Onomastics.

Lecture plan.

Onomastics as a science. From the history of the development of onomastics.

Classification of onomastic material.

Methodology and methods of research in onomastics.

Anthroponyms in a literary text.

Point 1. Onomastics as a science. From the history of the development of onomastics.

Onomastics is a linguistic discipline that studies proper names; otherwise -onomatology[Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary]

The term onomastics is used both in the meaning of "a section of linguistics (a section of lexicology) that studies proper names" and in the meaning of "a set of proper names". However, there are reasons to think that onomastics should be considered as an independent linguistic science, and not as a branch of lexicology [for more details, see: Matveev, 2004, 87–88]).

Many foreign and domestic linguists have contributed to the development of onomastics. Of the foreign linguists, first of all, we can name A. Gardiner, A. Doz, P. Rene, V. Taschitsky, A. Bach, V. Fleischer, V. Zeibke. From domestic - N.M. Tupikova, A.M. Selishchev, V.K. Chichagov, A.I. Sobolevsky, A.V. Superanskaya, V.A. Niknova, V.D. Bondaletova, N.V. , A.N.Antysheva and others.

In the diachronic section, the formation and existence of onomastics as a science can be represented by thematic blocks, within which consideration of multi-spectrum issues is a priority:

1. The emergence and history of onomastics as a science and its individual sections (Aristotle, M Breal, W. Bröndal, A. Gardiner, T. Hobbes, O. Jespersen, P. Christophersen, E. Kurilovich, J. St. Mill, Plutarch, B. Russell, L.S. Stebbing, etc.) (see [Ermolovich 2005 ]).

2. Revealing the features of the meaning of a proper name, its difference from common noun(N.F. Alefirenko, V.I. Bolotov, E.F. Danilina, A.A. Reformatsky, A.V. Superanskaya, A.A. Ufimtseva, etc.).

3. Determining the place of onomastic vocabulary in the language system (M.Ya. Bloch, V.D. Bondaletov, V.A. Nikonov, etc.).

4. Description of similarities and differences between the categories of onomastic nominations, identifying the principles of their classification, defining the boundaries of the so-called "onomastic space" (I.V. Kryukova, A.V. Superanskaya, V.I. Suprun, L.M. Shchetinin and others .); opposition of the concepts of natural and artificial onomastic nomination (N.D. Golev, M.V. Golomidova).

5. Field approach to onomastic studies (E.L. Berezovich, V.I. Bolotov, A.V. Superanskaya, etc.) with the identification of the nuclear, perinuclear and peripheral zones in the structure of the onomastic field (V.I. Suprun). The concept of "onomastic field" is opposed to the concept of "onomastic space" and assumes the existence of system-structural connections, acting as an ordered, hierarchized set of proper names.

6. Consideration of the specifics of literary and artistic onomastics (L.I. Andreeva, I.B. Voronova, I.P. Zaitseva, Yu.A. Karpenko, E.M. Levina, L.V. Razumova, O.I. Fonyakova and etc.).

7. Determination of the features of the use of onomastic vocabulary in certain functional styles: in the texts of newspaper and journalistic style (L.A. Artemova, L.A. Baturina, M.Ya. Bich, Yu.A. Blinova, N.B. Garbovskaya, N. S. Derenkova, E.R. Yasaveeva and others); in colloquial style (V.D. Devkin, I.N. Zaveryukha, E.A. Zemskaya, S.Yu. Potapova, etc.). Among the authors of the most significant studies on the description of informal naming of a person in Germany, the following stand out: P. Braun, V. Seibike, V. Kani, F. Kiener, G. Koss, H. Naumann.

8. Studying the dynamics of the formation of ethnolingual anthroponymicons (A.N. Antyshev, O.A. Leonovich, A.V. Superanskaya, etc.).

9. The solution of onomastic issues of an applied nature: translation and transliteration, normative-linguistic, linguistic-cultural, cultural-aesthetic methodological issues (K.V. Bahnyan, R.S. Gilyarevsky, D.I. Ermolovich, A.A. Reformatsky, B. A. Starostin, V. I. Suprun and others).

10. Study of the problems of connotation and precedence of a proper name (E.M. Volf, D.B. Gudkov, V.V. Krasnykh, E.S. Otin, V.N. Telia, etc.).

11. Analysis of deonymic nominations (T.N. Atarshchikova, A.E. Bizhkenova, V.N. Chizhova, R.Z. Muryasov, A.V. Superanskaya, etc.).

12. Functional-cognitive analysis of onomastic phenomena, integrating semasiological and onomasiological approaches to lexical meaning, bringing together semantics and pragmatics, representing the language system from a new perspective, refracting it through the prism of human perception and thinking (S.M. Pak, T.N. Semenova).

The main object of study of onomatologists until the 2nd World War was the search for etymology, i.e. determination of the origin and meaning of those words from which personal names, nicknames, surnames were formed. The German linguist A. Bach believes that onomastics cannot be limited only to the etymology of names. The range of its tasks is much wider. She is interested in everything general laws formation, occurrence, use of names. In this regard, A. Bach identifies the following tasks facing onomastics:

1) purely linguistic questions: phonetics, form formation, word formation, syntax, etymology of names;

2) historical issues: the age of names and their groups, historical factors that create names;

3) geographical issues: territorial distribution of names and its causes;

4) sociological issues: the participation of various social groups in naming;

5) psychological issues: spiritual factors in the formation of names, the attitude of a person to a name.

Moreover, the range of these problems is so interconnected that it is sometimes very difficult to separate one from the other [Bach 1978: 5-6 ].

Aspects of onomastic studies are diverse. Stand out:

descriptive onomastics , which constitutes the objective foundation of onomastic research, giving a general philological analysis and linguistic interpretation of the collected material;

theoretical onomastics studying the general patterns of development and functioning of onomastic systems;

applied onomastics , associated with the practice of naming, with the functioning of names in live speech and the problems of naming and renaming, giving practical advice cartographers, biographers, bibliographers, lawyers;

onomastics of works of art (literary onomastics), which is a section of poetics;

historical onomastics , studying the history of the appearance of names, and their reflection in the names of realities different eras;

ethnic onomastics , which studies the emergence of the names of ethnic groups and their parts in connection with the history of ethnic groups, the relationship of ethnonyms with names of other types, the evolution of ethnonyms [Superanskaya 1998: 20 ].

Item 2. Classification of onomastic material.

When classifying onomastic material, one can proceed from the belonging of names to certain languages, territories, chronological segments, social formations, etc. Depending on this, the approach to the material, the methods of studying it, and the depth of coverage will be different. Taking into account the linguistic and extralinguistic characteristics of names, A.V. Superanskaya distinguishes (by no means claiming to be exhaustive) the following types of their classification:

1) classification of names in connection with named objects;

2) naturally occurring and artificially created names. This classification is closely related to the classification of names according to their purpose and to the dichotomy “names in official and informal use;

3) structural classification names;

4) chronological classification;

5) the classification of names in connection with their motivation and the etymological classification adjacent to it, as well as the division of names into appellative and eponymous, into primary and "transferred";

6) classification of names in connection with the volume of concepts enshrined in them;

7) classification in connection with the dichotomy language - speech;

8) stylistic and aesthetic classification [Superanskaya 1973: 159].

All these plans are very far from each other and cannot serve as a refinement or ramification of each other. All of the listed aspects (and perhaps even others that have not been identified) are inherent in each name and can act as its characteristics. For some types of names, one characteristic may be more relevant, for others, another. It should be noted that these characteristics are very diverse in their properties; some of them are linguistic, others are logical, others are historical, others are social, others are psychological, but all of them are reflected in onomastics, and it would be a gross mistake to declare proper names belonging to only one of these plans. Of all the possible classifications, the subject-nominative one should be put in the first place, since the correlation with the subject, as a rule, determines the “face” of the name and its other characteristics. However, in a number of special studies, it can also be a subordinate. For example, for a grammarian or lexicologist dealing with the functions or frequency of proper names, the primary division into a proper name - non-proper name and special grammatical characteristics of proper names, and then, within certain grammatical rubrics, division into toponyms, anthroponyms, etc. [Superanskaya 1973: 160].

N.V. Podolskaya gives the following groups of proper names:

1. Names of outer space: cosmonyms (proper names of outer space zones, galaxies, constellations, parts of constellations: Orion, Orion's belt, Milky Way), astronyms (proper names of individual celestial bodies: Earth, Saturn, Halley's comet), astrotoponym (proper name any relief object on any planet: geonim (Baikal, Caucasian mountains), selenonym ( lunar craters: Lomonosov, Ocean of Storms), etc.)

