Hyperbole (literature)
Hyperbola(_gr. ὑπερβολή, “transition, exaggeration”) - a stylistic figure of explicit and deliberate exaggeration, in order to enhance expressiveness and emphasize the thought said, for example, “I said this a thousand times” or “we have enough food for six months.”
Hyperbole is often combined with other stylistic devices, giving them the appropriate coloring: hyperbolic comparisons, metaphors, etc. (“the waves rose like mountains”). The character or situation depicted can also be hyperbolic. Hyperbole is also characteristic of the rhetorical, oratorical style, as a means of pathetic uplift, as well as the romantic style, where pathos is in contact with irony. Of the Russian authors, Gogol is especially prone to hyperbole, and of the poets, Mayakovsky.
Examples
Phraseologisms and winged words
* sea of tears
* "fast as lightning", "lightning fast"
* "as numerous as the sand on the seashore"
* "We haven't seen each other for a hundred years!"
* "The (drunk) sea is knee-deep [and the puddle is up to his ears]"
* “Whoever remembers the old - that eye out! And who will forget, both!
Antique examples
Give me a foothold and I will move the Earth.::::Archimedes (ancient Greek: Dos moipu sto, kai tan gan kinas.)
Hyperbolic metaphors in the gospel
* "Why do you look at the straw in your brother's eye, but do not notice the beam in your own eye?" (Gospel of Matthew 7:1-3). In this figurative picture, a critical person proposes to remove the straw from the "eye" of his neighbor. The critic wants to say that his neighbor does not see clearly and is therefore incapable of judging sensibly, while the critic himself is prevented from judging sensibly by a whole log.
* On another occasion, Jesus condemned the Pharisees for being “blind guides who strain out a gnat but swallow a camel” (Matthew 23:24). Also, Jesus knew that the Pharisees strained wine through cloth. These upholders of the rules did so in order not to accidentally swallow a mosquito and become ceremonially unclean because of it. At the same time, figuratively speaking, they were swallowing a camel, which was also considered unclean (Leviticus 11:4, 21-24).
* "Faith the size of a [tiny] mustard seed" that could move a mountain is a way of emphasizing that even a little faith can do a lot (Matthew 17:20).
* A camel trying to go through the eye of a needle is also a hyperbole of Jesus Christ, which clearly shows how difficult it is for a rich person, leading a materialistic lifestyle, to try to serve God. (Gospel of Matthew 19:24).
Classics of Marxism
What a lump, huh? What a hardened human being!::::V.I.Lenin - "Leo Tolstoy as a mirror of the Russian revolution" (1908)::::V.I.Lenin - "Three sources and three components of Marxism" (July - November 1914)
Prose
... Ivan Nikiforovich, on the contrary, has trousers in such wide folds that if they were inflated, then the whole yard with a barn and buildings could be placed in them ...::::N.Gogol - story "The Tale of how Ivan Ivanovich quarreled with Ivan Nikiforovich" (1835)
A million Cossack hats suddenly poured into the square...::::N.Gogol - story "Taras Bulba" (1835)For one hilt of my saber they give me the best herd and three thousand sheep.
And at that very moment, couriers, couriers, couriers ... can you imagine, thirty-five thousand couriers alone!::::N.Gogol - comedy "Inspector General" (1851)
Poems, songs
And if I were a negro of advanced years,::::Vladimir Mayakovsky - poem "Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" (1925)
and then without despondency and laziness,
I would learn Russian only for
what Lenin told them.
I would gnaw out bureaucracy like a wolf.::::Vladimir Mayakovsky - "Poems about the Soviet passport" (1929)
There is no respect for mandates ...
I, friends, will go out to the bear without fear,::::Song from the movie "Secret to the whole world". Muses: V. Shainsky, lyrics by M. Tanich
If I am with a friend, and the bear is without a friend.
About our meeting - what is there to say,:::: Vladimir Vysotsky ,
I was waiting for her, as they are waiting natural Disasters,
But you and I immediately began to live,
Without fear of detrimental consequences! "(2 times) "
…
What I asked for - I did in an instant,
To me each hour wanted to do wedding night,
Because of you I jumped under the train,
But, thank God, not entirely successful ... "(2 times)"... And if you were waiting for me that year,
When I was sent to the "dacha" [ Country house- bunks (Criminal slang)] , -
I would steal everything for you firmament
And two Kremlin stars in addition! "(2 times) "And I swear - the last one will be a bastard! -
Do not lie, do not drink - and I will forgive treason!
