In the novel War and Peace, the depiction of historical events, the "dialectic of the soul" is combined with descriptions of several completely different families, their fates.
In the Bolkonsky family, everyone is a person.
Prince Nikolai Bolkonsky held the rank of General-in-Chief, that is, the same as Kutuzov had at that time, with whom he was very familiar. Despite the abolition of the ban on leaving the village, which he received from the new emperor Alexander, he was not going to leave anywhere, since the Bald Mountains were his real empire, and he was an emperor in them, moreover, an autocratic dictator. “With the people surrounding him, from his daughter to servants, the prince was harsh and invariably demanding, and therefore, without being cruel, he aroused fear and respect in himself, which the most Cruel person". But there was such a person, the architect Mikhail Ivanovich, who always dined with him and whom the prince respected, despite his simple origin. He repeatedly inspired his daughter that Mikhail Ivanovich was no worse than they were. “At the table, the prince most often turned to the dumb Mikhail Ivanovich.” This, no doubt, is more than strange, if you pay attention to his attitude towards his daughter and servants.
The same was observed later, when the prince swore that he would marry m-lle Bourienne in response to the request of Prince Andrei for a blessing for the wedding with Natasha Rostova. It seemed absurd, but the prince really began to bring the Frenchwoman closer to him. Marya at that time began to suffer even more.
Timid, quiet, who brought no harm to anyone, the wife of Prince Andrei dies. “About two hours later, Prince Andrei with quiet steps entered his father’s office. The old man already knew everything. He stood at the very door, and as soon as it opened, the old man silently, with senile, hard hands, like a vise, clasped his son's neck and sobbed like a child. Even he, the stern Prince Bolkonsky, managed to become very attached to the little princess. After her death, Marya was left without a good friend, which Princess Bolkonskaya managed to become for her. And then the process of separation begins with both m-lle Bourienne and Julie Kuragina. Only at the very end does she find the long-awaited happiness - Nikolai Rostov.
By 1812, life in the Bolkonsky family had become almost unbearable for Princess Marya, the prince became even more grouchy and picky about his daughter. Princess Mary is pious, and the prince completely denied idleness and religion. These two integral details of that time were banned in the empire of Prince Bolkonsky, for him holidays were replaced by work at the machine, and faith was the comprehension of the heights of mathematics. He wanted to make Princess Marya the same, but he did not succeed, which is why there were frequent quarrels. And in 1812, when Napoleon was on the outskirts of Smolensk, and hence to the Bald Mountains, the prince dies and, before his death, asks for forgiveness from his daughter. Thus ends the history of the empire, the great Lysogorsk empire of Prince Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky.
Prince Andrei is one of the main characters of the novel. Man of honor, independent, patriot, good friend and adviser - he is like that throughout the whole novel, from the first meeting with Pierre in St. Petersburg to the explosion of the cannonball on the Borodino field and his death. At the same time, Prince Andrei also goes through contradictions, like his father: his desire for fame was a mistake.
The turning point comes after Austerlitz, when he says that "he will not fight, even if the French stand under the Bald Mountains." The sky of Austerlitz is the first peak on the path of Prince Andrei. The episode was written with extraordinary skill, subtle psychologism: “... the clouds do not crawl at all, therefore, the high, endless sky. How could I not have seen this lofty sky before? And how happy I am that I finally got to know him. Yes! Everything is empty, everything is a lie, except for this endless sky. Nothing, nothing but him. But even that is not even there, there is nothing but silence, calmness. And thank God!.."
Nature changed the life of Prince Andrei, and after that he began to lead a completely different lifestyle: he settled in the Bogucharovo estate and took up purely economic affairs. And again, the beauty of the surrounding world changed everything - Prince Andrei saw an old oak tree: “There was an oak tree on the edge of the road. Probably ten times older than the birches that make up the forest, it was ten times thicker and twice as tall as each birch. It was a huge, two-girth oak tree, with boughs broken off long ago, apparently, and with broken bark ... only he alone did not want to submit to the charm of spring and did not want to see either spring or the sun. “Spring, and love, and happiness! - as if said this oak. “And how will you not get tired of all the same stupid and senseless deceit! ..” And then, returning, Prince Andrei saw the new life of this oak and decided that it was time for him to start new life: “The old oak tree, all transformed, spread out like a tent of juicy, dark greenery, was thrilled, slightly swaying in the rays of the evening sun ... No, life is not over at thirty-one ...” Andrey Bolkonsky is a hero seeking, changing, and therefore positive for L. N. Tolstoy. He reaches his last peak on the Borodino field, and the author compares how equal quantities the apotheosis of the spirit of Prince Andrei and the victory of the entire Russian people, of which Bolkonsky felt himself in battle.
