Arguments for writing (USE in the Russian language). Typical problems encountered in the texts proposed for analysis on the exam

L.E. Ulitskaya "Daughter of Bukhara"

In the family of Dmitry and Alechka, Milochka was born with Down syndrome. The man betrayed his wife and child. All the hardships of life fell on the fragile shoulders of the mother. With the advent of Milochka, Ali's external beauty began to fade into the background (and disappeared altogether with the illness), and internal beauty began to blossom. She understood everything very well about her daughter and surrounded her with such care, love and attention as she could bestow. real mother your child. Alya sacrificed everything to this child of the sun.

“Dmitry's wife did not seem to notice the inferiority of the girl. She dressed her up in colorful silk dresses, tied elegant bows on her thin yellow hair and admired the flat, senselessly cheerful muzzle with a small crushed nose and a wet mouth always parted.

She accepts her daughter as she was born, loves her, tries to teach a craft that is accessible to such people. When the heroine realizes that she is mortally ill, she devotes all the time measured to her to the future of her daughter.

“Bukhara left school and entered the dispensary, the registry office in order to be next to her daughter and help her with labor activity.

Bukhara carried medical cards to the offices and purposefully studied the visitors. She didn't have much time. She was in a hurry, as a doomed artist hurries to complete a great canvas before his death.

She manages to marry Milochka to the disabled Grisha Berman, build a defense for her daughter, surrounding her with decent, kind people. Until the end of her life, all the thoughts of the mother were connected with the sick daughter, all her life she resignedly subordinated to her maternal duty.

M.A. Sholokhov " Quiet Don»

"Quiet Don" also raises the problem of maternal feelings. Ilyinichna forgives Mikhail Koshevoy for the murder of her son and accepts him as her son-in-law. So great is her maternal love that it extends even to the murderer of her son.

I.S. Turgenev "Sparrow"

Sparrow protects from a terrible "monster" (dog) a chick that has fallen out of the nest. This episode is about

that parents are willing to do anything for their children.

I was returning from hunting and walking along the alley of the garden. The dog ran ahead of me.
Suddenly she slowed down her steps and began to creep, as if sensing game in front of her.
I looked along the alley and saw a young sparrow with yellow around the beak and down on the head. He fell from the nest (the wind shook the birches of the alley strongly) and sat motionless, helplessly spreading his barely sprouting wings.
My dog ​​was slowly approaching him, when suddenly, plunging from a nearby tree, an old black-breasted sparrow fell like a stone in front of her very muzzle - and all disheveled, distorted, with a desperate and pitiful squeak, jumped twice in the direction of a toothy open mouth.
He rushed to save, he shielded his offspring with himself ... but his whole little body trembled with horror, his voice became hoarse and hoarse, he froze, he sacrificed himself!
How a huge monster he must have looked like a dog! And yet he could not sit on his high, safe branch ... A force stronger than his will threw him out of there.
My Trezor stopped, backed away... Apparently, he also recognized this power.
I hurried to call the embarrassed dog away - and withdrew, reverent.
Yes; do not laugh. I was in awe of that little heroic bird, of its love impulse.
Love, I thought stronger than death and fear of death. Only it, only love keeps and moves life.

V.P. Astafiev "Kapalukha"

We were approaching the alpine meadows of the Urals, where we drove the collective farm cattle for summer pasture.

Taiga thinned out. The forests were all coniferous, warped by the winds and the northern cold. Only here and there among the sparse-legged spruce, fir and larch trees stirred the timid foliage of birch and aspen, and between the trees unfurled branches of ferns twisted by snails.

A herd of calves and gobies was drawn into the old clearing littered with trees. Gobies and calves, and we, too, walked slowly and wearily, with difficulty climbed over the knotty deadwood.

In one place, a small tubercle appeared on the clearing, completely covered with pale-leaved, flowering blueberries. The green pimples of future blueberry berries released barely noticeable gray petals, and they somehow imperceptibly crumbled. Then the berry will begin to grow, turn purple, then turn blue and, finally, turn black with a grayish coating.

The blueberry is delicious when ripe, but it blooms modestly, perhaps more modestly than all other berries.

There was a noise at the blueberry hillock. The calves ran with their tails up, the children who drove the cattle with us screamed.

I hurried to the hillock and saw a capercaillie (hunters often call it a kapalukha) running in circles along it with spread wings.

Nest! Nest! the guys shouted. I began to look around, feeling the blueberry mound with my eyes, but I did not see any nest anywhere.

Yes, here it is! - showed the children to the green snag, near which I was standing.

I looked, and my heart began to beat with fright - I almost stepped on the nest. No, it was not twisted on a hillock, but in the middle of a clearing, under a root resiliently protruding from the ground. Overgrown with moss on all sides and from above, too, covered with gray hairs, this inconspicuous hut was ajar in the direction of a blueberry hillock. In the hut there is a nest insulated with moss. There are four pockmarked light brown eggs in the nest. Eggs are slightly smaller than chicken eggs. I touched one egg with my finger - it was warm, almost hot.

Let's take it! The boy next to me sighed.

And what will happen to the kapalukha? You look at her! Kapalukha tossed to the side. Her wings are still outstretched, and she is chasing the ground with them. She sat on the nest with spread wings, covered her future children, kept them warm. That is why the bird's wings ossified from immobility. She tried and couldn't fly. Finally flew up to a spruce branch, sat down over our heads. And then we saw that her stomach was bare right down to the neck, and on her bare, bumpy chest, the skin often, often trembled. It was from fright, anger and fearlessness that the bird's heart was beating.

And she plucked the fluff herself and warms the eggs with her bare stomach, so that she can give every drop of her warmth to the nascent birds, ”said the teacher who approached.

It's like our mom. She gives us everything. Everything, everything, every drop ... - one of the guys said sadly, in an adult way, and, probably embarrassed by these gentle words uttered for the first time in his life, he shouted displeasedly: - Well, let's go catch up with the herd!

And everyone ran merrily from the Kapalukhin's nest. Kapalukha was sitting on a branch, stretching out her neck after us. But her eyes no longer followed us. They aimed at the nest, and as soon as we moved away a little, she flew off the tree smoothly, crawled into the nest, spread her wings and froze.

Her eyes began to be covered with a dark film. But she was all alert, all tense. Kapalukha's heart was beating with strong shocks, filling four large eggs with warmth and life, from which big-headed capercaillie will appear in a week or two, and maybe in a few days.

And when they grow up, when they drop their first song into the great and kind taiga on a ringing April morning, maybe this song will contain words, incomprehensible to us bird words about a mother who gives everything to children, sometimes even her life.

"For a chicken and a chicken, a fierce beast" - says Russian folk proverb. The wolverine from story of the same name children's writer Vera Chaplina. Yielding in size and strength to the enemy, she fiercely defended the wolverines from two ferocious wolves. Exhausted by the struggle, weakened and tormented, the mother is ready to save her cubs at the cost of her life.

Among strong heroes story N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba we saw a weak little woman who loves her children. She was very worried that they would be so little at home, she did not sleep all night, looked at Ostap and Andriy and could not get enough of it. Sons for a woman who grew old so early because of hard fate, - the most precious thing in life, the meaning of its existence.

In a story with a symbolic title “Forgive me, mom ...” A. Aleksin reflects on man's belated appreciation of the mother's role in his own life. We express our irritation over trifles, we forget to call, we are embarrassed to express our love for her in words, we thoughtlessly take the sacrifice of motherly feelings for granted. And too late we say: "I'm sorry ..." - when mom is no longer around.

An all-Russian public organization "Committee of Soldiers' Mothers" has been created in Russia. Mothers of servicemen go to the war zone. They manage to free several dozen Russian soldiers and officers.

What are the problems?

1. Moral problems
2. Social problems
3.Philosophical problems
4. Aesthetic problems
5. Political issues
6.Environmental issues

How to determine main problem text?

1. See if there are any questions in the read text.
2. Think about what problems of the text they contain.
3. Select the main one.
4. And if there are no interrogative sentences in the text, then you need to put questions to some sentences in which the the main idea.
5. The answer to the question and defines the problem of the text.

Formulation of specific problems of the text

1. The problem of the role of books in human life
2. The problem of the role of the book in the formation of personality
3. The problem of the role of reading in human life
4. The problem of speech culture in human life
5. The problem of the relationship between human speech and his intellectual development
6. The problem of the development of the Russian language
7. The problem of preserving the Russian language
8. The problem of education today
9. The problem of mercy and compassion in our lives
10. The problem of preserving the soul
11. The problem of callousness and hardness of heart
12. The problem of the role of love in human life
13. The problem of the role of friendship in our lives
14. The problem of the role of honor in human life
15. The problem of the role of conscience in human life
16. The problem of the role of patriotism in human life
17. The problem of loneliness in human life
18. Trouble moral choice human
19. The problem of the relationship of generations
20. The problem of relationships between family members
21. Trouble moral value memories in people's lives
22. The problem of human indifference
23. Trouble right choice life purpose
24. The problem of the role of the Internet in human life
25. The problem of the role of generosity in our lives
26. The problem of the meaning of human life
27. The problem of attitude towards elderly parents.
28. The problem of the role of external and inner beauty in our life
29. The problem of preservation of monuments
30. The problem of the role of childhood memories in the lives of adults
31. Problems of transitional age
32. The problem of the role of the influence of parents on the formation of the personality of the child.
33. The problem of the role of nature in people's lives
34. The problem of historical memory
35. The problem of the role of money in people's lives
36. Trouble ethnic conflicts.
37. The problem of the role of art in human life.
38. The problem of the role of music in human life
39. Problems of attitude to war
40. The problem of attitude towards animals
41. The role of the problem of selflessness and nobility of man
42. The problem of the role of talent and genius in human life
43. The problem of the role of freedom in human life
44. The problem of the significance of labor in human life
45. Role problem mass culture in people's lives
46. ​​The problem of the moral lessons of war
47. The problem of indifferent and cruel attitude to nature
48. The problem of self-realization of a person in life
49. The problem of tolerance and its role in relations between people
50. The problem of social inequality

Arguing your opinion on the chosen problem is one of the most important tasks when writing an essay-reasoning. Since arguments from the literature are ranked higher, it is very important to prepare them in advance. On this page, I present a series of arguments on several popular issues.

