Architecture is commonly understood as a field of human activity that deals with the organization of space and solves all kinds of spatial problems. To put it simply, it deals with the tasks of improvement human existence, surrounding it with harmonious and useful objects.
Currently, four types of architectural activity are known:
Urban planning. This concept refers to the theory and practice of urban planning and development. This is a separate discipline, covering a complex of artistic, socio-economic, technical-construction and sanitary-hygienic problems of mankind. This discipline has two beginnings - the will of the architect (urban planner) and historical conditions. In other words, cities can appear as if by the will of some people ( a prime example to the city of St. Petersburg, which was built by the will of Peter I), and as a result of any historical events(for example, Moscow, a city that arose as a result of many historically significant events).
Urban development has been around for a very long time. Since ancient times, people began to gather in communities and build dwellings, thus forming small settlements, which later grew to the scale of cities. IN modern world urban planning includes several stages - regional planning, general city planning, detailed planning, development and detailed design.
Architecture. By itself this concept is a synonym. Accordingly, their definitions are the same. Earlier in Ancient Rus' architects were called architects, that is, persons involved in the planning and construction of various structures. As a rule, this direction involves working with wooden materials. In our time, architecture is not as in demand as it was in the ancient and Middle Ages. Basically, this direction is used in the construction of private wooden houses according to individual projects.
Landscape. This is a kind of art on the use of small architectural forms in green building. In other words, these are certain actions for the improvement of parks and gardens, the planning of various compositions from plantations. Task landscape design consists in creating harmonious compositions that are combined with the main buildings and structures, or located apart from them. In this case, green spaces (trees, shrubs, flowers, etc.), reservoirs (streams, ponds, waterfalls, fountains) and various small forms (benches, lanterns, obelisks, etc.) can be used.
Interior Design. In this case, it means making interior decoration premises, creating a certain interior. In other words, it is the creation of a comfortable human environment. In this case, the designer, taking into account the personal preferences of the owner of the premises, creates such a room, living in which the owner will feel most comfortable.
Many organizations experience constant difficulties and are in constant search of synchronization of the goals and objectives of the business and the development processes of their information systems. There is, as it were, a "cloud of uncertainty" between the definition of the organization and the IT infrastructure that provides it with its goals and objectives.
The process of translating these goals into specific IT systems is often very undeveloped and limited to the annual budget process, in which business and IT representatives are the main way to communicate and interact.
Rice. 3.1."Cloud of uncertainty" between organizational goals and information technology
Architecture information technologies and the architecture of the enterprise as a whole is precisely the main mechanism for interpreting and implementing the goals of the organization through adequate IT infrastructure and systems. This is achieved through the creation a certain amount interrelated architectural concepts. There are many methodologies for describing an architecture, and they all break down an enterprise architecture into different quantity models and definitions that relate to areas such as business, information, application systems, technological infrastructure.
Business models describe the organization's strategy, governance structures, requirements, constraints, and rules, as well as key business processes, including the relationships and dependencies between them. Those. business architecture describes at the enterprise level as a whole how the main functions of the organization are implemented, including organizational and functional structures, roles and responsibilities.
Information architecture defines key assets associated with structured and unstructured information required by the business, including location, time, types of files and databases and other information stores.
Describes those systems that provide the necessary functionality to implement the logic of the organization's business processes.
From point of view technological architecture, important models include a description of the IT services that are required to implement the other three architecture areas listed above. Moreover, the logical models of IT services are built in an abstract, technologically independent form and leave freedom for optimal choice specific technologies.
But, in the end, the architecture of the enterprise ends with physical models that are determined by the technologies, hardware and software platforms chosen to implement IT services.
The term "IT architecture" can mean many similar in meaning, but, nevertheless, different concepts. For various people The meaning of the same term can be different.
One of the simplest (Webster's Dictionary) is that IT architecture is "the way that is used to organize and integrate the components of a computer system".
Another definition is that "The architecture of a system consists of several components, external properties and interfaces, connections and imposed restrictions, as well as the architecture of these internal components". Iterative, hierarchical construction of the architecture allows us to solve another important task - to facilitate its perception by a person.