2. Names of the terrestrial space: toponym (proper name of any, both natural and man-made object on Earth (oronym - relief element: Everest, Andes; bury - any region, territory: Volga region, Crimea; hydronym - the name of any water body: Lake Peipus, Pinsk swamps; ekklezionim - the name of any place of rite or religion: Ignač Cross, Blue Mosque;

4. Names of living organisms, bionyms: anthroponyms, zoonyms, phytonyms, etc.

However, this classification, in our opinion, is too broad. But definitely worth a look.

Item 3. Methodology and methodology of onomastic research.

The specificity of the subject under study is that it includes ethnographic, historical, geographical, sociological, literary components. In addition, data from archeology, biology, theology, philosophy, and psychology are used in onomastic research. Finding autonomy, onomastics continues to be an auxiliary applied for historians and geographers.

Modern onomastics is a complex science, it combines the interests and methods of various philosophical, humanitarian and natural sciences, philologists, linguists and literary critics, folklorists and language historians, sociolinguists and logical philosophers, social scientists, geographers, psychologists, ethnographers take part in its development , mythologists, astronomers and others. But above all, it belongs to linguistics [Fonyakova 1990: 4]. Onomastics is such a part of the vocabulary of any language that is extremely closely related to the needs of society and is entirely due to socio-historical, socio-economic and socio-cultural facts. However, onomastics does not exhaust "the field of its activity" with this. Proper names are given to any geographical objects, and not just those created by human hands; names are also given to objects located outside the globe. In addition, an indispensable component of onomastic research is logic, which in relation to the specified complex serves as a research method rather than an integral part.

Descriptive Method

The descriptive method is used in all sociohistorical and natural sciences and is perhaps in first place in terms of the breadth of application. This method, like others, involves a number of requirements: a clear understanding of chosen subject study (about the system of anthroponyms, toponyms, etc.), the sequence of description, systematization, grouping or classification, characteristics of the material (qualitative, quantitative) in accordance with the research task.

The initial stage of the "description" of the material is its collection, cataloging, reasonable systematization, which allows you to see its different parts (kinds, types), the most general relationships between them, as well as their most essential qualities. An example of a primary description, for example, toponymic (hydronymic) material, can be lists of rivers, lists of settlements, and in the study of anthroponymy - card files of anthroponyms (surnames, names, pseudonyms). Dictionaries (catalogs, indexes) are often created on the basis of these materials with varying degrees of understanding of the material included in them. Of the publications of this kind, one can name the dictionary of Bulgarian names and surnames (“Rechnik on personal and surname names in Bulgarian”, 1969) by Stefan Ilchev, “Dictionary of English personal names” by A. I. Rybakin (1973), etc.

Sometimes the material of one description serves as the basis for a description in a completely different aspect. So, according to the "Dictionary of Russian Personal Names" by N. A. Petrovsky (1966, second edition 1980), one can give a phonetic and morphological-grammatical characteristic of modern Russian names (about 2580 names are recorded here - 1720 male and 860 female).

As an example of such an analysis, we present the results phonetic characteristics male and female names, in which attention is paid to: a) the number of syllables, b) the structure of the final syllable, c) the place of stress in the personal name.

a) Male names in the original form (them. p. singular) have from 1 (Lev, Peter) to 6 syllables (Exakustodian), However, the bulk are three-syllable ones: Alexander, Alexei (there are 47%) and two-syllable ones: Victor , Oleg (37%) - names. One-syllable names - 6% (Vlas, Zhdan), four-syllable names - 9% (Athanasius, Agricola), five-syllable names - 0.7%, six-syllable names - 0.05%.

And in female names we see from 1 to 6 syllables, but the proportion of different syllabic patterns here is different: 38% each are three-syllable (Agnia, Nadezhda) and four-syllable (Valeria, Valentina, etc.), 16% are two-syllable (Anna, Vera), 7% for five-syllables (Leocadia, Olympias), 0.7% for six-syllables (Apollinaria), and only 0.1% for monosyllabic ones (Ruth).

The descriptive method, like other research methods, is historically variable. It expands the boundaries of its application, a set of research techniques and procedures, depending on the development of general linguistic (and general scientific) theory and practice.

Semiotic method

The use of the semiotic method (from the term semiotics - the science of signs, their features and types, systems and conditions of use) is based on the recognition of the symbolic nature of onomastic units and their systemic organization within anthroponymy, toponymy, etc., as well as as part of the entire onomastic space specific language during a certain period of its existence. The task is to determine the set of signs (onyms), their differentiating features, the ways of their linguistic expression (in sounds, morphemes, words, word combinations), specific types of manifestation of systemic connections, to determine the measure (level) of systemicity of onomastics as a whole, its individual categories , as well as individual sections of these categories (for example, in anthroponymy - consistency in personal names, systemic organization of surnames, nicknames, pseudonyms)

Recently, the semiotic method has been extended to the analysis of both real and literary onomastics. Toponymic, anthroponymic and cosmonymic material is processed better than others by this method.

The semiotic method, which promises us to learn the structure and functioning of onomastic "information devices", is very young and does not yet have a rich set of analysis procedures. Its application is usually limited to the consideration of systemic connections, most often in the field of toponymy, in one or another synchronous slice. The semiotic aspect of the dynamics of onomastic systems has not yet attracted the attention of researchers. Meanwhile, the emergence, history and interaction of onomastic systems (related and unrelated) in the course of their historical development cannot be truly understood without analyzing them from the standpoint of semiotics.

Linguopsychological method

A hundred years ago, a talented student of I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay N. V. Krushevsky wrote: “Due to the law of associations by similarity, words should fit into systems or nests in our mind, thanks to the law of associations by adjacency, the same words should be built in rows” . Further research showed a variety of associations between words and their individual categories (parts of speech, semantic groups, stylistic layers, antonyms, synonyms, homonyms, etc.), linguistic and psychological objectivity of associations (despite the individual nature of their manifestation), their different strength (stability and frequency of response to the stimulus word), as well as the possibility of comparing psycholinguistic data with the results of language learning by other methods.

The most popular method for studying the "elements of linguistic thinking" (Baudouin de Courtenay) is currently an associative experiment. Diverse in terms of specific methods and object of study, it has one essence - the subject is given a stimulus word and is invited to respond to it with the first word or phrase that “comes to mind”. The data obtained during these psychological experiments(and they must be significant in terms of coverage of the subjects), are recognized as objective and are formalized in the form of so-called "associative norms" for native speakers of a particular language. Age, professional, cultural-educational, individual-personal, etc. factors, which undoubtedly influence the “choice” of one or another reaction, are “removed” by mass character, as well as by repeated experimentation. The main associative pattern "breaks through" quite clearly and can be expressed in numerical terms.

So far, few experiments have been carried out on proper names in order to identify their associative links with each other, as well as with appellative vocabulary. Linguists and psychologists were and continue to be interested in clearly "conceptual" words - common nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs.

There are paradigmatic associations (response to a stimulus word with a reaction word of the same part of speech: table - chair, high - low, talk - say) and syntagmatic (response to a stimulus word with a reaction word of another part of speech, for example: sky - blue, speak clearly).

Proper names, “free”, according to many linguists, from semantics and, consequently, from paradigmatic (usually semantic) and syntagmatic association, are a great temptation for those who, relying on the concept of “sound symbolism”, would like to deal with pure experimental material in which the "objective" meaning (due to the semantic "emptiness" of the proper name) does not overlap the associative-expressive one. Experiments are being carried out to assess the "euphony" of both real and literary onomastics. For example, they try to answer “why is Khaltyupkina a surname with a negative expression for a native speaker of Russian speech?”, “why Svidrigailov is an unpleasant surname, Perependeev is funny? Why is the surname Chichikov close to those indicated, and the surnames Chatsky, Arbenin, Kirsanov, Irteniev, etc. "evaluatively sharply opposed to the first group of names?".

In a special and popular literature experiments are described that testify to the different perception of the text depending on the variation of proper names in them (see, for example, the article by A. A. Leontiev “The words “cold” and “hot”), readers of journals are invited to participate in solving linguo-psychological problems in onomastics , in publications devoted to the motives for choosing names, is almost always noted as one of the essential (and sometimes as decisive) factors in the harmony of the name. This question is considered important not only in theoretical but also in practical terms (in particular, the foreign trade association "Autoexport" uses the recommendations of psycholinguists: the car "Zhiguli" has the export name "Lada").

