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Most Recognized classic literature- list best books. World foreign and Russian classics. We highly recommend. 😉
Sylvia Plath. Under a glass cover
Esther Greenwood is invited to New York for an internship at a women's fashion magazine. She goes there determined to conquer the city and become a writer. But behind the magnificent backstage hide an indifferent society and difficulties. adulthood. Esther ceases to control herself, and she is overcome by depression and loneliness. Further
Ken Kesey. Above the cuckoo's nest
A work describing tough and maximally honest images of common ground common sense and craziness, brought Ken Kesey the title of the most talented writer. At the time of its appearance, the novel was popular among representatives of beatniks and hippies, but even now it has not lost its relevance. Further
William Somerset Maugham. Theater
What is hidden in the book? A graceful and sarcastic narration by a gorgeous, witty actress who goes through a midlife crisis while dating a young kidnapper. female hearts? Conceited stories of the rampant twenties? Or is it a thrilling romance for all time? One thing is clear for sure, "Theater" will be to the taste of even the most fastidious reader. Further
This book will help students of all ages. With it, neither children nor parents will have to spend a lot of their time looking for a certain work: the collection already contains a large number of necessary literature recommended by teachers. Further
The main character, who is a bank employee, is suddenly arrested on the day he turns 30. But he is not taken into custody, and he, using this, tries to figure out what he was guilty of. In this process, he becomes more and more immersed in the judicial world. Will the hero be able to figure out what the essence of the accusation is? Further
Kerouac became famous all over the world thanks to his work "On the Road", although the attitude of different people towards him was very contradictory. The novel tells about the plight and suffering of one generation of people in a very unusual, non-linear way, and the focus is on Dean, a wit who loves to drink and women. Further
Famous novel in the Polish classics, written in historical genre. Events develop in the middle of the 16th century. Then the Swedes were eager to conquer Poland. But the Poles also caused confusion among their people: someone went over to the side of the enemy, someone tried with all his might to protect his land. And in the center of events - the adventures of a couple in love. Further
A novel that will be relevant absolutely at all times. The book touches on the themes of religion and philosophy, perfectly revealed in a perfectly constructed plot: the actions of each character carry great sense. In this work, the author showed how immorality can be avoided in society. Further
The original opposite of the well-known dystopia "Oh wonderful world". What's worse for people? A consumer-dominated society that has been reduced to meaninglessness? Or is it an idea-dominated society that has led to ideal perfection? Orwell believes that the worst thing is the massive loss of freedom. Further
The book tells about the generations of the family Buendia family. Events during the war Forbidden love between family members, the emergence of new people, magic - all this can be found in the work of Marquez. The novel involves the reader in the feelings of each character: his feelings and loneliness are acutely felt. Further
Tragedies of people in wartime, problems lost generation. This book will reveal the gamut of all feelings from love to betrayal. The heroes of the novel are three friends who are united by the front, their feelings, thoughts about the past, desires and dreams are described. This is a work for those who want to immerse themselves in the life of the last century. Further
The book that laid the foundation for the culture of European postmodernism. It can be perceived in different ways: a masterpiece novel of avant-garde, written in the style of surrealist philosophy, or vice versa, a masterpiece philosophical story, written in the style of a novel with surrealism. Further
The busy life of the 20s of the last century, when it was popular to have luxurious parties, when people were sure that they would find happiness only after reaching great heights of power and wealth. And Gatsby, who futilely pursued the dream of love, was inherent in all this. Further
The boys, who had just recently graduated from school and had not yet had time to know adult life, found themselves in a war that spares no one, along with their teacher. Young men try to find joy in the most ordinary things, in what they had not paid attention to before, because every day may be the last. Further
Events are developing in a sanatorium in which there are people with tuberculosis. There is an acute sense of being cut off from the rest of the world, with which it is occasionally possible to communicate via mail. Here, no one is afraid of death anymore, everyone desperately clings to the slightest manifestations of relationships between people, this helps not to go crazy. Further
A masterpiece in literature that will never lose its relevance: people of all times will read this book with great pleasure. Jane Austen was the first to show that the novel can be a serious genre that lacks superficiality in the plot. With this, she won universal love. Further
A book that draws you headlong into the story of hard fates two brothers and sisters who begin to live separate lives after their father dies. Everyone on the way meets many obstacles that prevent you from finally reaching your dream. The work teaches you to find happiness in what you already have, but have not yet learned to appreciate. Further