Rice. 3.2. Enterprise Architecture Elements
The "architectural view" of systems (both IT systems and business systems) is defined in ANSI/IEEE 1471-2000 as "the fundamental organization of a system, consisting of a set of components, their interconnections, and external environment, and the principles that guide their creation and development.
In the very general view, according to Gartner definitions, an architecture is:
1. overall plan or a concept used to create a system, such as a building or an information system, or "an abstract description of a system, its structure, components, and their relationships";
2. a family of guidelines, concepts, rules, patterns, interfaces, and standards used in building the enterprise information technology suite.
Note that the first definition focuses on the description of existing and future systems, the second on the process of building them.
A few more definitions:
1. "Architecture is an investment in standards of processes, technologies, and interfaces to improve the capabilities of organizations and reduce the cost of developing and maintaining information systems. The benefits of investing in architecture extend to several projects at once, but not all of these projects may be known at the time of architecture development ";
2. "Enterprise IT architecture is the vision, principles and standards that guide organizations in the development and implementation of technologies" (Giga Group);
The IT architecture and the principles of its construction, on the one hand, depend on the overall strategic plans, business needs of the organization, the general vision of the role of IT in the activities of the organization, and on the other hand, determine many aspects, such as the accepted practice for planning capital expenditures, ensuring life cycle systems, etc..
Let us now consider in more detail what separate concepts exist within the concept of "architecture" and how they are related to each other:
hierarchy of architectures of various organizational systems;2. relationship between objective reality and subjective perception;
3. relationships between system-wide architecture and private architectures.
Just like in construction, there are different levels of architecture (city plan, area plan, plans for individual buildings), further detailing of high-level definitions and classification of business and information technology architecture is required. various levels. Thus, we can talk about the architecture of the enterprise as a whole, the architecture of the level of individual projects or a family of products, we can talk about the architecture of a separate application system. And in the first, and in the second, and in the third case, these are all architectures. The question lies in the decomposition of complex systems and at what level certain architectural decisions are made.
Enterprise architecture defines overall structure and system functions (business and IT) throughout the organization as a whole (including partners and other organizations that form the so-called "extended enterprise") and provides a common framework (framework), standards and guidelines for individual project level architecture. The common vision provided by the enterprise architecture creates the possibility of a unified design of systems that are adequate in terms of meeting the needs of the organization, and capable of interoperability and integration where necessary. A little later we will return to the definition of the concept of enterprise architecture.
Project Level Architecture defines the structure and functions of systems (business and IT) at the level of projects and programs (sets of projects), but in the context of the entire organization as a whole, i.e. not in an isolated consideration of individual systems. The individual project-level architecture details, conforms to, and exists within the enterprise architecture.
Application systems architecture defines the structure and functions of applications that are developed to provide the required functionality. Some elements of this architecture may be defined at the enterprise or project architecture level (in the form of standards and guidelines) in order to use best practice and conform to the principles of the architecture as a whole.
Rice. 3.3. Levels of architectural decision making
Distinctive characteristic architecture decisions is that these decisions must be made from a broad, or systems, perspective. Any decision that can be made locally (for example, within a subsystem) is not architectural for the system as a whole. This makes it possible to distinguish between detailed design and decision making about the practical implementation of the system, on the one hand, and architectural solutions- with another. The former decisions have a local impact, while the latter have a systematic effect. Therefore, design decisions need an appropriate broader perspective to take into account the systemic impact of decisions more high level, which makes it possible to achieve the desired level of compromises and agreements between constituent parts to ensure the proper level of quality of the system as a whole.
For example, if the system we are considering is an application software system, then the freedom to make decisions that can be made at the level of its individual components or modules should be given to the respective developers of these subsystems.
The application system architect must consider issues that are important to the system as a whole.If the subject of consideration is the architecture of a project or some solution (for example, a project to create an organization portal that integrates information from a number of information systems), then decisions about the architecture of individual application systems should be made, respectively, by the developers of these systems. At the level of the project architecture, only those issues that are of systematic importance or important to the project as a whole should be considered. For example, in our portal example, these might be decisions about the metadata structure that all application systems must follow so that information from these systems can be published on a single portal.
In this sense, to further clarify the subject of the content of this course, we can say that we are discussing issues and approaches that relate mainly to the level of the enterprise as a whole. In this case, an enterprise is understood as an organization (or government department) with the entire set of its information systems, or a state (region, city) with a corresponding set of information systems of departments.
