Author of the classic treatise "Analytical Mechanics", in which he established the fundamental "principle of possible displacements" and completed the mathematization of mechanics. He made a grandiose contribution to the development of analysis, number theory, probability theory and numerical methods, created the calculus of variations.
Life path and works
Lagrange's father - half-French, half-Italian - served in the Italian city of Turin as the military treasurer of the Sardinian kingdom.
Lagrange was born on January 25, 1736 in Turin. Due to financial difficulties of the family, he was forced to start early independent life. At first, Lagrange became interested in philology. His father wanted his son to become a lawyer, and therefore assigned him to the University of Turin. But a treatise on mathematical optics accidentally fell into Lagrange's hands, and he felt his true vocation.
In 1755, Lagrange sent Euler his paper on isoperimetric properties, which later became the basis of the calculus of variations. In this work, he solved a number of problems that Euler himself could not overcome. Euler incorporated Lagrange's praise into his work and (together with d'Alembert) recommended the young scientist to foreign membership in the Berlin Academy of Sciences (elected in October 1756).
In the same year, 1755, Lagrange was appointed teacher of mathematics at the Royal Artillery School in Turin, where, despite his youth, he enjoyed the fame of an excellent teacher. Lagrange organized a scientific society there, from which the Turin Academy of Sciences subsequently grew, publishes works on mechanics and the calculus of variations (1759). Here, for the first time, he applies analysis to the theory of probability, develops the theory of oscillations and acoustics.
1762: first description common solution variational problem. It was not clearly substantiated and met with sharp criticism. Euler in 1766 gave a rigorous justification for variational methods and subsequently supported Lagrange in every possible way.
In 1764, the French Academy of Sciences announced a competition for best job on the motion of the moon. Lagrange presented a paper on the libration of the Moon (see Lagrange point), which was awarded the first prize. In 1766, Lagrange received the second prize of the Paris Academy for his research on the theory of the motion of the satellites of Jupiter, and until 1778 he was awarded three more prizes.
In 1766, at the invitation of the Prussian King Frederick II, Lagrange moved to Berlin (also on the recommendation of d'Alembert and Euler). Here he first headed the Physics and Mathematics Department of the Academy of Sciences, and later became the President of the Academy. In her Memoirs he published many outstanding works. He married (1767) his maternal cousin, Vittoria Conti, but in 1783 his wife died.
The Berlin period (1766-1787) was the most fruitful in Lagrange's life. Here he did important work in algebra and number theory, including rigorously proving several of Fermat's assertions and Wilson's theorem: for any prime number p expression is divisible by p.
1767: Lagrange publishes his memoir "On the Solution of Numerical Equations" and then a number of additions to it. Abel and Galois later drew inspiration from this brilliant work. For the first time in mathematics, a finite permutation group appears. Lagrange conjectured that not all equations above the 4th degree are solvable in radicals. A rigorous proof of this fact and concrete examples such equations were given by Abel in 1824-1826, and General terms solvability was found by Galois in 1830-1832.
1772: Elected foreign member of the Paris Academy of Sciences.
In Berlin, Analytical Mechanics (M?canique analytique) was also prepared, published in Paris in 1788 and became the pinnacle of scientific activity Lagrange. Hamilton called this masterpiece " scientific poem". The basis of all statics is the so-called. the principle of possible displacements, the basis of dynamics is a combination of this principle with the d'Alembert principle. Generalized coordinates are introduced, the principle of least action is developed. For the first time since the time of Archimedes, a monograph on mechanics does not contain a single drawing, which Lagrange was especially proud of.
Name: Veniamin Kaverin (Veniamin Zilber)
Age: 87 years old
Activity: writer, screenwriter
Family status: widower
Veniamin Kaverin: biography
Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin - Russian Soviet writer, playwright and screenwriter. Member of the literary group "Serapion Brothers" and laureate Stalin Prize. Author cult book for many generations of youth - the novel "Two Captains", which was read by millions.
Veniamin Zilber - this is the real name of the prose writer - took the creative pseudonym Kaverin. And along with him, he inherited from the prototype - the hussar and duelist Pyotr Kaverin, a young friend, bred by him under his last name in "Eugene Onegin" - directness and unwillingness to compromise.
Childhood and youth
In Pskov, an already large family was waiting for an addition: to two daughters and a son, three more boys were added, the youngest of whom was the future prose writer. Later, the writer will call his family complex, unfriendly, but in its own way wonderful and noticeable in a provincial town.