At present, it is too early to talk about the symbolic meaning of the sound side of proper names as an undoubted and proven phenomenon. It is necessary to carefully check the degree of reliability of the results obtained, in particular, a more rigorous consideration of the impact on the perception of a word (name) of many factors - structural-linguistic, contextual-speech, socio-cultural, psychological, etc. Evaluate names only by sounds and their combinations (say, in Russian: l - feminine, gentle, kind sound; zh - bad, rough, ugly, rough, heavy, dangerous, evil ...) without taking into account the above factors, it means simplifying the research task.

Stylistic method

It may seem that proper names with their "hypertrophied nominativity" are simple signs (labels) and are of no interest to the stylist. However, it is not. It is enough to recall the names of characters in fiction and folklore to imagine a huge “second onomastic space” in size, the analysis of which requires, along with other methods, the use of a special stylistic method with a variety of linguo-stylistic, literary criticism, as well as complex philological methods and tricks. “The question of the selection of names, surnames, nicknames in fiction, of their structural peculiarities in different genres and styles, their figurative characteristic functions, etc., cannot be illustrated by a few examples. It is very big and difficult topic stylistics of fiction,” pointed out Acad. V. V. Vinogradov.

An onomatologist-stylist is attracted by a wide range of problems: the functions of proper names in a work of art (nominative, ideological, characterizing, aesthetic, symbolic), the specifics of literary onomastics, the dependence of the composition of names and their functions on literary direction(classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism, symbolism, realism, etc.), features of the selection and use of names in prose, poetry, dramaturgy (in comedy, tragedy, drama, vaudeville), types of literary anthroponyms, toponyms, etc. ( conditional poetic names, names-masks, names-symbols, "talkativeness" of neutral names, names-allusions to the anthroponyms of prototypes), their role in the construction artistic image, methods and techniques of modifying real proper names to achieve expressive-stylistic and artistic expressiveness, the role of a proper name in a typified reflection of reality, a proper name as a means of creating satire and humor, as well as many other types of motivated use of all categories of proper names without exception.

To determine the source of a literary proper name (whether it is real or created by the author), its artistic and pictorial purpose, stylistic shade in each specific use (in the context, situation), one has to use additional research techniques (for example: a) comparison of the name of the prototype and literary character: Kochubey's daughter was called Matrena - in Pushkin's "Poltava" she is called Maria; Shatilov, Griboedov's colleague in the regiment, became Repetilov in Woe from Wit; Rufim Dorokhov (a friend of Lermontov) served as the basis for the image and surname of Dolokhov to L. N. Tolstoy; mother of Leo Tolstoy Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya - the prototype of Princess Marya Bolkonskaya; b) a comparison of several editions of the work (in the drama of L. N. Tolstoy "The Power of Darkness" in the original version were the names Aksinya, Andreyan, in the intermediate version - Nadezhda, Timofey, in the final version - Anisya, Nikita); c) the testimonies of the writers themselves (for the name and surname of Vasily Terkin, for example, see the book: Tvardovsky A. How Vasily Terkin was written. M., 1952). You can learn more about the method of stylistic analysis of names in literary texts in articles devoted to the onomastics of the works of A. S. Griboedov, A. S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, N. V. Gogol, N. A. Nekrasov, A. N Ostrovsky, L. N. Tolstoy, A. P. Chekhov, as well as a number of Soviet writers. See the bibliography of S. I. Zinin and A. G. Stepanova “Names of Characters in Fiction and Folklore”.

However, the stylistic diversity of names in fiction ultimately comes from the stylistic richness of onomastics in life. A huge number of so-called "unofficial" anthroponyms are known (Masha, Mashenka, Mashutka, Mashka, Mashulya ...), toponyms ("our own", unofficial names of villages), folk (dialect) cosmonyms, etc., which differ from the corresponding "official" forms by colloquialism, stylistic marking, a special sphere of use. All this heterogeneous and exceptionally thin (“tinted”) material requires analysis by a stylistic method. In particular, it is relevant to study the composition and stylistic functions of onomastic vocabulary (and more complex onomastic formations - such as "full" names of a person by last name, first name, patronymic or different types"incomplete" names - by last name and first name, first name and patronymic, etc.) in various functional styles of the literary language - official business, scientific, journalistic, colloquial. Such an analysis can be both synchronous and diachronic. A complete picture of the stylistic possibilities of the onomastics of the national language can be seen after studying its functioning in all forms of its existence - in literary language, everyday colloquial speech, vernacular, territorial and social dialects. A special area, as we have seen, is the onomastics of the language of fiction.

Bondaletov V. L. Russian onomastics - M., 1983

Item 4. Anthroponyms in a literary text.

Anthroponymy (gr.ἄνθρωπος - man andὄνομα - name) - sectiononomastics, studyinganthroponyms - namespeople (host various forms, For example:Pyotr Nikolaevich Amekhin, Ivan Kalita, Igor Kio ,Pele ) and their individual components (personal names, patronymics, surnames, nicknames, pseudonyms, etc.); theirorigin,evolution, patterns of their functioning.

Anthroponymy emerged from onomastics in the 60-70s of the XX century. Until the 60s of the XX century, instead of the term "anthroponymy", the general term "onomastics" was used. This science studies the information that a name can carry: a characteristic human qualities, connection of a person with a father, clan, family, information about nationality, occupation, origin from any locality, estate, caste. Anthroponymy studies the functions of an anthroponym in speech - nomination, identification, differentiation, change of names, which is associated with age, a change in social or family status, life among people of a different nationality, joining secret societies, converting to another faith, tabooing, etc.

Famous Russian scientist, philosopher and theologianP. A. Florensky, whom contemporaries called "Leonardo da Vinci of the 20th century", belongs to the philosophical work "Names", created by him at the beginning of the twentieth century. The essence of names is revealed from historical, literary and metaphysical points of view. Pavel Florensky compiled a detailed description of 16 names, eight male and eight female:Alexander AndAlexandra , Alexei AndAnna , Vladimir AndOlga , Basil And Sfya , Nicholas AndCatherine , Paul , Konstantin , Michael , Elena , Faith , Ludmila .

The development of the main issues of anthroponymy was carried out by V.V. Bondaletov, A.A. Reformatsky, A.V. Superanskaya and others. Russian anthroponymy in the 1980-90s of the XX century was replenished with worksM. V. Gorbanevsky, Yu. A. Karpenko, N. V. Podolskaya and others. In recent decades, Russian scientists have been interested in the formation of regional anthroponymy. Only the introduction into scientific circulation of many texts from various territories of our country, including a significant number of personal names and surnames, will help to present a real picture of the formation of the anthroponymic system as a whole.

In the wake of interest in personal names, a lot of base literature of a reference nature appeared, giving “name descriptions” and characteristics of their carriers, including in combination with patronymic, zodiac sign, etc. This fashion has nothing to do with scientific research and philosophical understanding of names.

Anthroponymy is of two types: theoretical and applied.

Subjecttheoretical anthroponymy are the laws of the emergence and development of anthroponyms, their structure, anthroponymic system, models of anthroponyms, historical layers in the anthroponymy of a particular ethnic group, the interaction of languages ​​in anthroponymy, universals. Theoretical anthroponymy uses the same research methods as other sections of onomastics (special conditions, motives and circumstances for naming people are taken into account - social conditions, customs, the influence of fashion, religion, etc.).

Applied anthroponymy studies the problems of the norm in names, ways of transferring one name in different languages; contributes to the creation of anthroponymic dictionaries. The anthroponymist helps in the work of the registry office, in choosing names, in resolving some controversial legal issues of naming a person. Anthroponymy is closely connected with history, ethnography, geography, anthropology, genealogy, hagiography, literary criticism, folklore, cultural studies.

In the modern Russian anthroponymic system, each person has a personal name (selected from a limited list), patronymic and surname (the possible number of the latter is practically unlimited). There were and still are other anthroponymic systems: in Ancient Rome every man hadpraenomen – personal name (there were only 18 of them),nomen – genus name, inherited, andcognomen - a name that is inherited, characterizing the branch of the genus. IN modern Spain and Portugal, a person usually has several personal names (from the Catholic church list), paternal and maternal surnames. In Iceland, each person has a personal name (from a limited list) and instead of a surname- a name derived from the name of the father. In China, Korea, Vietnam, a person's name is made up of a one-syllable surname (in different eras there were from 100 to 400) and a personal name, usually consisting of two one-syllable morphemes, and the number of personal names is not limited. A special place in anthroponymic systems is occupied byhypocoristics (affectionate and diminutive names– Russian Masha, Petya, English Bill and Davy), as well as pseudonyms and nicknames.