PROBLEM: Meanness, betrayal, dishonor, envy.

1. A.S. Pushkin, novel "The Captain's Daughter"

Shvabrin is a nobleman, but he is dishonest: he takes revenge on Masha Mironova for her refusal, during a duel with Grinev, he strikes him in the back. The complete loss of ideas about honor and dignity provokes him to treason: he goes over to the camp of the rebel Pugachev.

1. Karamzin "Poor Liza"

Erast, the beloved of the heroine, betrayed his feelings for the girl, choosing material well-being

1. N.V. Gogol, story "Taras Bulba"

Andriy, son of Taras, being in captivity love feelings betrays his father, brother, comrades, Motherland. Bulba kills his son because he cannot live with such shame

1. A.S. Pushkin, tragedy "Mozart and Salieri"

The envious Salieri, jealous of the success of the great composer Mozart, poisoned him, although he considered him his friend.

PROBLEM: Reverence, servility, servility, opportunism.

1. A.P. Chekhov, story "Death of an official"

The official Chervyakov is infected with the spirit of servility: Having sneezed and splashed the general's bald head, he was so frightened that, after repeated humiliations and requests, he died of fear.

2. A.S. Griboedov, comedy "Woe from Wit"

Molchalin, negative character comedy, I am sure that you need to please everyone without exception. This will allow you to climb career ladder. Caring for Sofya, Famusov's daughter, he pursues this very goal.

PROBLEM: Bribery, embezzlement

1. N.V. Gogol, comedy "The Government Inspector"

The mayor, like all officials of the county town, is a bribe-taker and embezzler. He is convinced that all issues can be solved with the help of money and the ability to splurge.

1. N.V. Gogol, poem "Dead Souls"

Chichikov, drawing up a bill of sale for "dead" souls, gives a bribe to an official, after which things go faster.

PROBLEM: Rudeness, ignorance, hypocrisy

1. A.N. Ostrovsky, drama "Thunderstorm"

Wild is a typical boor who offends everyone around him. Impunity has created in this man utter unbridledness.

1. DI. Fonvizin, comedy "Undergrowth"

Mrs. Prostakova considers her boorish behavior to be normal, so the people around her are “cattle” and “boobs”.

1. A.P. Chekhov, story "Chameleon"

Police warden Ochumelov grovels before those who are above him in the ranks, and feels himself the master of the situation, in front of those who are below. This is reflected in his behavior, which changes depending on the situation.

PROBLEM: The destructive influence of money (material wealth) on the human soul, hoarding

1. A.P. Chekhov, story "Ionych"

Dr. Startsev, a promising and talented doctor in his youth, turns into Ionych's accumulator. Main passion his life is money, which has become the cause of the moral decay of the individual.

1. N.V. Gogol, poem "Dead Souls"

The stingy landowner Plyushkin personifies complete spiritual degradation. The passion for hoarding became the cause of the destruction of all family and friendly ties, Plyushkin himself simply lost his human appearance.

PROBLEM: Vandalism, unconsciousness

1. I.A. Bunin "Cursed Days"

Bunin could not even imagine that the brutality and vandalism brought by the revolution would turn people into a maddened crowd, destroying everything in its path.

1. D.S. Likhachev, the book "On the Good and the Beautiful"

The Russian academician was outraged when he learned that a monument on the grave of Bagration had been blown up on the Borodino field. This is a terrible example of vandalism and unconsciousness.

1. V. Rasputin, story "Farewell to Matera"

During the flooding of villages, not only people's dwellings, but also churches, graveyards went under water, which is terrible example vandalism.

PROBLEM: The role of art

1. A.T. Tvardovsky, poem "Vasily Terkin"

Front-line soldiers talk about how the soldiers exchanged smoke and bread for clippings from front-line newspapers, where the chapters of the poem were published. So, an encouraging word was sometimes more important than food.

Natasha Rostova sings beautifully, at these moments she becomes unusually beautiful and people those around her are drawn to her.

1. A.I. Kuprin, story "Garnet Bracelet"

Listenin' moonlight sonata» Beethoven, Vera experienced, thanks to the hopelessly in love Zheltkov, a feeling similar to catharsis. Music awakened in her sympathy, compassion, the desire to love.

PROBLEM: Love for the motherland, nostalgia

1. M.Yu. Lermontov, poem "Motherland"

The lyrical hero loves his homeland as it is, and is ready to go through all the trials with his people.

1. A. Blok, poem "Russia"

For the lyrical hero Blok, love for the motherland is like love for a woman. He believes in the great future of his country.

1. I.A. Bunin, stories "Clean Monday", "Antonov apples"

I.A. Bunin in the 20th year left Russia forever. A feeling of nostalgia haunted him all his life. The heroes of his stories recall the great past of Russia, which is irretrievably lost: history, culture, traditions.

PROBLEM: Loyalty given word(debt)

1. A.S. Pushkin, novel "Dubrovsky"

Masha, married to an unloved man, refuses to break the oath of allegiance given in the church when Dubrovsky tries to save her.

1. A.S. Pushkin, novel "Eugene Onegin"

Tatyana Larina, true to her marital duty and given word, is forced to refuse Onegin. She became the personification of the moral strength of man.

PROBLEM: Self-sacrifice, compassion, mercy, cruelty, humanism

1. M.A. Bulgakov, novel "The Master and Margarita"

margarita, loving Masters, in spite of everything, true to her feelings, she is ready for any sacrifice. A woman flies to Woland's ball to save her beloved. In the same place, she asks to free the sinner Frida from suffering.

1. A.I. Solzhenitsyn, story "Matrenin Dvor"

Matryona lived all her life for people, helped them, asking nothing in return. The author calls her a “righteous woman”, a person who lives according to the laws of God and conscience

1. L. Andreev, the story "Kusaka"

Having tamed a dog and left it for the winter in a holiday village, people showed their selfishness, showed how cruel they can be.

The Cossack Gavrila, having lost his son, fell in love as a native, a stranger, an enemy. Hatred of the "Reds" grew into paternal love and care.

PROBLEM: Self-education, self-education, introspection, self-improvement

1. I.S. Turgenev, novel "Fathers and Sons"

The nihilist Bazarov believed that "every person should educate himself." And this is the lot of strong people.

1. L.N. Tolstoy, trilogy "Childhood. Adolescence. Youth"

Nikolenka is an autobiographical hero. Like the author himself, he strives for self-improvement, for creative self-realization.

1. M.Yu. Lermontov, novel "A Hero of Our Time"

Pechorin in his diary talks with himself, evaluates his actions, analyzes life, which indicates the depth of this personality.

1. L.N. Tolstoy, novel "War and Peace"

The writer showed us the "dialectics of the soul" of Bolkonsky and Bezukhov, told us how difficult a person's path to truth, truth, love is. His heroes made mistakes, suffered, suffered, but this is the idea of ​​human self-improvement.

PROBLEM: Courage, heroism, moral duty, patriotism

1. B. Vasiliev, “The Dawns Here Are Quiet”

Anti-aircraft gunners, destroying a detachment of saboteurs, died, despite the numerical superiority of the enemy.

1. B. Polevoy, "The Tale of a Real Man"

Pilot Alesei Maresyev, thanks to fortitude and courage, not only survived after the amputation of his legs, but also became complete person returned to his squadron.

1. Vorobyov, story "Killed near Moscow"

The Kremlin cadets, having shown courage and heroism, fulfilled their patriotic duty, defending the approaches to Moscow. Lieutenant Hawks is the only one left alive.

1. M. Sholokhov, story "The fate of man"

The hero of the story, Andrei Sokolov, went through the entire war: he fought bravely, was captured, and fled. He honorably fulfilled his civic duty. The war took his family away from him, but, fortunately, fate gave him a meeting with Vanyushka, who became his son.

1. V. Bykov "Crane cry"

Vasily Glechik, still quite a boy, did not leave his position during the war. The thought of salvation was unacceptable to him. He did not violate the order of the battalion commander, fulfilled it at the cost of his own life, remained faithful to the oath and duty to his homeland.

USE in Russian. Task C1.

The problem of responsibility, national and human, was one of the central ones in literature in the middle of the 20th century. For example, A.T. Tvardovsky in the poem “By the Right of Memory” calls for a rethinking of the sad experience of totalitarianism. The same theme is revealed in A.A. Akhmatova's poem "Requiem". The verdict on the state system based on injustice and lies is passed by A.I. Solzhenitsyn in the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”

The problem of caring for cultural heritage has always been at the center of everyone's attention. In the difficult post-revolutionary period, when the change of the political system was accompanied by the overthrow of the old values, Russian intellectuals did everything possible to save cultural relics. For example, Academician D.S. Likhachev prevented Nevsky Prospekt from being built up with typical high-rise buildings. The estates of Kuskovo and Abramtsevo were restored at the expense of Russian cinematographers. Caring for ancient monuments distinguishes Tula residents: the appearance of the historical center of the city, the church, the Kremlin is preserved.

The conquerors of antiquity burned books and destroyed monuments in order to deprive the people of historical memory.

“Disrespect for ancestors is the first sign of immorality” (A.S. Pushkin). A man who does not remember his kinship, who has lost his memory, Chingiz Aitmatov called mankurt ( "Stormy Station"). Mankurt is a man forcibly deprived of memory. This is a slave who has no past. He does not know who he is, where he comes from, does not know his name, does not remember childhood, father and mother - in a word, he does not realize himself as a human being. Such a subhuman is dangerous for society - the writer warns.

Quite recently, on the eve of the great Victory Day, young people were asked on the streets of our city if they knew about the beginning and end of the Great Patriotic War, about who we fought, who G. Zhukov was ... The answers were depressing: the younger generation does not know the dates of the start of the war, the names of the commanders, many have not heard about the Battle of Stalingrad, about the Kursk Bulge ...

The problem of forgetting the past is very serious. A person who does not respect history, who does not honor his ancestors, is the same mankurt. One would like to remind these young people the piercing cry from the legend of Ch. Aitmatov: “Remember, whose are you? What is your name?"

