Ivan Franko is a famous Ukrainian poet and writer. He distinguished himself not only in literary, but also in social and scientific activity. One of the greatest inhabitants of Ukraine is Ivan Franko. His biography, however, will be of interest not only to Ukrainians.
Origin Franco
The years of our hero's life are 1856-1916. Ivan Yakovlevich Franko was born in the village of Naguevichi. Now it is located in the Lviv region (Drohobych district). His father was a village blacksmith. Ivan grew up as an orphan. His father, Yakov Franko, died in 1865. At this time, the boy was only 9 years old. Later, in 1872, his mother, Maria Kulchitskaya, also died. Despite the difficult financial situation Ivan studied.
Period of study
From 1862 to 1864 he went to a school located in a neighboring village; in 1864-67 - in primary school located in Drohobych; and in the period from 1867 to 1875 Ivan attended a gymnasium in Drohobych. Subsequently, being already famous writer, he indignantly described the order that prevailed in the gymnasium. In such stories as "Pencil", "A lesson in calligraphy", "Grits at school", "Father-humorist" Ivan Franko portrayed cruel teachers with amazing truthfulness, who drove stupid gymnasium wisdom into the heads of children.
Let us briefly describe one of these stories. In the work "Father-humorist" we are talking about a man who is considered a merry fellow, a humorist. However, in reality, this thin man with a horse-face teases children if they make mistakes, mocks them, punishes them with rods, puts the children on a "donkey bench". The other teachers portrayed by the writer were no better.
The photo above is from 1870. This is a gymnasium photograph showing Ivan's classmates (he himself is in the second row, first from the left).
Franco would not outstanding person if at one time I had not replenished my school knowledge by reading books. Reading was his favorite pastime. Ivan got books where he could: in libraries, from comrades, and sometimes, having saved a little money, he bought cheap editions. It should be said that Ivan excelled in his studies. In 1875 he was granted a scholarship from the Glowinsky Foundation. In the same year, in the fall, he entered the Lviv University, the philological department. Ivan Franko's scholarship was provided for the entire period of study at the university. It seemed that Ivan was waiting for a calm and prosperous future. He could become a professor at a university or a gymnasium teacher. His friends and family counted on it.
First arrest
However, in the very first years of study at the university, Ivan Franko showed himself as a public figure, moreover, a socialist, progressive direction. He made friends with Mikhail Pavlik and Ostap Terletsky. Through the first, he began a correspondence with M. Drahomanov, who was at that time in Geneva. Drahomanov was a revolutionary socialist, dangerous in the eyes of the Ukrainian police. Due to correspondence with him, our hero was arrested in June 1877.
Together with his comrades, Ivan Franko was accused of creating a secret socialist society. In January of the following year, the court found Ivan guilty. He was sentenced to six weeks in prison. Since at that time the term of the investigative detention was not counted as a punishment, Ivan was released only six weeks later, on March 5, 1878.
Consequences of arrest
The sentence was short, but the consequences were terrible. The fact is that a person with a criminal record, according to the law, could not become a teacher. Because of this, the goal further education Ivan Franko became obscure. Our hero was also deprived of a scholarship. In addition, Franco caught a serious cold during his imprisonment. This disease later became chronic. She haunted Ivan all his life. But this is not all the consequences of the conclusion. The father of Franco's bride, Olga Roshkevich, was a priest and refused to marry him. He even forbade Olga to see the "criminal" and correspond with him. Their marriage, unfortunately, did not take place.
New persecution
The police persecution of our hero did not end there. He was arrested again in Kolomyia in March 1880. Franco was again accused of socialist agitation. He spent three months in detention while the investigation was ongoing. Based on its results, it was recognized that Franco's arrest had no grounds. On June 13 of the same year, our hero was sent along the stage from Kolomyia to Naguevichi. The memories associated with this conclusion, the impressions received by Ivan were reflected in his work. They formed the basis of Franco's story "At the Bottom".
The police did not leave Ivan Franko alone. For the third time, she remembered him in connection with the arrival in Lvov of a group of Ukrainians who had come from Kyiv. Ivan was arrested in Lvov in August 1889. This time he was accused not only of socialism, but also of spying for Russia. However, this time the allegations were unfounded. The prison impressions of this time were reflected in the Prison Sonnets, a poetic cycle created by Franco.
Personal life
In 1886 Ivan got married. His wife was a girl from Kyiv, Olga Khoruzhinskaya. The Franco family had four children, but family well-being began to collapse in 1902. Ivan's wife began a mental disorder that worsened over time. This brought our hero a lot of grief.
Ivan Franko in 1902 moved to own house(he used to rent a house). The current address of the house where Franco lived is st. I. Franko, 152. It operates here memorial museum writer. For the construction of housing, Ivan took a large loan. Payments on it were completed after the death of Ivan by his son.
Illness of Ivan Franko
Franko in April 1908 went for treatment and rest in Lipik, which is located in modern Croatia, near Zagreb. Here his illness became very aggravated - both his hands were paralyzed. In addition, signs of a mental disorder became noticeable. In more later years these manifestations of the disease were somewhat softened. However, Franco was never completely healthy again. Contemporaries believed that his illness was a consequence of syphilis, which he had once suffered. This caused great trouble for Ivan Franko. At present, however, doctors are inclined to believe that since 1877, since the time of imprisonment, our hero has been ill with one of the forms of rheumatism. It's about o Concepts about him were formulated later long years after Ivan's death.
Death of Franco
Exhausted by disease, social and family problems, lack of money, our hero died in Lvov, in his house, on May 28, 1916. The grave of Ivan Franko is located at the Lychakiv cemetery.
Ivan Franko as a poet
We now offer a closer look at the literary work of Ivan. Ivan Franko first appeared as a poet in 1874. His biography is marked by the creation of poems until the last days of his life, until 1916. Among his works are many beautiful poems about public affairs and personal experiences. They have been collected into several books.
However, the poetic talent of our hero manifested itself with maximum force precisely in large poems, and not in lyrics. Ivan created realistic pictures of Galician life, contemporary to him. Here it is necessary to note such works as "Botokudy" (1884), "Like a human being" (poem of 1889), as well as the poem "For love" created in 1890. Ivan Franko also captured images of the historical past of the Ukrainian people. Among the works on this topic, it should be noted "Master's Jokes" (1887), the poem "Ivan Vyshensky", created in 1895, as well as another work - "On Svyatoyurskaya Mountain" (1900). Ivan Franko devoted several of his creations to discussions about God and religion. Of note is the 1885 poem Ex nihilo, as well as The Death of Cain, composed in 1889.
