style, primarily round-headed arches, as well as barrel vaults, apses and decorations in the form of acanthus leaves.

Romanesque buildings are characterized by a combination of a clear architectural silhouette and concise exterior decoration - the building has always blended harmoniously into the surrounding nature, and therefore looked particularly solid and solid. This was facilitated by massive walls with narrow window openings and stepped-in-depth portals. Such walls carried a defensive purpose.

Pantheon

Temple Portun

Gothic architecture (Gothic)

Gothic originated in northern France in middle of XII century. Gothic architecture changed the architecture of the Romanesque era. The term emphasized the radical difference between medieval architecture and the style of ancient Rome. The godfather of the Gothic style is considered to be the influential and powerful abbot Suger, who in 1135-44. rebuilt the basilica of the Abbey of Saint-Denis in a new style. Traditionally, it is considered that it is from this building that the Gothic era in Europe begins. Suger wrote that the high, light-filled temple is designed to symbolize the boundless light emanating from God. Soon after Saint-Denis a new style was used in the construction Cathedral of Notre Dame(founded in 1163) and Lansky Cathedral (founded in 1165).

york-cathedral-england

siena-cathedral-italy

Lansky Cathedral

milan-cathedral-italy

Renaissance architecture (Renaissance)

Of particular importance in this direction is given to the forms of ancient architecture: symmetry, proportion, geometry and the order of the components, as evidenced by the surviving samples. Roman architecture. The complex proportion of medieval buildings is replaced by an orderly arrangement of columns, pilasters and lintels, asymmetrical outlines are replaced by a semicircle of an arch, a hemisphere of a dome, a niche, an aedicule. The architecture becomes order again.

space like architectural component, organized in a way different from medieval representations. It was based on the logic of proportions, the shape and sequence of parts are subject to geometry, and not to intuition, which was a characteristic feature of medieval buildings.

Most often in the design of buildings there is Corinthian order with various modifications of capitals. The buildings have harmoniously spacious courtyards, surrounded on the lower and upper floors by covered galleries on arches, which are supported by columns or pilasters of antique form. The façade is given horizontal dimension through graceful interfloor cornices and the main cornice, which forms a strong ledge under the roof.

The facade is symmetrical about the vertical axis. Church facades, as a rule, are measured with pilasters, arches and entablature, topped with a pediment. The arrangement of columns and windows conveys the desire for the center.

St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome

Santa Maria del Fiore

doge-palace-italy

Santa Maria del Fiore

baroque architecture

Baroque architecture is characterized by the presence of a large number of various stucco moldings. Are used complex architectural elements. An abundance of decorative bas-reliefs and gilding of architectural decor.
The baroque is distinguished by the muted pastel colors of the façade; red, pink, white, blue.

Frauenkirche-Dresden-Germany

Monastery-in-Melk-Austria

Rococo

The architectural (more precisely, decorative) rococo style appeared in France during the regency of Philip of Orleans (1715-1723) and reached its zenith under Louis XV, moved to other European countries and dominated it until the 1780s.

In the creations of this architecture, straight lines and flat surfaces almost disappear, or at least are masked by figured finishes; not held in pure form none of the established orders; the columns either lengthen or shorten and twist in a helical fashion; the cornices are placed above the cornices; high pilasters and huge caryatids prop up insignificant ledges with a cornice protruding forward; the roofs are girded along the edge with balustrades with bottle-shaped balusters and with pedestals placed at some distance from each other, on which vases or statues are placed; gables

Winter-Palace-St. Petersburg

Versailles-Palace-Paris

Classicism

The main feature of the architecture of classicism was the appeal to forms ancient architecture as a standard of harmony, simplicity, rigor, logical clarity and monumentality. The architecture of classicism as a whole is characterized by the regularity of planning and the clarity of volumetric form. basis architectural language Classicism became an order, in proportions and forms close to antiquity. Classicism is characterized symmetrical-axial compositions, the restraint of decoration, the regular system of urban planning.

Palace-Childhood-and-Youth-Sevastopol

Hotel-Sevastopol-Sevastopol

Eclecticism

Eclecticism (eclecticism, historicism) in architecture is a trend in architecture that dominated Europe and Russia in the 1830s-1890s.

The forms and styles of a building in eclecticism are tied to its function. Yes, in Russian practice, the Russian style of K. A. Ton became the official style of temple building, but was practically not used in private buildings. Eclecticism is "multi-style" in the sense that the buildings of the same period are based on different stylistic schools, depending on the purpose of the buildings (temples, public buildings, factories, private houses) and from the customer's funds (there is a rich decor that fills all the surfaces of the building, and an economical "red-brick" architecture).

Opera-Granier-France

Armory-building, Moscow

Modern

Modern architecture (art nouveau architecture) - architectural style, which became widespread in Europe in the 1890s-1910s as part of the art nouveau movement. Art Nouveau architecture is distinguished by the rejection of straight lines and angles in favor of more natural, "natural" lines, the use of new technologies (metal, glass).

Like a number of other styles, Art Nouveau architecture is also distinguished by the desire to create both aesthetically beautiful and functional buildings.

Art Nouveau architecture is diverse. This style has incorporated elements of all previous styles. Art Nouveau buildings can resemble Moorish palaces, castles, and factory buildings. However, in contrast to the eclecticism that preceded modernity, its authors refused to directly copy Renaissance and Baroque forms.