Hugo writes about how people who are not accepted by society live. For example, a man who was sentenced to as much as 20 years because he was caught forced to steal bread, because he poor family was starving; or the boy who lived on the street. The novel touches on the themes of crime, police, politics and the church. Further
At the time of the first delivery of the novel, books were subjected to strict censorship, it was impossible to allow the publication of forbidden topics, therefore this work was cut by almost a third. This option books collected from all the materials that were found in the archive, he is the first complete edition which you can read. Further
A well-written piece that deserves to be filmed. But if you want to feel the full gamut of emotions and fully immerse yourself in a deep story about a crazy woman leading nowhere, unrequited love beautiful paralyzed girl to a soldier, then you should read this novel by Zweig. Further
It was the world's most popular classical literature - a list of the best books. Not all Russian and foreign classics are here, but if you have favorite works, write about them in the comments and we will add them to the list. 😉
(Russian) is a broad concept, and everyone puts their own meaning into it. If you ask readers what associations it evokes in them, then the answers will be different. For some, this is the basis of the library fund, someone will say that the works of classical Russian literature are a kind of sample with high artistic merit. For schoolchildren, this is everything that is studied at school. And they will all be absolutely right in their own way. So what exactly is classical literature? Russian literature, today we will talk only about it. ABOUT foreign classics we will talk in another article.
Russian literature
There is a generally accepted periodization of formation and development domestic literature. Its history is divided into the following time periods:
What works are called classics?
Many readers are sure that classical literature (Russian) is Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy - that is, the works of those writers who lived in the 19th century. It's not like that at all. The era of the Middle Ages and the 20th century can be classical. By what canons and principles to determine whether a novel or a story is a classic? First, a classic work must have a high artistic value to be a model for others. Secondly, it must have worldwide recognition, it must be included in the fund of world culture.
And you need to be able to distinguish between the concepts of classical and popular literature. A classic is something that has stood the test of time, and oh popular work can quickly forget. If its relevance continues for more than a dozen years, perhaps it will eventually become a classic as well.
Origins of Russian classical literature
IN late XVIII century, the newly formed nobility of Russia split into two opposing camps: conservatives and reformers. Such a split was due to different attitudes towards the changes that took place in life: Peter's reforms, understanding of the tasks of the Enlightenment, the sore peasant question, attitude towards power. This struggle of extremes led to the rise of spirituality, self-consciousness, which gave rise to Russian classics. We can say that it was forged in the course of dramatic processes in the country.
Classical literature (Russian), having been born in the complex and contradictory 18th century, was finally formed in XIX century. Its main features are: national identity, maturity, self-awareness.
Russian classical literature of the 19th century
The growth of national consciousness played an important role in the development of the culture of that time. Opening more and more educational institutions, intensifies public importance literature, writers begin to pay much attention mother tongue. even more made me think about what is happening in the country.
Karamzin's influence on the development of 19th century literature
Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin, the greatest Russian historian, writer and journalist, was the most influential figure in the Russian cultures XVIII-XIX centuries His historical novels and the monumental "History of the Russian State" had a huge impact on the work of subsequent writers and poets: Zhukovsky, Pushkin, Griboedov. He is one of the great reformers of the Russian language. Karamzin introduced a large number of new words into use, without which we cannot imagine modern speech today.
Russian classical literature: a list of the best works
Select and list the best literary works- the task is difficult, because each reader has his own preferences and tastes. A novel that for one will be a masterpiece, another will seem boring and uninteresting. How, then, to compile a list of classical Russian literature that would satisfy the majority of readers? One way is to conduct surveys. On their basis, it is possible to draw conclusions about which work the readers themselves consider the best of the proposed options. These data collection methods are carried out regularly, although the data may vary slightly over time.
The list of the best creations of Russian classics, according to the versions of literary magazines and Internet portals, looks like this:
Under no circumstances should you consider this list reference. In some ratings and polls, not Bulgakov, but Leo Tolstoy or Alexander Pushkin may be in the first place, and some of the writers listed may not exist at all. Ratings are extremely subjective. It is better to make a list of your favorite classics for yourself and focus on it.
The Importance of Russian Classical Literature
The creators of Russian classics have always had a great social responsibility. They never acted as moralizers, did not give ready-made answers in their works. Writers set a difficult task for the reader and forced him to think about its solution. They raised in their works serious social and public problems, which even now have for us great importance. Therefore, Russian classics remain as relevant today.