The defining characteristic that distinguishes an enterprise architecture (or Enterprise Architecture) from other types of architectures is the appropriate enterprise scale and scope. It crosses and permeates all internal organizational boundaries: the boundaries of various business units and the boundaries of individual functions.
Each information system is a complex, complex object, which, moreover, dynamically changes over time. Thus, the architecture will be some model of a real system that changes dynamically, keeping the same as the original, as shown in Fig. 3.4.
Rice. 3.4. Architecture as a model of the real information system
The second postulate is that two concepts are distinguished:
1. the actual architecture of the information system - as an objective reality, including existing components and their connections;
2. description of architecture (architecture description) - a reflection of the objective or planned reality in some documented form.
The interrelation of these concepts is illustrated in fig. 3.5
Rice. 3.5. Description of architecture as a projection of reality
The separation of these concepts leads to interesting consequences. System architecture (outer area - Fig. 3.5) is by definition an infinitely complex, deep and implicit concept. Only part of it general concept, which in principle is accessible to architects, can be translated into an explicit documented form - a model or a set of models with inevitable simplifications, limitations and subjective distortions.
Thus, the IT architecture exists independently of the projects undertaken in the organization for its description, ordering and development. Let us turn once again to the construction analogy: the lack of IT solutions or their unsystematic adoption in practice leads to the emergence of a "zoo" of hardware and applications, reminiscent of spontaneous development in the absence of urban plans, the appearance of wagons and "shanghai" with all the ensuing consequences.
In the following, we will use the term "architecture", which, depending on the context, can mean both existing reality, and the corresponding description.
Another formal definition is given in the IEEE 1471 standard of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, which provides a metamodel for defining an architecture.
This standard defines the abstract elements of an architecture such as views, systems, environments, rationales, stakeholders, and so on. in accordance with the scheme shown in fig. 3.6.
Rice. 3.6. IEEE 1471 architecture framework
In accordance with this view, the system has a certain architecture, which can be described in a certain way from different points of view, depending on the interest of those people (participants) who consider the architecture of the system. Each point of view on the architecture of the system corresponds to a certain representation, which is based on a certain set of models.
The development of system architecture is close in meaning to the concept of system design. Generally speaking, Systems engineering(Systems Engineering is an interdisciplinary approach and tools designed to create successful systems. It focuses on identifying customer needs and required functionality at the beginning of the development cycle, on requirements documentation, moving to design synthesis and comprehensive system validation, with full consideration of such issues as operation, performance, testing, manufacturing, cost and planning, training and support, through to decommissioning Systems engineering integrates all relevant disciplines and teams into a team effort, creating a structured development process that runs from concept to production of a system • System design takes into account both the business needs and the technical needs of all customers in order to obtain a quality product that meets the needs of users.
Under "software architecture", again depending on the context, can be understood as the architecture of application interaction within an enterprise information system (i.e. application architecture), and the architecture of program modules or the architecture of interaction of different classes within a single application. Each of the marked architectures, in turn, can be considered with one or another level of detail and from a certain point of view. So, for software architecture, the following perspectives or levels of architecture description are traditional:
1. conceptual architecture defines the components of a system and their purposes, usually informally. This view is often used to discuss with non-technical people such as management, business managers, and end users the system's functionality (what the system should be able to do, mainly from the end user's point of view);
2. logical architecture highlights, first of all, the issues of interaction between the system components, interfaces and protocols used. This view allows efficient organization of parallel development;
3. physical implementation, which describes binding to specific hosts, types of equipment, characteristics of the environment, such as, for example, used OS and so on.
All these "private" architectures - system architecture, software architecture - are nevertheless of significant interest for our attention, since they rely on the same approaches and methods, and also use similar means of describing and presenting results.