House-company-Singer-in-St. Petersburg

House-Mila-Gaudi-Barcelona

Modernism

Architectural modernism (French modernisme, from French moderne - the latest, modern; "English modern" - modern, new) is a movement in the architecture of the twentieth century, a turning point in content, associated with a decisive renewal of forms and structures, the rejection of the styles of the past. Covers the period from the early 1900s to the 70s and 80s (in Europe), when new trends emerged in architecture.

The credo of architectural modernism lies in its very name - it is the creation of a new, something that would correspond to today. That is, there is a fundamental attitude towards the novelty of architecture - both constructive and planning ideas laid down in the project, and external forms. The figurative expression "prisms of concrete and glass" well conveys the general character of the buildings of modernism. Modernism is characterized by the use of the most modern building materials and structures andlack of embellishment tendencies, a fundamental rejection of historical reminiscences in the appearance of buildings,

Guggenheim Museum New York

Bauhaus-in-Dessau

Parliament-House-Wellington-New-Zealand

Constructivism

Kharkivsky-Derzhprom

House-government-in-Minsk

High tech

Deconstructivism

Deconstructivist projects are characterized by visual complexity, unexpected broken and deliberately destructive forms, as well as an aggressive intrusion into the urban environment.

As an independent trend, deconstructivism was formed in the late 1980s. The theoretical background of the movement was Derrida's reasoning about the possibility of architecture that comes into conflict, "debunks" and abolishes itself.

Headquarters-Department-of-Health-Basque-Bilbao-Spain

cube-houses-rotterdam-netherlands

Gothic is one of the most prominent styles of architecture, causing anyone to feel awkward and in awe. Terrifyingly majestic structures delight everyone who sees them.

Gothic architecture began to develop in the Middle Ages on the basis of Romanesque architecture. Gothic structures, which are mostly cathedrals and temples, are characterized by huge arches with pointed tops, facade decoration with various carved details, high towers, narrow columns and, of course, beautiful stained glass windows.

The most famous monuments of Gothic architecture

St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna is considered one of the most monumental buildings. The construction of the cathedral began at the beginning of the 12th century, but the fire of 1258 destroyed the cathedral almost to the ground. Only in 1511 St. Stephen's Cathedral was completed thanks to the efforts of Anton Pilgram.

The cathedral at Lincoln was rebuilt from a Norman cathedral. The construction of the cathedral took more than a hundred years, some parts of the cathedral still retain the features of the original building. After the earthquake in 1185, the cathedral was rebuilt.

The cathedral in Cologne was founded in 1248. The cathedral was built incredibly slowly, and in 1450 its construction was completely stopped. Only in 1842 was it decided to resume construction, which was completed in 1880. It is worth noting that the cathedral can hardly be called completely finished, it is still being completed. This is largely due to an unusual legend. The architect of the Cologne Cathedral, realizing that he was unable to complete such a monumental structure, invited the devil to help. The devil agreed to help the architect, but when the cathedral is finished and the last stone is in place, the world will end. To avoid the implementation of the threat, the cathedral is constantly being remodeled.

The first stone was laid in 1221, but the construction of the monument of Gothic architecture was completed only in the 19th century. The cathedral is a mighty ship crowned with stone lace.

The Cathedral in Toledo is one of the largest in Europe. Built in 1226-1493, the cathedral became the center of the Catholic faith in Spain. In many ways, this is why the cathedral lost some features of the Gothic style, but acquired many unusual elements from other architectural styles.

Milan Cathedral is considered one of the most significant creations of Gothic architecture. The first stone was laid in 1386, the construction of the cathedral was completed in the 19th century. Interestingly, the cathedral was built from the most valuable Candolian marble, and not from the usual red brick.

Notre Dame Cathedral is considered one of the most famous monuments Gothic architecture, sung by Hugo himself. The construction of the cathedral began in 1163 and ended in the middle of the 14th century. The cathedral houses one of the greatest relics of Christianity - the crown of thorns of Jesus Christ. The cathedral was built with the money of the king, bishops, ordinary citizens and even prostitutes, who promised that their gift would remain a secret.

Reims Cathedral can be safely called the pinnacle of French Gothic architecture. The beautifully preserved cathedral proudly displays its original decoration and magnificent stained glass windows to visitors.

The construction of the Gothic cathedral began in 1344 and was completed in the 20th century. The first temple on the site of the cathedral was built back in 925, a small church was dedicated to St. Vitus.