And I will give you Grand Theatre
AND small sports arena! "(2 times) "But now I'm not ready for the meeting -
I'm afraid of you, I'm afraid of intimate nights,
Like the inhabitants of Japanese cities
Afraid of repetition Hiroshima. "(2 times) "
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See what "Hyperbole (literature)" is in other dictionaries:
- (Greek υπερβολη) a stylistic figure of explicit and deliberate exaggeration, aimed at enhancing expressiveness, for example. "I've said it a thousand times." Hyperbole is often combined with other stylistic devices, giving them an appropriate ... ... Literary Encyclopedia
This term has other meanings, see Hyperbole. Hyperbole and its tricks ... Wikipedia
This term has other meanings, see Hyperbole. Hyperbole (from other Greek ὑπερβολή “transition; excess, excess; exaggeration”) is a stylistic figure of explicit and intentional exaggeration, in order to enhance expressiveness and ... ... Wikipedia
Hyperbola and its foci Hyperbola is the locus of points M of the Euclidean plane for which the absolute value of the difference in distances from M to two selected points F1 and F2 (called foci) is constant, that is | | F1M | − | F2M | | = C… … Wikipedia
Islamic Studies Sections History Early Islam Philosophy Early Modern Eschatology Theology Concept of God Tawhid Mysticism Jurisprudence ... Wikipedia
The Russian language today is one of the ten most beautiful and, according to linguists, it contains about half a million words, not including professionalisms and dialects. Great Russian writers contributed to the development of Russian literary language, thanks to which the language was replenished with artistic and expressive means that are used in writing and in speech today.
The development of the Russian literary language and the first paths
The literary Russian language began to take shape as early as the 11th century, during the existence of the state Kievan Rus. Then the first chronicles and masterpieces of ancient Russian literature were created. A thousand years ago, authors used artistic means of expression language (tropes): personification, epithet, metaphor, hyperbole and litote. Examples of these terms are common and still fiction as well as in everyday speech.
The concepts of "hyperbole" and "litote"
Having heard the term “hyperbole” for the first time, connoisseurs of history will surely correlate it with the legendary country of Hyperborea, and mathematicians will remember a line consisting of two branches, which is called hyperbole. But how does this term relate to literature? Hyperbole is a stylistic figure that is used to enhance the expressiveness of a statement and deliberate exaggeration. It is easy to guess that this term has an antonym, because if the language has means for exaggeration, there must certainly be a stylistic figure that serves as an understatement. Litota is such an artistic and expressive means. The following examples will clearly show what a litote is and how often it is used in speech.
Related videos
A thousand year history of hyperbole
Hyperbole is very common in ancient Russian literature, for example, in "The Tale of Igor's Campaign": "To that in Polotsk he rang the morning bell, early at St. Sophia's bells, and he heard the ringing in Kiev." Analyzing the sentence, one can understand the meaning: the sound of the bell that rang in Polotsk reached Kyiv! Of course, in reality this cannot be, otherwise the inhabitants of nearby settlements would lose their hearing. The term is of Latin origin: hyperbole means "exaggeration" in translation. Hyperbole was used by almost all poets and writers, but especially her frequent use Nikolai Gogol, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin stood out in their works. So, in Gogol's play "The Inspector General" on the table was "a watermelon worth seven hundred rubles" - another exaggeration, because a watermelon cannot cost so much if it is, of course, not golden. In Mayakovsky's "Extraordinary Adventure", the sunset was blazing "one hundred and forty suns", that is, incredibly bright.
Litota in fiction
Having figured out the meaning of hyperbole, it will not be difficult to figure out what litote is. This term was also often referred to by Gogol. In the story "Nevsky Prospekt" he described the mouth of one person so small that he could not miss more than two pieces. Nikolai Nekrasov's famous poem“Peasant Children” the hero is a little man with a fingernail, but this does not mean his height is a centimeter: the author only wanted to emphasize with a litote that an old short man is carrying a heavy armful of firewood. Proposals with litotes can also be found in other authors. By the way, this term originated from Greek word litotes, which means "simplicity, restraint".