The head of the family was a talented man, musically gifted. In the barracks, where Zilber Sr. rehearsed army marches with the orchestra, two-thirds of the day passed. So Anna Grigorievna, mother, managed the household and six offspring as best she could.
Like her husband, Anna was a musically gifted and educated woman. A graduate of the Moscow Conservatory virtuoso played the piano and saved the stunted family budget with paid music lessons.
Energetic, intelligent Anna Zilber-Dessan organized concerts in the provinces famous artists. Thanks to her, Vera Komissarzhevskaya and visited Pskov. All children knew how to play different instruments, read a lot and listened with curiosity to the discussions of adults discussing cultural events in a city or country.
The younger and very inquisitive Veniamin listened to the conversations of the brothers and their friends - the future writers and scientists Yuri Tynyanov, August Letavet and Miron Harkavy.
In 1912, Kaverin entered the local gymnasium. Admission was not easy for the boy: from the birth of a humanist, he twice failed the exam in arithmetic. The 6 years spent in the walls of the gymnasium were remembered by bright events.
Childhood ended in the winter of 1918, when the Germans entered Pskov. Books helped to get away from the harsh reality. Young people - realists, seminarians, students - argued about creativity, and. The authority for the young Kaverin was Yuri Tynyanov, who married his sister Elena. Tynyanov criticized the semi-childish poems of 13-year-old Venya, although he noted a good style. He was the first to advise Kaverin to write prose.
Literature
In 1919, the future writer went with his brother to Moscow, where he soon became a university student. On the recommendation of Tynyanov, in 1920 he transferred to the University of the Northern Capital and in the same year entered the Institute of Oriental Languages.
Veniamin Kaverin got acquainted with poets, rhymed himself, attended seminars, lectures, and finally decided to demonstrate his talents: he submitted the story “The Eleventh Axiom” to the competition announced by the House of Writers, for which he received an award. Gorky noted the story of the beginning writer.
"Brother of the Alchemist", as Kaverin was called, was criticized for his predilection for the plot and excessive passion for style. Benjamin also scourged the masters: he called Ivan Turgenev “the main literary enemy” and sarcastically stated that “of Russian writers” he loves and.
In 1923 in creative biography a significant event happened to the young prose writer: Veniamin Kaverin published the first book of stories, calling it “Masters and Apprentices”. Following creativity young talent Gorky called his colleague "the most original writer."
Veniamin Kaverin, as the best of the graduation, remained in the university graduate school: the philologist was attracted by little-known Russian authors early XIX century. In 1929 he brilliantly defended himself at the Institute of Art History. In the early 1930s, the writer composed plays that eminent directors took to the repertoire. Kaverin offered cooperation, but he refused, concentrating his forces on stories and novels.
The first three-volume Kaverin came out when the author celebrated his 28th birthday. But in the 1930s, the talented prose writer was declared a "fellow traveler" writer and accused of "thirst for bourgeois restoration." In those years, it was necessary to respond to such accusations in order not to fall into the millstones of repression. Veniamin Kaverin humbled his pride and wrote the novel Fulfillment of Desires. The book was read, but the author called the essay "an inventory of edification."
This novel and the “Two Captains” that followed it saved Kaverin from the bitter fate of his brother Lev Zilber, an academician who had been to the camps three times. The novel was rumored to be praised. Kaverin was awarded the leader's award. At the same time, the author managed to never remember the party, the Komsomol and the ruler himself in the novel. The book became the most famous work prose writer.
During the years of the Great Patriotic War the writer visited the Leningrad Front and the Northern Fleet as a correspondent for Izvestia. The experience was reflected in the books, the sequel to The Two Captains was published.
In 1946, a party decree was issued on the magazines Zvezda and Leningrad, in which he called Mikhail Zoshchenko both a "bastard" and a "harlot." Former friends, having met disgraced writers, hurried to cross to the other side of the street. But Kaverin's attitude towards his old friend, who called Zoshchenko one of best writers modernity. Veniamin Kaverin rescued a disgraced colleague by helping with money.
In 1947, the writer left Leningrad and moved to the capital. He lived in Peredelkino and worked on the Open Book trilogy. A novel about the development of microbiology was published in 1948 and was liked by readers. But critics and fellow writers greeted the book with devastating criticism. The authors of 14 reviews and articles declared the novel hostile to the socialist system.