The data of anthroponymy are also essential for other sections of linguistics, sociology, and the history of peoples.

anthroponym - a single proper name or a set of proper names that identify a person. In a broader sense, this is the name of any person, both real and fictional.

From the point of view of semantics, among anthroponyms stand out :

1. Personal name (name at birth). Sociolinguistic unit, a kind of proper name, one of the main personal linguistic identifiers of a person or any animate being.

2. Middle name (patronymic - naming by father, grandfather, etc.). Part of a family name given to a child by the name of the father. Variations of patronymic names can also connect their carriers with more distant ancestors - grandfathers, great-grandfathers, etc. In the pre-family period, naming by name and patronymic served the purpose of more accurate identification of a person, that is, it performed the same social function as modern surnames.

Among peoples who have more than one name in use, middle names often carry the function of patronymics as keepers of information about the immediate ancestors (fathers, grandfathers and great-grandfathers), but this patronymic function of theirs is not rigidly fixed. Patronymic - patronymic, an indication of the name of the father. In Russian, it has the ending - (v) ich, - (v) na; in ancient times also -ov, -in similarly to modern surnames (in Bulgarian it has been preserved). The patronymic as part of the nominal formula performed a triple function: it supplemented the name, distinguishing its owner (in addition to the surname) from the namesake, clarified kinship in the family circle (father - son) and expressed respect (a form of politeness). However, patronymic forms in -ov / -ev were used only in clerical speech, in official documents. In informal situations, in everyday life, Russian people called each other by their first names and patronymics in the form that is familiar to us now: the magnificence on -ovich, -evich, -ovna, -evna, -ich, -inichna was not limited. Sometimes it was even used instead of a name (as sometimes it is now), when the speaker wanted to emphasize special respect for a person, to show a shade of affection, love.

3. Surname (generic or family name). Hereditary generic name, indicating that a person belongs to one genus, leading from common ancestor, or in a narrower sense - to one family.

4. Mononym. Full names, consisting of one word (instead of, for example, traditional Russian full names from the first name, surname and patronymic), as well as people called by such names. In some cases, this name is taken by the person himself, in others it is due to the traditions of the people or given to him by other people.

5. Nickname. Informal name for a person, animal, object, etc.

Unlike a name, a nickname, as a rule, reflects not the desired, but the real properties and qualities of the carrier, the origin of their carriers, etc., and thus fixes the special meaning that these properties and qualities had for others. Nicknames can be given at different periods of life and in many cases can be known to a rather limited circle of people.

6. Aliases (various types, which can be both individual and group). The name used by a person in a particular public activity instead of the present (given at birth, recorded in official documents). In Western culture, pseudonyms are most often used by literary and artistic figures. IN Eastern cultures(especially Chinese and Japanese) the adoption of a new name when changing social status in some eras was almost mandatory for any field of activity; an analogue of this kind of obligatory pseudonyms in Western culture can be considered the obligatory change of name among priests and monks, especially in the Orthodox Church, however, to call church names clergy by pseudonyms are not accepted. With the spread of the Internet, the use of pseudonyms has become more relevant than ever: almost every Internet user has a pseudonym, which is usually called a nickname.

7. Cryptonym (hidden name). A signature under the work instead of the name of the author, which does not imply the possibility of identifying it with one or another specific person; in other words, a name calculated to hide the true author of the work. A cryptonym is usually used when publishing works that are risky in one way or another (“Affair with Cocaine” by M. Ageev, “History O” by Polina Reage) and / or in cases where these works differ in one way or another from that creative activity, with which the real name of the author is already firmly connected (cryptonym B. Akunin, taken by the famous Japanese philologist and translator Grigory Chkhartishvili for the publication of his detective novels). If successful, cryptonyms are often revealed and turned into ordinary pseudonyms or heteronyms (pseudonyms adopted for signing works chosen by the author on some basis (genre, problematic, stylistic)).

8. Anthroponyms of literary works (literary anthroponymy), heroes in folklore, in myths and fairy tales.

9. Anthroponyms - derivatives of ethnonyms (names of nations, peoples, nationalities)

There is also a classification of names according to the role of the character in the work:

The names of the main characters (of one work and passing through storyline) (for example, Max or Shurf)

Names of minor characters (of this work and the cycle of works) (for example, Bubuta)

Names of characters mentioned (e.g. Loiso)

ONOMASTICS, the science of proper names of all types, the laws of their development and functioning. Linguistic at its core, onomastics includes historical, geographical, ethnographic, cultural, sociological, literary components that help to identify the specifics of named objects and the traditions associated with their names, which takes onomastics beyond the scope of linguistics itself and makes it an autonomous discipline that uses mainly linguistic methods, closely related to the complex humanities, as well as earth and universe sciences.

Proper names react vividly to the changes taking place in nature and society, therefore proper names can serve as chronologists of texts, as well as historical and archaeological monuments. Due to the special conservatism of proper names, they survive the era in which they were created, preserving evidence of an older state of the language, and contain a large amount of linguistic and extralinguistic information that can only be obtained by linguistic methods.

All the diversity of the world of things (real, hypothetical and invented by human fantasy) is the primary basis for names – common nouns as summarizing similar facts and own as highlighting individual objects in a series named with the help of common nouns.

Just as named things are located in the earthly (and unearthly) space, the words that name them in the mind of the speaker also have a spatial distribution, similar for residents of the same locality, different for residents of distant territories. It may not look like the actual placement of named objects, but it exists and serves as a framework that supports the denotations of names. Onomastic space- this is a nominal continuum that exists in the representation of people of different cultures and is filled in different ways in different eras. In the minds of every person, the onomastic space is present in fragments. It is revealed quite fully only with a special study.

According to the Book of Genesis, the first to receive proper names were the people themselves, the places they knew on earth, animals (domestic and wild), and visible heavenly bodies. These objects and their names filled the onomastic space of ancient man. Over time, this space expanded, new types of objects received names.

The onomastic space of the modern inhabitants of Russia includes: the names of people - anthroponyms(Ivan,Marya,Anton Pavlovich Chekhov,Rurikovichi); place names - toponyms(mountain Elbrus, city Petushki, mowing Behind the swamp, The White house ), including the names of water bodies - hydronyms(river Volga, Lake Ritsa, Black Sea); animal names - zoonyms(dog Blot, horse Loud Success, goose Ivan Ivanovich); proper names of individual plants - phytonyms (Tree crying, pine Airplane); names of zones and parts of the universe - cosmonyms(constellation Capricorn, nebula Andromedae, galaxy big Magellanic Cloud); names of celestial bodies astronyms(star Vega, planet Mars, asteroid Ceres, comet Galea); names of points and time intervals - chrononyms (Petrovskaya era, Varfolomeevskaya night, era Renaissance, New year); holiday names ( Christmas, Day victories, Day geologist, Day teachers, Trinity); names of events, campaigns, wars (festival " Russian winter», Russian-Japanese war, Brusilovsky breakthrough, operation " Steel helmet»); names of enterprises, institutions, societies, parties, etc. business associations of people Russian state library, Small theater, factory " Sickle And hammer»); names of churches, monasteries ( Trinity-Sergius Lavra, temple Trinity in sheets, church Introductions under pines); names of communication routes ( The way from the Varangians to the Greeks,Vladimirsky tract,Minsk highway); names of vehicles (aircraft « Motherland», ship « Cosmonaut Gagarin», express « Yaroslavl»); names of works of art (painting by V.M. Vasnetsov Three hero, sculpture Let's reforge swords on plowed, symphony Winter dreams P.I. Tchaikovsky, opera Troubadour G. Verdi); names of periodicals (newspaper " News", magazine " Science and life»); document names ( land law,Treaty of Friendship,Peace Decree,Helsinki Agreement); titles of books, stories, poems, articles ( Monument A.S. Pushkin, novel by A.N. Tolstoy Bread); proper names of individual, especially valuable objects of material culture (gold nuggets " Camel», « Bunny ears", diamond " Shah", bells" Goat», « Ram», « Sysoy" In Rostov); names of orders, medals (order " Badge of honor", medal " Mother glory»); names of natural disasters (hurricane " Flora»); names of varieties of manufactured products and selected plants (car " Volga", cheese " Poshekhonsky", soap " Tar", cologne" Lilac", cherry " Beauty of the North", lilac " Lights of Moscow»); trademarks - signs marking goods and service marks, specially preserved and kept from moving into a common vocabulary (shampoo " Blue Wave", candies " Gold key»); names of deities Zeus,Perun); names of various spirits (genie Maimun, Daemon, Anchutka); names of various mythological realities (river Summer); character names and place names in literature and folklore ( Eugene Onegin,Sobakevich,Blue Beard, village Dyryavino, city Skotoprogonievsk); names of hypothetical geographic features ( Sannikov Land,Beringia), etc. Depending on the type of names studied, onomastics as a science is divided into private areas, among which the most studied are anthroponymy, toponymy, hydronymy and some. others (see ANTHROPONYMICS; TOPONIMICS).