An important place among the poems written by Ivan belongs to the reworkings of various plots from world literature. These are such works of the 1890s as "Fox Mikita", "The Adventures of Don Quixote", "The Tsar and the Ascetic", "Abu Kasimov's Shoes", as well as the poem "Blacksmith Bassim" created in 1900.
Which piece is the pinnacle? poetic creativity the author of interest to us? Researchers believe that this is the poem "Moses" created in 1905. In this work, the basis of which is biblical story, represents the rise of the Ukrainian people, who began the struggle for their independence.
Franco - prose writer
Ivan Franko was not only a poet, but also a prose writer. In these works, he acted as a realist who focused on the problems of Galician life, contemporary to him. It was Franko who was the first Ukrainian writer to depict the life of the workers of Boryslav who worked in the oil fields, as well as Jewish entrepreneurs who were their class antagonists. In 1877, the work "Converted Sinner" appeared, in 1884 - Boa constrictor, in 1887 - "Yats Zelepuga", in 1899 - "Oilman". Created in 1882, the novel "Borislav laughs" is considered the best work of this cycle.
Creations dedicated to the life of the intelligentsia also occupy a significant place in Franco's prose. In 1880, Ivan wrote "At the bottom", in 1897 - "For hearth", in 1900 - "Cross Paths". An important place among the works of this series belongs to those devoted to Ukrainian-Polish relations. Among them, it should be noted "Lel and Polel" (1887), as well as "Pillars of Society" (1894). Both works, unfortunately, remained unfinished.
The tale of Ivan Franko "Farbovany foxes" ("farbovany" means "dyed") is also quite remarkable. Based on her motives, in 1953 was created soviet cartoon, the animation director of which is Alexander Ivanov. "Painted Fox" is one of the most popular works of A. Ivanov.
Many Ukrainians know a film called "Zakhar Berkut". It tells the story of the struggle of a freedom-loving people against social oppression and invaders. This film is about one Carpathian village. The plot was based on the work "Zakhar Berkut" by Ivan Franko.
Ivan Yakovlevich also showed himself in drama. His play "Stolen Happiness" was innovative for its time. And even today it looks quite modern. The play "Stolen Happiness" depicts the life of a family that looks happy on the outside. However, this family is being destroyed right in front of the audience. A provincial Ukrainian town was chosen as the scene of action. Classical love triangle lies at the center of the plot of this work. The lives of three people intertwined together - Anna, her husband Mykola and beloved Mikhailo. Jealousy, betrayal, love, true and imaginary deaths, repentance and murder, a miraculous "resurrection" - this play is not inferior to Shakespeare's dramas in terms of intensity of passions.
Translation activities
Throughout his life, Franco worked on translations of various works of world literature. His achievements in this field are very great. From the translations belonging to him, you can make up a whole library.
An extremely wide range of works that attracted Franco. His translations include works from ancient Greek, ancient Arabic, ancient Indian literature; ancient Babylonian poetry. Concerning new literature, it can be noted that Ivan Franko translated it in 1882. He was also interested in other German, as well as French, Polish, English and Italian works.
Among Franko's translations are entire books of works by K. Gavlichka-Borovsky and A. S. Pushkin. Separately, it should be noted the cycle of translations of works created by historians ancient rome. Ivan Franko worked on them from August 1915 to March 1916, that is, in Last year life.
It should be noted that he translated Ukrainian folk songs into German, and also helped M. S. Grushevsky create a German version of the History of Ukraine-Rus. Not only works of art adapted by Ivan Franko. His biography is marked by interest in popular science works on various topics, to which he turned in the 1870s and 80s. Ivan considered them useful in the education of the Ukrainian people.
Activities as a folklorist
From the very beginning of its creative activity Franco showed an interest in folklore. In 1876 the first folk tale in his record. "Galician-Russian folk proverbs", as well as" Studios on Ukrainian Folk Songs "became the most important achievements of Franco in this field. Ivan published many ethnographic and folklore records and studies. In addition, he recorded a number of folk songs.
Franco as literary historian
Ivan Franko's work on the history of literature proceeded in several directions. The first of these is storytelling. The most significant achievement in this direction is Franco's doctoral dissertation, defended in 1895. The second direction is the collection, study and publication of various works of Ukrainian literature. Here it is necessary to note Franko's collection "Apocrypha and Legends from Ukrainian Manuscripts". Ivan found and published the works of Ivan Vyshensky, about whom he wrote a number of studies. He also published works by T. Shevchenko, Y. Fedkovich, A. Svidnitsky and other Ukrainian writers. Another direction in which Franko worked was writing synthetic works on the history of Ukrainian literature.
Social activity
Young Galician intellectuals in 1890 created the Russian-Ukrainian Radical Party, which until 1898 was headed by Ivan Franko. This party adhered to the socialist direction. She aspired to be a representative broad circles workers.
Ivan Franko in 1895 became a candidate for the Vienna Parliament (from the Radical Party) in the electoral district of Mostiska - Dobromil - Przemysl. In 1898 he was a candidate for another constituency - Skalat - Zbarazh - Ternopil. However, both times Ivan Franko was still not elected.
Franko in 1899 left the Radical Party, created by him, and joined the Ukrainian National Democratic Party. As a result, the radicals lost an influential leader, and the National Democrats never gained significant power. Franco in the new party did not distinguish himself by special activity. After some time, he stopped the political struggle and focused entirely on scientific and literary activities.
Summing up
Ivan Franko, whose biography is considered in the article, was a writer and poet by his vocation. However, he could not calmly observe the political situation in his country. Therefore, he did not allow himself to remain only a writer. Ivan Franko resolutely and willingly took up any business that, in his opinion, was useful for the Ukrainian people. Therefore, many literary plans could not be realized by Franco, whose poems and prose nevertheless enjoy well-deserved recognition. In some lyrical works, our hero bitterly complained that he failed to realize all his plans in literature.
However, it is thanks to the universalism of Franco's activity that we can say that he is one of the builders of modern Ukrainian nation. This is confirmed by the fact that Ivan Yakovlevich is depicted on a denomination of 20 hryvnia. Of course, this fact indicates that his figure is very important for the Ukrainian people. Since 1992, the image of Ivan Franko has been on the banknote of 20 hryvnias. Its design has changed several times, but Franco's figure has always remained in place.
S. Nahuevichi, Drogobych district, Galicia - May 28, Lviv) - writer, poet, fiction writer, scientist, publicist and leader of the revolutionary socialist movement in western Ukraine. One of the initiators of the founding of the Russian-Ukrainian Radical Party, which operated on the territory of Austria.
In honor of Franko, the city of Stanislavov was renamed Ivano-Frankivsk.