In 1954, at the 2nd writers' congress, Veniamin Kaverin called for respect for the freedom of creativity and for a fair assessment of the legacy of Yuri Tynyanov. In 1956, the almanac "Literary Moscow" published the 2nd volume of the "Open Book". Times have changed, the continuation of the novel was met calmly.
In the 1960s, Veniamin Kaverin published articles in Novy Mir, headed by Alexander Tvardovsky, in which he tried to rehabilitate Zoshchenko. In the 1970s he defended
In 1972, the prose writer presented readers with the amazingly sincere novel Before the Mirror, and in 1976, the story Illuminated Windows. creative heritage Veniamin Kaverin - these are wonderful fairy tales "Verlioka", "Nemukhin's musicians", " Hourglass».
The writer was not a dissident, although more than once he courageously defended colleagues who fell into disgrace. He gave an extremely frank assessment of the system and the writers who caved in under it in the book of memoirs "Epilogue", which he wrote "on the table" in the 1970s. Were subjected to harsh criticism,.
The publication of the Epilogue in the country was out of the question, but Kaverin did not want to print his memoirs abroad. He handed over the manuscript to someone expelled from the USSR for safekeeping. The book was published in 1989 at home. Kaverin waited for the signal copy.
Personal life
In 1922, the young writer married Lydia Tynyanov, the sister of a friend of Yuri Tynyanov. In a happy and long marriage, the couple had two children - Nikolai and Natalya.
The children did not follow in the footsteps of their parents (Lidiya Nikolaevna wrote for children) and chose medicine. Son and daughter became professors, defended doctoral degrees.
Death
Veniamin Kaverin wrote before last days life, but did not manage to fulfill all the plans. The last, farewell, book is about Tynyanov, whose friendship Veniamin Alexandrovich carried through his whole life.
The writer died in the spring of 1989, having lived for 87 years. The author of "Two Captains" was buried at the Vagankovsky cemetery.
Bibliography
- 1923 - "Masters and Apprentices"
- 1925 - "Nine-tenths of fate"
- 1925 - "The End of Haza"
- 1928 - "Brawler, or Evenings on Vasilyevsky Island"
- 1929 - "O. I. Senkovsky (Baron Brambeus)»
- 1931 - "Artist unknown"
- 1934-1936 - "Fulfillment of desires"
- 1938-1944 - "Two Captains"
- 1949-1956 - "Open Book"
- 1957-1959 - "Unknown friend"
- 1960 - "A piece of glass"
- 1962 - "Seven pairs of unclean"
- 1962 - "Slanting Rain"
- 1963-1964 - "Double portrait"
- 1972 - "In front of the mirror"
- 1978 - "Two Hour Walk"
- 1983 - "The Science of Breaking Up"
Memory
- In honor of V. A. Kaverin, the asteroid Veniakaverin (2458 Veniakaverin) is named
- Monument literary heroes novel "Two Captains" - to Tatarinov and Grigoriev - is located in the city of Pskov, in the square in front of the Pskov Regional Children's Library named after V. A. Kaverin
- Square "Two Captains" (Polyarny, Murmansk region) is named after novel of the same name V. A. Kaverina
87 years of this man's life contained a whole era. Brought up in tradition classical literature, he tried to reflect in his books the heroes of a new type, born in different historical conditions.
Several generations were brought up on his main novel, absorbing from it not adherence to ideological postulates, but the truth of the ideals of friendship, perseverance in achieving goals and elementary decency, to which Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin himself remained faithful both in long literary work and in life.
“It seems that I was a capable boy…”
He was youngest child in the large family of the military musician Zilber, who served in the Omsk Infantry Regiment. Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin was born in the spring of 1902, when big family I have been living in Pskov for more than 5 years. All 6 children of the Zilbers were gifted, subsequently reaching serious heights not only in music, but also in science. So, Alexander became a prominent composer and conductor, who later took the pseudonym Ruchiov, Elena - a musicologist, Lev - the founder of an entire scientific school Soviet medical virology.
The solidity of the intellectual and creative baggage for future life the children of Kapellmeister Zilber owed much to their mother, Anna Grigoryevna. She was a pianist, a graduate of the Moscow Conservatory, good education and breadth of views, which made their house a popular meeting place for the progressive youth of provincial Pskov. Obviously, under her influence future writer I quickly got into reading.