AND old prince, and Andrei, and Marya Bolkonsky - each of them is interesting to the author in his own way, each represents a certain type, but they are united by a special spirituality, the bearers of which in the novel are only a few heroes. And we can say that the Bolkonsky family is separate, spiritual center novel "War and Peace".
The role of the Bolkonsky family in the work
An important role is played in the novel "War and Peace" by the Bolkonsky family. The main problems of the work of the great writer are inextricably linked with them. The text traces the history of several families. The main attention is paid to Bolkonsky, Rostov and Kuragin. The author's sympathies are on the side of the Rostovs and Bolkonskys. Between them a big difference The relationship between the Rostovs is sensual and emotional. Bolkonsky is guided by reason and expediency. But it is in these families that the beloved heroes of Leo Tolstoy are brought up. Members of the Bolkonsky family are prominent representatives people of "peace and light". Their fates are closely intertwined with life paths other characters in the work. They take an active part in the development storyline storytelling. Psychological problems, issues of morality, morality, family foundations are reflected in the depiction of these characters.
Relationship characteristics
The Bolkonskys belong to an ancient princely family and live in the Bald Mountains estate, located not far from the capital. Each of the family members is an extraordinary personality, endowed with strong character and extraordinary abilities.
Head of family
Old Prince Nikolai Andreevich, his son Andrei Nikolaevich and Princess Marya Nikolaevna are members of the Bolkonsky family in the novel War and Peace.
The head of the family is the old prince Bolkonsky. This is a man with a strong character and a well-established worldview. Successful career military, honors and respect remained for him in the distant past. On the pages of the book we see an old man who retired from military service and state affairs, retired to his estate. Despite the blows of fate, he is full of strength and energy. The day of the old man is scheduled by the minute. In his routine there is a place for both mental and physical labor. Nikolai Andreevich draws up plans for military campaigns, works in a carpentry workshop, and is engaged in arranging the estate. He is of sound mind and good physical form, does not recognize idleness for himself and makes all household members live according to his rules. It is especially difficult for the daughter, who is forced to study natural Sciences and endure the heavy temper of his father.
The proud and uncompromising nature of the old prince brings a lot of trouble to those around him, and incorruptibility, honesty and intelligence command respect.
Prince Andrey
We meet Andrei Bolkonsky in the first chapter of the work. He appears among the guests secular salon Anna Pavlovna Sherer and immediately attracts everyone's attention. The young man stands out against the general background not only in appearance, but also in his behavior. We understand that the people around us cause irritation and even anger in him. He dislikes false masks, lies, hypocrisy and empty talk. secular society. A sincere kind smile appears on the face of the hero only at the sight of Pierre Bezukhov. Andrei Bolkonsky is young, handsome, educated, but dissatisfied with his existence on this earth. He doesn't love his beautiful wife, dissatisfied with career. Throughout the development of the storyline, the image of the hero is revealed to the reader in all its depth.
At the beginning of the novel, Andrei is a man who dreams of becoming like Napoleon. Therefore, he decides to leave his pregnant wife, his bored lifestyle and goes to military service. He dreams about heroic deeds, glory and national love. The high sky of Austerlitz changes his worldview and corrects his plans for life. He is constantly looking for himself. Feats and severe injuries, love and betrayal, disappointments and victories fill the life of one of Tolstoy's favorite heroes. As a result, the young prince finds the true meaning of life in serving the Fatherland, protecting his homeland. The fate of the hero is tragic. He dies from a severe wound, never making his dream come true.