The names of long-dead people and settlements that have ceased to exist fill the depth of the onomastic space; however, their place may be different depending on the significance of the denotation. Names Julius Caesar, Alexander the Great, Nero, Napoleon relevant today. Less well-known names are significant only for that chronological slice when the named person lived. The names of uninhabited cities become archeonyms, i.e. names of objects of archeology. Only a good knowledge of history and geography allows us to establish that Antarctica, Tauris, Tasmania are the names of real objects, and Atlantis, pacifida, Beringia- hypothetical. In all such cases, the images of named objects, which are formed in the representation of the members of the linguistic community, become a kind of denotations, substitutes for objects that do not really exist.

Aspects of onomastic studies are diverse. Stand out: descriptive onomastics, which is the objective foundation of onomastic research, giving a general philological analysis and linguistic interpretation of the collected material; theoretical onomastics, which studies the general patterns of development and functioning of onomastic systems; applied onomastics associated with the practice of naming, with the functioning of names in living speech and the problems of names and renaming, giving practical recommendations to cartographers, biographers, bibliographers, lawyers; onomastics works of art, constituting the section of poetics; historical onomastics, which studies the history of the appearance of names, and their reflection in the names of the realities of different eras; ethnic onomastics, which studies the emergence of the names of ethnic groups and their parts in connection with the history of ethnic groups, the relationship of ethnonyms with names of other types, the evolution of ethnonyms, leading to the creation of toponyms, anthroponyms, zoonyms, the connection of ethnonyms with names of languages ​​(linguonyms).

Modern onomastics is a complex scientific linguistic discipline with its own range of problems and methods. Onomastic research helps to study the migration routes of individual ethnic groups, identify their former habitats, establish the more ancient state of individual languages, and determine the linguistic and cultural contacts of different ethnic groups.

Onomastics is a word that has Greek origin. In translation from this language, it means "name". It is not difficult to guess that onomastics as a science studies the proper names of people. However, not only them. She is also interested in the names of peoples, animals, geographical objects. In addition, a part of onomastics, which studies the names of mountains, rivers, settlements and other things, is singled out as a separate science. It's called toponymy.

Onomastics in different senses

Proper names today are studied by representatives of various sciences (geographers, historians, ethnographers, linguists, literary critics, psychologists). However, they are primarily studied by linguists. Onomastics is a branch of linguistics. It studies the history of the emergence and transformation of names as a result of their use for a long time in the source language or by borrowing them from other languages. However, onomastics is a concept that can be considered not only as a science. In a narrower sense, these are just different types of proper names. Otherwise, they are called onomastic vocabulary.

Features of studying proper names

A significant part of human life is covered by such a concept as proper names. Their examples are numerous. They are given to everything that people create, as well as geographical objects, including those located outside our planet. The origin of names can be considered in a complex way - from the point of view of logic and etymology.

By studying proper names, you can see specific features their transmission and preservation. As a result, their research is scientific interest. The origin of certain names may be forgotten, and they themselves may not have any connection with other words of the given language. Nevertheless, a proper name even in this case retains a social meaning, that is, it is an understandable indication of a particular subject.

Often proper names are very stable. They are often not affected by the revolutionary changes taking place in the language, and even the disappearance of the language and its replacement by another does not lead to the cessation of their use. For example, today there are still names in Russian, such as Don or Volga, which have no meaning in it. However, having carried out an etymological analysis, one can see that they are of Scythian origin. Such studies provide an opportunity to restore the nature of the language that prevailed at the time of the creation of a particular name, to find out many aspects associated with it.

Onomastics and history

Zoonymy, as you probably guessed, deals with nicknames and proper names of animals (Beckingham, Arnold, Besya, Britney, Murka, Sharik).

Chrematonymy

Chrematonymy is also interested in proper names. Examples of what belongs to the field of its study are numerous. Chrematonymy is interested in those names that belong to objects of material culture (the gun "Gamayun", the sword Durandal, the diamond "Orlov"). We know that proper names are often used to denote sports societies, stadiums, individual parties ("Immortal Party", "Evergreen Party"), holidays (Geologist's Day, May Day), military units, as well as individual battles (Battle of Kulikovo, Borodino battle). Businesses identify their services or products with trademarks, which are also proper names. In addition, chrematonymy is interested in the titles of books, works of art, individual poems.

This section of onomastics is not only of academic interest. In Western countries, for example, lawsuits often arise that involve the use of a trademark name that is similar to the name of another owned by a company that produces a competing product. The decision as to whether such names can be considered similar can only be made using scientific analysis.

Karabonymics

Karabonymics is engaged in the study of the proper names of boats, ships and ships ("Varyag", "Aurora", "Memory of Mercury", "Borodino"). Note that this term was proposed by the Russian scientist Aleksushin instead of the terms "caronymy" and "natonymy" used earlier.

ergonomics

Ergonomics deals with the study of the names of various business associations of people. For example, firmonyms are the names of firms, and emporonyms are words denoting the names of stores. Ergonomics is interested in the names of cafes, bars, trade unions, billiard clubs, hairdressers, etc.

Pragmony

Pragmony is a direction in which the names of types of goods are studied. Parfunonyms, for example, are the names of fragrances, perfume products (Lauren, Chanel), chokonyms denote the names of chocolate products ("Metelitsa", "Kara-Kum").

Theonymy

Theonymy deals with the study of the names of gods, spirits, demons, characters of legends and myths. It shows how common names turned into proper names - the names of fire, wind, thunder, thunderstorms and other natural phenomena.

Questions of onomastics are very interesting, aren't they? It should be noted that the sections of this science are directly related to practice. Therefore, onomastics cannot be considered only as an occupation of "eccentric" scientists. A proper name (we gave examples of some) is studied by science, which is closely connected with our life.

The relevance of this problem is to find out what names parents call their children. Create a special "onomastic" dictionary. The study of this material increases observation, teaches us to find interesting and unexplored near us.

Name is the word that people hear most often.

Scientifically:

According to the dictionary of V. I. Dahl: “A name is a word that is called”

According to the dictionary of S. I. Ozhegov: “The personal name of a person given at birth ...”

Anthroponymy- "the science of personal names"

(dictionary of S. I. Ozhegov)

In this work, the following methods were used:

Theoretical;

Search;

Mathematical;

Questionnaire

Our research area is the science of personal names " Anthroponymy ».

Download:

Preview:

Introduction .................................................................................................4

Chapter I Anthroponymy - a section of onomastics……………………………….….6

Chapter II Names-leaders of students of the 1st building MBOU secondary school No. 19 .. 8

2.1 Female names of the 1st corps………………….………….……………………………..9

2.2 Male names of the 1st corps…………………………………………………………..11

Chapter III Questionnaire……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Chapter IV Choosing a Name………………………………………………………………………….13

Chapter V Sound theory……………………………………………………………………..14

Chapter VI Characteristics of the name………….…………………………………………….15

Chapter VII Name day……………………………………………………………………………….17

Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………….20

Bibliography………………………………………………………………………..….21

Applications ……………………………………………………………………….………….….22

Introduction

"Between living people
no one is nameless.
At the moment of birth, each
both low and noble,
Your name from your parents
receives as a sweet gift"

Homer "The Odyssey"

The relevance of this problemis to find out what names parents call their children. Create a special "onomastic" dictionary of our school (corpus 1). The study of this material increases observation, teaches us to find interesting and unexplored near us.

Goal of the work: determine the most popular names of students of the 2nd building of MBOU secondary school No. 19 in Belovo (names are leaders).

Based on purpose , we set the following tasks:

• To study the name lists of students from grades 8-11;
• Systematize, classify the material - male and female names of students;
• Give a quantitative and qualitative description of the names;
• Determine what parents are guided by when choosing a name for their child.