Litota and hyperbole in everyday speech
A person, without noticing it, uses hyperbole and litotes in Everyday life Often. If you can still guess the meaning of hyperbole thanks to the well-known one-root verb “hyperbolize”, what is a litote remains a mystery to many. Having gone bankrupt, the rich man will say: “I have money - the cat cried,” and when you see a tiny girl walking down the street, you can notice what a “inch” she is, and if it’s a little guy, “a boy with a finger.” This is the most common examples lithos. Each of us also uses hyperbole very often, for example, having met a friend by chance, the first remark will be “have not seen each other for a hundred years”, and the mother, tired of making the same remark to her fidget-son, will say: “I told you a thousand times!” . So, we can once again conclude that not everyone knows what litote and hyperbole are, but even a three-year-old child uses these techniques.
Cultural significance of the trails
The role of stylistic figures in the Russian language is great: they give emotional coloring, enhance images and make speech more expressive. Without them, the works of Pushkin and Lermontov would have lost their splendor, and now you can use beautiful turns of speech more confidently, because you know, for example, what a litote is.
In literature, it is impossible to do without these techniques that make the Russian language one of the most expressive, complex and rich. So take care of the Russian language - this treasure, this property, as Turgenev and our other outstanding compatriots bequeathed to us.
Literature is rich in means artistic expressiveness that help authors the best way convey your idea to the reader. So, when studying the works of the classics, students look for epithets, comparisons, personifications in them and try to figure out why the writer used this or that technique. To the number artistic means also applies to hyperbole, which we will consider.
Definition
Consider what a hyperbole is, examples of which will be given below. This is a special deliberate exaggeration that allows you to achieve the effect the author needs. The term is very ancient, the technique began to be used in the era of antiquity. used to express hyperbole language tools: words, combinations of words and sentences.
The simplest examples
Hyperbole is widely used in Russian. Examples will show that we often use this technique without even paying attention. For example, the words "I've already told you a thousand times!". In this case, “a thousand times” is an exaggeration, because the author of the statement, firstly, is unlikely to have said anything so many times. Secondly, she did not count the number of her repetitions. Another example of hyperbole in Russian: "We haven't seen each other for a hundred years." Here we are talking about the fact that people have not met for a long period of time, but certainly not a hundred years.
Saying that he has a million problems, a person will emphasize that he now has a black streak in life, and there is no talk of a clear quantitative description of the problems. Similar examples many can be given:
- "There are a hundred reasons why I still strive to get an education."
- “Grandfather has a thousand sores, and he is still working in the garden.”
- “You won’t believe it, you saw such a large man yesterday. Not a man, but an elephant. Here the hyperbola is connected to the comparison element. A person is likened to an elephant in terms of weight.
- "Sit, work, earn a million!". This example clearly sounds ironic. The speaker greatly exaggerates the earning potential of his opponent, mockingly makes fun of him.
- “You say Masha didn’t go to college? Yes, everyone knows this!” The example presents lexical hyperbole, exaggeration is achieved through the phrase "everyone knows". It is clear that this is not so, because residents of another city may not know about Masha's problems, and they are not interested in them.
Often, without paying attention ourselves, we use hyperbole. The examples in Russian given above illustrate this idea.
Varieties
There are several types of hyperbole in Russian:
- Lexical. Exaggeration is achieved by using the words "perfectly", "all", "absolutely". For example, a completely useless person, everyone has long known this.
- Metaphorical. This is a memorable comparison. For example, the forest of hands, golden mountains.
- Phraseological. Use For example, a goat understands.
- Quantitative. Numerals: A million things to do, a thousand ideas.
All these types of exaggerations can be used by native speakers unconsciously, without being perceived as an artistic and stylistic device.
Modern options
Young people often use hyperbole in speech. There are many examples in Russian:
- “We have already passed this 100,500 times! Is it hard to remember?
- “We still have a wagon and a small cart of time, we will do everything.”
Such statements allow you to make speech more figurative and expressive.
From works of art
Writers often use hyperbole. Examples from the literature are quite varied. So, very often Pushkin turned to this technique: "All the flags will visit us."