Biography
Born in the family of a peasant blacksmith; in his stories he depicts the first years of his childhood with the lightest colors. The father died before the son graduated from the Drohobych Basilian "normal" school. His stepfather, also a peasant, took care of the continuation of his education. Soon, Franco's mother also died, so that for the summer he came to a strange family - and yet the stay in it seemed to the boy a paradise in comparison with the school, where rude and uneducated teachers, indulging the children of the rich, inhumanly tortured the children of poor parents; according to Ivan Franko, he took out the hatred for the oppression of one person by another from a normal school. As here, so later in the gymnasium, he was the first student; in the summer the schoolboy grazed cattle and helped in field work; poetic translations from the Bible, ancient and Western European writers, whom he then studied, wrote in the Ukrainian folk language.
Enrolling in Lviv University in 1875, Franko joined the student circle of the so-called “Moskvophile” party, which was then still strong in Galicia; this party was used as literary language"pagan", that is, a mixture of Church Slavonic with Polish and Ukrainian words. In this language, Franko began to place his poems and a long fantasy novel"Detrii and Doboschuks", in the style of Hoffmann. One of the first who turned his attention to the work of the young poet Ivan Franko was the Ukrainian poet Belilovsky Kesar Alexandrovich, who in 1882 published an article in the Kiev newspaper Trud "A few words about the translation of Goethe's Faust" into Ukrainian language Ivan Franko.
Under the influence of the letters of the Kiev professor Mikhail Dragomanov, the youth, grouped around the "Friend", got acquainted with Russian literature of the era of great reforms and with Russian writers in general, and was imbued with democratic ideals, after which they literary speech chose the language of Galician common people- Ukrainian; thus Ukrainian literature received in its ranks, along with many other talented workers, and Franko. Enraged by the mass loss of youth, the old Muscovites, especially the editor of Slovo V. Ploshchansky, turned to the Austrian police with denunciations against the editors of Druha. Its members were all arrested in 1877, and Ivan Franko spent 9 months in prison, in the same room with thieves and vagabonds, in terrible hygienic conditions. On his release from prison from him, as from dangerous person, the entire Galician conservative society turned away - not only Muscovites, but also the so-called Narodovtsy, that is, the Ukrainophile nationalists of the older generation, with bourgeois or Uniate-clerical convictions. Franco had to leave the university as well (he graduated from the university course 15 years later, when he was preparing for a professorship).
Both this stay in prison, and the second imprisonment in 1880, and another one in 1889, intimately acquainted Franco with various types of scum of society and poor workers, brought to prison by need and exploitation, and provided him with a number of topics for fiction, which were published mainly in the journals of the Dragomanov direction edited by him; they were the main glory of Franco and immediately began to be translated into other languages. Among them stand out: a cycle of stories from the life of proletarian workers and rich entrepreneurs in the oil fields in Borislav; imbued with a humane attitude to human dignity, stories from the life of thieves and "former" people; alien to religious and national antagonism stories and stories from the life of Jews (translated into Russian several times; poetic poems from the life of Jews seeking the truth).
The cycles are also inspired by the prison lyrical works, of which some, according to a number of critics, are deeper and more talented, but less popular, full of idealistic sadness for broad universal motives, while others, which have become extremely popular, energetically and effectively call on society to fight against social (class and economic) untruth . Franko also showed talent in the field of an objective historical novel: his "Zakhar Berkut" (1883, from the time Tatar invasion XIII century) received an award even at the competition of the national-bourgeois magazine "Zorya", which did not see in it "Zola's naturalism" (pseudo-classics and scholastics - the Galicians always raised this reproach against Franco). in Ukrainian provinces Russian Empire this novel attracted readers' serious attention to its author, who was so unlike most of the figures in the cultural movement of Galicia, and laid the foundation for closer communication between Ivan Yakovlevich and Ukrainians in Russia.
Behind the "naturalistic" and "radical" works of Franco, the Galicians also could not but recognize a brilliant talent, despite the fact that these works contained a challenge to the entire bourgeois-clerical Galician society; Franco's great erudition, literary education and awareness of political, social and political-economic issues served as an incentive for the "peoples" to seek Franco's cooperation in their bodies.
House of Ivan Franko in Lvov, now the museum of the writer
Gradually, peaceful relations were established between Ivan Franko and the Narodovtsy, and in 1885 he was invited by them even to the chief editors of their literary and scientific organ Zorya. For two years, Franko led the Zorya very successfully, attracted all the most talented writers from Russian Ukraine to its staff, and expressed his conciliatory attitude towards the Uniate clergy with his beautiful poem “Panski Zharti” (“Lord's Jokes”), in which the image of an old village priest is idealized who lays down his life for his sheep. Nevertheless, in 1887 the most zealous clerics and bourgeois insisted on Franco's removal from the editorial board; other peoples of the people also did not like Franco's excessive love for Russian writers (Franco personally translated a lot from the Russian language, and published a lot), in which Ukrainian chauvinism sensed "Moskalephilism".
But Franco found the highest sympathy among the Ukrainians of the Russian Empire. At that time, by virtue of the Emsky decree in Russia, the publication of works in the Ukrainian language was severely limited, so his collection of poems “Z Peaks and Lowlands” (“From Heights and Dales”, 1887; 2nd ed., 1892) was copied and memorized by many for memory, but a collection of stories from the life of the working people: “In the pot” (1890); there is a Russian translation of "In the Sweat of His Face", St. Petersburg, 1901), brought to Kyiv in the amount of several hundred copies, was snapped up. He began to place something in the "Kievskaya Starina", under the pseudonym "Miron"; but even in Galicia, the Narodovites involuntarily continued to seek his cooperation and published, for example, his anti-Jesuit story "Missiya" ("Vatra", 1887). Its continuation, The Plague (Zorya, 1889; 3rd ed. - Vik, Kiev, 1902), was supposed to reconcile the Narodovtsy with Franko, since the hero of the story is an extremely handsome Uniate priest; Franco's participation in the nationalist journal Pravda also foreshadowed peace; but the agreement of the Galician Narodovtsy with the Polish gentry, the Jesuits, and the Austrian government, which took place in 1890, forced Franko, Pavlik, and all the progressive Ukrainians of Galicia to secede into a completely separate party.
According to the agreement of 1890 (this is the so-called “new era”), the Ukrainian language in Austria acquired very important advantages in public life and school, up to and including the university, but the Ukrainian intelligentsia was obliged to sacrifice the interests of the peasants, support the union with Rome and suppress Russophilism . Party of Strict Democrats, organized by Franco and Pavlik to counterbalance " new era”, adopted the name “Russian-Ukrainian Radical Party”; her organ "People" (1890-95), in which Franco wrote a lot of journalistic articles, existed until the death of Drahomanov (he sent articles from Sofia, where he was then a professor); subsequently, instead of the "People", this very strengthened party had other newspapers and magazines at its disposal.