Brief description of the main architectural styles

Architectural style can be defined as a set of main features and characteristics of architecture of a certain time and place, manifested in the features of its functional, constructive and artistic aspects (the purpose of buildings, building materials and structures, methods of architectural composition).
It is customary to single out architectural styles of global significance:
Prehistoric architecture
Antique architecture. 8th century BC e. - V c. n. e.
· Roman style. X - XII centuries.
· Gothic. XII - XV centuries.
· Revival. Beginning XV - beginning. 17th century
Baroque. Con. XVI century - con. 18th century
Rococo. Beginning XVIII - con. 18th century
· Classicism, incl. Palladian, Empire, neo-Greek. Ser. 18th - 19th centuries
Eclecticism. 1830s - 1890s
· Modern. 1890s - 1910s
· Modernism. Beginning 1900s - 1980s
· Constructivism. 1920s - early 1930s
Postmodernism. From Ser. 20th century
· High tech. From con. 1970s
Deconstructivism. From con. 1980s
In fact, there are practically no pure styles in architecture; they all exist simultaneously, complementing and enriching each other. Styles are not replaced mechanically by one another, they do not become obsolete, do not appear from nowhere and do not disappear without a trace. In any architectural style there is something from the previous and future style. When referring a building to a certain architectural style, we must understand that this is a conditional characteristic, since each work of architecture is unique and inimitable in its own way. In order to attribute a building to a specific style, we need to choose the main, in our opinion, sign. It is clear that such a classification will always be approximate and imprecise.
Antique (Greek) style is architecture ancient rome and Greece. This style appeared on the lands of the Aegean Sea so long ago that it was considered the progenitor and even in some way for such trends as Classicism, Neoclassicism, Renaissance. Because the Romans were students of the Greeks, they immediately adopted the antique style, supplementing it with their own elements (dome, arched-order cell).
Roman style. X-XII centuries (in some countries XIII century) (with elements of Roman-antique culture). Medieval Western European art time of complete domination of feudal-religious ideology. The main role in the Romanesque style was assigned to the harsh, fortified nature of architecture: monastic complexes, churches, castles were located on elevated places, dominating the area. The churches were decorated with murals and reliefs, in conditional, expressive forms, expressing the frightening power of the deities. The Romanesque era is characterized by nobility and austere beauty.
The Gothic style mainly manifested itself in the architecture of temples, cathedrals, churches, monasteries. Unlike Romanesque style, with its round arches, massive walls and small windows, the Gothic style is characterized by pointed arches, narrow and high towers and columns, a richly decorated facade with carved details (wimpers, tympanums, archivolts) and multi-colored stained-glass lancet windows. All style elements emphasize the vertical. In Gothic architecture, 3 stages of development are distinguished: early, mature (high gothic) and late (flaming gothic). The church of the monastery of Saint-Denis, designed by Abbot Suger, is considered the first Gothic architectural structure. During its construction, many supports and internal walls were removed, and the church acquired a more graceful appearance compared to the Romanesque "fortresses of God."
Renaissance (Renaissance). (fr. Renaissance), a period in cultural and ideological development Western countries. and Central Europe (in Italy XIV-XVI centuries, in other countries the end of XV-XVI centuries), transitional from medieval culture to the culture of the new age. In architecture, secular structures began to play a leading role - public buildings, palaces, city houses. Using the order division of the wall, arched galleries, colonnades, vaults, domes, architects (Brunelleschi, Alberti, Bramante, Palladio in Italy, Lescaut, Delorme in France) gave their buildings majesty, clarity, harmony and proportionality to man. Particular importance in this direction is attached to the forms of ancient architecture: symmetry, proportion, geometry and the order of the components, as clearly evidenced by the surviving examples of Roman architecture. The complex proportion of medieval buildings is replaced by an orderly arrangement of columns, pilasters and lintels, asymmetrical outlines are replaced by a semicircle of an arch, a hemisphere of a dome, niches, and aedicules.
Baroque (Italian barocco - "vicious", "dissolute", "prone to excesses", port. perola barroca - "pearl of irregular shape" (literally "pearl with vice"); - a characteristic of European culture of the 17th-18th centuries, the center of which was Italy Baroque art is characterized by grandiosity, pomp and dynamics, pathetic elation, intensity of feelings, addiction to spectacular spectacles, the combination of illusory and real, strong contrasts of scales and rhythms, materials and textures, light and shadow. bizarre plastic facades, restless play of chiaroscuro, complex curvilinear plans and outlines acquired picturesqueness and dynamism and, as it were, poured into the surrounding space.The ceremonial interiors of Baroque buildings were decorated with multi-color sculpture, modeling, carving; Baroque architecture (L. Bernini, F. Borromini in Italy, V. V. Rastrelli in Russia) is characterized by spatial scope, unity, fluidity of complex, usually curvilinear forms. Various national variants of the baroque (for example, "Moscow", "Naryshkin" baroque in Russia).
Ukrainian or Cossack baroque - common in the Left-bank and Dnieper Ukraine in XVII-XVIII centuries a variation of the Baroque style, which is characterized by a combination of decorative and plastic solutions of the Western European Baroque and Renaissance with a creative processing of the heritage of Orthodox church architecture and ancient Russian architecture.
Rococo (French Rococo, from rocaille - a decorative motif in the form of a shell), style direction in European art 1st half of XVIII century. Rococo, associated with the crisis of absolutism, is characterized by a departure from life to the world of fantasy, theatrical play, mythical and pastoral plots, and erotic situations. Graceful, whimsical ornamental rhythm dominates in Rococo art. The characteristic features of Rococo are sophistication, great decorative loading of interiors and compositions, graceful ornamental rhythm, great attention to mythology, erotic situations, and personal comfort.
Classicism (French classicisme, from Latin classicus - exemplary) - architectural style and aesthetic trend in European art late XVII- early 19th century The main feature of the architecture of classicism was the appeal to the forms of ancient architecture as the standard of harmony, simplicity, rigor, logical clarity and monumentality. The architecture of classicism as a whole is characterized by the regularity of planning and the clarity of volumetric form. The order, in proportions and forms close to antiquity, became the basis of the architectural language of classicism. Classicism is characterized by symmetrical-axial compositions, restraint of decorative decoration, and a regular system of city planning.
Empire (from French empire - "empire") - the style of late (high) classicism in architecture and applied arts. Originated in France during the reign of Emperor Napoleon I; developed over the first three decades of XIX century; replaced by eclectic currents. The Empire style is a kind of reflection of the Roman classics, combined with Egyptian motifs. Empire architecture is characterized by monumentality, geometric correctness of volumes and integrity (triumphal arches, columns, palaces). The Empire through numerous attributes and symbols asserted the idea of ​​imperial greatness. The creator of the St. Petersburg Empire style is considered to be the "Russian Italian" K. Rossi. Another prominent architect of the same style was V. Stasov.

