Olga Kobylyanskaya was born on November 27 1863 years in the town of Gura-Humora in Southern Bukovina in a large family of a petty official. From childhood, she knew not only Ukrainian, but also Polish and German, which were spoken in her family. The childhood and youth of the future writer were spent in the Romanian-German towns of Gura Humora, Suceava, Kimpolung. She later lived in Dimka, and 1891 years near Chernivtsi.

In Southern Bukovina, populated mainly by Germans and Romanians, Ukrainians also lived. But there were no Ukrainian schools or cultural and educational institutions here in the 1960s and 1980s. The German school could not give Kobylianska any knowledge of the cultural history of the Ukrainian people. First literary works O. Kobylyanskaya, written in German still without a clear idea of ​​"what the word "literature" means, falls on the beginning of the 80s. ("Hortense, or an essay from the life of one girl", "Fate or Will?"). "Drawing from folk life in Bukovina", "Vision", "Man of the People", etc.) today preserve mainly cognitive value, reflecting individual scenes from the life of the shtetl intelligentsia, people from the people.

The German language, like German culture, played positive role in the life and work of Kobylyanska. They, as Lesya Ukrainsky rightly noted, helped Kobylyanska to enter the wide world universal culture. But in order to establish Kobylyanska as a Ukrainian writer, it was necessary to have a deep knowledge of not only the Ukrainian language, but also the property Ukrainian literature. She began to realize this truth more and more clearly and since the end of the 80s she has been persistently studying cultural heritage of his people, shows an increasing interest in his life.

At the same time, she takes an active part in the so-called feminist movement, which raised many pressing issues that representatives of the progressive intelligentsia thought about. Becoming in 1894 one of the initiators of the creation of the "Society of Russian Women in Bukovina", Kobylyanska substantiated the purpose of this movement in the brochure "A little about the idea of ​​the women's movement". The writer raised the issue of the plight of the "middle stratum" woman, actively advocated for the equality of women and men, for her right to worthy of a man life.

These thoughts were in early works writers. In some of them ("Hortensa", "She got married", etc.), depicting spiritual world her heroines, the writer focuses on their search for personal happiness. In "The Man", and even more so in "The Princess", the personal happiness of the heroines of Kobylyanskaya, to a greater or lesser extent, is already associated with social problems, the active position of a person in life, with the need to deal with circumstances that hinder the development of his spiritual forces.

Continuing the problems of "Man", the story "Princess" ( 1895 ) testified to the expansion of the worldview of the writer, the deepening of her realistic manner, means psychological analysis. The story is complex creative history. She wrote and completed long time (1888 - 1893 ), its original text was German, the later - Ukrainian. The story was printed in the newspaper "Bukovyna" ( 1895 ) and the same year was published in Chernivtsi as a separate edition.

Touching upon the moral and ethical problems of the life of the intelligentsia in such short stories as "The Aristocrat" ( 1896 ), "Impromptu phantasie", Kobylyanska continues to develop them in the following works and creates three integral images of female intellectuals in the story "Valse melancolique" ( 1898 ). Subsequently, she returns to this theme in the stories "Niobe" ( 1905 ), "Through masonry", "Behind situations" ( 1913 ).

The theme of the intelligentsia runs through all the work of Kobylyanska - from her early stories and stories to the "Apostle of the mob".

The image of the life of the village, its socio-psychological, moral and ethical problems became the second leading line of Kobylyanska's creativity. ideas. In the short story "Beggar" ( 1895 ) the writer for the first time shows a person from the people who found himself without a livelihood, lives on alms. In the mid-90s, the writer deepened her knowledge of the life of the peasantry, which was facilitated by her close contacts with the inhabitants of Bukovinian villages, in particular Dymka, which would later become part of her work as a terrible tragedy-fratricide ("Earth").

Deeply truthful pictures from the life of the village Kobylyanska gave in the short stories "Russian Bank", "In the margins", "At John's", "Time", "Uncultured".