The "people" preached selfless devotion to the interests of the peasantry, and considered the introduction of communal land tenure and artels to be a useful means for raising the peasant's well-being; The ideals of German socialism were often presented to the “People” as something barracks, “like the Arakcheevsky military settlements” (Dragomanov’s words), the Marxist theory of promoting the proletarianization of the masses was inhuman; Franco ended up popularizing (in Life and Words) English Fabianism. In religious terms, the "People" was an ardent enemy of the union and demanded freedom of conscience. In national terms, the “People” held on to the Ukrainian language just as tightly as the “new-erists”, and considered its use obligatory for the Ukrainian intelligentsia, but deduced such a need from purely democratic motives and proclaimed the fight against chauvinism and Rus-eating. In the Naroda's polemic against the narrowly nationalist Pravda, the most caustic articles were those of Franco; the volume of political poems he published (“Nimechchina”, “Oslyachi Vybori”, etc.) irritated the nationalists even more. Intensified journalistic activity and leadership of the radical party were conducted by Franco completely free of charge; livelihoods had to be obtained by diligent paid work in Polish newspapers. Therefore, in the first two years of the publication of The People, Franco's fiction work and his scientific studies almost ceased; the time free from journalism and politics was enough for Franco only for short lyric poems(in 1893, the collection “Zivyale Leaves” - “Withered Leaves” - was published with a gentle melancholy love content, with a motto for the reader: Sei ein Mann und folge mir nicht (“Be a man and do not take an example from me”)).
Around 1893, Franko suddenly devoted himself mainly to academic studies, again enrolled in Lviv University, where he was appointed by Professor Ogonovsky as a successor in the department of Old Russian and Ukrainian literature, then he completed his historical and philological education at the University of Vienna at the seminaries of Academician Yagich, published (1894) an extensive research on John Vyshensky and a doctoral dissertation: “Varlaam and Yossaf”, publishes (since 1894) the literary-historical-folklore magazine “Life and Word”, prints old Russian manuscripts, etc. In 1895, after a successful introductory lecture Franko at Lviv University, the professorial senate elected him to the chair of Ukrainian and old Russian literature, and Franko could rejoice that at last he had the opportunity to throw off the “yoke of corvée” (as he called compulsory work in Polish newspapers for the sake of a piece of bread for himself and his family) and devote himself entirely to his native science and literature. However, the governor of Galicia, Count Kazimir Badeni, did not allow a man "who was in prison three times" to be approved as a professor.
The heavy pessimistic mood of Franco was expressed in his collection of poems: “My Izmaragd” (1898, modeled on the ancient Russian “Izmaragds”); in one of his poems, the tormented poet declared that he was unable to love his inert, unenergetic nation, but would simply be faithful to it, like a yard dog who is faithful to his master, although he does not love him. The depravity of the Polish gentry society was described by Franko in the novels “Fundamentals of Suspility” = “Pillars of Society”, “For the Home Fire” = “For the Sake of the Family Hearth” (1898) and others. condemnation not only of the Polish nobility, but of all Polish people.
Franco paid the most for his research on Mickiewicz, on the occasion of his jubilee: "Der Dichter des Verraths" (in the Viennese magazine "Zeit"). The general indignation of Polish society closed for him access to Polish newspapers and magazines, even the most impartial shade. Work in German, Czech, Russian magazines (“Kievskaya Starina”, “Northern Courier”) remained a source of livelihood, but this casual income was not enough, and at one time the poet was threatened with blindness from a dark apartment and starvation with his family.
Just by this time, the Shevchenko Scientific Society in Lvov received, under the chairmanship of Professor M. S. Grushevsky, a progressive character and undertook several series of scientific and literary publications; work in these publications began to be paid and Franko was involved in the number of main employees. From 1898, he was the editor of the Literary and Scientific Bulletin, a Ukrainian magazine published by the Shevchenko Society; printed here most of his fictional, poetic, critical and historical-literary works. His novel "Cross Stitches" = "Cross Paths" (1900) depicts the thorny life of an honest Rusyn public figure in Galicia, whose energy must be largely spent on fighting petty squabbles and the intrusion of political enemies into his personal life. A lyrical recollection of the sad past experienced is a collection of poems: “From the days of grief” = “From the days of sorrow” (1900). Franco's scholarly writings on history, literature, archeology, ethnography, etc. are published in the "Notes" of the Shevchenko Scientific Society and - as monographs - in numerous "Proceedings" of the section of the society, in one of which Franco is the chairman. An incomplete list of only titles written by Franco, compiled by M. Pavlik, formed a voluminous book (Lvov, 1898).
Franco was acquainted with the leaders of Viennese modernism Artur Schnitzler, Hermon Bahr, the Czech philosopher and future president of Czechoslovakia Tomas Masaryk, the founder of Zionism Theodor Herzl, and the head of the Polish symbolists Stanislav Pshibyshevsky.
Franko's 25th literary jubilee was solemnly celebrated in 1899 by Ukrainians of all parties and countries. Best Ukrainian writers Russia and Austria, without distinction of direction, were dedicated to Franco in the collection "Privit" (1898). During Franco's lifetime, some of Franco's writings were translated into German, Polish, Czech and - mostly at the end of his life - Russian.
Franko, who left politics in 1904, died in poverty during the First World War and was buried at the Lychakiv Cemetery in Lvov.
Literature
- Drahomanov's preface to "In the pot" (Lvov, 1890), which contains Franko's autobiography;
- a detailed biography and analysis of works - in the "History of Little Russian Literature" by Professor Ogonovsky;
- article by O. Makovey in “Lit.-N. Vistn.» (1898, Book XI); 4) “I century. Franko "- a review of his professor A. Krymsky (Lvov, 1898). See Degen's article in Nov. Word" (1897, book III) and Slavinsky's preface to the Russian translation of "In the Sweat of His Face" (St. Petersburg, 1901). About the ethnographic works of Franco - by Professor Mustsov, in Volume II of "Modern Little Russian Ethnography".
Links
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See what "Ivan Franko" is in other dictionaries:
- "IVAN FRANKO", USSR, KIEV film studio, 1956, color, 100 min. Historical biopic. About the Ukrainian poet, writer, publicist and public figure Ivan Franko (1856 1916), who was subjected three times to propaganda of the ideas of Russian democrats ... ... Cinema Encyclopedia
One of the initiators of the founding of the Russian-Ukrainian Radical Party, which operated in Austria.
In honor of Franko, the city of Stanislav was renamed Ivano-Frankivsk, and in the Lviv region, the village of Yanov was renamed Ivano-Frankivsk.