Eclecticism (eclecticism) (from the Greek eklektikos - choosing), a mechanical combination of heterogeneous, often opposite principles, views, theories, artistic elements and so on.; in architecture and fine arts, a combination of heterogeneous stylistic elements or an arbitrary choice of stylistic design for buildings or artistic products that have a qualitatively different meaning and purpose.
Art Nouveau architecture is an architectural style that became widespread in Europe in the 1890s-1910s as part of the Art Nouveau art movement. Art Nouveau architecture is distinguished by the rejection of straight lines and angles in favor of more natural, "natural" lines, the use of new technologies (metal, glass). Like a number of other styles, Art Nouveau architecture is also distinguished by the desire to create both aesthetically beautiful and functional buildings. Much attention was paid not only appearance buildings, but also the interior, which was carefully designed. All structural elements: stairs, doors, pillars, balconies - were artistically processed. Art Nouveau architecture has a number of characteristic features, for example, the rejection of mandatory symmetrical shapes. New forms appear in it, such as, for example, "shop windows", that is, wide ones designed to play the role of showcases. During this period, the type of residential tenement house. Multi-storey construction is being developed.
Constructivism, a trend in contemporary art of the 1920s, which put forward the task of constructing the material environment, human environment. Constructivism sought to use new technology to create simple, logical, functionally justified forms, expedient structures (architectural projects of the brothers A.A., V.A. and L.A. Vesnin, M.Ya. Ginzburg, I.I. Leonidov).
Hi-tech (English hi-tech, from high technology - high technology) is a style in architecture and design that originated in the depths of postmodern architecture in the 1970s and was widely used in the 1980s. It is characterized by pragmatism, the idea of ​​an architect as an elite professional, the provision of service architecture, complex simplicity, sculptural form, hyperbole, manufacturability, structure and design as an ornament, anti-historicity, monumentality.
Deconstructivism - a direction in modern architecture, which took shape as an independent movement in the late 1980s in America and Europe and then spread in one form or another around the world.

World architecture developed according to the laws of church dominance. Residential civil buildings looked quite modest, while the temples were striking in their pomposity. During the Middle Ages, the church possessed significant funds that the higher clergy received from the state, in addition, donations from parishioners entered the church treasury. With this money, temples were built throughout Russia. Examples of civil architecture of that time leave much to be desired. However, since the 18th century, the situation has changed radically. Churches and cathedrals were already built without excessive luxury, but the estates of the landlords, the royal country houses and even buildings in the nobility's hunting grounds added considerably to sophistication and beauty. Styles of houses, architecture of buildings, streets and squares were constantly improved. Architects were considered the most respected people.

Early Gothic style

Unique examples of ancient architecture are the cathedrals that were built starting from the middle of the 12th century in the northern regions of France. The largest Gothic cathedral was built in Amiens in 1220. Later, the same Gothic cathedral was erected in the German city of Cologne, its construction was completed in 1248.

In parallel with the Gothic in the 12th - 14th centuries, the Romanesque style also developed in the architecture of the Middle Ages. Italian architects erected buildings with walls of incredible thickness, the houses were more like fortresses. Examples of Romanesque architecture are buildings resembling military fortifications. The lower tier was especially strong, fundamental, the second floor consisted of towers and turrets, round and rectangular in plan, large and small. All the towers had narrow, high windows, shaped like loopholes. The Middle Ages corresponded to its time. The warring knightly clans needed effective protection from enemy raids, and family castles with fortresses were the best suited for this purpose.

ancient architecture

In ancient times, much attention was paid to the construction of public buildings. These were grandiose structures designed to organize mass spectacles. Ancient Roman forums, designed for tens of thousands of spectators, ancient Greek agora, which were huge open areas filled daily with people, artisans and merchants. The ancient Egyptian architecture was significantly different from the Roman one, primarily in that the Egyptians never gathered in a crowd of thousands in one place. Egyptian history goes back to the 15th century BC, when architecture was conventional. The buildings were built of shell rock or red baked clay. Nothing was known about styles yet, the ancient Egyptians were not concerned with the style of their buildings, but with how to build houses higher in order to avoid flooding from the flooded Nile.

Orders

Ancient Greek architecture was for the most part focused on the construction of temple buildings, some of which have survived to this day. Gradually, several architectural styles emerged:

• The Doric order is distinguished by simple, powerful forms, even some of their heaviness. Doric columns have flutes on their surface, deep grooves running from the lower base to the capital. The horizontal tiers in the Doric order are an architrave connecting the columns at the level of the abacus; a frieze passes from above, consisting of two layers - a triglyph and a metope. All together forms an entablature, which is crowned with a gezims, a cornice with a significant outward protrusion.

• Ionic order - in comparison with the heavy Doric order, it is distinguished by lightness of proportions. The main sign of belonging to the Ionic order is the capital of the column, which has the form of a double volute, directed curls down. The Ionic order is considered architectural feminine style, as it is refined and complemented with decorations. An order appeared in the 6th century BC, in Ionia, in the northwest coast of the Aegean Sea. A century later, it spread throughout ancient Greece. The main building in the Ionic style is the temple of the goddess Hera on the island of Samos, built in 570 BC and soon destroyed by an earthquake. And the most stylish building in the Ionic order is the Temple of Artemis of Ephesus - one of the Seven Wonders of the World.