An outstanding achievement of Ukrainian literature, a significant contribution of the writer to the development of the theme of land in world literature is Kobylyanska's story "Earth". "The facts that prompted me to write "Earth" are true. Almost all of the faces that my friend is also taken from life. I just physically endured under the spell of those facts, and when I wrote, oh, how I sobbed in waves! .. "- Recalls O. Kobylyanskaya in autobiographical essay "About myself" It was this that gave Franco reason to call "Earth" a work that, in addition to artistic value, "will also have a lasting significance as a document of the way of thinking of our people during the current difficult hard times."

In the early 1990s, developing the problems outlined in her early works, the writer strives to expand the scope of her artistic searches, turns to abstract symbolic themes and images ("Chords", "Cross", "Moon", etc.), writes a number of poems in prose, among which there are masterful artistic miniatures. Kobylyanska publishes individual works in the modernist magazines "Mir", "Ukrainian hut".

The realistic and romantic tendencies of Kobylyanska's work are uniquely combined in one of her works. the best works- the story "Digging the potion early on Sunday", which is based on the motive of the romantic song-ballad "Oh, don't go, Grisha, and even to the evening parties", was repeatedly worked out Ukrainian writers, in particular M. Staritsky in a drama under by the same name. The story has been translated into many languages, staged, and successfully plays on the stages of theaters in our country.

The work of Kobylianska in the 1920s and 1930s, at a time when Northern Bukovina was under the rule of boyar Romania, took place in especially difficult and difficult conditions. The Ukrainian language and culture in this region were severely persecuted, however, even in such conditions, Kobylyanska establishes contacts with the Ukrainian literary youth of the progressive magazine "Luch" ( 1921 - 1923 ), with the Lviv month "New Ways", with the Kharkov publishing house "Rukh", where during 1927 - 1929 gg. published her "Works" in nine volumes.

In the works of the Kobylyanska period of the First World War and the times of the boyar-Romanian occupation of Northern Bukovina, some new motifs appeared. The writer's stories included the theme of war ("Judas", "A letter from a condemned soldier to his wife", "Towards fate" ( 1917 ), "Gone crazy" ( 1923 ) and others), which was one of the leading in the work of V. Stefanik, Mark Cheremshina, O. Makovei, K. Grinevicheva and others.

In some stories and short stories of the post-war period, Kobylyanskaya turned to reflecting those moral and ethical problems that became the subject of artistic analysis in many of her works written in late XIX- early XX century. So, the motives of "Earth" find a kind of continuation and a certain deepening in the social and everyday story "She-Wolf".

The work of Kobylyanskaya in the 20s and 30s falls under a certain influence of symbolism ("Dream", " Holy Mother of God have mercy on us!"). In the novel "The Apostle of the Mob" the writer idealizes the Bukovinian clergy to a certain extent, endowing such spiritual shepherds as Father Zacharias with many civic and Christian virtues.

Speaking in the mid-90s as a Ukrainian writer with stories and novels from the life of the intelligentsia, Kobylyanska for almost half a century created dozens of stories, essays, short stories, novellas, critical and journalistic articles, translations, left a significant amount of correspondence. Most of her writings are written in German. Of these, only a few were printed in periodicals; V 1901 They came out in a separate book called "Kleinrussische Novellen". A separate ideological and thematic group is made up of memoirs and journalistic works Kobylyanskaya, written during the Soviet period of her activity.

The circumstances of life and creativity Kobylianska deeply rooted in Bukovinian soil. At the same time, it was never confined within narrow ethnographic boundaries and embraced the whole of Ukraine. Active participant all-Ukrainian literary process, Kobylyanska constantly communicated with the cultures of other peoples, in particular those who lived in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Thanks to innovation, consonance with the progressive trends of world literature, Kobylyanska's prose in its apex manifestations has aroused and continues to arouse considerable interest not only in our country, but also abroad. The best works of the writer came out in translations into many languages, in particular Slavic, played and still play an important role in inter-Slavic literary contacts, raising the international prestige of the Ukrainian artistic word.

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Olga Kobylyanska - Ukrainian pearl of world literature

Olga Yulianovna Kobylyanskaya was born on November 27, 1863 - she died on March 21, 1942.