Biography
Born into the family of a peasant blacksmith, his mother was from a noble family, her maiden name was Kulchitskaya, she was a chemist; in his stories he depicts the first years of his childhood with the lightest colors. The father died before the son graduated from the Drohobych Basilian "normal" school. His stepfather, also a peasant, took care of the continuation of his education. Soon, Franco's mother also died, so that for the summer he came to a strange family - and yet the stay in it seemed to the boy a paradise in comparison with the school, where rude and uneducated teachers, indulging the children of the rich, inhumanly tortured the children of poor parents; according to Ivan Franko, he took out the hatred for the oppression of one person by another from a normal school. As here, so later in the gymnasium, he was the first student; in the summer the schoolboy grazed cattle and helped in field work; poetic translations from the Bible, ancient and Western European writers, which he then studied, wrote in the Ukrainian folk language.
Enrolling in Lviv University in 1875, Franko joined the student circle of the so-called "Muscovite" party, which was then still strong in the kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria; this party used "paganism" as a literary language, that is, a mixture of Church Slavonic with Polish and Ruthenian words. In this language, Franko began to publish his poems and the long fantasy novel Detrii and Doboshchuki in the style of Hoffmann in the organ of Muscovite students Friend. One of the first who turned his attention to the work of the young poet Ivan Franko was the Ukrainian poet Kesar Alexandrovich Belilovsky, who in 1882 in the Kiev newspaper "Trud" published an article "A few words about the translation of Goethe's Faust into Ukrainian by Ivan Franko."
Conclusion
Under the influence of the letters of the Kiev professor Mikhail Dragomanov, the youth, grouped around the "Friend", got acquainted with Russian literature of the era of great reforms and with Russian writers in general, and was imbued with democratic ideals, after which they chose the language of the Galician common people - Rusyn as an instrument of their literary speech; thus Rusyn literature received in its ranks, along with many other talented workers, and Franco. Enraged by the mass loss of youth, the old Muscovites, especially the editor of Slovo V. Ploshchansky, turned to the Austrian police with denunciations against the editors of Druha. Its members were all arrested in 1877, and Ivan Franko spent 9 months in prison, in the same cell with thieves and vagabonds, in terrible hygienic conditions. Upon his release from prison, the entire Galician conservative society turned away from him, as from a dangerous person - not only Muscovites, but also the so-called Narodovtsy, that is, the Ukrainophile nationalists of the older generation. Franco had to leave the university as well (he graduated from the university course 15 years later, when he was preparing for a professorship).
Both this stay in prison, and the second imprisonment in 1880, and another one in 1889, intimately acquainted Franco with various types of scum of society and poor workers, brought to prison by need and exploitation, and provided him with a number of topics for fiction, which were published mainly in the journals of the Dragomanov direction edited by him; they were the main glory of Franco and immediately began to be translated into other languages. Among them stand out: a cycle of stories from the life of proletarian workers and rich entrepreneurs in the oil fields in Borislav; imbued with a humane attitude to human dignity, stories from the life of thieves and "former" people; alien to religious and national antagonism stories and stories from the life of Jews (translated into Russian several times; poetic poems from the life of Jews seeking the truth).
Prison also inspired cycles of lyrical works, of which some, according to a number of critics, are deeper and more talented, but less popular, full of idealistic sadness for broad universal motives, while others, which have become extremely popular, energetically and effectively urge society to fight against social (class and economic) lies. Franco also showed talent in the field of an objective historical novel: his "Zakhar Berkut" (1883, from the time of the Tatar invasion of the 13th century) received an award even at the competition of the national-bourgeois magazine "Zorya", which did not see in it "Zola's naturalism" (pseudo-classics and scholastics - the Galicians always raised this reproach against Franco). In the Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire, this novel attracted the serious attention of readers to its author, who was so unlike most of the figures in the cultural movement of the kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, and laid the foundation for closer communication between Ivan Yakovlevich and the Ukrainians of the Russian Empire.
Behind the "naturalistic" and "radical" works of Franco, the Galicians also could not but recognize a brilliant talent, despite the fact that these works contained a challenge to the entire bourgeois-clerical Galician society; Franco's great erudition, literary education and awareness of political, social and political-economic issues served as an incentive for the "peoples" to seek Franco's cooperation in their bodies. ?
1885 onwards
Little by little, peaceful relations were established between Ivan Franko and the Narodovtsy, and in 1885 he was invited by them even to the chief editors of their literary and scientific organ Zorya. For two years, Franco led the Zorya very successfully, attracted all the most talented writers from Little Russia to its staff, and expressed his conciliatory attitude towards the Uniate clergy with his beautiful poem “Panski Zharti” (“Lord's Jokes”), in which the image of an old village priest is idealized, who gives his life for his sheep. Nevertheless, in 1887 the most zealous clerics and bourgeois insisted on Franco's removal from the editorial board; other peoples of the people also did not like Franco's excessive love for Russian writers (Franco personally translated a lot from the Russian language, and published a lot), in which Ukrainian chauvinism sensed "Moskalephilism".
But Franco found the highest sympathy among the Ukrainians of the Russian Empire. At that time, by virtue of the Emsky decree in Russia, the publication of works in the Ukrainian language was severely limited, so his collection of poems "From peaks and lowlands" ("From the heights and valleys", 1887; 2nd ed., 1892) was copied and memorized by many for memory, but a collection of stories from the life of the working people: “In the pot” (1890); there is a Russian translation of "In the Sweat of His Face", St. Petersburg, 1901), brought to Kyiv in the amount of several hundred copies, was snapped up. He began to place something in the "Kievskaya Starina", under the pseudonym "Miron"; but even in Galicia, the Narodovites involuntarily continued to seek his cooperation and published, for example, his anti-Jesuit story "Missiya" ("Vatra", 1887). Its continuation, The Plague (Zorya, 1889; 3rd ed. - Vik, Kiev, 1902), was supposed to reconcile the Narodovtsy with Franko, since the hero of the story is an extremely handsome Uniate priest; Franco's participation in the nationalist journal Pravda also foreshadowed peace; but the agreement of the Galician Narodovtsy with the Polish gentry, the Jesuits and the Austrian government that took place in 1890 forced Franco, Pavlik and all the progressive Rusyns of Galicia to separate into a completely separate party.
Under the agreement of 1890 (this is the so-called "new era"), the Rusyn language acquired in Austria very important advantages in public life and school, up to and including the university. The party of strict democrats, organized by Franko and Pavlik to counterbalance the "new era", adopted the name "Russian-Ukrainian Radical Party"; her organ "People" (1890-1895), in which Franco wrote a lot of journalistic articles, existed until the death of Drahomanov (he sent articles from Sofia, where he was then a professor); subsequently, instead of the "People", this very strengthened party had other newspapers and magazines at its disposal.