All the romantic pathos that shrouded the Middle Ages is presented in Ivanhoe. Valiant Knights, lovely ladies, castle sieges and the political subtleties of vassal relations - all this found a place in the novel by Walter Scott.
In many ways, it was his creation that contributed to the romanticization of the Middle Ages. The author described historical events, which cover the period in English history after the Third crusade. Of course, there were some serious artistic improvisations and fiction, but this made the story only more exciting and beautiful.
It was impossible not to include in this selection the most famous creation of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol. For many schoolchildren, the study of "Dead Souls" is the highlight of the literature lessons.
Nikolai Gogol is one of the few classics who knew how to write about the problems of petty-bourgeois life and Russia as a whole in such a sarcastically direct tone. There is neither the epic heaviness of Tolstoy, nor the unhealthy psychologism of Dostoevsky. Reading is easy and enjoyable. However, hardly anyone will deny him the depth and subtlety of the observed phenomena.
The adventure novel "The Headless Horseman" is multi-layered: detective and love motives are intertwined in it. Plot intricacies create intrigue and keep in suspense until the very last pages books. Who is this headless horseman? A ghost, a figment of the heroes' imagination, or someone's insidious trick? You are unlikely to fall asleep until you get an answer to this question.
Charles Dickens was extremely popular during his lifetime. People were waiting for him following novels about the same as we are now waiting for the release of some "Transformers". The educated English public loved his books for inimitable style and story dynamics.
"Death notes Pickwick Club» - the most funny work Dickens. The adventures of English snobs who proclaimed themselves explorers human souls are full of ridiculous and comical situations. Social issues, of course, is present here, but it is presented in such a simple form that one cannot fall in love with English classic after reading it is simply impossible.
"Madame Bovary" is rightfully considered one of the greatest novels world classics. This title does not detract from the fascination of Flaubert's creation - the defiant story of Emma Bovary's love adventures is bold and daring. After the publication of the novel, the writer was even brought to trial for insulting morality.
The psychological naturalism that permeates the novel allowed Flaubert to clearly reveal the problem that is relevant in any era - the convertibility of love and money.
Most famous work Oscar Wilde is touched by the deeply developed image of the protagonist. Dorian Gray, an aesthete and a snob, has an extreme beauty that contrasts with the internal ugliness that develops over the course of the story. You can revel in watching Gray's moral decline, allegorically reflected in the visual change in his portrait, for hours on end.
"American tragedy" - the wrong side american dream. The desire for wealth, respect, position in society, money is characteristic of all people, however, for the majority, the path to the top is closed by default for various reasons.
Clyde Griffiths - a native of the grassroots, who is trying with all his might to break into high society. He is ready to do anything for his dreams. But society, with its ideals of success as an absolute life purpose is itself a catalyst for the violation of morality. As a result, Clyde breaks the law in order to achieve his goals.
To Kill a Mockingbird is an autobiographical novel. Harper Lee described her childhood memories. The result is a story with an anti-racist message, written in a simple and in plain language. Reading the book is useful and interesting, it can be called a textbook of morality.
Not so long ago, a continuation of the novel was published under the title " Go set a watchman". It's got so much inside out characters. classical work writers that cognitive dissonance when reading cannot be avoided.
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Now the current generation sees everything clearly, marvels at the delusions, laughs at the foolishness of its ancestors, it is not in vain that this chronicle is scribbled with heavenly fire, that every letter screams in it, that a piercing finger is directed from everywhere at him, at him, at the current generation; but the current generation laughs and arrogantly, proudly begins a series of new delusions, which will also be laughed at by descendants later. "Dead Souls"
For what? Like an inspiration
Love the given subject!
Like a true poet
Sell your imagination!
I am a slave, a day laborer, I am a merchant!
I owe you, sinner, for gold,
For your worthless piece of silver
Pay the divine price!
"Improvisation I"
Literature is a language that expresses everything that a country thinks, wants, knows, wants and needs to know.
In the hearts of the simple, the feeling of the beauty and grandeur of nature is stronger, more alive a hundred times than in us, enthusiastic storytellers in words and on paper.
"Hero of our time"
Everywhere there is sound, and everywhere there is light,
And all the worlds have one beginning,
And there is nothing in nature
No matter how love breathes.