Yesenin, when creating the image of Rus', used an exaggeration: "There is no end in sight, only the blue sucks the eyes."
There are hyperbole in Mayakovsky's lyrics:
- “In battle I praise millions, I see millions, I sing millions.”
- The poem "Cloud in Pants" ends very in an interesting way based on the technique of exaggeration: “Hey, you! Sky! Take off your hat! I'm going!" This helps the poet to express the strength and power of the human personality.
- Often the poet exaggerates the size human body, creating a capacious and sharp satirical image: "Two arshins of a faceless pink dough, a head in Kazbek, a stomach in a ditch."
Several interesting examples hyperbole in Russian when exaggeration concerns inanimate objects: to heaven baobabs, sting a kilometer.
Often, for the effect of exaggeration, the poet uses words in figuratively: block, carcass. Or combinations of words that individually do not have this property, but put together create hyperbolization: glasses-bicycles, eyes, two meadows.
An example of hyperbole from the literature can also be found in the work of other writers: “harem trousers, the width of the Black Sea” (Gogol), “for four years we prepared an escape, we saved three tons of grubs” (Vysotsky).
We examined what hyperbole is, and examples of its use by masters of the word. This technique makes it possible to make the writers' speech figurative and more expressive, to draw the reader's attention to some property or feature of the described object or person. Also, it was deliberate exaggeration that often helped the author express his attitude to what was happening.
Hyperbole (from Greek hyperbole - exaggeration). "All great works. - A. Gorky wrote, - all those works that are examples of highly artistic literature rest precisely on exaggeration, on a wide typification of phenomena. Gorky confidently and unmistakably puts exaggeration and typification side by side, based on his own writing and reading experience, understanding by this the ability and ability of the artist to see the most essential in the observed phenomena, to extract the main meaning from them, to condense it with the power of imagination into an artistic image.
Exaggeration is the "core" of typing.
One of the most effective and effective techniques artistic exaggeration- hyperbole in literature. It allows you to “imagine the unimaginable”, “correlate the incommensurable”, that is, to give this or that detail most sharply and sharply - in a portrait, in the internal appearance of a character, in the phenomenon of the objective world. We emphasize - objective. Because, speaking of hyperbole, one should keep in mind that no matter how incredible, no matter how fantastic it may be, it is always based on life material, life content.
The artistic persuasiveness and ambiguity of hyperbole are all the more significant, the more clearly the reader imagines the specific essence of the image or situation. So, one of the main characters of Gogol's "Inspector General" Khlestakov says about himself that he has "unusual lightness in thoughts." In a society based on universal servility, on all-embracing hypocrisy, Khlestakov’s lie, for all its hyperbolic absurdity (“as I pass through the department, it’s just an earthquake, everything trembles and shakes like a leaf,” etc.), is taken by provincial officials for pure the truth.
Another example. In Marquez's novel "Autumn of the Patriarch", the story of the "thousand-year-old" patriarch is told from "we", and this method of using a collective point of view, polyphony, makes it possible to feel and imagine the atmosphere of rumors and omissions about the hero. Nothing is known for sure about the dictator from the very beginning - until the end of the book. Each new interpretation of his actions reveals only one of the sides of his appearance, where exclusivity, dissimilarity with ordinary people. And this gives the whole style of narration a certain hyperbolicity.
To create a hyperbolic artistic image are used different kinds tropes: comparisons, similes, metaphors, epithets, etc. Their function is to exaggerate the subject, to clearly reveal the contradiction between its content and form, to make the image more impressive, catchy. By the way, the same goal can be pursued by understatement, litote, which can be considered as a kind of hyperbole, like hyperbole in the literature “with a minus sign”. Depending on the socio-aesthetic orientation of the work, the same event can be perceived as "giant" or as "small". In D. Swift's novel Lemuel Gulliver's Travels, hyperbole and litotes coexist: in the first part of the book modern writer England is shown, as it were, through a diminishing glass, in the second - through a magnifying glass. In the country of the Lilliputians, oxen and sheep are so tiny that the hero loads them into his boat by the hundreds. To match these dimensions and everything else that Gulliver faces in this country, up to social structure and political events. With a satirical understatement, Swift makes the reader understand that the claims of the island, "Lilliputian", in essence, England to world domination (to the role of "mistress of the seas", to vast colonial possessions, etc.), which seemed to many Englishmen great, grandiose, if you think about it, are insignificant and even funny.