Pole by blood of her father and German by mother, born in the provincial town of Gura Humorului of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (Southern Bukovina, modern Romania), she learned the Ukrainian language and became one of the most original and talented writers of Ukraine, whose works "Earth", " Picked up grass early on Sunday”, “Man”, “Princess”, “Uncultured” and others entered the golden fund of world literature.

At the age of 40 (1903) she was paralyzed due to complications caused by a cold, and wrote many works from the comfort of her hospital bed. She was the first to create a different image of a Ukrainian woman, moving away from the "standard" of a village woman downtrodden and oppressed by her husband, showing Ukrainian women who are educated, complex and multifaceted in character, striving for equality with men in society and the family. They argued a lot about this with their best friend between whom there were no secrets in literary and personal life.

Olga Kobylyanskaya became a classic during her lifetime, who was respected and admired (often criticized for feminism, "the idealization of women" and "the cult of beauty and individualism") writers, Vasily Stefanik, composer, historian. In Chernivtsi, where Kobylyanska lived from 1891 until her death, a circle of her admirers worked, and the writer herself defended the Ukrainian language in boyar Romania, and in Soviet Ukraine, and during the German occupation. Moreover, she actively spoke out in the media against Germany's aggression, publishing a number of articles with a bright expressive character. A search was conducted in her apartment by the Gestapo, as a result of which most of the manuscripts were seized, many of them disappeared and have not been found to this day. The Romanian government, which supported the Nazis, brought Olga Kobylianska to court martial. But the occupiers were never able to commit it: the writer died before the start of the trial.

Even more difficult were its relations with the Soviet Union. In 1927, the Kremlin helped the famous but sick Ukrainian writer, who lived in boyar Romania, by accepting her into the USSR Writers' Union and assigning a personal pension, and began to publish her works. At the same time, the words of Olga Kobylyanskaya are known: "We'll live somehow, if only the Bolsheviks don't come."

Achievements of Olga Kobylyanska

The writer said that her merit was that she was able to draw the attention of readers "to the real Marusyas, Hannusyas and Katrusyas, who should become women of a European character."

She was a person with European thinking, she was aware of all the cultural, political, literary events of that time, she had an exquisite taste in everything: from fashion to literature and household trifles.

One of the main issues of "the whole life and work" of the writer is emancipation, equality of women with men. She was the first in Ukrainian literature to touch upon the theme of a woman-intellectual, striving not only for personal happiness, but also to break out of the "bog" of philistinism.

But Olga herself was not a "cold emancipated" feminist. On the contrary, she was very attractive and feminine, "a burning brunette with velvet eyes," who retained a slender figure until her death.

For a long time it was believed that Kobylyanskaya frankly writes "in the interests of Soviet power". They argued this by the fact that in many Ukrainian and all-Union newspapers about fifty articles signed by her name were printed. However, it was recently established that these materials did not belong to the pen of the Ukrainian classic.

Moreover, not a single manuscript of these texts has been found, and there are many mistakes in the articles that Kobylyanskaya could not make. Actually, the style itself is not hers. It is worth recalling the words of the writer herself, which she said to one of the journalists after the annexation of Bukovina to Soviet Ukraine: "It seems we can live, only the Bolsheviks did not come."

Olga Kobylyanska, the author of many masterpieces not only Ukrainian, but world literature, has always admired the simple Ukrainian people, their wisdom, courage, unconquered spirit, even in the most dashing circumstances. In many works of the classic, these features of Ukrainians become leitmotifs, including in the depiction of a Ukrainian woman.

Literary critics note that it was Olga Kobylyanska who became the first writer in the history of Ukrainian literature who showed the image of a Ukrainian woman in a completely new way: she was not a “traditionally” downtrodden, oppressed villager, but an intellectual, a woman striving for knowledge, for enlightenment, who advocated for equality in society between women and men. How can one not remember that Olga herself participated in the feminist movement, was one of the initiators of the "Society of Russian Women in Bukovina".

The woman in Kobylyanska's work is a "live", not stereotyped, personality, possessing a universal spiritual world, the origins of which come from the Ukrainian people. She is brave yet tender, she is controversial but compromise, she is loving and suffering but ready to sacrifice everything if it is "real" feelings.