Princess Mary
Andrei Bolkonsky's sister, Princess Marya is one of the brightest and most touching images storytelling. Living close to her father, she is patient and submissive. Thoughts about her husband, her family and children seem to her pipe dreams. Marya is unattractive: "an ugly weak body and a thin face", insecure and lonely. Only “large, deep, radiant” eyes were remarkable in her appearance: “She sees her destiny in serving the Lord. Deep faith gives strength, is an outlet in its difficult life situation. “I don’t want another life, and I can’t wish, because I don’t know another life,” the heroine says about herself.
The timid and gentle Princess Marya is equally kind to everyone, sincere and spiritually rich. For the sake of loved ones, the girl is ready for sacrifices and decisive actions. At the end of the novel, we see the heroine happy wife Nikolai Rostov and caring mother. Fate rewards her for devotion, love and patience.
family traits
In the novel War and Peace, the Bolkonsky house is an example of truly aristocratic foundations. Restraint reigns in the relationship, although all family members sincerely love each other. The Spartan way of existence does not allow you to show your feelings and experiences, whine, complain about life. No one is allowed to break the strict rules of conduct.
The Bolkonskys in the novel "War and Peace" personify best features fading into history of the nobility. Once the representatives of this class were the basis of the state, they devoted their lives to serving the Fatherland, like the representatives of this noble family.
Each of the Bolkonsky family has its own unique character traits. But they have something in common that unites these people. They are distinguished by family pride, honesty, patriotism, nobility, and a high intellectual level of development. Betrayal, meanness, cowardice have no place in the souls of these heroes. The characterization of the Bolkonsky family develops gradually throughout the story.
The idea of a classic
Testing the strength of family ties, the writer leads his heroes through a series of trials: love, war and social life. Representatives of the Bolkonsky family successfully cope with difficulties thanks to the support of their relatives.
As conceived by the great writer, the chapters devoted to describing the life of the Bolkonsky family play a huge role in ideological content novel "War and Peace". They are people of "light", worthy of deep respect. Image family life favorite heroes helps the classics to display the “family thought”, to build their work in the genre of family chronicles.
Artwork test
Stafford and youth
Conventionally, April 23, 1654 is considered a birthday. Until 1571, William studied at the junior, and then at high school at home in Stafford. Historians suggest that finish quite decent for those times educational institution William failed because financial problems. The teenager had to help his father, a wealthy artisan, in his business.
Shakespeare married at the age of 18, and the marriage became a salvation from punishment and dishonor for both spouses - Anne Hathaway, being 8 years older than the groom, was pregnant at the time of the wedding. Not only this child (daughter) was born in the family, but also twins two years later.
London and theater
In the second half of the 80s, William Shakespeare moved to London. In the period from 1592 to 1594, all the theaters of the city were closed due to an epidemic, while Shakespeare gained fame as a writer at that time, writing the tragedy Titus Andronicus, poems, and the famous play The Taming of the Shrew.
Homecoming
Shakespeare's departure back to Stafford took everyone by surprise. It is assumed that the reason for this decision was the author's illness. One way or another, but in 1612 Shakespeare leaves the capital. In 1916, the playwright draws up such an extraordinary testament that, to this day, it remains a cause for controversy and a variety of assumptions (up to doubts about the authorship of plays) among biographers. The wife is mentioned in the will only in passing, but she already, according to the law, should have received a third of the state. Most of everything the playwright had got him eldest daughter Susan. The line of Shakespeare, who received the nobility at the peak of his career, was interrupted. Susan gave birth to her only daughter, who remained childless, and three children youngest daughter playwright died without marrying. Hemnet's son died at the age of 11.
Several circumstances contributed to the emergence of disagreements related to the authorship of works in the study of Shakespeare's work. In the last years of his life, the playwright created several plays in collaboration with John Fletcher, who became his successor in the theater. It also played a role that due to illness, William Shakespeare's handwriting has changed a lot, making it difficult to identify it with early manuscripts.
Introduction
The presented work is devoted to the topic "The work of W. Shakespeare and his global importance».
The problem of this study has relevance in the modern world. This is evidenced by the frequent study of the issues raised.
The topic "The work of W. Shakespeare and its global significance" is studied at the junction of several interrelated disciplines at once. For state of the art science is characterized by a transition to a global consideration of the problems of the topic "The work of W. Shakespeare and its world significance."