• The Corinthian order - the latest, differed from others in its special splendor. The columns in the image and entablature resemble the signs of the Ionic order, but the abacus and capital are completely different. The Corinthian style is rich in decorativeness; its capitals contain floral ornaments, along the perimeter are two rows of acanthus leaves. The capital also adorns many lily volutes.

"Palladianism"

The beginning of the 18th century was marked by the emergence of a new trend in world culture - classicism. The regularity of forms, clear projections and proportions - these were the main criteria of architectural classicism. A faithful follower of the ancient style of temple architecture, the Venetian master Palladio, together with his student Scamozzi, substantiated his own theory of ancient classicism. The doctrine was called "Palladianism" and became widely used in the construction of private mansions. The style of "classicism" in architecture turned out to be technologically advanced and convenient in terms of designing and erecting buildings.

Sunset architecture "baroque"

As it turned out, the cost of buildings erected in the new style was significantly lower. The buildings were laconic, the "whipped cream" of the late Baroque was a thing of the past, classicism with its symmetrical axial compositions and noble restraint of decorative decoration gained more and more admirers. European connoisseurs of architectural masterpieces were ready to abandon both baroque and rococo in favor of chamber, with notes of academicism, strict and elegant classicism.

At the same time, several mansions were built under the leadership of the most famous of which was the Rotunda Palace, near the city of Vicenza. The style of "classicism" in architecture quickly gained popularity. Paris was literally swept by a wave of construction. Under Louis XV, entire architectural ensembles were erected, such as Place de la Concorde. And during the reign of Louis XVI, "laconic classicism" became the main trend in urban architecture. After the execution of the French king and the overthrow of the monarchy in 1793, Paris was built up chaotically and inconsistently for a long time.

Empire architectural style

At the end of the 18th century, classicism began to decline, it took a renewal of the whole culture as a whole and architecture as its constituent part.

Classicism was replaced by a new style in art and architecture called Empire, which originated and developed in France during the reign of Napoleon I. The emergence of a new direction was caused to a large extent political reasons. The government of Napoleon Bonaparte tried to impose its own, so-called "imperial" style in architecture, when it became clear that classicism was already approaching its decline. Both the solemn and pompous Empire style and all other styles of architecture of the 19th century fit perfectly into the palace agglomerates, but the emphasis was nevertheless placed on the "royal" direction.

In Russia, the architectural empire appeared under Tsar Alexander the First, who was loyal to French culture and considered it worthy of imitation. No wonder the sovereign invited an architect from France, Auguste Montferrand, to build the famous St. Isaac's Cathedral. The style in architecture - Empire - was not uniform in its form, it was divided into St. Petersburg and Moscow and lasted until the middle of the 19th century. In addition to St. Isaac's Cathedral, built in 1858, in St. Petersburg there is another masterpiece in the "royal" style, this is Andrei Voronikhin's Kazan Cathedral, and in the Russian Empire style in architecture, this is a thirty-year period for the construction of genuine masterpieces.

Architectural sights of St. Petersburg

One of the most outstanding cities in the world in terms of architectural significance is the city of St. northern capital Russia. Thanks to the succession of Russian and Western European experience in urban planning in the 18th - 19th centuries, a unique conglomerate was created in St. Petersburg. Fifteen different architectural styles are represented in the city, the harmonious polyphony of which creates a unique picture reunification of several historical periods into one. The boundaries of the eras are not clearly marked, "blurred", but all signs of the past are present.

The architecture of St. Petersburg includes eight areas that are dominant:

• baroque "Petrine", the beginning of the 18th century;
• mid 18th century;
• Gothic, second half of the 18th century;
• classicism, late 18th century;
• Russian Empire, early 19th century;
• Renaissance, mid 19th century;
• eclecticism, second half of the 19th century;
• modern, early 20th century;

Peter's baroque is a transformed Italian and French baroque. A somewhat pretentious style was welcomed by Peter I and his entourage. However, the time when the baroque flourished was turbulent, numerous wars devastated the treasury. The construction of new buildings was financed insufficiently, and this could not but affect their quality. The baroque style was indicated only on the facades, the main features of the architectural direction were emphasized: pediments, pilasters with volutes, spiers on the roofs. The interiors were stretched according to the enfilade principle, which significantly reduced the cost of construction. Peter's baroque dominated in St. Petersburg from 1703 to 1740, after the death of the emperor in 1725, the activity of European architects invited under the contract decreased, but work continued for another 15 years.

Having ascended the royal throne in 1741, the daughter of Peter I, Elizabeth, strove for the centralization of power, in addition, she was no stranger to luxury, splendor, magnificent festivities and balls. In the architecture of urban buildings during the reign of Elizabeth, pomp and pretentiousness began to be traced, thus the Elizabethan Baroque style itself arose. The main architect of that time was Bartolomeo Rastrelli, who created a masterpiece of world-class architecture - the Winter Palace, located on Palace Square, which is also known as the Hermitage Museum.

List of buildings erected during the reign of the Elizabethan Baroque:

• Anichkov Palace (1741 - 1753).
• Elizabeth (1741 - 1744), not preserved.
• Great Peterhof Palace (1745 - 1762).
• Ekateringof Palace (1747 - 1750), not preserved.
• Smolny Cathedral, built in St. Petersburg (1748 - 1754).
• Vorontsov Palace, Petersburg (1749 - 1757).
• The travel palace on the Middle Rogatka (1751 - 1754) has not been preserved.
• Catherine's Palace in Tsarskoye Selo (1752 - 1758).
• Stroganov Palace, Nevsky Prospekt (1753 - 1754).
• Nikolo-Bogoyavlensky Naval Cathedral (1753 - 1762).
• Shuvalov's house on Italianskaya street (1753 - 1755).
• Winter Palace (1754 - 1762).
• Yakovlev's mansion (1762 - 1766) has not been preserved.