Sometimes a woman Kobylyanska surpasses in human qualities male characters her colleagues, although the writer is not prone to idealization. On the contrary, in many of her works, with incredible depth of psychologism, the "conscious" and "unconscious" in the motives of women's actions are explored, the formation of their own worldview and, accordingly, actions according to this perception of the surrounding world and the situations in which they find themselves can be traced.

Particularly bright are female characters written out in the works "Hortensa", "She got married", "Man", "Princess", Aristocrat", "Impromptu phantasie", "Valse melancolique", "Niobe", "Through the masonry", "Behind situations", etc.

Depicting the spiritual world of her heroines, Kobylyanskaya traces its formation in the refraction of the fate of most women - the search for personal happiness. However, gradually the personal is closely intertwined with the social problems of society, and the women of Kobylyanskaya more and more often manifest themselves precisely from the position social activities when they are forced to choose the way of dealing with circumstances, overcoming them, tempering their character, rising to new heights.

This was an innovation for Ukrainian literature, because Kobylyanska showed a Woman as a Personality, no less worthy of respect and admiration than a Man, a Woman who can be called the prototype of an "emancipated" woman. European literature of our days ("Man", "Princess").

In addition, Olga Kobylyanskaya became an innovator in genre and stylistic performance: the writer combined romanticism, realism and symbolism into a single whole, which can be called her individual creative method("Chords", "Cross", "Moon", "Dream", "Holy Mother of God, have mercy on us", poems in prose).

One of the first in the history of world literature and the first in Ukraine, she created a full-fledged genre of poetry in prose, showing that not only a poetic, rhymed word can be exciting lyrical. These works of Kobylyanska reflect the charming, magical light of Ukraine with its indescribable beauty of nature, the richness of the spiritual world of Ukrainians, their everyday life is poeticized.

The great achievement of Ukrainian literature was the story of Olga Kobylyanska "Earth", translated into many languages ​​of the world. With this work, the writer laid the foundation for symbolism as a trend of modernism in Ukrainian literature.

Lesya Ukrainka believed that the work was worthy of entering the treasury of world literature. These views were shared by many other great writers of Ukraine, including Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky and Ivan Franko.

Impressed to the depths of his soul by "Earth", M. Kotsyubinsky wrote a letter to the author of the work.

"I am writing to you under fresh enemies about your story "Earth". I read extremely richly, but I confess that I have been reading such a garne for a long time, so hoarsely, like" Earth ". I just enchant your story - everything: nature and people , and psychology of їх - everything is so strongly hostile, everything shows such freshness and strength to talent, so, from the bottom of my heart, for the experience of emotions, I am glad for our literature. (From a letter from M. Kotsyubinsky to O. Kobylyanska)

And Ivan Franko said that the "Earth" of the Crimean literary and movnoy vartosti, matim trivaly meaning as a document to the way of our people's message ... ".

Kobylyanskaya herself said about "Earth" that all the characters in the work are non-fictional, they are taken from life. The writer also recalled that she suffered, impressed by the facts that she described, but "sobbing, she continued to write."

One of the best works of the writer - the story "I Gathered Grass Early on Sunday", combining the romantic and the realistic in her work, has been translated into many languages ​​and successfully plays on the stages of theaters in Ukraine.

The writer for the first time in Ukrainian literature raised the issue of the position of women in society, advocating the equality of women with men ("Hortensa", "She got married", "Man", "Princess", etc.)

It was Kobylyanska who introduced into the literature of Ukraine new type character - female intellectuals ("Aristocrat", "Impromptu phantasie", "Valse melancolique", "Niobe", "Through the Masonry", "Behind the Situations", etc.)

Also, for the first time in Ukrainian literature, thanks to the work of the writer, the image of a "new man from the people" appeared - a man who found himself without a livelihood, forced to live on alms ("The Beggar").

Interesting facts from the life of O. Kobylyanska.

The father of the future writer Julian Kobylyansky was born in Galicia. He belonged to the gentry family, which had its own coat of arms and came from the Dnieper region.