Favorite Writer - Stevenson
He became a real book-swallower, absorbing large quantities of literature of the most varied nature: the fairy tales of Andersen and Perrault, the books of Dickens and Victor Hugo, the works of Russian classics, the adventure novels of Fenimore Cooper and Aymar, stories about Sherlock Holmes and tabloids about noble robbers and detectives. As Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin later recalled, he especially liked the one who struck with the ability to capture attention without a trace, through "the power of coupling words that gives rise to a miracle of art."
In addition to the mother, who paid attention to the development of children great attention, the older brother Leo was a huge authority for the boy. A man who had a great influence on the formation of the literary tastes of the future writer and instilled in him real passion to literature, became a friend and classmate of Leo - Yuri Tynyanov - later a famous literary critic and writer, author of Lieutenant Kizhe, Kyukhli and Death of Vazir-Mukhtar. Tynyanov on for a long time became a true friend for Kaverin. It is interesting that he later married the sister of Leo and Venya - Elena, and Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin himself was subsequently married all long life on Tynyanov's sister - Lydia Nikolaevna.
Its universities
During his studies at the Pskov provincial gymnasium, where he spent 6 years, the only problem for Kaverin was mathematics. Since the gymnasium, he has been trying to write poetry, which was at that time a common thing for young men with a humanitarian mindset.
Kaverin's childhood ended in 1918 after the capture of Pskov by German troops, and high school he graduated already in Moscow. There he goes to university. Then he moves to the capital - Petrograd. There, through Tynyanov, he gets close to many famous writers- V. Shklovsky, E. Schwartz, Vs. Ivanov and others. Kaverin also dreams of studying literature, in particular versification. Veniamin Alexandrovich, whose biography eventually became an example of selfless service to Russian literature, received the first harsh lessons along the way. Osip Mandelstam showed himself the most cruel in relation to his poetic creations: “Poetry must be protected from people like you!”.
The poems were finished, and Kaverin decides to devote himself to science. He enters the history department of Petrograd University and at the same time the Arabic department of the Institute of Living Oriental Languages.
The first experience of a prose writer
And yet, Kaverin was not destined to overcome the craving for writing. Once, after an exam on Lobachevsky's theory, he saw a poster about literary competition held by the House of Writers. The ten minutes that the road to the house took, Kaverin later called fateful, which determined the main features of his life. He decides to switch to prose and contemplates his story, with which he will enter the competition.
Kaverin's first prose experiment, entitled "The Eleventh Axiom", was awarded only the third prize. The amount of 3,000 rubles was only enough for six toffees - this is how money depreciated in 1920, but this was his first literary fee, his first literary success. Kaverin always remembered him. Veniamin Alexandrovich - a biography, a list of books published around the world, were evidence of the high appreciation of his work and talent - until the end of his days he remembered these six toffees.
"Serapion Brothers"
On February 1, 1921, the first meeting of the literary circle, called the Serapion Brothers, took place. Subsequently, many “sympathizers” and like-minded people took part in the meetings, but the canonical composition was constant: Lev Lunts, Ilya Gruzdev, Elena Polonskaya, Vsevolod Ivanov, Mikhail Slonimsky, Konstantin Fedin. Kaverin became one of the permanent members of the association. Veniamin Alexandrovich, whose works began to appear regularly in the press by that time, actively participated in the meetings. He remained faithful to the "brotherhood" and the creative principles proclaimed by him to the end - Kaverin and half a century later celebrated the beginning of the "Serapion chronology" - February 1 - as the most important holiday.
And these principles were extremely out of time. The name itself, borrowed by the founding fathers of the circle from the collection of classic short stories German romanticism Ernest Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann, spoke of complete apoliticality. This collection mentioned the literary community, named after the legendary Christian hermit and ascetic Serapion, and the proclamation main value literary work its quality, regardless of worldview and political views author, was in the third year Soviet power almost a provocation.
cruel time
Soon the naivete of their noble motives became clear to the "brothers" themselves. Ideological differences among them began to manifest themselves more and more clearly. "Westerners" - Lunts, Kaverin, Slonimsky - put plot, adventurous genres above others, "eastern wing" - M. Zoshchenko, Vs. Ivanov - tended to describe life using folklore motifs. The difference in literary priorities at first did not interfere with the preservation of creative and friendly unity, but under the powerful blows of official criticism and life circumstances, it collapsed as well.