Name is the word that people hear most often.

Scientifically:

• According to the dictionary of V. I. Dahl: “A name is a word that is called”
• According to the dictionary of S. I. Ozhegov: “The personal name of a person given at birth ...”

Anthroponymy - "the science of personal names"

(dictionary of S. I. Ozhegov)

In this work, the following methods were used:

• Theoretical;
• Search;
• Mathematical;
• Questionnaire

Our research areais the science of personal names " Anthroponymy".

Object of study- students of the 1st building of MBOU secondary school No. 19 in Belovo.

Subject of study– male and female names of these students.

Chapter I

Anthroponymy is a section of onomastics.

Onomastics (from the Greek IT mastic - the art of giving names) is the science of the origin of names. There are several areas of onomastics.

In this case, we are interested in anthroponymy. This is a science that studies the names of people, surnames, patronymics, pseudonyms. The basis of this term is the Greek words anatropous "man"

This term is supposed to have been proposed for the first time by the Portuguese linguist J. Leyte Vasconselva in 1887. Anthroponymic name, anthroponymy - a set of personal names, affectionate, contemptuous, nicknames, patronymics, surnames, pseudonyms, etc. Let's not even take the meaning of words, but phonetics (sounds) and word formation. Are these purely internal affairs of linguistics, independent of society? An example familiar to us is three modern different names George, Yuri, Yegor. They were one name, "split" into three only phonetically. But such a difference in sounds cannot be explained if you do not know that the pronunciation of the ancient Greek George was not given either to the princes, the Varangians, whose native language was Scandinavian (hence Yurgi, which later turned into Yuri), or the people whose native language was Russian (hence Yegory, later turned into Yegor). Only by combining knowledge of the subtle features of phonetics and knowledge of the history of society, one can reach the origins of these three names. The same is true with respect to one of the purely language ways word formation - word formation: proper names, for example, the Old Slavonic Vladimir, Yaroslav among the Russians at first served exclusively for the princes, and later moved on to the nobility.

The science of personal names is a public (social) science and, of course, a linguistic (linguistic) science.

Together with the sciences of other proper names, anthroponymy constitutes onomastics.

Chapter II

Names-leaders of students of the 1st building MBOU secondary school No. 19

Total representatives of female names in 1 building - 217 people

Of them:

Leading names – Anastasia (17 people)

Anna (13 people)

Alina (12 people)

Marina (12 people)

Julia (11 people)

Total representatives of male names in 1 corpus - 210 people.

Of them:

Leading names – Alexander (17 people)

Alexey (15 people)

Dmitry (14 people)

Eugene (13 people)

Ivan (13 people)

Women's names of the 1st corps.

Men's names of the 1st corps.

Chapter III

Questionnaire

“Why did the parents give this name to their child?”

1) We conducted a survey among students of the 1st building of the MBOU secondary school of school No. 19 in Belovo.

2) 100 students took part in the survey.

85% of respondents indicated that they like their name;

15% of respondents do not like their name.

Chapter IV

Name choice

Any proper name is a word, but a word that has received special properties, a new color. These properties make even us, modern people, involuntarily feel in him, as it were, a close connection with the person himself. Often it seems to us that the name is even capable of changing the properties of its owner, or, to some extent, determines them.

Choosing a name is a serious task, because it is given until the end of life, it matters not only for the person himself, but also for the people cooperating with him. Any proper name is a word, but a word that has received special properties, a new color. These properties make even us, modern people, involuntarily feel in him, as it were, a close connection with man himself. Often it seems to us that the name is even capable of changing the properties of its owner, or, to some extent, determines them.

People had personal names at all times. Each person can be called only by name, thanks to the name all his good and bad deeds become known.

Choosing a name is a serious task, because it is given until the end of life, it matters not only for the person himself, but also for the people cooperating with him.

Chapter V

sound theory.

The name is a set of sounds of different heights and timbres. Different names - different sets of sounds, different sound stimuli for the brain. And different stimuli, as you know, excite different structures of the brain. And therefore, in a child named Vasya, who during the entire “pre-speech” period of his development hears “you” a thousand times in the words “Vasya”, “Vas-ilek”, “Vas-yutka”, there is a thousand-fold excitation of brain structures associated with reflection sounds "v", "a" and "s". Things are quite different for boys with the name Kolya. His brain structures associated with the reflection of the sounds "v", "a" and "s" are in a state of relative rest, but the structures associated with the perception of the sounds "k", "o" and "l" are constantly excited. The sound load on some brain formations in one child and a load completely different in its physiological pattern in another cannot but affect the formation of differences in the psyche of these children.

There is another mechanism for the possible influence of the name on the formation of character. As a result of studies in which people were asked to answer the question of what color they associate different names with, it turned out that for the statistically overwhelming majority of the studied, the name “Tatiana” evokes the idea of ​​​​red (and close to it) colors, while the name “Elena » is usually associated with blue (and close to it) colors. From the psychology of color, it is known that red color awakens in a person a state of anxiety, danger, suffering, while blue, on the contrary, causes a feeling of calm and peace.

Chapter VI

Name characteristic

As you know, the name largely determines the character and future of the newborn. Modern parents give their children names that are not always of Russian origin. Modern names children is the result of numerous historical turns, mixing of races and cultures of peoples. So, day after day, year after year, a list of names has been formed that are used on the territory of our country to name children. Orthodox parents can name their child any Jewish, Catholic or Muslim name, and even those that came into use during the period of creating “common happiness”. Both pagan, and South and East Slavic, and Scandinavian, and Celtic dialects are used. National names already contain not only original, but also borrowed names.

It is clear that today few people are interested in the origin and characteristics of the name. It is much more important that the name helps the child on the path of life, and just be pleasant to the ear. As a rule, when choosing a name for your baby, a person trusts his heart, determines the appropriate one on a whim. Maybe this is the surest way to determine the name of the child. We will try to give the most information to all those who are now choosing a name for their baby. In this chapter, we will collect data on the most popular and used names today. It often happens that two people, named the same, have common traits of character and even appearance. It is clear that heredity, date of birth and upbringing affect the character, but the name also occupies an important position in the formation of personality.

The decision to believe these characteristics or not, everyone will make their own. When reading the description, remember someone you know with that name, maybe you will find common features. Skeptics who regard such portraits as inventions of mankind will also find a lot of interesting things in this section. The Russian philosopher A.F. Losev once wrote that without a name, human society would remain a deaf and dumb mass in absolute darkness. “We curse and pray, by means of the name, pronouncing it. The life of a name has no limits, just as its power has no measure. The name and the word is the basis of the world ... "The name is the beginning of communication between people, the separation of one person from another and the definition of the social status of each of them. A.F. Losev believed that a person who does not have a name is an antisocial, non-individual, non-communicative animal organism, "an eternal prisoner of himself" (see Appendix 2).

Chapter VII

Name day.

Most of the names of the students of our school are in the Saints (or Monthly Words) - in the “list of saints honored by the Orthodox Church, compiled in the order of the months and days of the year, to which the celebration and honoring of each saint is timed (Small Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Athos). Each of us has name day ("Day Angel") -the popular name of the holiday of the saint named after the person, the day of his church memory. Name days are based on the church custom of naming Christians the names of saints and angels (Russian Humanitarian Encyclopedic Dictionary).

name day - This is the day of the Name. Otherwise, the day of the angel.

Each of us has his own Guardian Angel, who is always with us and who helps us to follow the right path. Our guardian angel looks at us rejoicing, worrying, helping us overcome difficulties. And this Angel deserves that once a year we take the time to thank him for all the good, kind and reasonable that he brings to us.

Name day or Angel Day is a special holiday. This day is a spiritual birth, because it is associated with the names that our heavenly patrons wear. The celebration of names began in Rus' from the 17th century. The family brewed beer, baked rolls and loaves for the birthday man. In the morning, the birthday man with his family went to church, lit candles and ordered a prayer service for health. And in the evening guests came and arranged a festive dinner. For a birthday, they still sing what they used to sing at name days: “As we baked a loaf at (someone’s) name day.”