Mother, Maria Werner, is German by nationality. Her relative was the famous German romantic poet Zacharias Werner. Out of love for her husband, she learned the Ukrainian language, adopted the Greek Catholic faith, raising all children in respect and love for Ukraine and everything Ukrainian.

Olga's brother Stepan was a painter (he also painted portraits of his sister). Another brother, Julian, is a well-known philologist and author of several textbooks.

Olga Kobylyanska learned Ukrainian on her own. She also knew Polish and German.

One of the incentives to write in her native language was Olga's love for Yevgeny Ozarkevich, the brother of her friend Natalia Kobrinskaya.

Olga actively participated in the feminist movement.

One of the best works of Kobylyanskaya - the story "Princess" - was written and finalized over the course of five years (1888 - 1893). The original text was written in German. final version- in Ukrainian. The story was published in the newspaper "Bukovyna" in 1895 and in the same year was published in Chernivtsi as a separate edition.

She was friends with Lesya Ukrainka. The friends not only discussed literary plans and ideas, but also shared details from their personal lives with each other, supporting each other.

About one of her greatest creations, the story "Earth", Olga Kobylyanskaya wrote in her autobiographical essay that all the facts and characters are real, taken from life. She admitted that while working on "Earth" she suffered physically from the facts with which she worked, under their impression she often sobbed, but continued to write.

She never married. Her unrequited love, who remained for life was Osip Makovei, editor of the newspaper "Bukovyna". He discovered her talent, corrected and edited texts, helped 24-year-old Olga develop her own original style. The girl was in love, Osip Makovei offered his hand and heart to a completely different lady.

Biography of Olga Kobylyanska.

Olga Kobylyanskaya was born on November 27, 1863 in the city of Gura Humora (Romania) in a large family. Her father was a secretary of the county court, and her mother devoted her whole life to raising children.

Since there was no school in the town, Olga's father, wanting to educate the children, was transferred to Suceava in 1869, where the family lived for three years. There, the girl, along with her brothers, attends a German gymnasium.

By 1875, the family had moved to Kimpolung, where Olga completed four years of elementary school. And since Bukovina was then a colony of Austria-Hungary, all training took place in German.

She wrote her first works at the age of 14. These were Hortense, or an Essay on the Life of a Girl, Fate or Will?

At the age of eighteen, Olga met the Ukrainian artist Augusta Kokhanovskaya (later she illustrated novels by Kobylyanskaya), the first Ukrainian female doctor in Austria-Hungary Sofia Okunevskaya, one of the founders of the women's movement in Galicia, the writer Natalia Kobrinskaya. These women had a huge impact on the formation of the girl's worldview. It was they who advised her to engage in creativity in the Ukrainian language.

In 1886, Olga Kobylyanskaya published the story in German "She Got Married", which became the basis for the future first widely known story "The Man" (1892).

In 1894, he became one of the initiators of the creation of the "Society of Russian Women in Bukovina".

In the early 1900s, Olga wrote "Chords", "Cross", "Moon", many of the poems in prose. Some works were published in the magazines "Mir" and "Ukrainian House".

In 1901, Olga Kobylyanska published "Earth" - the pearl of Ukrainian and world literature. Subsequently, the work was filmed.

In 1903, Olga was partially paralyzed due to a cold, which caused a complication.

During the First World War (Bukovyna was affected by hostilities), he created "Dream", "Juda", "Towards Fate", "A Letter from a Condemned Soldier to His Wife" - works filled with pain from loss, suffering, death, but at the same time emphasizing the courage of the Ukrainian people, overcoming the unimaginable disasters of war.

After the First World War, in the conditions of Bukovina occupied by Romania, when the Ukrainian language was banned, Kobylyanska actively collaborated with the Luch magazine of Ukrainian literary youth, with the Lvov magazine New Ways, and with the Kharkov edition Rukh. They published her works in 9 volumes.

In 1927, Ukraine celebrated the 40th anniversary of the public and literary activity Olga Kobylyanska. The government of the country assigned her a personal pension, and in Kharkov (at that time the capital of Ukraine) they began to issue complete collection works of the writer.