Time scattered the "brothers" different parties, making some principled opponents. Lunts died tragically early in 1924; Ivanov, Slonimsky, Nikitin began to zealously sing the pathos of the revolutionary struggle; Tikhonov and Fedin later held leadership positions in the Writers' Union of the USSR, rigidly pursuing the party line, not sparing any dissent. When, after 1946, Zoshchenko came under powerful pressure from ideological authorities, only one of the "Serapion Brothers" supported him and maintained warm relations with him - Veniamin Kaverin. He finally broke off relations with Fedin, when in 1968 he did not allow the publication of " cancer corps» Solzhenitsyn.
Hard work and commitment to principles
In the "Serapion" times, the founder of proletarian literature, Maxim Gorky, noted that one of the most talented writers younger generation- Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin. "Two Captains" (1940-1945) - a novel with which the writer's name is primarily personified - is rumored to be very liked by Stalin, and he approved the awarding of Kaverin in 1946 with the Stalin Prize, after the release of the second book about the adventures of Sanya Grigoriev. The Fulfillment of Desires (1935-1936) and The Open Book (1953-1956) were very popular. During the war, Kaverin actively worked in the Northern Fleet, for which he was awarded the order Red star.
Perhaps all this helped Kaverin avoid repression, similar to those that his older brother Leo underwent, who conducted many of his studies in the field of virology while in the camps. A letter to Stalin asking for his release was also signed by Kaverin. Official criticism repeatedly fell upon the writer, accusing his books of being apolitical and entertaining.
Despite this, the writer did not betray his convictions. He participated in the publication of the almanac "Literary Moscow" (1956), banned by the party authorities. Kaverin publicly refused to participate in the persecution of Boris Pasternak in 1958, he wrote a letter in defense of Daniel and Sinyavsky, fought for the publication of books by M. Bulgakov and A. Solzhenitsyn.
The legacy of the writer and man
Perhaps it was more convenient for the official authorities to consider him an armchair writer who does not have a serious influence on the mass consciousness and individual minds of readers. But such an opinion cannot be considered reliable, given the volume and quality of Kaverin's writings.
"Two Captains" was reprinted more than 70 times during the life of the writer, they and "The Open Book" were repeatedly filmed. Reading people know such things as "Brawler, or Evenings on Vasilyevsky Island" (1928), "Unknown Friend" (1957), "Seven Pairs of Unclean" (1962), "Double Portrait" (1963), "O. Senkovsky (Baron Brambeus)" (1929, 1964), "In front of the mirror" (1972), etc.
He is the author of many stories and essays, dozens of children's fairy tales. His memoirs left a special mark, especially the book "Epilogue" (1979-1989), on the edition of which he worked until last hour before his departure in May 1989. But even these volumes cannot tell everything about the life of Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin. The true image of this writer and person is preserved in the memory and memoirs of contemporaries decades later, and the scale of his talent, as many literary critics and ordinary readers note, has yet to be truly appreciated.
Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin was born on April 6 (19), 1902 in Pskov; died May 2, 1989 in Moscow. Real surname- Zilber; the creative pseudonym was taken in honor of Pyotr Pavlovich Kaverin - a hussar, a bully duelist and a reckless reveler, in whose tricks young Pushkin often took part.
Born into the family of a bandmaster of the 96th Omsk Infantry Regiment, of whose six children Veniamin was the youngest. Since childhood, he was greatly influenced by his elder brother Leo, later a world-famous microbiologist and immunologist, academician, one of the creators of the viral theory of cancer. In 1912, Kaverin entered the Pskov gymnasium, where he studied for 6 years. In 1919 he moved to Moscow, where he graduated from high school and entered the Faculty of History and Philology of the University. He was fond of composing poetry, but after the harsh reviews of O. E. Mandelstam and V. B. Shklovsky, he left versification experiments. At the same time he served in the student canteen, then worked in the library of the Moscow Military District and in the art department of the Moscow Council.
In 1920, on the advice of Yuri Tynyanov (husband of Kaverin's sister), whom he considered his literary teacher, he moved to Petrograd, where he continued his education at the philosophical faculty of the university, while studying at the Arabic department of the Institute of Living Oriental Languages. As a philologist, he was attracted by the little-studied pages of Russian literature of the early 19th century: the works of V. F. Odoevsky, A. F. Veltman, O. I. Senkovsky. In 1923 he graduated from the Institute of Oriental Languages, in 1924 - from the university, remaining in it in graduate school. At the same time, Kaverin taught at the Institute of Art History. In 1929, Kaverin defended his Ph.D. thesis in Russian philology under the title “Baron Brambeus. The story of Osip Senkovsky”, which brought the author the title of researcher of the first category.