Enterprise Architecture (Enterprise Architecture)
Architecture is commonly understood as a field of human activity that deals with the organization of space and solves all kinds of spatial problems. To put it simply, architecture deals with the tasks of improving human existence, surrounding it with harmonious and useful objects.
architectural activity
This grouping includes activities aimed at creating architectural object(buildings, structures, a complex of buildings or structures, their interior, landscaping, landscape or landscape gardening art):
Creation architectural project
Coordination of development of all sections project documentation for construction or renovation
Organization professional activity architects
Currently, four types of architectural activity are known:
urban planning . This concept refers to the theory and practice of urban planning and development. This is a separate discipline, covering a complex of artistic and architectural, socio-economic, technical, construction and sanitary problems of mankind. This discipline has two beginnings - the will of the architect (urban planner) and historical conditions. In other words, cities can arise both by the will of some people (a vivid example of this is the city of St. Petersburg, which was built by the will of Peter I), and as a result of any historical events (for example, Moscow, a city that arose as a result of many historically significant events).
Urban development has been around for a very long time. Since ancient times, people began to gather in communities and build dwellings, thus forming small settlements, which later grew to the scale of cities. In the modern world, urban planning includes several stages - regional planning, city master plan, detailed planning project, development project and detailed design.
Architecture. the main branch of architecture associated with the design and construction of buildings and structures. In itself, this concept is synonymous with architecture. Accordingly, their definitions are the same. Previously, in Ancient Rus', architects were called architects, that is, persons involved in the planning and construction of various structures. As a rule, this direction involves working with wooden materials. In our time, architecture is not as in demand as it was in the ancient and Middle Ages. Basically, this direction is used in the construction of private wooden houses according to individual projects.
Landscape design. This is a kind of art on the use of small architectural forms in green building. In other words, these are certain actions for the improvement of parks and gardens, the planning of various compositions from plantations. The task of landscape design is to create harmonious compositions that are combined with the main buildings and structures, or located apart from them. In this case, green spaces (trees, shrubs, flowers, etc.), reservoirs (streams, ponds, waterfalls, fountains) and various small forms (benches, lanterns, obelisks, etc.) can be used.
Interior Design . In this case, it means the design of the interior decoration of the premises, the creation of a certain interior. In other words, it is the creation of a comfortable human environment. In this case, the designer, taking into account the personal preferences of the owner of the premises, creates such an interior of the room, living in which the owner will feel most comfortable.
Question. Civil Code of the Russian Federation. Rights and obligations of the customer and the architect.
Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
The Civil Code of the Russian Federation, along with the federal laws adopted in accordance with it, is the main source of civil legislation in Russian Federation. Norms civil law contained in other normative legal acts cannot contradict the Civil Code. The Civil Code of the Russian Federation, work on which began at the end of 1992, and initially went in parallel with work on Russian Constitution 1993 - Consolidated law, consisting of four parts. In connection with the huge amount of material that required inclusion in the Civil Code, it was decided to accept it in parts.
The first part of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, which entered into force on January 1, 1995, (with the exception of certain provisions), includes three of the seven sections of the code (section I "General Provisions", section II "Property and other property rights", section III « a common part law of obligations). This part of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation contains the fundamental norms of civil law and its terminology (on the subject and general principles civil law, the status of its subjects (individuals and legal entities)), objects of civil law ( various types property and property rights), transactions, representation, statute of limitations, ownership, as well as the general principles of the law of obligations.
The second part of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, which is a continuation and addition to the first part, was put into effect on March 1, 1996. It is completely devoted to section IV of the code " Separate types obligations." Based on the general principles of the new civil law of Russia, enshrined in the 1993 Constitution and part one of the Civil Code, part two establishes a detailed system of norms on individual obligations and contracts, obligations from causing harm (torts) and unjust enrichment. In terms of its content and significance, the second part of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation is a major stage in the creation of a new civil legislation of the Russian Federation.
The third part of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation includes Section V "Inheritance Law" and Section VI "International Private Law". In comparison with the legislation that was in force before the entry into force on March 1, 2002 of part three of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the rules on inheritance have undergone major changes: new forms of wills have been added, the circle of heirs has been expanded, as well as the circle of objects that can be transferred in the order of hereditary succession; introduced detailed rules relating to the protection of the inheritance and its management. Section VI of the Civil Code, dedicated to the regulation of civil law relations complicated by a foreign element, is a codification of the norms of private international law. This section, in particular, contains rules on the qualification of legal concepts in determining the applicable law, on the application of the law of a country with a plurality legal systems, about reciprocity, return sending, establishing the content of the norms of foreign law.