The "people" preached selfless devotion to the interests of the peasantry, and considered the introduction of communal land tenure and artels to be a useful means for raising the peasant's well-being; The ideals of German socialism were often presented to the “People” as something barracks, “like the Arakcheevsky military settlements” (Dragomanov’s words), the Marxist theory of promoting the proletarianization of the masses was inhuman; Franco ended up popularizing (in Life and Words) English Fabianism. In religious terms, the "People" was an ardent enemy of the union and demanded freedom of conscience. In national terms, the “People” held on to the Rusyn language just as firmly as the “Novoerists”, and considered its use obligatory for the Ukrainian intelligentsia, but deduced such a need from purely democratic motives and proclaimed the fight against chauvinism and Rus-eating. In the Naroda's polemic against the narrowly nationalist Pravda, the most caustic articles were those of Franco; the volume of political poems he published (“Nimechchina”, “Oslyachi Vybori”, etc.) irritated the nationalists even more. Intensified journalistic activity and leadership of the radical party were carried out by Franco "completely free of charge; he had to earn a living by diligent paid work in Polish newspapers. Therefore, in the first two years of the publication of The People, Franco's fiction and his scientific studies almost ceased; time free from journalism and politics, Franco only had enough for short lyrical poems (in 1893, the collection “Withered Leaves” - “Withered Leaves” - was published - a gentle melancholy love content, with a motto for the reader: Sei ein Mann und folge mir nicht (“Be a man and do not take an example from me")).
1893 onwards
Around 1893, Franko suddenly devoted himself mainly to academic studies, again enrolled in Lviv University, where he was appointed by Professor Ogonovsky as a successor in the Department of Old Russian and Ukrainian Literature, then he completed his historical and philological education at the University of Vienna at the seminaries of Academician Yagich, publishes (1899) [specify ] extensive psychological research about John Vyshensky and his doctoral dissertation: "Varlaam and Yossaf", publishes (since 1894) the literary-historical-folklore magazine "Life and the Word", prints old Russian manuscripts, etc. In 1895, after a successful introductory lecture by Franco at Lviv University , the professorial senate elected him to the chair of Ukrainian and old Russian literature, and Franko could rejoice that at last he had the opportunity to throw off the “yoke of corvée” (as he called compulsory work in Polish newspapers for the sake of a piece of bread for himself and his family) and devote himself entirely native science and literature. However, the governor of Galicia, Count Kazimir Badeni, did not allow a man "who was in prison three times" to be approved as a professor.
The heavy pessimistic mood of Franco was expressed in his collection of poems: “My Izmaragd” (1898, modeled on the ancient Russian “Izmaragds”); in one of his poems, the tormented poet declared that he was unable to love his inert, unenergetic nation, but would simply be faithful to it, like a yard dog who is faithful to his master, although he does not love him. The depravity of the Polish gentry society was described by Franko in the novels “Fundamentals of Suspility” = “Pillars of Society”, “For the Home Fire” = “For the Sake of the Family Hearth” (1898) and others. condemnation not only of the Polish nobility, but of the entire Polish people.
Most of all, Franco paid for his research on the psychology of Mickiewicz's work, on the occasion of his anniversary: "Der Dichter des Verraths" "The Poet of Treason" (in the Viennese magazine "Zeit"). The general indignation of Polish society closed for him access to Polish newspapers and magazines, even the most impartial shade. Work in German, Czech, Russian magazines (“Kievskaya Starina”, “Northern Courier”) remained a source of livelihood, but this casual income was not enough, and at one time the poet was threatened with blindness from a dark apartment and starvation with his family.
Just by this time, the Shevchenko Scientific Society in Lvov, under the chairmanship of Professor M. S. Grushevsky, received a progressive character and undertook several series of scientific and literary publications; work in these publications began to be paid and Ivan Franko was involved in the number of main employees. Since 1898, he was the editor of Literary and Scientific Bulletin, a Ukrainian magazine published by the Shevchenko Society; most of his fictional, poetic, critical, historical and literary works are printed here. His novel "Cross Stitches" = "Cross Paths" (1900) depicts the thorny life of an honest Rusyn public figure in Galicia, whose energy must be largely spent on fighting petty squabbles and the intrusion of political enemies into his personal life. A lyrical recollection of the sad past experienced is a collection of poems: “From the days of grief” = “From the days of sorrow” (1900). Franco's scholarly writings on history, literature, psychology, sociology, archeology, ethnography, etc. are published in the "Notes" of the Shevchenko Scientific Society and - as monographs - in numerous "Proceedings" of the section of the society, in one of which Franco is the chairman. An incomplete list of only titles written by Franco, compiled by M. Pavlik, formed a voluminous book (Lvov, 1898).
Franco was acquainted with the leaders of Viennese modernism Artur Schnitzler, Herman Bahr, the Czech philosopher and future president of Czechoslovakia Tomas Masaryk, the founder of Zionism Theodor Herzl, and the head of the Polish symbolists Stanislav Przybyszewski.
Franko's 25th literary anniversary was solemnly celebrated in 1895 by Ukrainians of all parties and countries. The best Ukrainian writers of Russia and Austria, without distinction of directions, devoted a collection to Franco: "Privit" (1898). During Franco's lifetime, some of his writings were translated into German, Polish, Czech and - mainly at the end of his life - Russian.
Major works
Memory
Russia
Streets in Moscow, Lipetsk, Perm, Tula, Ufa, Cheboksary, Tambov and Irkutsk bear the name of the writer.
Ukraine
The city of Ivano-Frankivsk bears the name of the writer, as well as streets in Kiev, Vinnitsa, Dnepropetrovsk, Ivano-Frankivsk, Simferopol, Izmail, Kerch, Lutsk, Lvov, Nikolaev, Odessa, Sumy, Cherkassy, Chernivtsi, Khmelnitsky, Luhansk, Kirovohrad, Korosten, Evpatoria.
Kazakhstan
The name of the writer is the streets in Rudny
Canada
The name of the writer is a street in Montreal.
Ivan Franko on money
Ivan Franko is depicted on three different types of banknotes of Ukraine in denominations of 20 hryvnias:
20 hryvnia, 1992-1994
20 hryvnia, 1994-2003
20 hryvnia, 2003
Ivan Franko in philately
Postage Stamp USSR, 1956
Postage stamp of the USSR, 1956
Postage stamp of the USSR, 1956
Postage stamp of Ukraine, 1994, 3000 karbovanets (Mikhel 134)
Postage stamp of Ukraine, 2006
On November 20, 1975, the head of the Spanish state, Generalissimo Francisco Franco, ended his days in Madrid. He bore the title "caudillo", which means "leader" in Spanish.