Gothic in St. Petersburg

The city on the Neva is one of the most unique metropolitan areas in the world with such a diverse culture. Gothic architecture appeared in St. Petersburg in 1777, it was the Chesme Palace and the Chesme Church. As in the case of the "Petrine Baroque", these buildings did not fully correspond to the style. Gothic elements served as external paraphernalia - facades, numerous turrets, high spiers. The supporting structures of the buildings were carried out according to a simplified scheme. In fact, it was pseudo-Gothic, however, in the 19th century it was built a large number of churches and secular buildings.

The architectural style "classicism" was developed in the period from 1760 to 1780. Petersburg at that time was already ready for change. The buildings, built in the style of classicism, organically fit into the urban landscape. Among the most notable buildings are the following:

• "Imperial Academy of Arts", built on Vasilyevsky Island in 1764-1788.
• Yusupov Palace (1771-1773).
• Hanging Gardens of the Small Hermitage (1764-1775).
• Armenian Church (1771-1776).
• Marble Palace (1768-1785)
• (1783-1789).
• Mining Institute of Empress Catherine (1806-1808).

Classicism was a harbinger of the emergence of Russian Empire in St. Petersburg. The change of direction happened imperceptibly. At that time, the Empire style of architecture was in demand in France as part of the rapid changes taking place in the country. It reflected the ambitions of Napoleon and became a symbol of new life for the French. And the Russian Empire came to replace classicism, nothing more. The architecture of St. Petersburg developed according to its own laws. French culture had a significant influence on its formation.

Architecture and photography

Residential and sacral buildings, landlord estates and temples, prisons and government houses. Any structure related to public life had to have architectural features. Some houses were built in strict accordance with the rules of building aesthetics, while the architects often managed to achieve impressive results. Masterpieces of architectural art had to be sketched, since photography did not yet exist. Photo art appeared and began to develop only in the first half of the 19th century. However, it was not immediately possible to replace the drawing with a photo. Architecture is always a rather complex image, with many shades and halftones, and the usual daguerreotype did not convey them, only a flat spot with barely noticeable contours was obtained on the plate. And the artists continued to paint.

However, years passed, photography improved, and now the moment has come when it became possible to capture any building in a photo. Architecture, according to the apt expression of the classic, is "frozen music", and many people wanted to keep this music as a memory in the form of a photograph. People posed against the backdrop of their own houses or tried to shoot near some famous building. All sorts of styles of architecture, photos of which were considered good form to have at home, became popular. In the early days of photography, most shots were either family or building shots.

Styles of architecture with examples

There are many examples of architectural styles, each of them has certain features that characterize the direction, type of affiliation and the time period in which this building was erected.

For individual, most famous styles of architecture, specific examples can be given:

• empire - "Arch of the General Staff" in St. Petersburg, on Palace Square (1819 - 1829), architect Carlo Rossi;
• classicism - "Trinity Cathedral in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra" (1776 - 1790), architect Starov. Saint Petersburg;
• gothic - "Sevastyanov's House" (1863 - 1866), architect Paduchev, Yekaterinburg;
• baroque - "Stroganov Palace" in St. Petersburg, on Nevsky Prospekt, (1752 - 1754), architect Rastrelli;
• Renaissance - Cathedral "Santa Maria del Fiore" in Florence (1417 - 1436), architect Brunelleschi;
• modern - "House in St. Petersburg (1902 - 1904), architect Suzor.

Examples of architecture testify to the development of certain genres over the centuries.

Original examples of today's architecture

Today there are enough creative architects in the world who are engaged in cutting-edge projects. Other projects are purely utilitarian in nature, but there are those that can be called original. For example, in Japan balloon houses have become fashionable. Because Country rising sun is seismic, Japanese architects began to install houses on huge balls made of especially durable material. Thus, during an earthquake, the house simply begins to sway, the vibrations of the tremors cannot do any harm to it.

There are original buildings that are the fruit of creative design ideas. In the famous Spanish city of Barcelona, ​​​​which rightfully ranks first in the world in terms of the number of original buildings, the architects have created another masterpiece. It's "upside down". The building stands on the roof and pleases tourists with its unusualness.

Consider the main architectural styles, many of which are still in demand in world architecture and are used in the construction of buildings.
Byzantine style.
This species is characterized by huge walls, cut by small window openings and arches. The exterior decoration is richly decorated with the brightest floor carpets.
Gothic style.
This style is distinguished by the feature of elongated and spacious proportions, which are very stretched upwards in rooms where a person would feel like a very small creature. As a counterbalance to the uselessness of the flesh, the stone laces of thin Gothic buildings bloomed with bright colors, this was the era of the revival of colorful stained-glass windows in the form of lancet windows. Such a structural system made it possible to achieve huge heights of vaults, with the help of large windows, high-quality lighting.
Renaissance or renaissance.
The unsurpassed master of the Renaissance was Michelangelo Buonarotti, who was more of a sculptor than an architect. From this point of view, Michelangelo created architectural masterpieces, as some interesting backdrop for your own sculptures. In particular, he liked to double columns and pilasters, changing their rhythm.