“A person needs not three arshins of land, not a farmstead, but the whole Earth. All nature, where in the open space he could show all the properties of a free spirit, ”wrote A.P. Chekhov. Life without purpose is a meaningless existence. But the goals are different, such as, for example, in the story "Gooseberry". His hero - Nikolai Ivanovich Chimsha-Gimalaysky - dreams of acquiring his estate and planting gooseberries there. This goal consumes him entirely. As a result, he reaches it, but at the same time he almost loses his human appearance (“he has become fat, flabby ... - just look, he will grunt in a blanket”). A false goal, fixation on the material, narrow, limited disfigures a person. He needs constant movement, development, excitement, improvement for life ...

I. Bunin in the story "The Gentleman from San Francisco" showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and that god he worshipped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed by the person: he died without knowing what life is.

The image of Oblomov (I.A. Goncharov) is the image of a man who wanted to achieve a lot in life. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children ... But he did not have the strength to realize these desires, so his dreams remained dreams.

M. Gorky in the play "At the Bottom" showed the drama " former people who have lost the strength to fight for themselves. They hope for something good, they understand that they need to live better, but they do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the action of the play begins in the rooming house and ends there.

N. Gogol, accuser human vices, aggressively looking for a living human soul. Depicting Plyushkin, who has become "a hole in the body of mankind," he passionately urges the reader to go out into adult life, take with you all the "human movements", do not lose them on the road of life.

Life is a movement along an endless road. Some travel along it “with official necessity”, asking questions: why did I live, for what purpose was I born? ("Hero of our time"). Others are frightened of this road, run to their wide sofa, because “life touches everywhere, gets it” (“Oblomov”). But there are also those who, making mistakes, doubting, suffering, rise to the heights of truth, finding their spiritual “I”. One of them - Pierre Bezukhov - the hero of the epic novel L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".

At the beginning of his journey, Pierre is far from the truth: he admires Napoleon, is involved in the company of the “golden youth”, participates in hooligan antics along with Dolokhov and Kuragin, too easily succumbs to rough flattery, the cause of which is his huge fortune. One stupidity is followed by another: marriage to Helen, a duel with Dolokhov ... And as a result - a complete loss of the meaning of life. “What's wrong? What well? What should you love and what should you hate? Why live and what am I? - these questions are countless times scrolled in my head until a sober understanding of life comes. On the way to it, both the experience of Freemasonry and the observation of ordinary soldiers in the Battle of Borodino, and a meeting in captivity with the folk philosopher Platon Karataev. Only love moves the world and a person lives - Pierre Bezukhov comes to this thought, finding his spiritual “I”.

In one of the books dedicated to the Great Patriotic war, a former blockade survivor, recalls that, during a terrible famine, his life was saved by a neighbor who brought a can of stew sent by his son from the front to him, a dying teenager. “I am already old, and you are young, you still have to live and live,” said this man. He soon died, and the boy he saved kept a grateful memory of him for the rest of his life.

The tragedy happened in Krasnodar Territory. A fire started in a nursing home where sick old people lived. Among the 62 who were burned alive was 53-year-old nurse Lidia Pachintseva, who was on duty that night. When a fire broke out, she took the old people by the arms, brought them to the windows and helped them escape. But she didn’t save herself - she didn’t have time.

M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story "The Fate of Man". It tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person the strength to live, the strength to resist fate.

“Satisfied with themselves people”, accustomed to comfort, people with small property interests - the same heroes Chekhov, “people in cases”. This is Dr. Startsev in "Ionyche", and Belikov's teacher "The Man in the Case". Let us remember how “chubby, red” Dmitry Ionych Startsev rides on a troika with bells, and his coachman Panteleimon, “also plump and red”, shouts: “Hold on!” “Hold on right” - this is, after all, detachment from human troubles and problems. On their prosperous path of life there should be no obstacles. And in Belikovsky's "no matter how it happens" we see only an indifferent attitude to the problems of other people. The spiritual impoverishment of these heroes is obvious. And they are not intellectuals at all, but simply - philistines, townsfolk who imagine themselves to be "masters of life."

Front-line service is an almost legendary expression; there is no doubt that there is no stronger and more devoted friendship between people. literary examples so many. In Gogol's story "Taras Bulba" one of the characters exclaims: "There are no bonds brighter than comrades!" But most often this topic was revealed in the literature about the Great Patriotic War. In B. Vasiliev's story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet…”, both the anti-aircraft gunners and Captain Vaskov live according to the laws of mutual assistance, responsibility for each other. In K. Simonov's novel The Living and the Dead, Captain Sintsov carries a wounded comrade out of the battlefield.

1. The problem of scientific progress.

In M. Bulgakov's story, Doctor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, the desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns around dire consequences: bipedal creature with " dog heart"- this is not yet a person, because there is no soul in him, there is no love, honor, nobility.

The press reported that very soon there will be an elixir of immortality. Death will be finally defeated. But for many people, this news did not cause a surge of joy; on the contrary, anxiety intensified. What will this immortality mean for a person?

village life.

In Russian literature, the theme of the village and the theme of the motherland were often combined. rural life always perceived as the most serene, natural. One of the first to express this idea was Pushkin, who called the village his office. ON THE. Nekrasov in a poem and poems drew the reader's attention not only to the poverty of peasant huts, but also to how friendly peasant families are, how hospitable Russian women are. A lot is said about the originality of the farmstead way of life in Sholokhov's epic novel "Quiet Flows the Don". In Rasputin's story "Farewell to Matyora" the ancient village is endowed with historical memory, the loss of which is tantamount to death for the inhabitants.

The theme of labor was repeatedly developed in Russian classical and contemporary literature. As an example, it is enough to recall the novel by I.A. Goncharov “Oblomov”. The hero of this work, Andrei Stoltz, sees the meaning of life not as a result of labor, but in the process itself. We see a similar example in Solzhenitsyn's story "Matryonin's Dvor". His heroine does not perceive forced labor, as punishment, punishment - she treats work as an integral part of existence.

Chekhov's essay "My" she "lists all the terrible consequences of the influence of laziness on people.

1. The problem of the future of Russia.

The topic of the future of Russia was touched upon by many poets and writers. For example, Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol in a lyrical digression of the poem "Dead Souls" compares Russia with "a lively, irrepressible troika". “Rus, where are you going?” he asks. But the author has no answer to the question. The poet Eduard Asadov in the poem “Russia did not begin with a sword” writes: “The dawn rises, bright and hot. And it will be so forever indestructible. Russia did not begin with a sword, and therefore it is invincible! He is sure that a great future awaits Russia, and nothing can stop it.

Scientists and psychologists have long argued that music can have various effects on nervous system, on the tone of a person. It is generally accepted that the works of Bach increase and develop the intellect. Beethoven's music awakens compassion, cleanses a person's thoughts and feelings of negativity. Schumann helps to understand the soul of a child.

Dmitri Shostakovich's Seventh Symphony has the subtitle "Leningradskaya". But the name "Legendary" suits her better. The fact is that when the Nazis besieged Leningrad, the inhabitants of the city had a huge impact on the 7th symphony of Dmitry Shostakovich, which, as eyewitnesses testify, gave people new strength to fight the enemy.

1. The problem of anticulture.

This problem is relevant even today. Now there is a dominance of “soap operas” on television, which significantly reduce the level of our culture. Literature is another example. Well the theme of "deculturation" is revealed in the novel "The Master and Margarita". MASSOLIT employees write bad works and at the same time dine in restaurants and have dachas. They are admired and their literature revered.

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For a long time, a gang operated in Moscow, which was distinguished by particular cruelty. When the criminals were captured, they admitted that their behavior, their attitude to the world was greatly influenced by american film"Natural Born Killers", which they watched almost every day. They tried to copy the habits of the heroes of this picture in real life.

Many modern athletes watched TV when they were children and wanted to be like the athletes of their time. Through television broadcasts, they got acquainted with the sport and its heroes. Of course, there are also reverse cases, when a person became addicted to the TV, and he had to be treated in special clinics.

I believe that the use foreign words in the native language is justified only if there is no equivalent. Many of our writers struggled with the clogging of the Russian language with borrowings. M. Gorky pointed out: “It makes it difficult for our reader to stick foreign words into a Russian phrase. It makes no sense to write concentration when we have our own good word - condensation.

Admiral A.S. Shishkov, who for some time held the post of Minister of Education, proposed replacing the word fountain with an awkward synonym he invented - a water cannon. Practicing in word creation, he invented replacements for borrowed words: he suggested speaking instead of an alley - prosad, billiards - a spherical ball, he replaced the cue with a spherical ball, and called the library a bookkeeper. To replace the word he did not like galoshes, he came up with another - wet shoes. Such concern for the purity of the language can cause nothing but laughter and irritation of contemporaries.

Especially strong feeling produces the novel "Plaha". Using the example of a wolf family, the author showed the death of wildlife from economic activity person. And how scary it becomes when you see that, when compared with a person, predators look more humane and "humane" than the "crown of creation." So for the sake of what good in the future does a person bring his children to the chopping block?

Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov. “Lake, cloud, tower…” Main character- Vasily Ivanovich is a modest employee who won a pleasure trip to nature.

1. The theme of war in literature.

In 1941-1942, the defense of Sevastopol will be repeated. But it will be another Great Patriotic War - 1941-1945. In this war with fascism Soviet people perform an extraordinary feat, which we will always remember. M. Sholokhov, K. Simonov, B. Vasiliev and many other writers devoted their works to the events of the Great Patriotic War. This difficult time is also characterized by the fact that women fought on an equal footing with men in the ranks of the Red Army. And even the fact that they are representatives of the weaker sex did not stop them. They struggled with fear within themselves and performed such heroic deeds, which, it seemed, were completely unusual for women. It is about such women that we learn from the pages of B. Vasilyev's story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet...”. Five girls and their combat commander F. Baskov find themselves on the Sinyukhina Ridge with sixteen fascists who are heading to railway, absolutely sure that no one knows about the progress of their operation. Our fighters found themselves in a difficult situation: it is impossible to retreat, but to stay, because the Germans serve them like seeds. But there is no way out! Behind the Motherland! And now these girls perform a fearless feat. At the cost of their lives, they stop the enemy and prevent him from carrying out his terrible plans. And how carefree was the life of these girls before the war?! They studied, worked, enjoyed life. And suddenly! Planes, tanks, cannons, shots, screams, groans... But they did not break down and gave the most precious thing they had - their lives - for victory. They gave their lives for their country.