Veniamin KaverinAn important role in the creative formation of the writer was played by his participation in literary group"Serapion Brothers", which included Vs. Ivanov, M. Zoshchenko, K. Fedin and others. In 1922 the first story was published; in the same year, Kaverin married L. N. Tynyanova (1902-1984), later a children's writer. In 1923 Kaverin's first collection of stories "Masters and Apprentices" was published, in 1925 - the story "The End of Khaza", and in 1931 - the novel "The Artist is Unknown".
There was a period when he tried to compose plays (in the early 30s, some even had success - they were staged by first-class directors, Vs. Meyerhold himself offered cooperation), but, according to own confession Kaverin, he was at odds with the craft of a playwright. Since the early 1930s, Kaverin has been radically changing the area literary creativity and starts writing novels, in which he set the task not only to convey his knowledge of life, but also to develop his own literary style. The first of these was "Wish Fulfillment" - he, like several subsequent ones ("Two Captains", "Open Book"), was very popular. intricate plot construction and the emphasized contrast with which the writer draws portraits of his characters are the distinguishing qualities of these books.
During the war, Kaverin worked as a correspondent for the Izvestia newspaper. In 1944, the last part of the most famous of the writer's works, the novel "Two Captains" was published; in the same year, this novel was awarded the Stalin Prize. It is not known how Kaverin's fate would have developed if he had not written this novel; it is quite possible that the writer would have shared the fate of his older brother, academician Lev Zilber, who was arrested three times and sent to camps.
From late works Kaverin, it is necessary to note the novel “In Front of the Mirror” (1971), the story “Verlioka” (1982), as well as the autobiographical books “In the Old House” (1971) and “Illuminated Windows” (1976). Veniamin Kaverin
IN later years Kaverin lived mainly in the writers' village of Peredelkino near Moscow, making himself known not only with his works, but also with speeches in defense of cultural freedoms and persecuted artists. He sought the literary rehabilitation of Tynyanov and Bulgakov, signed an appeal in defense of Sinyavsky and Daniel, and supported Solzhenitsyn. Kaverin became a member of the board of the Writers' Union only in 1986, just three years before his death.
He did not stop writing until the last days, even when there was no longer complete confidence that all plans could be realized. One of recent works Kaverina became a book about him best friend Y. Tynyanov "New Vision", written in collaboration with critic and literary critic Vl. Novikov.
Benjamin Kaverin was buried at the Vagankovsky cemetery. In June 1995, the opening of the monument "Two Captains" took place, which is located near the building of the Pskov Regional Children's Library. In April 1997, a memorial plaque was opened near the building of the main post office in Pskov on the site of the house where Kaverin was born.
The works of Kaverin began to be filmed already in 1926. On Lenfilm alone, the movie "Alien Jacket", the movie in two episodes "Two Captains" and the TV movie in nine episodes "Open Book" were shot. He considered the television version of the story "School Play" to be the most successful. Three films were made based on the famous "Two Captains". And on October 19, 2001, the premiere of the musical Nord-Ost, based on this novel, took place in Moscow. On April 11, 2002, at the North Pole, the authors of the musical Georgy Vasiliev and Alexei Ivashchenko hoisted the Nord-Ost flag with the immortal motto of the polar explorers "Fight and seek, find and not give up."
Fantastic elements are present in many of Kaverin's works. His early prose- the stories "Chronicle of the city of Leipzig for the year 18 .." (1922), "Dummy Futerfas" (1923), "The Fifth Wanderer" (1923), as well as the stories "Engineer Schwartz", "Joiners" and "Shields", included in the collection "Masters and Apprentices" (1923) - reveals the influence of German romanticism and expressionism; in more later stories - « Big game"(1925), "Inspector" (1926), "Blue Sun" (1927), "Friend of the Mikado" (1927), "This Morning" (1927) and others included in the collection "Sparrow Night" (1927) - satirical grotesque plays a significant role. The writer returned to science fiction in the 1960s-80s, creating several works of children's fiction: the story "Verlioka" (1981), fairy tales Light Steps (1963), Snow Maiden (1967), Flying Boy (1969), Glazier's Son (1979), Drawing (1980).