The fourth part of the Civil Code (entered into force on January 1, 2008) consists entirely of Section VII "Rights to the results of intellectual activity and means of individualization." Its structure includes general provisions- norms that apply to all types of results of intellectual activity and means of individualization or to a significant number of their types. The inclusion of norms on intellectual property rights in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation made it possible to better coordinate these norms with the general norms of civil law, as well as to unify the terminology used in the field of intellectual property. The adoption of the fourth part of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation completed the codification of domestic civil legislation.
The Civil Code of the Russian Federation has passed the test of time and extensive practice of application, however, economic offenses, often committed under the guise of civil law, have revealed the lack of completeness in the law of a number of classical civil law institutions, such as the invalidity of transactions, the creation, reorganization and liquidation of legal entities, the assignment claims and transfer of debt, pledge, etc., which necessitated a number of changes to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation systemic. As noted by one of the initiators of such changes, the President of the Russian Federation D.A. Medvedev, “The current system needs not to be reorganized, fundamentally changed, ... but to be improved, unlocking its potential and developing implementation mechanisms. The Civil Code has already become and should remain the basis for the formation and development of civilized market relations in the state, an effective mechanism for protecting all forms of ownership, as well as the rights and legitimate interests of citizens and legal entities. The Code does not require fundamental changes, but further improvement of civil legislation is necessary ... "
On July 18, 2008, Decree of the President of the Russian Federation N 1108 "On the improvement of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation" was issued, which set the task of developing a concept for the development of the civil legislation of the Russian Federation. October 7, 2009 The concept was approved by the decision of the Council for Codification and Improvement Russian legislation and signed by the President of the Russian Federation.
Architecture - this is an activity to create an artistically meaningful spatial environment for the life processes of society in specific natural conditions, organically combining the rationalism of the scientific and technical method with the freedom and creative inspiration of the artistic method.
The concept of architecture includes the activity and its result, architectural design and the building itself. At the same time, for an architect, architecture is first of all activity, designation of the process of creating an architectural object.
architectural space- this is the real three-dimensional space of our planet, accommodating a person. The latter allows us to consider it four-dimensional. Architectural space is the subject of architecture and its central category.
So, object of architecture - specific historical space. Architectural space, as we understand it, is a combination of internal, enclosing and external spaces.
Inner space- functional and typological essence of architecture, the soul of an architectural object. The inner space is saturated life energy object, provides the conditions for its normal functioning.
enclosing space- material and constructive. This physical body architectural object. The enclosing space is formed by a "dense" space of structures, building materials, and engineering equipment. The "material shell" of the enclosing space ensures the normal life of people in buildings.
outer space- natural, urban - is a prerequisite and condition for the existence of an architectural object as a unity of internal and enclosing spaces. It forms the spirit of an architectural object. External space is an information and energy field that exists in historical infinity, “feeding” the act of birth of an architectural object.
visible shape, as philosophers say, "appearance", appearance, can only arise like a border between two of the listed spaces: external and enclosing (external form), enclosing and internal (internal form). In any building, the external visible form is its facade, the internal external form is the interior of the premises.
Properties architectural space, which are taken into account in architectural design:
– geometry– the size and shape of the space is necessary for human activities, equipment placement and movement of people;
– the state of the air environment(microclimate) - the volume of air for breathing with optimal parameters of temperature, humidity and speed of its movement, corresponding to the normal heat and moisture exchange of the human body for the implementation of this activity, the degree of air purity;
- sound mode– conditions of audibility in the room and protection from disturbing sounds;
– light mode- working conditions of the organs of vision, determined by the degree of illumination of the room, color characteristics;
– visibility and visual perception - conditions for the work of people associated with the need to see various objects in the room.
Quality architectural space depends on the combination of these properties.
Function - this concept, a theoretical abstraction, denoting the practical purpose of an architectural object. Translated from Latin means "execution". The function of a building is the spatial embodiment of activity and the activity embodied in the space of an architectural object. Function is not space or activity. The function is unity spaces and activities.
In architectural design, a function is expressed in several forms:
- function as target creation of an architectural object;
- function as process, movement, change;
– function as expressed expediency.
The function is expressed in functional diagrams, materializes in the plans of the building, since everything life processes in architecture pass on a horizontal plane.