In days of doubt, in days of painful reflections on the fate of my homeland, you alone are my support and support, O great, powerful, truthful and free Russian language! Without you, how not to fall into despair at the sight of everything that happens at home? But one cannot believe that such a language was not given to a great people!
Poems in prose "Russian language"
So, complete your dissolute escape,
Prickly snow flies from the bare fields,
Driven by an early, violent blizzard,
And, stopping in the forest wilderness,
Gathering in silver silence
Deep and cold bed.
Listen: shame on you!
It's time to get up! You know yourself
What time has come;
In whom the sense of duty has not cooled down,
Who has an incorruptible heart,
In whom is talent, strength, accuracy,
Tom shouldn't sleep now...
"Poet and Citizen"
Is it possible that even here they will not allow and will not allow the Russian organism to develop nationally, by its organic strength, but certainly impersonally, servilely imitating Europe? But what to do with the Russian organism then? Do these gentlemen understand what an organism is? Separation, "split" from their country leads to hatred, these people hate Russia, so to speak, naturally, physically: for the climate, for the fields, for the forests, for the order, for the liberation of the peasant, for Russian history, in a word, for everything, hate for everything.
Spring! the first frame is exposed -
And noise broke into the room,
And the blessing of the nearby temple,
And the talk of the people, and the sound of the wheel ...
Well, what are you afraid of, pray tell! Now every grass, every flower rejoices, but we hide, we are afraid, just what kind of misfortune! The storm will kill! This is not a storm, but grace! Yes, grace! You are all thunder! The northern lights will light up, it would be necessary to admire and marvel at the wisdom: “the dawn rises from the midnight countries”! And you are horrified and come up with: this is for war or for the plague. Whether a comet is coming, I would not take my eyes off! Beauty! The stars have already looked closely, they are all the same, and this is a new thing; Well, I would look and admire! And you are afraid to even look at the sky, you are trembling! From everything you have made yourself a scarecrow. Eh, people! "Storm"
There is no more enlightening, soul-purifying feeling than the one that a person feels when he gets acquainted with a great work of art.
We know that loaded guns must be handled with care. But we do not want to know that we must treat the word in the same way. The word can both kill and make evil worse than death.
There is a well-known trick of an American journalist who, in order to increase the subscription to his magazine, began to print in other publications the most brazen attacks on himself from fictitious persons: some printed him out as a swindler and perjurer, others as a thief and murderer, and still others as a debauchee on a colossal scale. He did not skimp on paying for such friendly advertisements, until everyone thought - yes, it’s obvious that this is a curious and remarkable person when everyone shouts about him like that! - and began to buy up his own newspaper.
"Life in a Hundred Years"
I ... think that I know the Russian person in his very depths, and I do not put myself in any merit for this. I did not study the people by conversations with St. Petersburg cabbies, but I grew up among the people, on the Gostomel pasture, with a cauldron in my hand, I slept with him on the dewy grass of the night, under a warm sheepskin coat, and on the Panin’s swaying crowd behind circles of dusty manners ...
Between these two colliding titans - science and theology - there is a stunned public, quickly losing faith in the immortality of man and in any deity, quickly descending to the level of a purely animal existence. Such is the picture of the hour illuminated by the radiant midday sun of the Christian and scientific era!
"Isis Unveiled"
Sit down, I'm glad to see you. Cast away all fear
And you can keep yourself free
I give you permission. You know one of these days
I was elected king by the people,
But it's all the same. They confuse my thought
All these honors, greetings, bows...
"Crazy"
- What do you need abroad? - I asked him at a time when in his room, with the help of servants, his things were being packed and packed for shipment to the Varshavsky railway station.
- Yes, just ... to come to your senses! - He said confusedly and with a kind of dull expression on his face.
"Letters from the Road"
Is it really a matter of going through life in such a way as not to offend anyone? This is not happiness. Hurt, break, break, so that life boils. I am not afraid of any accusations, but a hundred times more than death I am afraid of colorlessness.
Verse is the same music, only combined with the word, and it also needs a natural ear, a sense of harmony and rhythm.
You experience a strange feeling when, with a light touch of your hand, you make such a mass rise and fall at will. When such a mass obeys you, you feel the power of a person ...
"Meeting"
The feeling of the Motherland should be strict, restrained in words, not eloquent, not chatty, not “waving your arms” and not running forward (to show yourself). The feeling of the Motherland should be a great ardent silence.