November 22, 1940 ceremonial meeting in honor of the 55th anniversary creative activity Kobylyanska. She was awarded a diploma of the Presidium Supreme Council Ukrainian Soviet Republic. She was accepted into the Writers' Union of Ukraine. And in Kyiv, a two-volume edition of her works was published.

In the early years of World War II, the paralyzed Olga Kobylyanska was unable to evacuate from Chernivtsi. However, she actively opposed the actions of the Nazis. As a result, her apartment was searched, the manuscripts were confiscated, and some of them have not yet been found.

The Romanian government intended to publicly execute Kobylianska. But it could not, because on March 21, 1942, the writer died. She was buried at the Chernivtsi cemetery.

Perpetuating the memory of Olga Kobylyanska.

In the city of Gura-Humora, where the writer was born, a monument was erected and the square was named after her.

In a number of Ukrainian cities, streets were named after Kobylyanska, including in Chernivtsi.

A literary and memorial museum of Kobylyanska was opened in Chernivtsi, the Chernivtsi Music and Drama Theater bears the name of Olga Kobylyanska.

A monument to the great Ukrainian writer was erected in Chernivtsi.

In the village of Unguri, Oknitsa region (Moldova), a museum and a monument to the Ukrainian writer Olga Kobylyanska were opened, and the local lyceum was named after her.

Olga Kobylyanskaya in social networks.

In "Odnoklassniki" search "Olga Kobylyanska" found 1 group.

2 communities were found in "Vkontakte" for "Olga Kobilyanska".

In Youtube, for the query "Olga Kobylyanska" - 1,400 responses.

Documentary film: Olga Kobylyanska.

How often do Yandex users from Ukraine search for information about Olga Kobylyanska?

To analyze the popularity of the request "Olga Kobylyanska" the service is used search engine Yandex wordstat.yandex, based on which we can conclude that as of January 16, 2016, the number of requests per month was 5,506, as can be seen on the screen.

Since the end of 2014, the largest number of requests was registered in February 2014 - 71,881 requests per month.

Olga Kobylyanska (1863-1942)

Olga Kobylyanska

(1863-1942)

kobylyansky writer short story

Olga Yulianovna Kobylyanskaya was born on November 27, 1863 in the town of Gura-Humora in Southern Bukovina into a large family of a petty official who arrived in this distant and remote corner from Galicia to the post of secretary of the county court. Yulian Yakovlevich was a good adviser to people, he loved and respected work. Mother spent her whole life raising children, of whom she had seven - five sons and two daughters. She warmed everyone with her warmth, blessed everyone on the honest path of life.

In the county town spread among the mountains, by that time there were 2673 inhabitants - mostly Romanians, as well as Germans, Poles, Ukrainians. It was a distant outskirts of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, in fact, nothing to do with the Ukrainian cultural life. Since there was no school in Gura-Humor, Y. Kobylyansky, taking care of the future of the children, in 1869 seeks a transfer to Suceava. There Olga lived with her parents for three years. In Suceava there was a German gymnasium, where the sons of Y. Kobylyansky immediately began to study, and little Olga was enriched with crumbs of knowledge with them.

In 1875, life circumstances forced the Kobylyanskys to move to the county town of Kimpolung, where they lived for fourteen years. In Kimpolung, Olga continued her education, completing four grades of elementary school. Education was conducted in German, which was the official language in Bukovina, then a colony of Austria-Hungary. Olga studied Ukrainian outside of school. For four months, the teacher Protsyukevich helped her with this.

It is there, in Kimpolung, that the path to the land of knowledge begins, which the future writer overcame on her own. She reads a lot, but, of course, not in Ukrainian. “Nothing came to us,” Kobylyanska later wrote with regret, referring to the Ukrainian book. An atmosphere of love for literature reigned in the Kobylyansky family, folk customs and a wise word. All this inclined the girl's heart to the treasures of world literature. Before the future writer, the works of Goethe, Heine, Byron, Mickiewicz, Schiller were revealed to the world of noble ideas.