Each architectural object and all its elements perform their specific function. Therefore, it is possible to distinguish between main, main, ancillary and additional functions. The value of the function depends on the place of the element in the object's design system.
architectural objects buildings, structures and structures are considered.
The structure or structure of an architectural object forms its internal form. Unlike the outer form, the inner form is invisible, or rather, very difficult to see. The perception of the inner form passes through all the senses in time. You can understand and evaluate the structure of an architectural object if you walk through the entire building, go around it from the outside, or analyze the drawings. The structure of an architectural object reflects professional level perception and evaluation of buildings, is described with the help of drawings - plans, sections, facades (Fig. 1).
Rice. 1 The structure of the architectural object
The patterns of formation of the structure of the building are studied by the basics of composition, the skills of compositional modeling are fixed in educational architectural design.
Internal form or structure represents organic compound into a single whole - an architectural object - internal, enclosing and external space.
The interior space of an architectural object is its soul, it is formed by the function, it is evaluated by the benefit.
The enclosing space of an architectural object - its physical body, is formed by the structure, evaluated by strength.
The external space of an architectural object determines its spirit, is shaped by the context, and is valued by beauty.
In this regard, the structure of an architectural object in the design process is formed by three groups of factors: social-functional, engineering-constructive and architectural-artistic.
To the group socio-functional factors includes socio-demographic and national-ethnographic characteristics of the consumer, the life and behavior of the consumer, the technology of services or production.
group engineering design factors form structural systems and methods of building construction, Construction Materials and engineering equipment.
group architectural and artistic factors make up natural-climatic, town-planning, socio-cultural and socio-economic conditions. Socio-cultural conditions include experience; values; traditions; assessments accumulated by society, peoples in the course of their historical development.
Each group of factors plays a dominant role in a certain type of space. Thus, social and functional factors are the most important for the interior space, engineering and design factors determine the design of the enclosing space, and architectural and artistic factors are more important for the exterior space.
An architect with a certain shaping methods, i.e., the way of processing the existing conditions and turning them into a building project, carries out the process of architectural design. The result of this process is the creation ideal model building - project, and then building it.
Questions:
1. Define the concept of "architecture".
2. What does the concept of architecture include?
3. What are the two tasks of architecture?
4. What are the properties of architectural space?
5. In what forms is the function of architectural design expressed?
The earliest surviving paperwork above the subject of architecture - De Architecture, Roman architect Vitruvius (early 1st century AD). According to Vitruvius, a good building must satisfy the three principles firmitas, utilitas, venustas, the well-known original translation - firmness, goods and pleasures. Equivalent modern language will:Durability - the building must be sustainable and remain in good condition long time.
Functionality - it must be suitable for the purposes for which it is created.
Beauty - it should be aesthetically pleasing.
According to Vitruvius, an architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who develops the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise De Re Aedificatoria, mainly dealt with beauty, although ornament also played a role. For Alberti, the rules of proportion were those that defined the idealized human figure, the golden mean.
Thus, the most important aspect beauty was an integral part of the subject, not something superficial, and it was based on universal, recognizable truths. The concept of style in art was not developed until the 16th century, until the work of Vasari by the 18th century, which described the lives of the most outstanding artists, sculptors and architects, the works have been translated into Italian, French, Spanish and English.
In the early 19th century, Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin wrote Contrasts (1836), in which he contrasted the modern, industrial world he had debased with an idealized image of the neo-medieval world. Gothic architecture, Pugin believed, was the only "true Christian form of architecture".
English artistic critic XIX century, John Ruskin, in his work The Seven Lamps of Architecture, published in 1849, was much more specific in his idea of what architecture is. Architecture was "an art that so disposes and decorates the buildings created by people ... that the sight of them contributes to its mental health, strength and pleasure."
For Ruskin, aesthetics were of paramount importance. His work states that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is "decorated" in some way. For Ruskin, a well-built, well-proportioned, functional building at the very least needed string courses or rustication.
On the difference between the ideals of architecture and the simplicity of construction famous architect 20th century Le Corbusier wrote: “You use stone, wood and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: this is building. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I'm happy and I say: it's beautiful. This is Architecture."
Le Corbusier's contemporary Ludwig Mies van der Rohe said: “Architecture begins when you carefully put two bricks together. It starts there."