In Russia, for example, until the seventeenth century, parents kept the name given to the child at baptism a secret in an attempt to deceive evil spirits. In Azerbaijan and Turkey, the child was given two names - one of them was false, the second was real - all in the same hope as the Russians, to mislead evil spirits. Historians and ethnographers find the custom of hiding one's name among almost all peoples of the world. The ancients were sure that the fate of a person, a city and even a state is destined in his name. With this idea, in his opinion, today's custom of changing the name is also connected. Like the ancients, it also suggests a change in fate. This is the meaning of the fact that, entering into marriage, a woman takes a new name (surname) of her husband. This is what writers and actors do when they invent a pseudonym for themselves; changing the name, taking tonsure or church rank, entering into a secret society. At the beginning of our century, the Russian researcher S. R. Mintslov wrote about the striking homogeneity of the character and properties of carriers of the same name. Based on the analysis of the names of prominent personalities of the past, he came to the conclusion that among the Alekseevs most often there are prudent people, Alexanders, as a rule, are merry fellows, and Perths are mostly quiet, quiet people, but with a firm and stubborn character. The Sergeys, Mintslov believes, are very often the fathers of prominent people: Pushkin, Griboyedov, Turgenev, Dargomyzhsky were Sergeyevichs. It is difficult to disagree with the latter, if we recall that out of a small number of leaders Soviet state, who played the most prominent role in its history, two - Khrushchev and Gorbachev - were also Sergeyevichs. Pavel Florensky, an outstanding Russian scientist and philosopher, believed that the name Alexander corresponds basically to the sanguine, with a bias towards the choleric character.

Alexandra in relation to women are helpful and kind, but their feeling for a woman rarely “explodes with a plow inner life and more often limited to light flirting. It's good with the Alekseys now and you need to be satisfied with this, not particularly counting on the fact that it will be just as good in the future. The name Elena marks female nature, Nikolai is very kind in character, Vasily usually hides tender feelings in himself. Constantine is distinguished by inconstancy.

Concerning the mysticism of names, V. A. Nikonov, a specialist in the field of anthroponymy - the science of names, recalls in his book "Name and Society" the story of Jack London, in which one woman calls her sons the name of the deceased beloved brother Samuel, and all four of them, one by one, takes away death. Interesting observations of G. Ace, who analyzed three hundred modern detective novels and found a connection between the names and fates of the characters (see Appendix 3).

Conclusion

Thus, during research work we have identified the male and female names-leaders of students of the 1st building of MBOU secondary school No. 19 in Belovo. We found out with the help of a questionnaire “Why did the parents give this name to their child?” We also compiled an anthroponymic dictionary of the names of students of the 1st building of this school (Appendix 1). They gave the characteristics of the leading names (Appendix 2), found out the name days of these names (Appendix 3).

We believe that work on this topic can be continued, supplemented by the study of the names of students of the entire school (corps 2 and 3). New leading names of all students will be identified, a complete anthroponymic dictionary of the entire school will be created.

Bibliography.

1. Anthroponymy / Ed. V.A.Nikonov, A.V.Superanskaya. - M.: Nauka, 2001 /
2. Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language M.: 1999.
3. Podolskaya N.V. Dictionary of Russian onomastic terminology. - M.,

1998.

1. Superanskaya A.V. Name - through centuries and countries - M .: LKI, 2007.
2. Superanskaya A.V. Dictionary of Russian personal names. - M., 1995.
3. Suprun V.I. Names and names. - Volgograd: press and information committee, 1997.
4. Suslova A.V., Superanskaya A.V. About Russian names. L.: 1991.
5. Khigir B.Yu. Name secret. M.: 1996.

Annex 1

Anthroponymic dictionary

Women's names

Alexandra

Alesya

Alyona

Alina

Alia

Anastasia

Angelina

Angelica

Anna

Antonina

Arina

Asya

Valentine

Vasilisa

Victoria

Violet

Galia

Daria

Evgeniya

Catherine

Elena

Elizabeth

Irina

Karina

Christina

Ksenia

maragrita

Marina

Maria

Hope

Natalia

Nina

Oksana

Olga

Svetlana

Sofia

Suzanne

Tatiana

Julia

Yana

Male names

Alexander

Alexei

Albert

Anatoly

Andrey

Anton

Artyom

Arkady

Arthur

Vadim

Valery

Benjamin

Vladimir

Vladislav

Vyacheslav

Grant

Gregory

Daniel

Denis

Dmitriy

Eugene

Egor

Zakhar

Ivan

Ilya

Kirill

Klim

Konstantin

Maksim

Mark

Marseilles

Matvey

Michael

Nikita

Nicholas

Oleg

Paul

Rinat

Rodion

Novel

Ruslan

Rustam

Semyon

Sergey

Stanislav

Stepan

Timothy

Timur

Shavkat

Sheroz

Elchin

Yuri

Appendix 2

Characteristics of names - leaders

Anastasia

Nastenka is a name from Russian fairy tales. A girl with that name is, as it were, predestined to be the most beautiful, the smartest, the most tender.
Anastasia is loved in kindergarten, at school. She will not deceive expectations - she will never be malicious and vindictive, on the contrary, defenseless against cunning, evil people She is easily deceived or offended. The girl grows dreamy, loves fairy tales, she has a well-developed imagination. But he eats badly, which often upsets parents. Grandmother will also have to make a lot of efforts to teach her to clean up toys, fold books, put things in order in her room. And in the future, having matured, Nastya will do homework only according to her mood, although in her youth she will learn to sew and cook.

Julia - “wavy, fluffy” (gr.) Mobile, it is difficult not to notice her presence. Always going up the stairs. The minion of fate - from childhood she is surrounded by worship and accepts it with dignity. Talented, with a twist. Trying to reach universal recognition, however, has a sense of tact and gives appropriate honors to the strongest. Egoza goat with graceful sharp horns. Beckons and ... leaves. Secretive, somewhat timid and indecisive. It requires increased attention and care from parents in order to bloom with unprecedented strength at the right time. It should be tactfully and persistently develop its activity.

Alina - the meaning is “noble” (French-German origin). She miraculously knows how to control herself, but in a certain situation she can become aggressive. From an early age gives parents trouble in education. She simply cannot be controlled. Alina is an extrovert by nature. Easily adapts to different situations that have developed around it, and to people. Both objective and subjective at the same time. This duality of her character begins to appear already in childhood. The girl constantly feels the need to give herself - to love someone, to patronize, to take care of someone. Parents should pay attention to this and surround her with care, then the girls will be affectionate and obedient. But in this desire to help, to protect, she sometimes shows an iron will, so do not let her sit on your head. Alina is too excitable, but this state of hers does not turn into nervousness. She manages to hide the fire of her passions under the apparent coldness. If she has something in mind, then it is impossible to dissuade her, and in no case should one use force or try to suppress her aspirations. In this case, you need to use only persuasive arguments.

Anna - “merciful” (heb.). Fair, uncompromising. Usually reserved nervous breakdowns happen rarely. In her work, she is conscientious, carefully and thinks through her plans in advance. Devoted to self-forgetfulness, kind and affectionate. Loves kids. Attentive to loved ones - the personification of a Russian woman. Gives the impression of a person with secret knowledge. Anna's health is average: fragile bones, sensitive stomach, diet should not be neglected and dinner should be late. Susceptible to injury. In childhood, you need to pay attention to the joints and eyes. Anna is an introvert by nature. She does not give in to other people's influence and herself acts favorably on others. Has a good memory. She has a strong will, and she wants to have everything, and immediately. Believes only in himself. Strong excitability balances her remarkable will. Easily resists everything that often interferes with her life.

Marina - “marine” (lat.). Characteristics of the name and character of the name. Slightly arrogant girl. It has a poorly managed character, tries to subjugate all its household members, at the same time it can recklessly succumb to the influence of more strong man. The sexual feeling awakens very early. At school, passions always boil around Marina, notes are handed over, quarrels break out between the boys, there are always those who want to carry her portfolio. And it's amazing that this happens regardless of whether Marina is beautiful or ugly. Marinas from childhood to the most advanced years have a mysterious charm, a kind of magnetism, before which men are completely defenseless. Clever, bold, uninhibited, not a laugher, but a cheerful disposition.

Alexander - “courageous defender” (gr.). Characteristics of the name and character of the name. He is always decisive, smart, witty and sociable. But often he is quick-tempered, impudent, sharp, does not respect the boundaries of decency. Whoever tries to influence him from a position of strength, let him not count on success. By nature, an introvert, tries to escape from reality, hides in his subconscious. He has a vivid imagination and incredible curiosity. Has a synthetic mindset and a reliable memory. Justifies his actions and deeds in advance, especially when he deserves condemnation. At first glance, he has remarkable willpower and he can make every effort to achieve the goal, but there is still a certain amount of doubt and shakiness in his determination. He is afraid of the unknown, often and unreasonably afraid of failure. There is some anxiety in perseverance, and it determines the inconstancy of character.