baroque style.
Michelangelo appears at the same time, and last artist of the Renaissance and the creator of the Baroque, because it was Michelangelo who understood him as the basis of the stylistic forming element, the plasticity of the walls. The triumph of his creative life, these are creations such as St. Peter's Cathedral in the capital of Italy, the city of Rome, which is now classified as Baroque.
Rococo.
This style is modern direction in the decoration of the buildings of the nobility of the late 19th century. Luxurious living rooms that abound with expensive collections of world art. The second half of the 19th century was marked by Russian variants of solutions in the Rococo style, when the owner of the building decorated his premises based on his views. This style is overloaded with decorated elements, a large number of objects, and, in addition, spatial isolation, standard signs of a style crisis of that time.
Classicism style.
The name alone speaks for itself. This style is based on the accumulated experience and basic principles of the previous leading trends. Attempts to create universal styles, not just for centuries, but forever. The idea was sometimes revived again, becoming relevant. To this day, the principle "if you don't understand how, do it in classic version". Finds application in the design of various rooms, halls and facade elements.
Romantic style.
Natural decorated forms, natural stones, forgings, gothic elements, candlelit evenings, all this is a feature for a poetic nature. Style under the strange name neomodern. The use of art nouveau plastic forms for the architectural design of premises on a modern technical basis, with the complete absence of any ornaments.
Art Deco style.
This peculiar style prevailed in the 1930s of the 20th century, and was a kind of continuation of the art nouveau direction. Along with this, he was greatly influenced by cubism, which was an American folk design art that was booming in those days of auto and aircraft construction. Paris at all times set fashionable styles, with ease and grace, tried to perceive the speed and pressure of the future age of machines - it gave birth to a style of decorated art called "Art Deco".
Modern style.
The revival of cubism and the German design school called the Bauhaus, was a search for aesthetic rationality, which reveals the technological and utilitarian essence of everything that happens.
Minimalist style.
This style completely disregards decoration in search of universal proportions and standard color schemes in predominant forms. Also read: Japanese minimalism in the interior of your home
art nouveau style.
This architectural style developed quite rapidly in the art and design of late 19th century Europe in opposition to the Neo-Gothic style. For him, characteristic features are sinuous, beautiful outlines with a stable asymmetrical trend. There are natural and natural motivations in furniture decoration. The decoration of this style is characterized by images of female silhouettes with flowing hair. In our country, this style took place in history under the name modern. The symbolism of this architectural style is plant elements, in particular, flowers of irises and orchids were revered.
eclectic style.
The use of mixed stylization, or a combination of different subjects, style and time. Eclecticism is an interior style if it was designed according to the principles of combining no more than 3 stylized views, connected by color, textures, architectural solutions. This direction of style, or lack of definition, as a rule, flourishes at a time when a certain style has already proven itself, and a new one has not yet been born. The modern period of time, that is, the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, is precisely this time. In fashion, everything that is to your liking or suitable in a functional sense. This style can be characterized by rounded corners, the strictest sheer lines and protruding forms. From many styles of the furniture direction, it differs in the use of decorated elements, triangles, circles.
Industry Style.
This style is closely associated with minimalism, as well as full-fledged spatial areas, as if from a science fiction movie. Steel object objects that can resemble unique appliances and equipment. Among other things, this style can be characterized by the presence of not hidden communication; industrial forms can be seen in the interior. Often, steel tables, cast-iron floor plates are used. To most, this style seems inhuman, wild, uninhabited, and is sometimes used not only in offices, but also in residential areas. Industrial style is a kind of game that emphasizes the neglect of everyday life.
Hi-tech style.
This style originated in the UK in the 1970s of the last century. Style and design theory based on the use of the latest technical achievements. Its main feature is the presence of protruding structural elements and engineering equipment. Gray metal pipes and surfaces, polished connecting lintels, bolts, and everything that can testify to the reflections and current concepts of the cosmos. All paraphernalia is in high demand in the interior associated with high technology. Fashion for this style pops up in waves, with the emergence of either the latest building materials, or from a certain demand for specialized technologies.
Post modernism style.
This style developed at the end of the last century in architecture and art, as an opponent of radical modernity. Adherents of this style use alloys different styles past centuries, for example, classicism and baroque, often using them with some undisguised irony. The specificity of this style is a kind of hyperbole, as a tool for creating a colorful theatrical image of the environment.
standard style.
These styles mainly include interior respectability, embodying the bourgeois life system. This is high-quality furniture in the antique (past time) style, the interior, which consists of objects that always have a historical predestination.
Modern style.
Any innovations in construction and technology give rise to their own style and new trends that affect the material, which in turn affects fashion. For example, in the primitive communal system it was "fashionable" to wear and use natural stone in different situations. Similarly, in the construction of houses, cottages, apartments, wood species, or a derived wood element called papyrus, were used, which was used not only for communication at a certain distance, but also for decoration. Much later, with the advent of metal, such material as copper, then bronze, gained considerable popularity in everyday life. Later, glass was created by modern civilization, and in the design of residential premises, its plastic features began to be actively used. Several centuries passed, stream production, industrial chemistry were created, and, as a result of the triumph of man over the natural elements, synthetic material is widely used in industrial fields and various finishes. The age of plastics to this day, fits perfectly into modern interior, moreover, both in the classical and in the secondary version.
Kitsch.