"Solitary"
And what is the secret of beauty, what is the secret and charm of art: in a conscious, inspired victory over torment or in the unconscious anguish of the human spirit, which sees no way out of the circle of vulgarity, squalor or thoughtlessness and is tragically condemned to appear self-satisfied or hopelessly false.
"Sentimental Remembrance"
Since my birth I have been living in Moscow, but by God I don’t know where Moscow came from, why it is, why, why, what it needs. In the Duma, at meetings, I, along with others, talk about urban economy, but I don’t know how many miles in Moscow, how many people there are, how many are born and die, how much we receive and spend, for how much and with whom we trade ... Which city is richer: Moscow or London? If London is richer, then why? And the jester knows him! And when some question is raised in the thought, I shudder and the first one starts shouting: “Submit to the commission! To the commission!
Everything new in the old way:
The modern poet
In a metaphorical outfit
Speech is poetic.
But others are not an example for me,
And my charter is simple and strict.
My verse is a pioneer boy
Lightly dressed, barefoot.
1926
Influenced by Dostoevsky and foreign literature, Baudelaire and Poe, my fascination began not with decadence, but with symbolism (even then I already understood their difference). A collection of poems, published at the very beginning of the 90s, I entitled "Symbols". It seems that I was the first to use this word in Russian literature.
The run of changeable phenomena,
Past those flying, speed up:
Merge into one sunset of accomplishments
With the first gleam of gentle dawns.
From the lower life to the origins
In a moment, a single review:
In the face of a single smart eye
Take your twins.
Immutable and wonderful
Blessed Muse gift:
In the spirit of the form of slender songs,
There is life and heat in the heart of the songs.
"Thoughts on Poetry"
I have a lot of news. And all are good. I'm lucky". I am writing. I want to live, live, live forever. If you only knew how many new poems I have written! More than a hundred. It was crazy, a fairy tale, new. I publish new book, quite different from the previous ones. She will surprise many. I changed my understanding of the world. No matter how funny my phrase sounds, I will say: I understood the world. For many years, perhaps forever.
K. Balmont - L. Vilkina
Man is the truth! Everything is in man, everything is for man! Only man exists, everything else is the work of his hands and his brain! Human! It's great! It sounds... proud!
"At the bottom"
I'm sorry to create something useless and no one needs now. Collection, book of poems given time- the most useless, unnecessary thing... I don't mean to say that poetry is not needed. On the contrary, I affirm that poetry is necessary, even necessary, natural and eternal. There was a time when whole books of poetry seemed necessary to everyone, when they were read in full, understood and accepted by everyone. This time is past, not ours. For the modern reader no need for a collection of poems!
Language is the history of a people. Language is the path of civilization and culture. Therefore, the study and preservation of the Russian language is not an idle occupation with nothing to do, but an urgent need.
What nationalists, patriots these internationalists become when they need it! And with what arrogance they sneer at the "frightened intellectuals" - as if there is absolutely no reason to be frightened - or at the "frightened townsfolk", as if they have some great advantages over the "philistines". And who, in fact, are these townsfolk, "prosperous philistines"? And who and what do the revolutionaries care about, if they so despise the average person and his well-being?
"Cursed Days"
In the struggle for their ideal, which is “freedom, equality and fraternity”, citizens must use such means that do not contradict this ideal.
"Governor"
“Let your soul be whole or split, let your understanding of the world be mystical, realistic, skeptical, or even idealistic (if you are unhappy before that), let the techniques of creativity be impressionistic, realistic, naturalistic, the content be lyrical or fabulous, let there be a mood, an impression - whatever you want, but, I beg you, be logical - may this cry of the heart be forgiven me! – are logical in design, in the construction of the work, in syntax.
Art is born in homelessness. I wrote letters and stories addressed to a distant unknown friend, but when a friend came, art gave way to life. Of course, I'm not talking about home comfort, but about life, which means more than art.
"We are with you. Diary of love"
An artist can do nothing more than open his soul to others. It is impossible to present him with predetermined rules. He is still an unknown world, where everything is new. We must forget what captivated others, here it is different. Otherwise, you will listen and not hear, you will look without understanding.