Many works have been devoted to research questions. Basically, the material presented in educational literature, is of a general nature, and in numerous monographs on this topic, narrower issues of the problem "The work of W. Shakespeare and its world significance" are considered. However, accounting is required modern conditions in the study of the problems of the designated topic.
The high significance and insufficient practical elaboration of the problem "The work of W. Shakespeare and its world significance" determine the undoubted novelty of this study.
Further attention to the issue of "W. Shakespeare's work and its world significance" is necessary for the purpose of a deeper and more substantiated resolution of private actual problems topics of this study.
The relevance of this work is due, on the one hand, to the great interest in the topic "The work of W. Shakespeare and its world significance" in modern science on the other hand, its insufficient development. Consideration of issues related to this topic has both theoretical and practical significance.
The results can be used to develop a methodology for the analysis of "The work of W. Shakespeare and its global significance."
The theoretical significance of the study of the problem "The work of W. Shakespeare and its world significance" lies in the fact that the issues chosen for consideration are located at the junction of several scientific disciplines at once.
The object of this study is the analysis of the conditions "Creativity of W. Shakespeare and its world significance."
At the same time, the subject of the study is the consideration of individual issues formulated as the objectives of this study.
The aim of the study is to study the topic "The work of W. Shakespeare and its global significance" from the point of view of the latest domestic and foreign studies on similar issues.
The Life and Works of William Shakespeare
Shakespeare work creative english
Born in the family of a craftsman and merchant, at one time the former mayor. From the age of 11 he entered a grammar school, where grammar, logic, rhetoric and Latin were taught. That was the end of Shakespeare's education. In As You Like It (1599), Shakespeare shares his school memories: "a whiny schoolboy with a book bag, with a ruddy face, reluctantly, like a snail, crawling to school." Little is known about Shakespeare's youth: in 1582 he married Anne Hathaway, who was eight years older than husband, in 1583 they had a daughter, Susan, in 1585, twins - son Gamnet and daughter Judith (the son died at the age of ten, the daughters left no heirs, so the Shakespeare line was interrupted in the 17th century). In 1585 Shakespeare left hometown. From the end of the 1580s. - actor of the royal troupe, since 1594 - shareholder and actor of the troupe "Servants of the Lord Chamberlain", with which he was connected all creative life. Shakespeare and his comrades founded the Globe Theater (1596), which staged almost all of his plays. On the flag, which was raised before the performance over the theater building, Hercules was depicted holding a globe in his hands, and inscribed in Latin: "The whole world is acting" (the saying of the Roman writer Petronius). The round building with a diameter of 25 m had a roof only over a part of the stage, four galleries for spectators were placed around, spectators could also stand in front of the stage. There were almost no scenery - the main decoration of the performance was the costumes. Due to lack of space, only 12 actors could fit on the small stage. The performance was accompanied by music performed by a small orchestra. At the end of the performance, a small humorous farce with singing and dancing was often played. The audience was very different - from commoners to high-born lords. Permanent actors worked at the Globe, which made it possible to maintain high quality stage performance. Female roles boys played. After the accession to the throne of James I (1603), there is no information about Shakespeare's performances on the stage, but he continued to write plays for his troupe, which from that time was called the troupe of the king. Around 1612, Shakespeare returned to Stratford, where he was buried under the altar of the Church of the Holy Trinity.
Outstanding Works of Shakespeare
Among early works Shakespeare - poems about tragic love Venus and Adonis (1593) and Lucretia (1594), written in the spirit of Renaissance poetry; they brought the author popularity, however world recognition Shakespeare found as a playwright. The so-called "Shakespearean canon" (plays undeniably belonging to Shakespeare) includes 37 dramas. In the early plays, a bright, life-affirming beginning prevails: the comedies The Taming of the Shrew (1593), Dream in midsummer night"(1596), "Much Ado About Nothing", "The Merry Wives of Windsor" (both - 1598), "Twelfth Night" (1600). A humanistic call for mutual tolerance, hope for reason and victory over destructive prejudices are heard in the tragedy Romeo and Juliet (1595) about the broken lives of young lovers who became victims of a long-standing family feud of their families. Over the years in the work of Shakespeare, based on a huge material of history and culture different countries, awareness of the complexity and inconsistency of being is enhanced. IN historical chronicles"Richard III" (1593), "Henry IV" (2 hours, 1597-98), in the tragedies "Hamlet" (1601), "Othello" (1604), "King Lear" (1605), "Macbeth" ( 1606), in the "Roman" tragedies "Julius Caesar" (1599), "Antony and Cleopatra" (1607), "Coriolanus" (1607), the poet appreciated the moral, social and political conflicts like eternal laws, according to which the highest human values- kindness, selflessness, honor, justice - inevitably fail.