The theme of war in Russian literature has been and remains relevant. Writers try to convey to readers the whole truth, whatever it may be.

From the pages of their works, we learn that war is not only the joy of victories and the bitterness of defeat, but war is a harsh everyday life filled with blood, pain, and violence. The memory of these days will live in our memory forever. Perhaps the day will come when the groans and cries of mothers, volleys and shots will subside on earth, when our earth will meet the day without war!

The turning point in the Great Patriotic War occurred during the Battle of Stalingrad, when “a Russian soldier was ready to tear a bone from a skeleton and go against a fascist with it” (A. Platonov). The unity of the people in the "time of grief", their steadfastness, courage, daily heroism - that's true reason victory. In the novel Y. Bondareva "Hot snow" the most tragic moments of the war are reflected, when Manstein's brutalized tanks rush to the group surrounded in Stalingrad. Young gunners, yesterday's boys, are holding back the onslaught of the Nazis with superhuman efforts. The sky was blood-smoked, the snow melted from bullets, the ground burned under their feet, but the Russian soldier survived - he did not allow the tanks to break through. For this feat, General Bessonov, defying all conventions, without award papers, presents orders and medals to the remaining soldiers. “What can I do, what can I do…” he says bitterly, approaching another soldier. The general could, but the authorities? Why does the state remember the people only in tragic moments of history?

The bearer of folk morality in the war is, for example, Valega, the orderly of Lieutenant Kerzhentsev from the story. He is barely literate, confuses the multiplication table, will not really explain what socialism is, but for his homeland, for his comrades, for a rickety hut in Altai, for Stalin, whom he has never seen, he will fight to the last bullet. And the cartridges will run out - fists, teeth. Sitting in a trench, he will scold the foreman more than the Germans. And it will come to the point - he will show these Germans where the crayfish hibernate.

Expression " folk character” most of all corresponds to Valega. He went to war as a volunteer, quickly adapted to military hardships, because his peaceful peasant life was not honey. In between fights, he does not sit idle for a minute. He knows how to cut, shave, mend boots, build a fire in the pouring rain, darn socks. Can catch fish, pick berries, mushrooms. And he does everything silently, quietly. A simple peasant boy who is only eighteen years old. Kerzhentsev is sure that such a soldier as Valega will never betray, will not leave the wounded on the battlefield and will beat the enemy mercilessly.

The heroic everyday life of war is an oxymoron metaphor that unites the incompatible. War ceases to seem like something out of the ordinary. Get used to death. Only sometimes it will amaze with its suddenness. There is such an episode in: a dead soldier lies on his back, arms outstretched, and a smoking cigarette butt stuck to his lip. A minute ago there was still life, thoughts, desires, now - death. And to see this to the hero of the novel is simply unbearable...

But even in war, soldiers do not live by “a single bullet”: in their short hours of rest, they sing, write letters, and even read. As for the heroes of In the Trenches of Stalingrad, Karnaukhov is read by Jack London, the division commander also loves Martin Eden, someone draws, someone writes poetry. The Volga is foaming from shells and bombs, and the people on the shore do not change their spiritual predilections. Perhaps that is why the Nazis did not succeed in crushing them, throwing them back across the Volga, and drying up their souls and minds.

1. The theme of the Motherland in literature.

Lermontov in the poem "Motherland" says that he loves his native land, but cannot explain why and why.

In a friendly message "To Chaadaev" the fiery appeal of the poet to the Motherland to dedicate "the souls of beautiful impulses" sounds.

The modern writer V. Rasputin stated: "To speak today about ecology means to speak not about changing life, but about saving it." Unfortunately, the state of our ecology is very catastrophic. This is manifested in the depletion of flora and fauna. Further, the author says that "there is a gradual addiction to danger," that is, a person does not notice how serious the current situation is. Let us recall the problem connected with the Aral Sea. The bottom of the Aral Sea was so bare that the coast from the seaports went for tens of kilometers. The climate has changed dramatically, the extinction of animals has occurred. All these troubles have greatly affected the lives of people living in the Aral Sea. Over the past two decades, the Aral Sea has lost half of its volume and more than a third of its area. The bare bottom of a huge area turned into a desert, which became known as Aralkum. In addition, the Aral contains millions of tons of poisonous salts. This problem cannot but excite people. Expeditions were organized in the 1980s decisive tasks and the causes of the death of the Aral Sea. Doctors, scientists, writers reflected and researched the materials of these expeditions.

V. Rasputin in the article "In the fate of nature - our fate" reflects on the relationship of man with environment. “Today there is no need to guess, “whose groan is heard over the great Russian river.” Then the Volga itself groans, dug up and down, constricted by hydroelectric dams,” the author writes. Looking at the Volga, you especially understand the price of our civilization, that is, the benefits that man has created for himself. It seems that everything that was possible has been defeated, even the future of mankind.

The problem of the relationship of man with the environment raises and contemporary writer Ch. Aitmatov in the work "The Scaffold". He showed how a man destroys the colorful world of nature with his own hands.

The novel begins with a description of the life of a wolf pack, which lives quietly until the appearance of man. He literally demolishes and destroys everything in his path, not thinking about the surrounding nature. The reason for such cruelty was only the difficulties with the meat delivery plan. People mocked the saigas: "Fear reached such proportions that the she-wolf Akbara, deaf from the shots, thought that the whole world was deaf, and the sun itself was also rushing about and looking for salvation..." In this tragedy, Akbara's children die, but this is her grief does not end. Further, the author writes that people started a fire in which five more Akbara wolf cubs die. For the sake of their goals, people could "gut the globe like a pumpkin", not suspecting that nature would also take revenge on them sooner or later. A lone she-wolf reaches out to people, wants to move her maternal love on a human child. It turned out to be a tragedy, but this time for the people. A man in a fit of fear and hatred for the incomprehensible behavior of a she-wolf shoots at her, but hits his own son.

This example speaks of the barbaric attitude of people to nature, to everything that surrounds us. I wish there were more caring and kind people in our lives.

Academician D. Likhachev wrote: "Humanity spends billions not only not to suffocate, not to perish, but also to preserve the nature around us." Of course, everyone is well aware of the healing power of nature. I think that a person should become both its owner, and its protector, and its smart transformer. Beloved unhurried river, Birch Grove, restless bird world... We will not harm them, but we will try to protect them.

In this century, man is actively invading the natural processes of the Earth's shells: extracting millions of tons of minerals, destroying thousands of hectares of forests, polluting the waters of seas and rivers, and emitting toxic substances into the atmosphere. One of the most important environmental issues century was water pollution. Sharp deterioration The quality of water in rivers and lakes cannot and will not affect people's health, especially in areas with a dense population. sad environmental impact accidents at nuclear power plants. The echo of Chernobyl swept through the entire European part of Russia, and will affect people's health for a long time to come.

Thus, a person as a result of economic activity causes great damage nature, and at the same time your health. How then can a person build his relationship with nature? Each person in his activity should carefully treat all life on Earth, not tear himself away from nature, not strive to rise above it, but remember that he is part of it.

1. The individual and the state.

Zamyatin “We” people are numbers. We only had 2 free hours.

The problem of the artist and power

The problem of the artist and power in Russian literature is perhaps one of the most painful. It is marked by a special tragedy in the history of literature of the twentieth century. A. Akhmatova, M. Tsvetaeva, O. Mandelstam, M. Bulgakov, B. Pasternak, M. Zoshchenko, A. Solzhenitsyn (the list can be continued) - each of them felt the “care” of the state, and each reflected it in his work. One Zhdanov decree of August 14, 1946 could have been crossed out writer's biography A. Akhmatova and M. Zoshchenko. B. Pasternak created the novel "Doctor Zhivago" during the period of severe government pressure on the writer, during the struggle against cosmopolitanism. The persecution of the writer resumed with particular force after he was awarded Nobel Prize for a novel. The Union of Writers expelled Pasternak from its ranks, presenting him as an internal emigrant, a person discrediting a worthy title Soviet writer. And this is for the fact that the poet told the people the truth about the tragic fate of the Russian intellectual, doctor, poet Yuri Zhivago.

Creativity is the only way of immortality of the creator. “For the authorities, for the livery, do not bend either conscience, or thoughts, or neck” - this testament became decisive in choosing the creative path of true artists.

The problem of emigration

The feeling of bitterness does not leave when people leave their homeland. Some are forcibly expelled, others leave on their own due to some circumstances, but not one of them forgets his Fatherland, the house where he was born, his native land. There are, for example, I.A. Bunin story "Mowers" written in 1921. This story, it would seem, is about an insignificant event: the Ryazan mowers who came to the Oryol region are walking in a birch forest, mow and sing. But it was in this insignificant moment that Bunin managed to discern the immeasurable and distant, connected with all of Russia. The small space of the narrative is filled with radiant light, wonderful sounds and viscous smells, and the result is not a story, but a bright lake, some kind of Svetloyar, in which all of Russia is reflected. Not without reason, while reading "Kostsov" by Bunin in Paris on literary evening(there were two hundred people), according to the memoirs of the writer's wife, many cried. It was a cry for the lost Russia, a nostalgic feeling for the Motherland. Bunin lived in exile most of his life, but wrote only about Russia.

third wave emigrant S.Dovlatov, leaving the USSR, he took with him the only suitcase, “old, plywood, covered with cloth, tied with a clothesline,” - he went with him to the pioneer camp. There were no treasures in it: a double-breasted suit lay on top, a poplin shirt underneath, then, in turn, a winter hat, Finnish crepe socks, driver's gloves and an officer's belt. These things became the basis for short stories, memories of the homeland. They do not have material value, they are signs of a priceless, in their own way absurd, but single life. Eight things - eight stories, and each - a kind of report on the past Soviet life. A life that will remain forever with the emigrant Dovlatov.