From Valery Bryusov's treatise "On Art"
Well, let her rest, she was exhausted - they exhausted her, alarmed her. And as soon as it's light, the shopkeeper will rise, she will begin to fold her goods, she will grab a blanket, she will go, pull out this soft bedding from under the old woman: she will wake the old woman, raise her to her feet: it's not light, it's good to get up. It's nothing you can do. In the meantime - grandmother, our Kostroma, our mother, Russia!
"Whirlwind Rus'"
Art never speaks to the crowd, to the masses, it speaks individual person, in the deep and hidden recesses of his soul.
Mikhail Andreevich Osorgin (Ilyin) (1878 - 1942)
How strange /.../ How many cheerful and cheerful books there are, how many brilliant and witty philosophical truths - but there is nothing more comforting than Ecclesiastes.
Babkin dared, - read Seneca
And, whistling carcasses,
Take it to the library
In the margins, noting: "Nonsense!"
Babkin, friend, is a harsh critic,
Have you ever thought
What a legless paraplegic
Light chamois is not a decree? ..
"Reader"
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A critic's word about a poet must be objectively concrete and creative; the critic, while remaining a scientist, is a poet.
"Poetry of the word"
Only great things are worth thinking about, only great tasks should be set by the writer; set boldly, without being embarrassed by your personal small forces.
“It’s true, there are both goblin and water ones here,” I thought, looking in front of me, “or maybe some other spirit lives here ... A mighty, northern spirit that enjoys this wildness; maybe real northern fauns and healthy, blond women roam in these forests, eating cloudberries and lingonberries, laughing and chasing each other.
"North"
You need to be able to close a boring book...leave a bad movie...and part with people who don't value you!
Out of modesty, I will be careful not to point out the fact that on the day of my birth the bells were rung and there was a general rejoicing of the people. Gossips They associated this jubilation with some great holiday that coincided with the day of my birth, but I still don’t understand what else is there to do with this holiday?
That was the time when love, good and healthy feelings were considered vulgar and a relic; no one loved, but all were thirsty and, like poisoned ones, fell to everything sharp, tearing apart the insides.
"The Road to Calvary"
- Well, what's wrong, - I say to myself, - at least in a short word for now? After all, exactly the same form of farewell to friends exists in other languages, and there it does not shock anyone. great poet Walt Whitman, shortly before his death, said goodbye to readers with a touching poem "So long!", Which means in English - "Bye!". The French a bientot has the same meaning. There is no rudeness here. On the contrary, this form is filled with the most gracious courtesy, because here the following (approximately) meaning is compressed: be prosperous and happy until we see each other again.
"Live Like Life"
Switzerland? This is a mountain pasture for tourists. I've traveled all over the world myself, but I hate those ruminant bipeds with a Badaker for a tail. They chewed through the eyes of all the beauties of nature.
"Island of Lost Ships"
Everything that I wrote and will write, I consider only mental rubbish and do not respect my literary merits. And I wonder, and I wonder why in appearance smart people find some meaning and value in my poems. Thousands of poems, whether mine or those poets whom I know in Russia, are not worth one chanter of my bright mother.
I am afraid that Russian literature has only one future: its past.
Article "I'm afraid"
For a long time we have been looking for such a task, similar to lentils, so that the combined rays of the work of artists and the work of thinkers directed by it to a common point would meet in common work and could ignite even the cold substance of ice into a fire. Now such a task - a lentil that guides together your stormy courage and the cold mind of thinkers - has been found. This goal is to create a common written language...
"Artists of the World"
He adored poetry, tried to be impartial in his judgments. He was surprisingly young at heart, and perhaps even in mind. He always looked like a child to me. There was something childish in his clipped head, in his bearing, more like a gymnasium than a military one. He liked to portray an adult, like all children. He loved to play the “master”, the literary bosses of his “humil”, that is, the little poets and poetesses who surrounded him. Poetic children loved him very much.
Khodasevich, "Necropolis"
Me, me, me What a wild word!
Is that one over there really me?
Did mom love this?
Yellow-gray, semi-gray
And omniscient like a snake?
You have lost your Russia.
Did you resist the elements
Good elements of gloomy evil?
No? So shut up: took away
Your fate is not without a reason
To the edge of an unkind foreign land.
What's the point of groaning and grieve -
Russia must be earned!
"What You Need to Know"
I never stopped writing poetry. For me, they are my connection with time, with new life my people. When I wrote them, I lived by those rhythms that sounded in heroic history my country. I am happy that I lived in these years and saw events that had no equal.