The most complex and "mysterious" play by Shakespeare is the tragedy "Hamlet". The character of the protagonist has given rise to many different interpretations, each generation discovers something different in him, each researcher tries to explain him in a new way. The weakness of the will and the inconsistency of the hero with the task assigned to him, I saw in Hamlet I.V. Goethe. V.G. Belinsky emphasized in it the discord between dreams and ideas about life and life itself. I.S. Turgenev considered him an egoist and a skeptic. However, one cannot but admire his thirst for justice, readiness for self-sacrifice in the name of truth, courage and sharpness of mind. A.S. Pushkin wrote about the peculiarities of Shakespeare's characters in general: “The faces created by Shakespeare are not, like those of Moliere, types of such and such a passion, such a vice, but living beings, full of many passions, many vices; circumstances develop before the viewer their various characters. In Hamlet, Shakespeare wrote that the task of art is “to hold, as it were, a mirror in front of nature: to show the virtues of her own features, arrogance - her own appearance, and to every age and estate - its likeness and imprint.” The feeling of world chaos, which is spoken of in Hamlet, does not leave Shakespeare, the mood of anxiety and unrest caused by a turning point in the life of society at the turn of the 16th-17th centuries was reflected in his later work. The search for a reconciling outcome of dramatic situations led to the creation of later romantic dramas « winter fairy tale"(1611)," The Tempest "(1612), in which the playwright seeks to overcome discord and restore the lost harmony to the world. IN recent plays Shakespeare said goodbye to the theatrical audience, like the hero of The Tempest - the magician Prospero, either losing faith in the magic of art, or simply having exhausted its possibilities.
The world significance of Shakespeare's work is explained by the fact that he is in a fascinating and dynamic stage action, with large strokes created a whole gallery of bright, memorable images. Among them are powerful, straight to the goal, endowed with strong passions characters, and types prone to constant reflection and hesitation, wise men and scoffers, criminals and simpletons, brave friends and cunning traitors. Both main and many secondary characters Shakespeare became household names: Hamlet, Ophelia, Lady Macbeth, Othello, Desdemona, Iago, King Lear, Romeo and Juliet, Falstaff. Shakespeare, with his thoughts, themes, motives and images, gave impetus to the creation of many works of literature, painting, sculpture, music; his most significant works have been repeatedly filmed.
Shakespeare's contribution to the world fiction was also in his "Sonnets" (1592-1600), 154 lyric-philosophical poems, telling about the author's love for a certain "dark-skinned lady", insidious and masterful, and about his friendship with a certain young man ("blond friend"), who became his rival and for the sake of which he parted with his beloved. Many researchers of Shakespeare's work tried to reveal the secret of the lyrical heroine of the Sonnets, but so far no one can say for sure who she is: the Sonnets, containing autobiographical motifs, are not the poet's lyrical diary, but above all piece of art. Poetic mastery, drama, intensity of passions contained in a small poetic form, intense psychologism put the "Sonnets" on a par with Shakespeare's dramatic masterpieces. One of the best translators sonnets into Russian was S.Ya. Marshak.
In Russia, Shakespeare was first mentioned among famous poets in 1748 by A.P. Sumarokov. Shakespeare entered into national culture from the first floor. 19th century Disputes about Shakespeare at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries, and in particular the negative attitude towards his work L.N. Tolstoy, did not weaken the influence of the English playwright on the spiritual life of Russians. Shakespeare has become an integral part of Russian culture largely due to excellent translations. It was translated into Russian by A.P. Sumarokov, N.M. Karamzin, A.I. Kroneberg, V.Ya. Bryusov, N.A. Kholodkovsky, T.L. Shchepkina-Kupernik, M.L. Lozinsky, B.L. Parsnip.