The problem of the intelligentsia

According to academician D.S. Likhachev, "the basic principle of intelligence is intellectual freedom, freedom as a moral category." Not single intelligent person only from your own conscience. The title of an intellectual in Russian literature is deservedly worn by heroes and. Neither Zhivago nor Zybin compromised with their own conscience. They do not accept violence in any manifestation, be it Civil War or Stalinist repressions. There is another type of Russian intellectual who betrays this high title. One of them is the hero of the story Y. Trifonova "Exchange" Dmitriev. His mother is seriously ill, his wife offers to exchange two rooms for a separate apartment, although the relationship between the daughter-in-law and mother-in-law was not in the best way. Dmitriev is initially indignant, criticizing his wife for lack of spirituality, philistinism, but then agrees with her, believing that she is right. There are more and more things in the apartment, food, expensive headsets: the density of everyday life is growing, things are replacing spiritual life. In this regard, another work comes to mind - "Suitcase" by S. Dovlatov. Most likely, the “suitcase” with rags taken by the journalist S. Dovlatov to America would have caused Dmitriev and his wife only a feeling of disgust. At the same time, for the hero Dovlatov, things have no material value, they are a reminder of past youth, friends, and creative searches.

1. The problem of fathers and children.

The problem of difficult relationships between parents and children is reflected in the literature. L.N. Tolstoy, I.S. Turgenev, and A.S. Pushkin wrote about this. I want to turn to A. Vampilov's play "The Elder Son", where the author shows the attitude of children towards their father. Both the son and the daughter frankly consider their father a loser, an eccentric, they are indifferent to his experiences and feelings. The father silently endures everything, finds excuses for all the ungrateful deeds of the children, asks them only one thing: not to leave him alone. The protagonist of the play sees how someone else's family is being destroyed before his eyes, and sincerely tries to help the kindest man-father. His intervention helps to survive a difficult period in the relationship of children to a loved one.

1. Quarrel problem. Human enmity.

In Pushkin's story "Dubrovsky", a casually thrown word led to enmity and many troubles for former neighbors. In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the family feud ended in the death of the main characters.

“The word about Igor's regiment” Svyatoslav says “ golden word”, condemning Igor and Vsevolod, who violated feudal obedience, which led to a new attack of the Polovtsy on Russian lands.

In Vasiliev's novel "Don't Shoot White Swans", the modest blunderer Yegor Polushkin almost dies at the hands of poachers. The protection of nature has become for him a vocation and the meaning of life.

A lot of work is being done in Yasnaya Polyana with only one goal - to make this place one of the most beautiful and comfortable.

1. Parental love.

In Turgenev's prose poem "Sparrow" we see the heroic deed of a bird. Trying to protect the offspring, the sparrow rushed into battle against the dog.

Also in Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons", Bazarov's parents most of all want to be with their son.

In Chekhov's play The Cherry Orchard” Lyubov Andreevna lost her estate because all her life she was frivolous about money and work.

The fire in Perm occurred due to the rash actions of the organizers of the fireworks, the irresponsibility of the management, the negligence of the inspectors fire safety. The result is the death of many people.

The essay “Ants” by A. Morua tells how a young woman bought an anthill. But she forgot to feed its inhabitants, although they needed only one drop of honey a month.

There are people who do not require anything special from their lives and spend it (life) uselessly and boringly. One of these people is Ilya Ilyich Oblomov.

In Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin" the protagonist has everything for life. Wealth, education, position in society and the opportunity to realize any of your dreams. But he is bored. Nothing touches him, nothing pleases him. He does not know how to appreciate simple things: friendship, sincerity, love. I think that's why he's unhappy.

In Volkov's essay "On simple things” raises a similar problem: for happiness, a person does not need so much.

1. Riches of the Russian language.

If you do not use the wealth of the Russian language, you can become like Ellochka Schukina from the work “The Twelve Chairs” by I. Ilf and E. Petrov. She got by with thirty words.

In Fonvizin's comedy "Undergrowth" Mitrofanushka did not know Russian at all.

1. Unscrupulousness.

Chekhov's essay “Gone” tells about a woman who completely changes her principles in one minute.

She tells her husband that she will leave him if he commits even one mean act. Then the husband explained to his wife in detail why their family lives so richly. The heroine of the text “left ... to another room. For her, living beautifully and richly was more important than deceiving her husband, although she says quite the opposite.

There is also no clear position in Chekhov's story "Chameleon" by the police overseer Ochumelov. He wants to punish the owner of the dog that bit Khryukin's finger. After Ochumelov finds out that the possible owner of the dog is General Zhigalov, all his determination disappears.

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1. The problem of historical memory (responsibility for the bitter and terrible consequences of the past)

The problem of responsibility, national and human, was one of the central ones in literature in the middle of the 20th century. For example, A.T. Tvardovsky in the poem “By the Right of Memory” calls for a rethinking of the sad experience of totalitarianism. The same theme is revealed in A.A. Akhmatova's poem "Requiem". The verdict on the state system based on injustice and lies is passed by A.I. Solzhenitsyn in the story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”

1. The problem of preservation of ancient monuments and respect for them.

The problem of careful attitude to cultural heritage has always remained in the center of general attention. In the difficult post-revolutionary period, when the change of the political system was accompanied by the overthrow of the old values, Russian intellectuals did everything possible to save cultural relics. For example, Academician D.S. Likhachev prevented Nevsky Prospekt from being built up with typical high-rise buildings. The estates of Kuskovo and Abramtsevo were restored at the expense of Russian cinematographers. Caring for ancient monuments distinguishes Tula residents: the appearance of the historical center of the city, the church, the Kremlin is preserved.

The conquerors of antiquity burned books and destroyed monuments in order to deprive the people of historical memory.

1. The problem of attitude to the past, loss of memory, roots.

“Disrespect for ancestors is the first sign of immorality” (A.S. Pushkin). A man who does not remember his kinship, who has lost his memory, Chingiz Aitmatov called mankurt ("Stormy Station"). Mankurt is a man forcibly deprived of memory. This is a slave who has no past. He does not know who he is, where he comes from, does not know his name, does not remember childhood, father and mother - in a word, he does not realize himself as a human being. Such a subhuman is dangerous for society - the writer warns.

Quite recently, on the eve of the great Victory Day, young people were asked on the streets of our city if they knew about the beginning and end of the Great Patriotic War, about who we fought, who G. Zhukov was ... The answers were depressing: the younger generation does not know the dates of the start of the war, the names of the commanders, many have not heard about the Battle of Stalingrad, about the Kursk Bulge ...

The problem of forgetting the past is very serious. A person who does not respect history, who does not honor his ancestors, is the same mankurt. One would like to remind these young people the piercing cry from the legend of Ch. Aitmatov: “Remember, whose are you? What is your name?"

1. The problem of a false goal in life.

“A person needs not three arshins of land, not a farmstead, but the entire globe. All nature, where in the open space he could show all the properties of a free spirit, ”wrote A.P. Chekhov . Life without purpose is a meaningless existence. But the goals are different, such as, for example, in the story"Gooseberry" . His hero - Nikolai Ivanovich Chimsha-Gimalaysky - dreams of acquiring his estate and planting gooseberries there. This goal consumes him entirely. As a result, he reaches it, but at the same time he almost loses his human appearance (“he has become fat, flabby ... - just look, he will grunt in a blanket”). A false goal, fixation on the material, narrow, limited disfigures a person. He needs constant movement, development, excitement, improvement for life ...

I. Bunin in the story "The Gentleman from San Francisco" showed the fate of a man who served false values. Wealth was his god, and that god he worshipped. But when the American millionaire died, it turned out that true happiness passed by the person: he died without knowing what life is.

1. The meaning of human life. Search for a life path.

The image of Oblomov (I.A. Goncharov) is the image of a man who wanted to achieve a lot in life. He wanted to change his life, he wanted to rebuild the life of the estate, he wanted to raise children ... But he did not have the strength to realize these desires, so his dreams remained dreams.

M. Gorky in the play "At the Bottom" showed the drama of "former people" who have lost the strength to fight for their own sake. They hope for something good, they understand that they need to live better, but they do nothing to change their fate. It is no coincidence that the action of the play begins in the rooming house and ends there.

N. Gogol, the exposer of human vices, is persistently looking for a living human soul. Depicting Plyushkin, who has become "a hole in the body of mankind", he passionately urges the reader, who enters adulthood, to take with him all the "human movements", not to lose them on the road of life.

Life is a movement along an endless road. Some travel along it “with official necessity”, asking questions: why did I live, for what purpose was I born? ("Hero of our time"). Others are frightened of this road, run to their wide sofa, because “life touches everywhere, gets it” (“Oblomov”). But there are also those who, making mistakes, doubting, suffering, rise to the heights of truth, finding their spiritual “I”. One of them - Pierre Bezukhov - the hero of the epic novelL.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".

At the beginning of his journey, Pierre is far from the truth: he admires Napoleon, is involved in the company of the “golden youth”, participates in hooligan antics along with Dolokhov and Kuragin, too easily succumbs to rough flattery, the cause of which is his huge fortune. One stupidity is followed by another: marriage to Helen, a duel with Dolokhov ... And as a result - a complete loss of the meaning of life. “What's wrong? What well? What should you love and what should you hate? Why live and what am I? - these questions are countless times scrolled in my head until a sober understanding of life comes. On the way to it, and the experience of Freemasonry, and observation of ordinary soldiers in the Battle of Borodino, and a meeting in captivity with the folk philosopher Platon Karataev. Only love moves the world and a person lives - Pierre Bezukhov comes to this thought, finding his spiritual “I”.

1. Self-sacrifice. Love for your neighbor. Compassion and mercy. Sensitivity.

In one of the books dedicated to the Great Patriotic War, a former blockade survivor recalls that during a terrible famine, he, a dying teenager, was saved by a neighbor who brought a can of stew sent by his son from the front. “I am already old, and you are young, you still have to live and live,” said this man. He soon died, and the boy he saved kept a grateful memory of him for the rest of his life.

The tragedy occurred in the Krasnodar Territory. A fire started in a nursing home where sick old people lived.Among the 62 who were burned alive was 53-year-old nurse Lidia Pachintseva, who was on duty that night. When a fire broke out, she took the old people by the arms, brought them to the windows and helped them escape. But she didn’t save herself - she didn’t have time.

M. Sholokhov has a wonderful story "The Fate of Man". It tells about the tragic fate of a soldier who lost all his relatives during the war. One day he met an orphan boy and decided to call himself his father. This act suggests that love and the desire to do good give a person the strength to live, the strength to resist fate.