Impressive is another hyperbolic image - from the very beginning of the novel: the hero comes to his senses after a shipwreck and cannot tear his head off the ground - each of his hair is wound on a “Lilliputian” peg driven into the ground. Here, the hyperbole in literature takes on a symbolic sound, suggests a person in captivity in a multitude of insignificant passions and circumstances...
Exactly at satire hyperbole is most often appropriate and artistically justified. V. Astafiev in "Tsar-fish" with the help of this technique reveals the inner squalor of one of the "nature lovers", the poacher Grokhotalo: shaking the shore with snoring, as if from the womb to the throat, from the throat to the womb, the anchor chain of the ship rocked by the waves was rolling. Here comes through author's assessment a character with his insatiably aggressive attitude towards nature, a character personifying soulless dullness. However, hyperbole in literature, even "ridiculing", may not be overtly satirical. The range of use of this prima is quite wide, it covers humor, irony, and comedy.
The history of hyperbole goes back into the distant past - into folklore, into folk tales, generous on satirical images and comic situations. However, at about the same time, a completely different kind of hyperbole arose - very far from laughter. In epics, legends, heroic tales, we find one that can be called idealizing. So, in the Russian epic is captured historical experience people, their heroic struggle against invaders and oppressors. In images epic heroes the people expressed their understanding of duty and honor, courage and patriotism, kindness and selflessness. Heroes of epics - heroes - are endowed with ideal human qualities, as a rule, exaggerated, hyperbolic. In the depiction of the epic hero, his supernatural character is primarily emphasized. physical strength: “If there was a ring in the earth, / And there would be a ring in the sky, / I would grab these rings in one hand, / I would pull the sky to the ground,” says the epic about Ilya Muromets. His armament, his actions are exaggerated in a similar way. On the battlefield, he wields an iron mace-shalyga "weighing exactly one hundred pools", a bow and arrows "a sazhen in a scythe", or even simply grabs the legs of an enemy who has turned up and crushes the enemy's "great power" with them: he waves to the right - appears in an enemy crowd "street", to the left - "lane". The horse of Ilya Muromets can overcome many miles in one gallop, because it flies "above a standing forest, a little lower than a walking cloud" ...
Hyperbolized - but already satirically - and the images of opponents epic heroes. For example, if Ilya Muromets looks no different from those around him, then his “adversary” Idolishche is both “two fathoms” tall and “oblique fathoms” in his shoulders, and his eyes are like “beer bowls”, and his nose is like “elbow "... Thanks to this contrasting external comparison, the victory of the hero looks especially impressive, deserving of popular glorification.
Romantic writers widely used the idealizing metaphor in their work, opposing the spiritual, inhuman reality with their ideal, the aesthetic ideal of romanticism. We can easily find numerous examples of this kind in Gogol's Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka, in the books of Veltman and Odoevsky, Hugo, Hoffmann, Chamisso...
Hyperbole, the examples and definition of which we have presented in this article, remains one of the most commonly used and effective literary devices. Such people willingly resorted to him various writers like Ch. Aitmatov and V. Orlov, B. Okudzhava and A. Voznesensky, A. Kim and N. Dumbadze and many others. And we can confidently say that having lived in literature long life hyperbole remains the true ally of the artist both in the fight against the negative phenomena of life and in the creative affirmation of the moral ideal.
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Updated: 2015-11-23
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As you know, the word is the basic unit of any language, as well as the most important constituent element his artistic means. Correct use Vocabulary largely determines the expressiveness of speech.
In the context, the word is a special world, a mirror of the author's perception and attitude to reality. It has its own, metaphorical, accuracy, its own special truths, called artistic revelations, the functions of vocabulary depend on the context.
The individual perception of the world around us is reflected in such a text with the help of metaphorical statements. After all, art is first and foremost self-expression. individual. The literary fabric is woven from metaphors that create an exciting and emotional image of a particular work of art. Additional meanings appear in words, a special stylistic coloring that creates a kind of world that we discover for ourselves while reading the text.
Not only in literary, but also in oral, we use, without hesitation, various methods of artistic expression to give it emotionality, persuasiveness, figurativeness. Let's see what artistic techniques are in the Russian language.