Franco's biography
The future leader was born on December 4, 1892 in El Ferrol in the province of Galicia in a large family. His father was a hereditary officer, and his mother had noble roots, and Francisco turned out to be a descendant of the count. Franco's grandfather and father served in the Navy, and both had ranks equivalent to those of a general; his brother Ramon Franco became an aviator and later a national hero when he flew across the South Atlantic.
The relationship between the parents was not smooth, the father often made scandals until he left the family in 1907. This injury had a negative impact not only on health, but also on the character of the boy; he grew up reserved and silent.
Francisco Franco's military career began early. He graduated military academy, and, after spending only two years in the garrison of El Ferrol, was sent to serve in Spanish Morocco. There he distinguished himself with courage and showed the ability to avoid unnecessary losses; was seriously wounded, but managed to return to duty. He received the rank of major when he was only 23 years old.
Upon his return to Spain in 1917, already in the rank of battalion commander, Francisco Franco met the love of his life. Maria del Carmen Polo y Martinez Valdes, the daughter of wealthy nobles, was still very young, so the wedding took place only six years later, on October 22, 1923. The only daughter born in this marriage, the Generalissimo was madly in love.
Wars of Francisco Franco
Civil War in Spain began on July 18, 1936. On September 29, 1936, Franco was chosen as the new leader of the uprising after the death of General José Sanrujo, who led the rebels before him. "Caudillo" quickly managed to restore contact with Germany and Italy, he began to supply weapons. Also, the Irish, Portuguese and even Russian white emigrants fought on the side of Franco.
Franco's Spain became like the fascist states, with only one officially allowed party. From the middle of 1937, the nationalists began to win one battle after another, and soon occupied Northern Spain, Aragon, Andalusia, Catalonia.
On April 1, 1939, a message was broadcast on the radio from Generalissimo Franco about the end of the war. The civil war of 1936-1939 cost Spain 450,000 dead; one in five died from political repression. Many intellectuals left Spain, including famous artist Pablo Picasso. Franco's dictatorship lasted until 1975.
During the Second World War, Franco decided to remain neutral towards Western states and led a very cautious policy. On the one hand, he helped Hitler, and on the other hand, he got rid of the radical military. In October 1940, after meeting with Hitler, Franco refused to take part in the capture of Gibraltar. His regime did not fall after the end of the war.
Post-war rule by Franco
Political opponents of Franco were subjected to repression until his death. The Generalissimo signed his last death sentence for political prisoners, whose pardon was requested by the heads of many states and Pope Paul VI, two months before his death, and, despite the protest demonstrations of residents, the execution was carried out on September 27, 1975.
In the mid-1950s, Spain turned from the poorest country into a developed European state. In terms of development, it for a long time ranked second in the world; it also carried out some political and constitutional reforms. The diplomatic isolation in which Spain had been until that time was partially overcome: both the ambassadors of Western countries and the citizens who had emigrated from it began to return.
Since 1947, Spain has been considered a monarchical state, and in 1969 Franco announced the heir to the throne - Juan Carlos Bourbon. The new king took over after Franco's death in 1975, and his rise to power completed Spain's transition from authoritarian to democratic.
Death of the Caudillo
Franco left the post of head of state in 1973, after which he was treated for Parkinson's disease until his death. All his life he was distinguished by high efficiency, he could sit at his desk for hours, but the disease took its toll. Last weeks his life was supported artificially.
Shortly before his death, Franco wrote a political testament, which was read on television on November 20, 1975, when the heart of the Spanish leader stopped beating.
About half a million people came to say goodbye to Franco. He was buried near Madrid, in the "Valley of the Fallen" - a memorial complex in memory of all those who died during the civil war.
Name: Ivan Franko
Age: 59 years old
Activity: writer, poet, scientist, essayist
Family status: was married
Ivan Franko: biography
Ivan Franko is an outstanding Ukrainian novelist, poet, publicist and scientist. The legacy of the classic is huge, and the impact on culture can hardly be overestimated. In 1915, the writer was nominated for the Nobel Prize, but Ivan Franko's candidacy did not reach consideration due to the death of the applicant.
Childhood and youth
The future classic of Ukrainian literature was born into a wealthy family. Its head, the Galician peasant Yakov Franko, earned money by blacksmithing, and her mother, Maria Kulchitskaya, was from the “noble”. 33 years younger than her husband, a woman from an impoverished family of Rusyns-gentry raised children. The classic called the first years of life bright.
When Ivan Franko was 9 years old, his father died. Mom married a second time, the stepfather replaced the father's children. With Ivan, he established a friendship and kept it all his life. At 16, Ivan became an orphan: his mother passed away.
In the Drogobych school at the Catholic monastery, Ivan turned out to be the best student: the teachers predicted a professorial future for him. The guy found phenomenal memory- lectures quoted verbatim, and "Kobzar" knew by heart.
Franco knew Polish and German, made verse translations of the Bible, read European classics, works on history and natural sciences. Earning money by tutoring, schoolboy Ivan Franko managed to collect a library of five thousand books. Knowing foreign languages, he appreciated his native Ukrainian, collected and recorded old folk songs and legends.
Ivan Franko lived with a distant relative who owned a carpentry business in Drohobych. It happened that a young man slept in freshly planed coffins (the story "In the carpentry"). In the summer, the future classic of Ukrainian literature grazed cattle in his native Nahuevichi and helped his stepfather in the field. In 1875, Ivan Franko received a diploma with honors and entered Lviv University, choosing the Faculty of Philosophy.
Literature
Ivan Franko published his first compositions in the university magazine Friend, which, thanks to him, turned into the revolutionary press organ. Denunciations of ill-wishers and reactionaries became the reason for the first arrest of Ivan Franko and members of the editorial board of Druha.
Franco was sentenced to 6 weeks, but released after 9 months (waiting for trial for 8 months). The young man was placed in a cell with inveterate criminals, the poor, whom poverty pushed to serious crimes. Communication with them became a source of writing fiction, which, after his release, Ivan Franko published in the editions he edited. The stories of the “prison cycle” have been translated into foreign languages and named the best in the literary heritage.
After leaving prison, Ivan Franko faced the reaction of a conservative society: both the Narodnaya Volya and the Russophiles turned away from the “criminal”. The young man was expelled from the university. A young revolutionary with socialist views found himself in the vanguard of the fighters against the Austrian monarchy. With colleague M. Pavlik, he published the magazine “ public friend”, where he published poems, essays and the first chapters of the story “Boa constrictor”.