1. The problem of indifference. Callous and callous attitude towards a person.

“Satisfied with themselves people”, accustomed to comfort, people with small property interests - the same heroes Chekhov , “people in cases”. This is Dr. Startsev in"Ionyche" , and Belikov's teacher"The Man in the Case". Let us remember how “chubby, red” Dmitry Ionych Startsev rides on a troika with bells, and his coachman Panteleimon, “also plump and red”, shouts: “Hold on!” “Hold on right” - this is, after all, detachment from human troubles and problems. On their prosperous path of life there should be no obstacles. And in Belikovsky's "no matter how it happens" we see only an indifferent attitude to the problems of other people. The spiritual impoverishment of these heroes is obvious. And they are not intellectuals at all, but simply - philistines, townsfolk who imagine themselves to be "masters of life."

1. The problem of friendship, comradely duty.

Front-line service is an almost legendary expression; there is no doubt that there is no stronger and more devoted friendship between people. There are many literary examples of this. In Gogol's story "Taras Bulba" one of the characters exclaims: "There are no bonds brighter than comrades!" But most often this topic was revealed in the literature about the Great Patriotic War. In B. Vasiliev's story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet…”, both the anti-aircraft gunners and Captain Vaskov live according to the laws of mutual assistance, responsibility for each other. In K. Simonov's novel The Living and the Dead, Captain Sintsov carries a wounded comrade out of the battlefield.

1. The problem of scientific progress.

In M. Bulgakov's story, Doctor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, the desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a "dog's heart" is not yet a person, because there is no soul in him, no love, honor, nobility.

The press reported that very soon there will be an elixir of immortality. Death will be finally defeated. But for many people, this news did not cause a surge of joy; on the contrary, anxiety intensified. What will this immortality mean for a person?

1. The problem of the patriarchal rural way of life. The problem of charm, morally healthy beauty

village life.

In Russian literature, the theme of the village and the theme of the motherland were often combined. Rural life has always been perceived as the most serene, natural. One of the first to express this idea was Pushkin, who called the village his office. ON THE. Nekrasov in a poem and poems drew the reader's attention not only to the poverty of peasant huts, but also to how friendly peasant families are, how hospitable Russian women are. A lot is said about the originality of the farmstead way of life in Sholokhov's epic novel "Quiet Flows the Don". In Rasputin's story "Farewell to Matyora", the ancient village is endowed with historical memory, the loss of which is tantamount to death for the inhabitants.

1. Labor problem. The pleasure of meaningful activity.

The theme of labor has been repeatedly developed in Russian classical and modern literature. As an example, it is enough to recall the novel by I.A. Goncharov “Oblomov”. The hero of this work, Andrei Stoltz, sees the meaning of life not as a result of labor, but in the process itself. We see a similar example in Solzhenitsyn's story "Matryonin's Dvor". His heroine does not perceive forced labor as a punishment, punishment - she treats work as an integral part of existence.

1. The problem of the influence of laziness on a person.

Chekhov's essay "My" she "lists all the terrible consequences of the influence of laziness on people.

1. The problem of the future of Russia.

The topic of the future of Russia was touched upon by many poets and writers. For example, Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol in a lyrical digression of the poem "Dead Souls" compares Russia with "a lively, irrepressible troika". “Rus, where are you going?” he asks. But the author has no answer to the question. The poet Eduard Asadov in the poem “Russia did not begin with a sword” writes: “The dawn rises, bright and hot. And it will be so forever indestructible. Russia did not begin with a sword, and therefore it is invincible! He is sure that a great future awaits Russia, and nothing can stop it.

1. The problem of the influence of art on man.

Scientists and psychologists have long argued that music can have a different effect on the nervous system, on the tone of a person. It is generally accepted that the works of Bach increase and develop the intellect. Beethoven's music awakens compassion, cleanses a person's thoughts and feelings of negativity. Schumann helps to understand the soul of a child.

Dmitri Shostakovich's Seventh Symphony has the subtitle "Leningradskaya". But the name "Legendary" suits her better. The fact is that when the Nazis besieged Leningrad, the inhabitants of the city had a huge impact on the 7th symphony of Dmitry Shostakovich, which, as eyewitnesses testify, gave people new strength to fight the enemy.

1. The problem of anticulture.

This problem is relevant even today. Now there is a dominance of “soap operas” on television, which significantly reduce the level of our culture. Literature is another example. Well the theme of "deculturation" is revealed in the novel "The Master and Margarita". MASSOLIT employees write bad works and at the same time dine in restaurants and have dachas. They are admired and their literature revered.

1. The problem of modern television.

For a long time, a gang operated in Moscow, which was distinguished by particular cruelty. When the criminals were captured, they admitted that their behavior, their attitude to the world was greatly influenced by the American film Natural Born Killers, which they watched almost every day. They tried to copy the habits of the heroes of this picture in real life.

Many modern athletes watched TV when they were children and wanted to be like the athletes of their time. Through television broadcasts, they got acquainted with the sport and its heroes. Of course, there are also reverse cases, when a person became addicted to the TV, and he had to be treated in special clinics.

1. The problem of clogging the Russian language.

I believe that the use of foreign words in the native language is justified only if there is no equivalent. Many of our writers struggled with the clogging of the Russian language with borrowings. M. Gorky pointed out: “It makes it difficult for our reader to stick foreign words into a Russian phrase. It makes no sense to write concentration when we have our own good word - condensation.

Admiral A.S. Shishkov, who for some time held the post of Minister of Education, proposed replacing the word fountain with an awkward synonym he invented - a water cannon. Practicing in word creation, he invented replacements for borrowed words: he suggested speaking instead of an alley - prosad, billiards - a spherical ball, he replaced the cue with a spherical ball, and called the library a bookkeeper. To replace the word he did not like galoshes, he came up with another - wet shoes. Such concern for the purity of the language can cause nothing but laughter and irritation of contemporaries.

1. The problem of destruction of natural resources.

If they began to write about the misfortune threatening mankind in the press only in the last ten or fifteen years, then Ch. Aitmatov spoke about this problem back in the 70s in his story "After the Fairy Tale" ("The White Steamboat"). He showed the destructiveness, the hopelessness of the path, if a person destroys nature. It takes revenge by degeneration, lack of spirituality. The same theme is continued by the writer in his subsequent works: "And the day lasts longer than a century" ("Stormy Stop"), "Blach", "Cassandra's Brand".
A particularly strong feeling is produced by the novel "The Scaffolding Block". Using the example of a wolf family, the author showed the death of wildlife from human economic activity. And how scary it becomes when you see that, when compared with a person, predators look more humane and "humane" than the "crown of creation." So for the sake of what good in the future does a person bring his children to the chopping block?

1. Imposing your opinion on others.

Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov. “A lake, a cloud, a tower…” The protagonist, Vasily Ivanovich, is a modest office worker who won a pleasure trip to nature.

1. The theme of war in literature.

Very often, congratulating our friends or relatives, we wish them a peaceful sky over their heads. We do not want their families to be subjected to the hardships of the war. War! These five letters carry a sea of ​​blood, tears, suffering, and most importantly, the death of people dear to our hearts. There have always been wars on our planet. The pain of loss has always filled the hearts of people. From everywhere where there is a war, you can hear the groans of mothers, the crying of children and deafening explosions that tear our souls and hearts. To our great happiness, we know about the war only from feature films and literary works.
A lot of trials of the war fell on the lot of our country. AT early XIX century, Russia was shaken by the Patriotic War of 1812. The patriotic spirit of the Russian people was shown by L. N. Tolstoy in his epic novel War and Peace. The guerrilla war, the Battle of Borodino - all this and much more appears before our eyes. We are witnessing the terrible everyday life of the war. Tolstoy tells that for many the war has become the most common thing. They (for example, Tushin) perform heroic deeds on the battlefields, but they themselves do not notice this. For them, war is a job that they must do in good faith. But war can become commonplace not only on the battlefield. An entire city can get used to the idea of ​​war and go on living resigned to it. Such a city in 1855 was Sevastopol. L. N. Tolstoy narrates about the difficult months of the defense of Sevastopol in his “ Sevastopol stories". Here, the events taking place are described especially reliably, since Tolstoy is their eyewitness. And after what he saw and heard in a city full of blood and pain, he set himself a definite goal - to tell his reader only the truth - and nothing but the truth. The bombardment of the city did not stop. New and new fortifications were required. Sailors, soldiers worked in the snow, rain, half-starved, half-dressed, but they still worked. And here everyone is simply amazed by the courage of their spirit, willpower, great patriotism. Together with them, their wives, mothers, and children lived in this city. They got so used to the situation in the city that they no longer paid attention to either the shots or the explosions. Very often they brought meals to their husbands right in the bastions, and one shell could often destroy the whole family. Tolstoy shows us that the worst thing in the war takes place in the hospital: “You will see doctors there with their hands bloodied to the elbows ... busy near the bed, on which, with open eyes and speaking, as if in delirium, meaningless, sometimes simple and touching words, lies wounded under the influence of chloroform. War for Tolstoy is dirt, pain, violence, whatever goals it pursues: “... you will see the war not in the correct, beautiful and brilliant formation, with music and its real expression - in blood, in suffering, in death ... ”The heroic defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1855 once again shows everyone how much the Russian people love their Motherland and how boldly they defend it. Sparing no effort, using any means, he (the Russian people) does not allow the enemy to seize their native land.
In 1941-1942, the defense of Sevastopol will be repeated. But it will be another Great Patriotic War - 1941-1945. In this war against fascism, the Soviet people will accomplish an extraordinary feat, which we will always remember. M. Sholokhov, K. Simonov, B. Vasiliev and many other writers devoted their works to the events of the Great Patriotic War. This difficult time is also characterized by the fact that women fought on an equal footing with men in the ranks of the Red Army. And even the fact that they are representatives of the weaker sex did not stop them. They struggled with fear within themselves and performed such heroic deeds, which, it seemed, were completely unusual for women. It is about such women that we learn from the pages of B. Vasilyev's story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet...”. Five girls and their combat commander F. Baskov find themselves on the Sinyukhina Ridge with sixteen fascists who are heading for the railroad, absolutely sure that no one knows about the course of their operation. Our fighters found themselves in a difficult situation: it is impossible to retreat, but to stay, because the Germans serve them like seeds. But there is no way out! Behind the Motherland! And now these girls perform a fearless feat. At the cost of their lives, they stop the enemy and prevent him from carrying out his terrible plans. And how carefree was the life of these girls before the war?! They studied, worked, enjoyed life. And suddenly! Planes, tanks, cannons, shots, screams, groans... But they did not break down and gave the most precious thing they had - their lives - for victory. They gave their lives for their country.