The use of metaphors especially contributes to the creation of expressiveness, so let's start with them.
Metaphor
Artistic techniques in literature cannot be imagined without mentioning the most important of them - the way to create language picture world on the basis of the meanings already present in the language itself.
The types of metaphors can be distinguished as follows:
- Fossilized, worn, dry or historical (bow of a boat, eye of a needle).
- Phraseological units are stable figurative combinations of words that have emotionality, metaphor, reproducibility in the memory of many native speakers, expressiveness (death grip, vicious circle, etc.).
- A single metaphor (for example, a homeless heart).
- Unfolded (heart - "porcelain bell in yellow China" - Nikolai Gumilyov).
- Traditional poetic (morning of life, fire of love).
- Individually-author's (hump of the sidewalk).
In addition, a metaphor can simultaneously be an allegory, personification, hyperbole, paraphrase, meiosis, litote and other tropes.
The word "metaphor" itself means "transfer" in Greek. In this case, we are dealing with the transfer of the name from one subject to another. For it to become possible, they must certainly have some kind of similarity, they must be related in some way. A metaphor is a word or expression used in figurative meaning due to the similarity of two phenomena or objects on some basis.
As a result of this transfer, an image is created. Therefore, metaphor is one of the most striking means of expressiveness of artistic, poetic speech. However, the absence of this trope does not mean the absence of expressiveness of the work.
Metaphor can be both simple and detailed. In the twentieth century, the use of expanded in poetry is revived, and the nature of simple changes significantly.
Metonymy
Metonymy is a type of metaphor. Translated from Greek, this word means "renaming", that is, it is the transfer of the name of one object to another. Metonymy is the replacement of a certain word by another on the basis of the existing adjacency of two concepts, objects, etc. This is an imposition on the direct meaning of a figurative one. For example: "I ate two plates." The confusion of meanings, their transfer is possible because the objects are adjacent, and the adjacency can be in time, space, etc.
Synecdoche
Synecdoche is a type of metonymy. Translated from Greek, this word means "correlation". Such a transfer of meaning takes place when a smaller one is called instead of a larger one, or vice versa; instead of a part - a whole, and vice versa. For example: "According to Moscow".
Epithet
Artistic techniques in literature, the list of which we are now compiling, cannot be imagined without an epithet. This is a figure, trope, figurative definition, phrase or word denoting a person, phenomenon, object or action with a subjective
Translated from Greek, this term means "attached, application", that is, in our case, one word is attached to some other.
Epithet from simple definition distinguished by its artistic expressiveness.
Permanent epithets are used in folklore as a means of typification, and also as one of the most important means of artistic expression. IN strict meaning term, only those of them belong to tropes, the function of which is played by words in a figurative sense, in contrast to the so-called exact epithets, which are expressed by words in a figurative sense. direct meaning(red berry, beautiful flowers). Figurative are created by using words in a figurative sense. Such epithets are called metaphorical. The metonymic transfer of the name can also underlie this trope.
An oxymoron is a kind of epithet, the so-called contrasting epithets, which form combinations with definable nouns that are opposite in meaning to words (hating love, joyful sadness).
Comparison
Comparison - a trope in which one object is characterized through comparison with another. That is, this is a comparison of various objects by similarity, which can be both obvious and unexpected, distant. Usually it is expressed using certain words: "exactly", "as if", "like", "as if". Comparisons can also take the instrumental form.
personification
Describing artistic techniques in literature, it is necessary to mention personification. This is a kind of metaphor, which is the assignment of the properties of living beings to objects of inanimate nature. Often it is created by referring to similar natural phenomena as conscious living beings. The personification is also the transfer of human properties to animals.
Hyperbole and litote
Let us note such methods of artistic expressiveness in literature as hyperbole and litotes.
Hyperbole (in translation - "exaggeration") - one of the expressive means of speech, which is a figure with the meaning of exaggeration of what in question.
Litota (in translation - "simplicity") - the opposite of hyperbole - an excessive understatement of what is at stake (a boy with a finger, a peasant with a fingernail).
Sarcasm, irony and humor
We continue to describe artistic techniques in literature. Our list will be supplemented by sarcasm, irony and humor.