All the people sent to us are our reflection. And they were sent so that we, looking at these people, correct our mistakes, and when we correct them, these people either change too or leave our lives.
In the wide field of Russian literature in the USSR, I was the only one literary wolf. I was advised to dye the skin. Ridiculous advice. Whether a painted wolf or a shorn wolf, he still does not look like a poodle. They treated me like a wolf. And for several years they drove me according to the rules of a literary cage in a fenced yard. I have no malice, but I am very tired ...
From a letter from M. A. Bulgakov to I. V. Stalin, May 30, 1931.
When I die, my descendants will ask my contemporaries: "Did you understand Mandelstam's poems?" - "No, we did not understand his poems." "Did you feed Mandelstam, did you give him shelter?" - "Yes, we fed Mandelstam, we gave him shelter." "Then you are forgiven."
Maybe go to the Press House - there is one sandwich with caviar and a debate - "about the proletarian choral reading", or to the Polytechnic Museum - there are no sandwiches, but twenty-six young poets read their poems about the "locomotive mass". No, I will sit on the stairs, shivering from the cold and dream that all this is not in vain, that, sitting here on the step, I am preparing the distant sunrise of the Renaissance. I dreamed both simply and in verse, and the result was boring iambs.
"The extraordinary adventures of Julio Jurenito and his students"
The works of classical literature, undoubtedly, are the foundations of the foundations: they contain the culture, history, philosophy of the people about which the authors narrated in their works. In the niche of world classical literature, Russian literature occupies a rather significant place: a huge number of works by Russian authors are read with pleasure abroad. We will try to consider the 15 most iconic works Russian classical literature, which everyone should be familiar with.
A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"
The most famous novel in verse tells us unusual story love between the main character, Eugene Onegin and Tatyana. Their feelings are born in different time and affect the characters in different ways: having fallen in love first, Tatyana, after an explanation with her beloved, withdraws into herself, but, in fact, remains herself. Onegin, however, a feeling that flared up much later changes him beyond recognition. He appears before the reader full of passion and tenderness, having lost his former coldness and pride, and capable of a real, sincere, human feeling. Against the backdrop of the main storyline, the remaining actions of the novel unfold, during which the Russian poet poses a huge number of important problems, such as the social, everyday and cultural way of the entire Russian society of the early 19th century.
A.N. Ostrovsky "Dowry"
An immortal play that tells about the sad fate of Russian women, the heartlessness of rich people and the petty-bourgeois character small people. It was superbly filmed by E. Ryazanov.
Stories by A.P. Chekhov
Chekhov wrote many stories, both funny and tragic. Main character Chekhov is an ordinary person with his daily affairs and worries. The stories "Rothschild's Violin", "Ward No. 6", "The Remedy for Binge", "The Man in the Case", " Invisible to the world tears,” etc., tell us that no one else understood the soul of a Russian person like Chekhov. Despite the genre, Chekhov's stories are precious stone Russian literature.
A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit"
The main idea of Griboedov's comedy is expressed in the title of the work. The main character, Chatsky, who has returned from abroad, arrives at the house of the nobleman Famusov to see his daughter Sophia, his ex-lover. This is where it happens, its a pretty nasty encounter with everything" Famus Society”: by Famusov himself, Sophia, Molchalin, Skalozub, who live fenced off from the world with their stereotypes and long-outdated views of the world. Progressive, educated, who looked at the world in a different way, they instantly take Chatsky as crazy and dangerous to society. The problem of a person who stands out from the stereotypical crowd and because of this is not accepted by society, so sharply posed by Griboyedov, is still relevant to this day.
L.N. Tolstoy "Anna Karenina"
The main storyline of this novel is tragic story love between married Anna Karenina and officer Vronsky. Meeting your true love changes Anna's life, she is ready to sacrifice everything for her, but does not see a reciprocal gesture in her direction from her lover. A heroine forced to fight own feelings and public contempt, decides to throw himself under a train. The problematics of the work are questions about marriage, love and family that concern modern society no less than at the time of writing this novel.