But there is a civil war on earth, in which a person can give his life without knowing why. 1918 Russia. Brother kills brother, father kills son, son kills father. Everything is mixed up in the fire of malice, everything depreciates: love, kinship, human life. M. Tsvetaeva writes: Brothers, here is the extreme rate! For the third year now, Abel has been fighting with Cain ...
People become weapons in the hands of the authorities. Breaking into two camps, friends become enemies, relatives become forever strangers. I. Babel, A. Fadeev and many others tell about this difficult time.
I. Babel served in the ranks of the First Cavalry Army of Budyonny. There he kept his diary, which later turned into the now famous work “Cavalry”. The stories of Cavalry tell about a man who found himself in the fire of the Civil War. The main character Lyutov tells us about individual episodes of the campaign of the First Cavalry Army of Budyonny, which was famous for its victories. But on the pages of stories we do not feel the victorious spirit. We see the cruelty of the Red Army, their cold-bloodedness and indifference. They can kill an old Jew without the slightest hesitation, but, what is more terrible, they can finish off their wounded comrade without a second's hesitation. But what is all this for? I. Babel did not give an answer to this question. He leaves his reader the right to speculate.
The theme of war in Russian literature has been and remains relevant. Writers try to convey to readers the whole truth, whatever it may be.

From the pages of their works, we learn that war is not only the joy of victories and the bitterness of defeat, but war is a harsh everyday life filled with blood, pain, and violence. The memory of these days will live in our memory forever. Perhaps the day will come when the groans and cries of mothers, volleys and shots will subside on earth, when our earth will meet the day without war!

The turning point in the Great Patriotic War occurred during the Battle of Stalingrad, when “a Russian soldier was ready to tear a bone from a skeleton and go against a fascist with it” (A. Platonov). The unity of the people in the “time of grief”, their steadfastness, courage, daily heroism - this is the true reason for victory. In the novelY. Bondareva "Hot snow"the most tragic moments of the war are reflected, when Manstein's brutalized tanks rush to the group surrounded in Stalingrad. Young gunners, yesterday's boys, are holding back the onslaught of the Nazis with superhuman efforts. The sky was blood-smoked, the snow melted from bullets, the ground burned under their feet, but the Russian soldier survived - he did not allow the tanks to break through. For this feat, General Bessonov, defying all conventions, without award papers, presents orders and medals to the remaining soldiers. “What can I do, what can I do…” he says bitterly, approaching another soldier. The general could, but the authorities? Why does the state remember the people only in tragic moments of history?

The problem of the moral strength of a simple soldier

The bearer of folk morality in the war is, for example, Valega, the orderly of Lieutenant Kerzhentsev from the storyV. Nekrasov "In the trenches of Stalingrad". He is barely literate, confuses the multiplication table, will not really explain what socialism is, but for his homeland, for his comrades, for a rickety hut in Altai, for Stalin, whom he has never seen, he will fight to the last bullet. And the cartridges will run out - fists, teeth. Sitting in a trench, he will scold the foreman more than the Germans. And it will come to the point - he will show these Germans where the crayfish hibernate.

The expression "people's character" most of all corresponds to Valega. He went to war as a volunteer, quickly adapted to the hardships of war, because his peaceful peasant life was not honey either. In between fights, he does not sit idle for a minute. He knows how to cut, shave, mend boots, build a fire in the pouring rain, darn socks. Can catch fish, pick berries, mushrooms. And he does everything silently, quietly. A simple peasant boy who is only eighteen years old. Kerzhentsev is sure that such a soldier as Valega will never betray, will not leave the wounded on the battlefield and will beat the enemy mercilessly.

Problem heroic everyday life wars

The heroic everyday life of war is an oxymoron metaphor that unites the incompatible. War ceases to seem like something out of the ordinary. Get used to death. Only sometimes it will amaze with its suddenness. There is an episodeV. Nekrasov ("In the trenches of Stalingrad"): the dead soldier lies on his back, arms outstretched, and a smoking cigarette butt stuck to his lip. A minute ago there was still life, thoughts, desires, now - death. And to see this to the hero of the novel is simply unbearable...

But even in war, soldiers do not live by “a single bullet”: in their short hours of rest, they sing, write letters, and even read. As for the heroes of In the Trenches of Stalingrad, Karnaukhov is read by Jack London, the division commander also loves Martin Eden, someone draws, someone writes poetry. The Volga is foaming from shells and bombs, and the people on the shore do not change their spiritual predilections. Perhaps that is why the Nazis did not succeed in crushing them, throwing them back across the Volga, and drying up their souls and minds.

1. The theme of the Motherland in literature.

Lermontov in the poem "Motherland" says that he loves his native land, but cannot explain why and why.

Can't start with this greatest monument ancient Russian literature, as "The Tale of Igor's Campaign". To the Russian land as a whole, to the Russian people, all thoughts, all feelings of the author of the “Word ...” are turned. He speaks about the vast expanses of his Motherland, about its rivers, mountains, steppes, cities, villages. But the Russian land for the author of “Words...” is not only Russian nature and Russian cities. This is primarily the Russian people. Narrating about the campaign of Igor, the author does not forget about the Russian people. Igor undertook a campaign against the Polovtsy “for the Russian land”. His warriors are “Rusichi”, Russian sons. Crossing the border of Russia, they say goodbye to their homeland, to the Russian land, and the author exclaims: “O Russian land! You're over the hill."
In a friendly message "To Chaadaev" the fiery appeal of the poet to the Motherland to dedicate "the souls of beautiful impulses" sounds.

1. The theme of nature and man in Russian literature.

The modern writer V. Rasputin stated: "To speak today about ecology means to speak not about changing life, but about saving it." Unfortunately, the state of our ecology is very catastrophic. This is manifested in the depletion of flora and fauna. Further, the author says that "there is a gradual addiction to danger," that is, a person does not notice how serious the current situation is. Let us recall the problem connected with the Aral Sea. The bottom of the Aral Sea was so bare that the coast from the seaports went for tens of kilometers. The climate has changed dramatically, the extinction of animals has occurred. All these troubles have greatly affected the lives of people living in the Aral Sea. Over the past two decades, the Aral Sea has lost half of its volume and more than a third of its area. The bare bottom of a huge area turned into a desert, which became known as Aralkum. In addition, the Aral contains millions of tons of poisonous salts. This problem cannot but excite people. In the eighties, expeditions were organized to solve the problems and causes of the death of the Aral Sea. Doctors, scientists, writers reflected and researched the materials of these expeditions.

V. Rasputin in the article "In the fate of nature - our fate" reflects on the relationship of man with the environment. “Today there is no need to guess, “whose groan is heard over the great Russian river.” Then the Volga itself groans, dug up and down, constricted by hydroelectric dams,” the author writes. Looking at the Volga, you especially understand the price of our civilization, that is, the benefits that man has created for himself. It seems that everything that was possible has been defeated, even the future of mankind.

The problem of the relationship between a person and the environment is also raised by the modern writer Ch. Aitmatov in his work "The Block". He showed how a man destroys the colorful world of nature with his own hands.

The novel begins with a description of the life of a wolf pack, which lives quietly until the appearance of man. He literally demolishes and destroys everything in his path, not thinking about the surrounding nature. The reason for such cruelty was only the difficulties with the meat delivery plan. People mocked the saigas: "Fear reached such proportions that the she-wolf Akbara, deaf from the shots, thought that the whole world was deaf, and the sun itself was also rushing about and looking for salvation..." In this tragedy, Akbara's children die, but this is her grief does not end. Further, the author writes that people started a fire in which five more Akbara wolf cubs die. For the sake of their goals, people could "gut the globe like a pumpkin", not suspecting that nature would also take revenge on them sooner or later. A lonely she-wolf reaches out to people, wants to transfer her maternal love to a human child. It turned out to be a tragedy, but this time for the people. A man in a fit of fear and hatred for the incomprehensible behavior of a she-wolf shoots at her, but hits his own son.

This example speaks of the barbaric attitude of people to nature, to everything that surrounds us. I wish there were more caring and kind people in our lives.

Academician D. Likhachev wrote: "Humanity spends billions not only not to suffocate, not to perish, but also to preserve the nature around us." Of course, everyone is well aware of the healing power of nature. I think that a person should become both its owner, and its protector, and its smart transformer. A slow-moving river, a birch grove, a restless bird world ... We will not harm them, but we will try to protect them.

In this century, man is actively invading the natural processes of the Earth's shells: extracting millions of tons of minerals, destroying thousands of hectares of forests, polluting the waters of seas and rivers, and emitting toxic substances into the atmosphere. Water pollution has become one of the most important environmental problems of the century. A sharp deterioration in the quality of water in rivers and lakes cannot and will not affect people's health, especially in areas with a dense population. The environmental consequences of accidents at nuclear power plants are sad. The echo of Chernobyl swept through the entire European part of Russia, and will affect people's health for a long time to come.

Thus, as a result of economic activity, a person causes great damage to nature, and at the same time to his health. How then can a person build his relationship with nature? Each person in his activity should carefully treat all life on Earth, not tear himself away from nature, not strive to rise above it, but remember that he is part of it.

1. The individual and the state.

Zamyatin “We” people are numbers. We only had 2 free hours.

The problem of the artist and power

The problem of the artist and power in Russian literature is perhaps one of the most painful. It is marked by a special tragedy in the history of literature of the twentieth century. A. Akhmatova, M. Tsvetaeva, O. Mandelstam, M. Bulgakov, B. Pasternak, M. Zoshchenko, A. Solzhenitsyn (the list can be continued) - each of them felt the “care” of the state, and each reflected it in his work. One Zhdanov decree of August 14, 1946 could have crossed out the writer's biography of A. Akhmatova and M. Zoshchenko. B. Pasternak created the novel "Doctor Zhivago" during the period of severe government pressure on the writer, during the struggle against cosmopolitanism. The persecution of the writer resumed with particular force after he was awarded the Nobel Prize for the novel. The Union of Writers expelled Pasternak from its ranks, presenting him as an internal emigrant, a person who discredits the worthy title of a Soviet writer. And this is for the fact that the poet told the people the truth about the tragic fate of the Russian intellectual, doctor, poet Yuri Zhivago.