This term refers to the combined name of certain post-modern and Memphis stylistic currents, which used the potential for bad taste and the charm of sentimental objects of mass demand. This peculiar game of tasteless design, which is a kind of protest current in modern fashion interiors for those who do not take their own environment very seriously.
China style.
The arrangement of Chinese buildings in a certain way differs in style from other oriental peoples. A certain role is played in this - a uniform way of life and a peculiar attitude to everything that happens in the world. In Chinese interiors there are no sharp corners, bulky furniture, and the one that is there is not very diverse. For example, the material for creating furniture, in most cases, is used heavy-duty, but elastic - a bamboo stem. Furniture elements are decorated with the most complex technique of multi-layer varnishing; carving on black varnishes was used for future decoration. Differing from Japanese simplicity, the Chinese mainly use the external space of the premises, creating niches, arches for furniture elements, as well as various vases, etc. The decor of such a dwelling is completed by exquisite decorated dining furniture, on which various elements of jewelry are displayed. In such furniture utensils, the intarsia technique, also famous by Europeans, is widely used, which is a cut-in decoration made of thin plywood of different shades on the surface of a table or cabinet. But, differing from European, Chinese furniture can protrude above the surface. Chinese furniture noble people, is very different from the furniture of ordinary people, and the main elements of the interior are a sunbed, a chair and a table. Any items are created using bamboo, mainly rectangular shapes. Another important principle, according to which only the Chinese lived, is the complete absence of window curtains, there are no chandeliers in the houses, although electricity, of course, illuminates most of the house, but with the help of ordinary lighting lamps. The predominant idea of ​​the fragrance of Chinese housing lies in the interweaving of reality and mythology, where the main person is the dragon, that is, the most powerful among animals. The key color of China is red, that is, the color of the red dragon, an energetic color.
You can find out more information - features of oriental interiors.
Japan style.
The Japanese type of dwelling, although predetermined by certain laws, however, reflects the personal spirit. A distinctive feature of this style is the tendency to simplify, simplicity, the interior, as if breathing freely. If, for example, in the Chinese style, partitions or screens are often used, then in Japan, along with such partitions, mats are used, in addition, not only to determine the zone between rooms, but also, as wall decorations, and for flooring, on which the Japanese hold most his life, peacefully talking, eating. Main question the owner of the dwelling, this is a complete isolation from the world, which is answered by strict room functionality. There is simply no furniture, instead of a wardrobe, or various shelves, wall niches are used in the walls, where you can place both a wardrobe and bedding, etc. Small wardrobes and chests are still present in a small amount in the dwelling, but, like any Japanese thing are a masterpiece of art.
India style.
This style embodies the colors of turquoise, raspberry, and absolutely unique in its kind. Indian silks are not as smooth and slippery to the touch as Chinese silks, they are slightly rough. Furniture in the houses of this country is often made by hand from high-strength wood. Distinctive feature of this style, this is a lightweight transformation household parts, chairs and tables, shutters and doorways, are often replaced by each other.
African style. This is probably the most exotic of ethnic styles, African colors, warm and auspicious, imitating the color of a wild animal. The effect of the design can give the skins of a tiger or zebra. Read more: African-style room.
England style. In this style, for example, walls tend to be painted bright yellow, red, or soft cream. The floors are made of wooden material, covered with thick and comfortable wool carpets. An indispensable attribute of such a living room is a pleasant plaid made of wool with a cellular pattern, as well as a small footstool. The rooms are often "decorated" with heavy, but at the same time elegant polished furniture. The synthesis of fabrics in the interior of such living rooms may seem somewhat chaotic, but at the same time, the "strictest cell" looks great along with the romanticism of color patterns.
mediterranean style.
This style is distinguished by its brightness, like the nature of this part of the world, which is dominated by the sea of ​​the sun, and the ocean of flora and fauna. Predominant colors: blue, green, gold, brown. Flavor of colors, on the brightest wall covering, on the floor with a laid pattern of marble or colored ceramic tiles. characteristic feature there is also some roughness, and pronounced unevenness, a certain texture, man-made finishes and colors. Huge windows let in plenty of sunlight. These houses are dominated by wrought iron furniture, which is combined with painted wood, often painted.
Egyptian style.
This style came to us, with the help of a religious building, and although it existed for more than 4000 years, it has not changed at all since its birth. The architectural monuments of that time that have survived to this day, for example, a temple, a palace, a tomb, that is, monuments of structures that personify eternity. The wall, pylon, column were often covered with hieroglyphic written drawings, and scenes of special rituals, where the silhouettes of people were depicted in a certain pose, for example, the head and the rest of the body were in profile, and the hands were in front. In the buildings of that time, 3 types of columns can be found, namely, the lotus column, the papyrus column and the gatoric column. The exception is the Amarna historical period, when Amenhotep IV ruled. The bans on numerous old cults and the proclamation of the god of the sun gave some impetus to the formation various arts. Certain scenes were replaced by images of fish, butterflies, touching life scenes. Sculptures also acquired new non-canonical forms. Over time, the entire empire and art deco began to be based on the elements of this style.
Feng Shui style.
This style is home household magic. If you want to change your life, move 27 items to own house, says the ancient Chinese folk wisdom. If you have a clear rectangular dwelling, you can consider yourself a lucky person, because this is an auspicious shape. As well as the octagon, but this is very rare, if ever. Some protrusions and cutouts on the plans may increase or decrease certain areas. A little about flowers. In this style, any zone has a certain color. The right color can increase energy in a certain area of ​​your life process. Of course, not every person will paint several rooms in different colors. To increase your Chi, you should try placing a purple lamp in the wealth zone, a vase filled with soft pink flowers in the relationship zone, and a black marble sculpture in the career zone.