Soon the police confiscated the publication, but Ivan Franko resumed publication under a different, more telling name - "The Bell". The magazine publishes Franco's program poem - "Bricklayers" ("Kamenyari"). And again confiscation and name change. in the fourth and latest issue magazine called "Hammer", Ivan Yakovlevich printed the end of the story and poems.
Ivan Franko published a magazine and clandestinely printed brochures with translations of works and to which he wrote prefaces. In 1878, a Galician revolutionary headed the journal "Praca" ("Labor"), turning the organ of the printers into a publication of the Lviv workers. During these years, Ivan Franko translated Heinrich Heine's poem "Germany", "Faust", "Cain", wrote the novel "Borislav laughs".
In the spring of 1880, on the way to Kolomyia, Ivan Franko was arrested a second time: political figure sided with the Kolomyia peasants, with whom he led litigation government of Austria. After a three-month stay in prison, Ivan Yakovlevich was sent to Naguevichi, but on the way to the village, for impudent behavior, he ended up in the dungeons of a prison in Drohobych. What he saw was the reason for writing the story "At the bottom".
In 1881, Ivan Franko published the Mir magazine, in which he published the story Borislav Laughs. Readers did not see the last chapters of the work: the magazine was closed. The poems of Ivan Franko were published by the magazine Svet. Of these, the collection "From the heights and lowlands" was soon formed. After the closure of Svet, the writer is forced to earn money by publishing in the publications of the Narodnaya Volya. During these years, the famous story "Zarya Berkut" was published in the magazine "Zarya", but soon the writer's cooperation with "Zarya" ceased.
In the mid-1880s, in search of a job, Ivan Franko came to Kyiv twice, begging capital liberals for money to publish his own magazine. But the promised money did not go to Ivan Yakovlevich, but to the editors of Zarya. In the summer of 1889, Russian students arrived in Galicia. Together with them, Ivan Franko went on a trip around the country, but soon the group was arrested, Franko was accused of trying to “tear off” Galicia from Austria and intending to annex it to Russia. Two months later, the entire group was released without trial.
In the early 1890s, Franco wrote his doctoral thesis based on political poetry. But Lviv University did not accept the dissertation for defense. Ivan Yakovlevich submitted his dissertation to Chernivtsi University, but even there he was refused. In the autumn of 1892, the writer went to Vienna, where he wrote a dissertation on ancient Christian spiritual romance. A year later, in Austria, Ivan Franko was given a Ph.D.
In 1894, after the death of Professor O. Ogonovsky, head of the Department of Ukrainian Literature at Lviv University, Franko tried to fill a vacant position. His trial lecture aroused great interest among the students, but they did not take Ivan Yakovlevich to the department. By the 25th anniversary of Ivan Franko, which writers and creative youth of Ukraine celebrated widely, a collection of poems "My Izmaragd" was published.
The 1905 revolution in Russia inspired the writer, he responded to the event with the poem "Moses" and the collection of poems "Semper tiro", which included the poem "Conquistadors".
In the early 1900s, Ivan Franko's relations with Ukrainian nationalists, led by Mikhail Grushevsky, escalated. In 1907, an attempt to head a department at Lviv University in Once again failed: Franco's application was not even considered. Support came from Kharkov: the university awarded Ivan Yakovlevich a doctorate in Russian literature. The writer and scientist are honored in Russia and the Dnieper Ukraine.
Ivan Franko, like his predecessors and contemporaries, repeatedly turned to the theological, biblical theme. The writer's interpretation of Christian humanism is original. The brightest example- The verse "The Legend of Eternal Life."
In 1913, the writer and scientist celebrated the 40th anniversary of his work, but the publication of anniversary collections was suspended due to the outbreak of the imperialist war. Dozens of prose and poetic works of the master were published after his death.
IN total Ivan Franko wrote more than five thousand works. Contemporaries compared him with the great people of the Renaissance, called him "a great astral body warming the whole of Ukraine. But speaking of life Ukrainian classic, often recall his quote: “The executioners live like gods, and worse than a dog the poor man lives."
Personal life
The writer met his future wife Olga Khoruzhinskaya in Kyiv in the mid-1880s. Ivan Franko was not handsome: red-haired, with watery eyes, short. He attracted women with incredible erudition, progressive views and encyclopedic knowledge. Beauty Olga fell in love with a Galician. Warnings from relatives and friends that the young man belonged to a different circle did not lead to anything. Ivan Franko was late for the wedding: wearing a wedding tailcoat, he read a rare book in the library.
The move of the Kiev woman to the capital of Galicia did not bring happiness: the stiff Lvov women called Olga “Moskalka”, the young woman, despite her efforts, did not manage to become her own. The family, in which four children appeared one after another, was in dire need of money. Ivan Franko was not hired, he was persecuted by the police and authorities, and his work brought modest income.
The father read the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm to his sons Andrei, Taras, Peter and daughter Anna, Ivan Yakovlevich translated them with lightning speed from German language. IN native village Franco took the children to the forest and to the river. Olga, having put the children to bed, translated from German and French, wrote articles for almanacs, discussed his writings with her husband. But life's troubles and poverty undermined the unstable psyche - Olga showed a hereditary tendency to nervous breakdowns.
In 1898 Ivan Franko received national award. To this money, Olga added the rest of the dowry and took over the construction of a house in Lvov. But living in a new house did not work out happily. Mental disorder Olga worsened, nervous breakdowns and breakdowns began with Ivan Yakovlevich. The last straw was the death of Andrei's eldest son in May 1913, Olga ended up in a psychiatric hospital.
Death
The last months of his life, Ivan Franko lived in a shelter for Sich Riflemen: student volunteers looked after the writer. Before the 60th anniversary of Franco did not live 3 months. He died all alone. Son Taras was in captivity, Peter fought, daughter Anna worked in a Kiev hospital.
The writer died at home: Franco ran away from the orphanage in May 1916. That year he was nominated for Nobel Prize, but it is given alive. The scientist and writer died on May 28. He was buried at the Lvov Lychakiv cemetery.
Bibliography
- 1877 - Converted Sinner
- 1880 - "At the bottom"
- 1882 - "Zakhar Berkut"
- 1882 - "Borislav laughs"
- 1884 - "Boa constrictor"
- 1887 - "Lel and Polel"
- 1887 - "Yats Zelepuga"
- 1890 - "Fox Mikita"
- 1891 - "The Adventures of Don Quixote"
- 1892 - "Stolen happiness"
- 1894 - "Pillars of Society"
- 1895 - "Abu Qasim's Shoes"
- 1897 - "For the hearth"
- 1899 - "Oilman"
- 1900 - "Cross paths"