- Sarcasm means "I tear meat" in Greek. This is an evil irony, a caustic mockery, a caustic remark. Using sarcasm creates comic effect, however, at the same time, an ideological and emotional assessment is clearly felt.
- Irony in translation means "pretense", "mockery". It occurs when one thing is said in words, but something completely different, the opposite, is implied.
- Humor is one of the lexical means of expression, in translation meaning "mood", "temper". In a comical, allegorical manner, whole works can sometimes be written in which one feels a mockingly good-natured attitude towards something. For example, the story "Chameleon" by A.P. Chekhov, as well as many fables by I.A. Krylov.
The types of artistic techniques in literature do not end there. We present to you the following.
Grotesque
The most important artistic devices in literature include the grotesque. The word "grotesque" means "intricate", "fancy". This artistic technique is a violation of the proportions of phenomena, objects, events depicted in the work. It is widely used in the work of, for example, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin ("Lord Golovlevs", "History of a City", fairy tales). This is an artistic technique based on exaggeration. However, its degree is much greater than that of hyperbole.
Sarcasm, irony, humor, and the grotesque are popular artistic devices in literature. Examples of the first three are the stories of A.P. Chekhov and N.N. Gogol. The work of J. Swift is grotesque (for example, "Gulliver's Travels").
What artistic technique does the author (Saltykov-Shchedrin) use to create the image of Judas in the novel "Lord Golovlevs"? Of course, grotesque. Irony and sarcasm are present in the poems of V. Mayakovsky. The works of Zoshchenko, Shukshin, Kozma Prutkov are filled with humor. These artistic devices in literature, examples of which we have just given, as you can see, are very often used by Russian writers.
Pun
A pun is a figure of speech that is an involuntary or deliberate ambiguity that occurs when two or more meanings of a word are used in the context or when their sound is similar. Its varieties are paronomasia, false etymologization, zeugma and concretization.
In puns, word play is based on homonymy and ambiguity. Anecdotes emerge from them. These artistic techniques in literature can be found in the works of V. Mayakovsky, Omar Khayyam, Kozma Prutkov, A.P. Chekhov.
Figure of speech - what is it?
The word "figure" itself is translated from Latin as " appearance, outline, image. "The word is polysemantic. What does it mean this term applied to artistic speech? Syntactic means of expression related to figures: questions, appeals.
What is a "trope"?
"What is the name of the artistic technique that uses the word in a figurative sense?" - you ask. The term "trope" combines various techniques: epithet, metaphor, metonymy, comparison, synecdoche, litote, hyperbole, personification and others. In translation, the word "trope" means "turn". Artistic speech differs from ordinary speech in that it uses special phrases that decorate speech and make it more expressive. IN different styles different means of expression are used. The most important thing in the concept of "expressiveness" for artistic speech is the ability of a text, a work of art to have an aesthetic, emotional impact on the reader, to create poetic pictures and vivid images.
We all live in a world of sounds. Some of them evoke positive emotions in us, while others, on the contrary, excite, alert, cause anxiety, soothe or induce sleep. Various sounds evoke various images. With the help of their combination, you can emotionally influence a person. Reading works of art literature and Russian folk art, we are especially sensitive to their sound.
Basic techniques for creating sound expressiveness
- Alliteration is the repetition of similar or identical consonants.
- Assonance is the intentional harmonic repetition of vowels.
Often alliteration and assonance are used in works at the same time. These techniques are aimed at evoking various associations in the reader.
Reception of sound writing in fiction
Sound writing is an artistic technique, which is the use of certain sounds in a specific order to create a certain image, that is, the selection of words that imitate sounds real world. This technique in fiction is used both in poetry and in prose.
Sound types:
- Assonance means "consonance" in French. Assonance is the repetition of the same or similar vowel sounds in a text to create a specific sound image. It contributes to the expressiveness of speech, it is used by poets in the rhythm, rhyme of poems.
- Alliteration - from This technique is the repetition of consonants in artistic text to create some sound image, in order to make poetic speech more expressive.
- Onomatopoeia - transmission special words reminiscent of the sounds of the phenomena of the surrounding world, auditory impressions.
These artistic techniques in poetry are very common; without them, poetic speech would not be so melodic.