L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace"
Tolstoy's epic novel describes the life of Russian society in the period Patriotic War with Napoleon, hence the title of the novel. Scenes of war are replaced by scenes of peaceful life, where hundreds acting heroes reveal to readers their character, their spiritual qualities and life values. Among the huge number of heroes, Pierre Bezukhov and Andrei Bolkonsky stand out against the background of the rest, whose names are known even to those who are not familiar with this novel. The first is soft, fearful of committing wrong deeds, non-conflict later becomes a Decembrist. Bolkonsky, presented at the beginning of the novel as cold, tired of the whole society around him, is revealed as a sensitive nature, capable of a feat for the sake of his homeland and strong feeling towards the woman he loves. This novel, certainly deserves the attention of any connoisseur of literature for its variety of issues raised and all the brightness and contrast of the described social life.
F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"
The plot of the socio-psychological novel is based on the murder of an old pawnbroker by Rodion Raskolnikov and its further state of mind, searching for an answer to the question "is he a trembling creature or has the right." The reader is immediately struck by the problem of poverty raised by the author, which, in part, pushes terrible act Raskolnikov. But here the author's idea borders on faith in goodness and love, on the ability to forgive and on those bright feelings that should suppress cruelty in the struggle for power.
M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Flows the Don"
Sholokhov's novel touches on the pictures of the life of the Cossacks, their traditions, customs and life values. Their cruel, strict mores of life make the Cossacks special, and the forbidden love of Grigory and Aksinya unfolding against this background is unusual, contrary to all rules, rebellious, but sincere to the core.
N.V. Gogol "Inspector"
Everyone famous comedy Gogol's "Inspector General" sets as its primary goal the ridicule of the city authorities, who, having learned about the arrival of the auditor, were seriously worried, and then, in his presence, began to frankly grovel before him, having missed only one important detail- Khlestakov, taken by them for an auditor, turned out to be the most common cunning and deceiver from the street. The problems of bribery, neglect of one's duties, pettiness and cowardice are brought to the fore in Gogol's comedy.
N.V. Gogol "Dead Souls"
The book tells about the adventures of Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov, the protagonist of the poem, a former collegiate adviser posing as a landowner. Chichikov arrives in an unnamed town, a certain provincial "city N" and immediately tries to gain confidence in all the inhabitants of the city of any importance, which he successfully succeeds. The hero becomes an extremely welcome guest at balls and dinners. The townspeople of the unnamed city are unaware of Chichikov's true goals. And its purpose is to buy up or gratuitously acquire dead peasants, who, according to the census, were still registered as living with local landlords, and then register them in their own name as living.
M.Yu. Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time"
It will be about spiritual world person. This topic is well disclosed thanks to the contradictory image of Pechorin. This man is not pleasant character, not always noble deeds, but also completely difficult fate. Someone may condemn him for his treatment of Bela, Maxim Maksimych and Princess, someone sympathizes with him, especially after his monologue about the hardship of his fate in "Princess Mary". Pechorin is a person who is in deep conflict with society, but at the same time, a person who cannot but arouse admiration from this same society by the strength of his personality.
I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"
The novel became a landmark for its time, and the image of the protagonist Yevgeny Bazarov was perceived by young people as an example to follow. Such ideals as uncompromisingness, lack of reverence for authorities and old truths, the priority of the useful over the beautiful, were perceived by the people of that time and were reflected in Bazarov's worldview.
I.S. Turgenev "Notes of a hunter"
The classic hunted a lot in the Oryol province. There he met different people, he followed the life of the Russian people, which he describes in his book. This collection of short stories published in 1847-1851 in the Sovremennik magazine and published by separate edition in 1852. Three stories were written and added by the author to the collection much later.
M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita"
The main problem of the novel "The Master and Margarita" is the search for truth, the search for oneself, one's personality, one's direction, life path. Truth is represented here by the Master's novel, but the one who comprehends and finds the truth inevitably becomes mentally ill. One of the main ideas in the novel is also the struggle between good and evil, which affects all the heroes of the novel, intertwining the genres of science fiction, satire and philosophy. Although the novel was published in Soviet time, it has become an undisputed classic.
M.A. Bulgakov "Heart of a Dog"
At the heart of the story dog's heart"- a story about how Professor Preobrazhensky decides to transplant a human pituitary gland and ovaries to a homeless dog. His fantastic experiment ends with the transformation of a cute stray dog into a disgusting representative of the proletariat Sharikov. The problem of the proletariat, by the way, is one of the main problems of the story. The post-revolutionary structure of society, which causes undisguised irritation of Preobrazhensky, makes the reader think deeply.