Creativity is the only way of immortality of the creator. “For power, for livery, do not bend either conscience, or thoughts, or neck” - this is a testamentA.S. Pushkin ("From Pindemonti")became decisive in choosing the creative path of true artists.

The problem of emigration

The feeling of bitterness does not leave when people leave their homeland. Some are forcibly expelled, others leave on their own due to some circumstances, but not one of them forgets his Fatherland, the house where he was born, his native land. There are, for example, I.A. Bunin's story "Mowers" written in 1921. This story, it would seem, is about an insignificant event: the Ryazan mowers who came to the Oryol region are walking in a birch forest, mow and sing. But it was in this insignificant moment that Bunin managed to discern the immeasurable and distant, connected with all of Russia. The small space of the narrative is filled with radiant light, wonderful sounds and viscous smells, and the result is not a story, but a bright lake, some kind of Svetloyar, in which all of Russia is reflected. Not without reason, during the reading of "Kostsov" by Bunin in Paris at a literary evening (there were two hundred people), according to the memoirs of the writer's wife, many cried. It was a cry for the lost Russia, a nostalgic feeling for the Motherland. Bunin lived in exile most of his life, but wrote only about Russia.

third wave emigrant S.Dovlatov , leaving the USSR, he took with him the only suitcase, “old, plywood, covered with cloth, tied with a clothesline,” - he went with him to the pioneer camp. There were no treasures in it: a double-breasted suit lay on top, a poplin shirt underneath, then, in turn, a winter hat, Finnish crepe socks, driver's gloves and an officer's belt. These things became the basis for short stories, memories of the homeland. They have no material value, they are signs of a priceless, absurd in their own way, but the only life. Eight things - eight stories, and each - a kind of report on the past Soviet life. A life that will remain forever with the emigrant Dovlatov.

The problem of the intelligentsia

According to academician D.S. Likhachev, "the basic principle of intelligence is intellectual freedom, freedom as a moral category." An intelligent person is not free only from his conscience. The title of an intellectual in Russian literature is deservedly carried by heroesBoris Pasternak (Doctor Zhivago) and Y. Dombrovsky ("Faculty of unnecessary things"). Neither Zhivago nor Zybin compromised with their own conscience. They do not accept violence in any manifestation, be it the Civil War or Stalin's repressions. There is another type of Russian intellectual who betrays this high title. One of them is the hero of the storyY. Trifonova "Exchange"Dmitriev. His mother is seriously ill, his wife offers to exchange two rooms for a separate apartment, although the relationship between the daughter-in-law and mother-in-law was not in the best way. Dmitriev is initially indignant, criticizing his wife for lack of spirituality, philistinism, but then agrees with her, believing that she is right. There are more and more things in the apartment, food, expensive headsets: the density of everyday life is growing, things are replacing spiritual life. In this regard, another work comes to mind -"Suitcase" by S. Dovlatov. Most likely, the “suitcase” with rags taken by the journalist S. Dovlatov to America would have caused Dmitriev and his wife only a feeling of disgust. At the same time, for the hero Dovlatov, things have no material value, they are a reminder of past youth, friends, and creative searches.

1. The problem of fathers and children.

The problem of difficult relationships between parents and children is reflected in the literature. L.N. Tolstoy, I.S. Turgenev, and A.S. Pushkin wrote about this. I want to turn to A. Vampilov's play "The Elder Son", where the author shows the attitude of children towards their father. Both the son and the daughter frankly consider their father a loser, an eccentric, they are indifferent to his experiences and feelings. The father silently endures everything, finds excuses for all the ungrateful deeds of the children, asks them only one thing: not to leave him alone. The protagonist of the play sees how someone else's family is being destroyed before his eyes, and sincerely tries to help the kindest man-father. His intervention helps to survive a difficult period in the relationship of children to a loved one.

1. Quarrel problem. Human enmity.

In Pushkin's story "Dubrovsky", a casually thrown word led to enmity and many troubles for former neighbors. In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the family feud ended in the death of the main characters.

“The Word about Igor's Campaign” Svyatoslav utters the “golden word”, condemning Igor and Vsevolod, who violated feudal obedience, which led to a new attack of the Polovtsy on Russian lands.

1. Caring for the beauty of the native land.

In Vasiliev's novel "Don't Shoot White Swans", the modest blunderer Yegor Polushkin almost dies at the hands of poachers. The protection of nature has become for him a vocation and the meaning of life.

A lot of work is being done in Yasnaya Polyana with only one goal - to make this place one of the most beautiful and comfortable.

1. Parental love.

In Turgenev's prose poem "Sparrow" we see the heroic deed of a bird. Trying to protect the offspring, the sparrow rushed into battle against the dog.

Also in Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons", Bazarov's parents most of all want to be with their son.

1. A responsibility. Rash acts.

In Chekhov's play The Cherry Orchard, Lyubov Andreevna lost her estate because all her life she was careless about money and work.

The fire in Perm occurred due to the rash actions of the organizers of the fireworks, the irresponsibility of the management, the negligence of fire safety inspectors. The result is the death of many people.

The essay “Ants” by A. Morua tells how a young woman bought an anthill. But she forgot to feed its inhabitants, although they needed only one drop of honey a month.

1. About simple things. The theme of happiness.

There are people who do not require anything special from their lives and spend it (life) uselessly and boringly. One of these people is Ilya Ilyich Oblomov.

In Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin" the protagonist has everything for life. Wealth, education, position in society and the opportunity to realize any of your dreams. But he is bored. Nothing touches him, nothing pleases him. He does not know how to appreciate simple things: friendship, sincerity, love. I think that's why he's unhappy.

Volkov’s essay “On Simple Things” raises a similar problem: a person needs not so much to be happy.

1. Riches of the Russian language.

If you do not use the wealth of the Russian language, you can become like Ellochka Schukina from the work “The Twelve Chairs” by I. Ilf and E. Petrov. She got by with thirty words.

In Fonvizin's comedy "Undergrowth" Mitrofanushka did not know Russian at all.

1. Unscrupulousness.

Chekhov's essay “Gone” tells about a woman who completely changes her principles in one minute.

She tells her husband that she will leave him if he commits even one mean act. Then the husband explained to his wife in detail why their family lives so richly. The heroine of the text “left ... to another room. For her, living beautifully and richly was more important than deceiving her husband, although she says quite the opposite.

There is also no clear position in Chekhov's story "Chameleon" by the police overseer Ochumelov. He wants to punish the owner of the dog that bit Khryukin's finger. After Ochumelov finds out that the possible owner of the dog is General Zhigalov, all his determination disappears.

Love to motherland

1) Warm love for the Motherland, We feel pride in her beauty in the works of the classics.
Topic heroic deed in the fight against the enemies of the Motherland, it also sounds in M. Yu. Lermontov’s poem “Borodino”, dedicated to one of the glorious pages of the historical past of our country.

2) The theme of the Motherland is raised in the works of S. Yesenin. Whatever Yesenin writes about: about experiences, about historical turning points, about the fate of Russia in "severe terrible years", - each Yesenin image and line is warmed by a feeling of boundless love for the motherland: But most of all. Love for native land

3) Famous writer told the story of the Decembrist Sukhinov, who, after the defeat of the uprising, was able to hide from the police bloodhounds and, after painful wanderings, finally got to the border. Another minute - and he will gain freedom. But the fugitive looked at the field, the forest, the sky and realized that he could not live in a foreign land, far from his homeland. He surrendered to the police, he was shackled and sent to hard labor.

4) Outstanding Russian the singer Fyodor Chaliapin, who was forced to leave Russia, always carried some kind of box with him. Nobody knew what was in it. Only many years later, relatives learned that Chaliapin kept a handful of his native land in this box. It is not for nothing that they say: the native land is sweet in a handful. Obviously, the great singer, who passionately loved his homeland, needed to feel the closeness and warmth of his native land.

5) The Nazis, having occupied France, they offered General Denikin, who fought against the Red Army during the civil war, to cooperate with them in the fight against Soviet Union. But the general responded with a sharp refusal, because the homeland was dearer to him than political differences.

6) African slaves, exported to America, longed for forged about native land. In desperation, they killed themselves, hoping that the soul, dropping the body, could, like a bird, fly home.

7) The scariest punishment in ancient times was considered the expulsion of a person from a tribe, city or country. Outside your home - a foreign land: a foreign land, a foreign sky, a foreign language ... There you are all alone, there you are nobody, a creature without rights and without a name. That is why leaving the homeland meant for a person to lose everything.

8) Outstanding Russian hockey player V. Tretiak was offered to move to Canada. They promised to buy him a house and pay him a big salary. Tretiak pointed to heaven and earth and asked: “Will you buy this for me too?” The answer of the famous athlete confused everyone, and no one else returned to this proposal.

9) When in the middle In the 19th century, an English squadron besieged Istanbul, the capital of Turkey, and the entire population stood up to defend their city. The townspeople destroyed own houses if they interfered with the Turkish guns to conduct aimed fire at enemy ships.

10) One day the wind decided to cut down the mighty oak that grew on the hill. But the oak only bent under the blows of the wind. Then the wind asked the majestic oak: "Why can't I defeat you?"

11) Oak answered that it is not the trunk that holds it. Its strength lies in the fact that it has grown into the earth, holding on to it with its roots. This simple story expresses the idea that love for the motherland, a deep connection with national history, with the cultural experience of the ancestors makes the people invincible.

12) When over England the threat of a terrible and devastating war with Spain loomed, then the entire population, hitherto torn by hostility, rallied the axis around its queen. Merchants and nobles equipped the army with their own money, people of simple rank signed up for the militia. Even the pirates remembered their homeland and brought their ships to save it from the enemy. And the "invincible armada" of the Spaniards was defeated.

13) Turks in time their military campaigns captured captured boys and youths. Children were forcibly converted to Islam, turned into warriors, who were called Janissaries. The Turks hoped that deprived of spiritual roots, having forgotten their homeland, brought up in fear and humility, the new warriors would become a reliable stronghold of the state.