Alexei - “protector” (gr.). In childhood, a sincere, spontaneous child. Absolutely incapable of lying. Faced with injustice, he can emotionally express disagreement, do everything to spite the offender. In disputable situations, he resolutely insists on his own, clearly arguing his arguments. In games, he is a leader, enjoys authority among his peers. early childhood often prone to respiratory problems. With age, his body becomes stronger, he gets sick much less often. "December" - healthier than "summer" and "spring". Nature is emotional. Aleksey is stubborn and persistent and often gets into conflict situations without wanting to. He is an eternal fighter for justice, but adults sometimes get the impression that the boy is an incorrigible bully and bully. Pride will not allow him to prove that it was not he who was to blame for some kind of brawl, but his classmate, that he only wanted to restore justice. As a result, most of the blame falls on him.

Dmitriy - in honor of Demeter - the goddess of fertility and agriculture (gr.). Outwardly, Dima reveals a resemblance to his mother. Frequent respiratory illnesses, tonsillitis, influenza, bronchitis make him a sickly child. In childhood, he is capricious, makes increased demands on others. With age, health is strengthened, and capriciousness degenerates into stubbornness. A very strong-willed person, can explode, it is difficult to compete with him. Smart, inventive, not afraid of work. Colleagues appreciate in him sociability, the ability to easily survive failures. As a result, Dmitry achieves success in his service, he succeeds most in those professions that are associated with communication. Dmitry loves coziness, comfort, beautiful women and various pleasures. For him, there is nothing worse than limiting yourself in something. To create the necessary level of comfort for him, his wife will have to rack his brains a lot.

Ivan - a common Russian name. It can be carried by a smart good boy or a noisy bully. Vanya is always on his mind, his character combines strength and weakness, kindness and deceit, sincere openness and cunning, tenderness and unbridled rage. He is persistent, and if he thinks of something, he often goes ahead. However, sometimes, two steps from the goal, Ivan suddenly makes a sharp turn, demonstrating complete indifference to what, five minutes ago, seemed to be the meaning of his existence. The breadth of Ivan's nature is also reflected in an extremely wide range of hobbies, moods and plans. Whom you will not meet among the Ivans: from a pilot-hero or a writer - the ruler of thoughts to some recidivist bandit. Ivan is open to the world and responsive, he is always aware of the affairs of his brothers and sisters, aunts and uncles.

Eugene - “noble” (gr.). He has good health, but he quickly gets tired. He needs a long sleep, calmness and a measured lifestyle. He is susceptible to infectious diseases. Particular attention should be paid to the eyes and bronchi. Evgeny is a nervous and sentimental, psychologically unstable type of character, but he skillfully hides it. His will is rather weak. He is short-tempered and even aggressive. It is associated with indecision and self-doubt. Excitability is average, but you can expect an undesirable reaction from him to the most ordinary things. His true feelings always lurk deep in the soul, but on occasion a surge of emotions can occur. His behavior is not quite usual if he is to blame for something. He is able to act stealthily and blame anyone, so long as they do not punish him. Parents need to pay attention to this, since Eugene lies skillfully, with wide-open and honest eyes, so it’s hard not to believe him.

Appendix 3

name day

Anastasia - January 4, March 23, April 5, May 10, June 9, July 17, August 10, November 11, December 26.

Alina -

Anna - January 11, February 16, March 11, April 13, May 11, June 25, July 18, August 13, September 10, November 10, December 11.

Alexander - January 3rd, February 7th, March 8th, April 9th, May 4th, June 8th, July 6th, August 7th, September 9th, October 9th, November 12th, December 8th.

Dmitriy - January 4, February 7, March 4, April 1, May 2, June 1, July 3, August 1, September 8, October 4, November 8, December 14.

Ivan - January 2, February 3, March 5, April 2, May 2, June 5, July 4, August 6, September 5, October 6, November 5, December 5.

Eugene - January 21, February 25, March 20, August 31, September 20, October 29, November 20, December 23.

Onomastics - what kind of science is it?

If you have ever studied surnames, first names or wanted to find information about your own surname, you have probably come across incomprehensible terms - onomastics. So, onomastics - what kind of science is it?

Translated from Greek, onomastics means the art of giving names. Speaking dry scientific language, then onomastics is a specialized section of linguistics that studies proper names, the history of the emergence of names, their transformation during long-term use in the source language or when borrowed from another language. In a narrower sense, onomastics is the study of proper names of various types, onomastic vocabulary. Now you already have some idea what onomastics is - what kind of science is it? Let's look at what directions onomastics has. Onomastics includes the following sections: anthroponymy, astronomy, toponymy, zoonymy, cosmonymy, chrematonymy, pragmonymy, carabonymy, theonymy. Let's dwell on each in more detail.

Anthroponymy is a specialized section that studies the proper names and surnames of people (anthroponyms), the origin of surnames and names, their change and transformation in the process of long-term use, their geographical distribution, social function, development and overall structure anthroponymic systems. An anthroponym is understood as any proper name (Andrey, Natalya, etc.), patronymic (Nikolaevich, Ivanovna, etc.), surname (Vorotyntsev, Savelyeva, etc.), pseudonym (sov. writer Arkady Golikov - Arkady Gaidai, etc.), nickname (Slanting, Evil, etc.), nicknames (Lantern, Spring, etc.).

Astronomy deals with the study of the names of all celestial objects or individual names of celestial bodies (Moon, Sun, stars, comets, etc.).

Cosmonymy deals with the study of the names of objects exclusively in outer space, for example: scientific and folk names galaxies, constellations, etc.

Toponymy studies the proper names of any geographical objects and formations (both scientific and folk). For example: the Volga River, Russia, Mount Everest, etc.

The section of onomastics, called zoonymy, deals with the study of proper names and nicknames of animals (Squirrel, Sharik, Tuzik, etc.).

Chrematonymy. The object of study of chrematonymy are the names of objects related to material culture humanity (sword "Durandal", diamond "Orlov", etc.).

Karabonymics is engaged in the study of the proper names of various boats, ships, and other ships (Titanic, Aurora, etc.).

Theonymy is a section of onomastics that studies the proper names of various deities and gods of any culture (Poseidon, Zeus, Thor, etc.).

Pragmony is responsible for the study of the names of different goods. For example, chokonyms are chocolate products (“Chamomile”, “Red Poppy”, etc.).

Probably, now the answer to the question is “onomastics - what kind of science is this?” almost completely open. It remains only to dwell on the functions of onomastics. Why is she needed at all?

The main essence of onomastic research is to identify and understand the migration routes of all peoples, the study of cultural contacts and the confusion of languages ​​associated with them. Onomastics is also engaged in the study of ancient dialects and the initial state of the languages ​​of different nationalities. Highest value in onomastics has anthroponymy. Onomastic studies have various aspects. Here are the main ones: descriptive onomastics (general philological and linguistic analysis), theoretical (general laws and principles of functioning of all onomastic systems), applied onomastics (assignment and function of names), onomastics of works of art (cultural aspect), historical onomastics (history of names) , ethnic (emergence, features and function of all ethnic groups).

Proper names react sharply to any changes that have taken place and are taking place in society, cultures and nature. Therefore, with the help of onomastic research, it is possible to trace many important historical events that happened to humanity. All the huge variety of our world of things, real, invented and only hypothetical, is the primary basis of common names that summarize similar facts and proper names that distinguish individual objects from a number of common names named with the help of common names. In the same way that things with names are placed on earthly and extraterrestrial space, the words that name them are placed in the minds of people who use them, so to speak, have a spatial arrangement (onomastic space) in the human mind, different for residents of different regions of our planet. Similar spatial distribution is typical for residents of the same locality, people from the same region. The onomastic space can be described as a nominal continuum that exists in the minds of people and it differs for each different culture, time period of history. In the consciousness of each individual person, the onomastic space is present in a fragmented composition. It is possible to fully identify it only with a specialized study.

If you believe the religions of many peoples, then the heavenly bodies, animals, places on earth (known at that time), and the people themselves had the first names. Only this limited number of objects and objects filled the onomastic space of the consciousness of ancient people. As time passed, expanding the boundaries of knowledge, a person began thereby to expand the boundaries of onomastic space. Everything that mankind has known, discovered, invented and created, now has its own names and fills a truly huge onomastic space of all mankind. Also, according to religions, using onomastics, one can come to the conclusion that all the most ancient cultures (standing at the origins of mankind) had approximately the same onomastic space.