As a fourteen-year-old girl, she began to write poetry and keep a diary in German. The first works written in German without a clear idea of ​​what the word "literature" means, fall on the beginning of the 80s of the XIX century. ("Hortensa, or an essay from the life of a girl", "Fate or will?"). The early unpublished works of Kobylianska ("Hortenza", "Sketch of People's Life in Bukovina", "Vision", "A Man from the People", etc.) today have mainly educational value, displaying individual scenes from the life of the shtetl intelligentsia.

The 18-year-old writer meets Augusta Kokhanovska, a Ukrainian artist known over time. Rapprochement with Sofia Okunevskaya, who became a highly educated doctor, friendship with the writer Natalya Kobrinskaya contributed to the development of scientific and artistic interests O. Kobylyanskaya, the formation of her advanced worldview. Friends advise Olga to write in Ukrainian, help to study the literature of their people.

meant a lot to spiritual growth Kobylyanska Russian literature. I. Turgenev and F. Dostoevsky had the greatest influence on her. Leo Tolstoy was her "god".

In 1886, a young writer writes in German the story "She Got Married", which formed the basis of the later story "The Man". It is from this work (the story was completed in 1892) that O. Kobylyanska begins as a Ukrainian writer, eminent master artistic prose.

The Kobylyanskys moved to Chernivtsi but for family reasons: the children had to buy higher education which the university, opened back in 1875, could give. Chernivtsi was a cell of progressive figures who positively influenced the development of the advanced worldview of O. Kobylyanska. The traditions of Y. Fedkovich lived here, the writer and composer S. Vorobkevich worked here, the Ukrainian press was published. S. Okunevskaya sends Olga from Lvov works by Mark Vovchka, Mikhail Pavlik, Ivan Franko, Taras Shevchenko.

In the memorable year 1898, she travels to Lvov to participate in the celebration of the 25th anniversary of the creative activity of Ivan Franko. The writer repeatedly responded to the works of O. Kobylyanskaya, highly appreciated the talent of the young writer. In particular, he wrote: "I still praise the first appearance of Olga Kobilyanskaya on the field of our literature, without doubting about her talent... hushed up, if it was good enough to promote your "Earth" in the "Literary and Scientific Bulletin"..." And they became friends. Here, in Lvov, O. Kobylyanska meets Vasily Stefanyk, sincere friendship is established between them.

A lot in the life of O. Kobylyanska meant friendship with Lesya Ukrainka. They met by correspondence through M. Pavlik in 1899. In May 1899, Lesya Ukrainka sent her first letter to O. Kobylyanskaya, and from that time until the end of the life of the author of the "Forest Song" correspondence between her friends did not stop. They shared literary plans told each other about their intimate life, supported the spirit and hope, strengthened faith in their strength. Lesya Ukrainka highly appreciated the work of O. Kobylyanska, felt in her works "a mountain top, a wide horizon." She sincerely invited her to Gadyach, and Olga Kobylyanskaya, having visited an archaeological congress in Kyiv, visited her friend in Zelenaya Roshcha, from where she sent enthusiastic letters to her relatives. And in 1901, Lesya Ukrainka stayed with O. Kobylyanska in Chernivtsi. "Someone white and someone black" - so the girlfriends called themselves.

Under the influence of Lesya Ukrainka, Russian literature became for O. Kobylyanska a high standard of artistic understanding of life. These were the works of Saltykov-Shchedrin, Korolenko, Pisarev, Dostoevsky, Turgenev. Great impression produced on the writer the novel by N. Chernyshevsky "What is to be done?", translated by I. Franko.

In those days, a woman did not have wide access to various fields of activity, knowledge, and art. Olga also felt this, and therefore tirelessly fought for liberation from any addiction. She actively participates in the so-called feminist movement, which has raised many pressing issues among the progressive intelligentsia; becomes one of the initiators of the creation of the "Society of Russian Women in Bukovina".

Brave, strong-willed women fighting for their independence, Kobylyanska depicts in the stories "The Man" (1892) and "The Princess" (1895). In her early works, depicting the spiritual world of her heroines, the writer focuses on the search for their personal happiness. In "The Man", and even more so in "The Princess", she to one degree or another already connects the personal happiness of the heroines with social problems, the active position of a person in life, with the need to overcome circumstances that fetter spiritual development.

In the 90s years XIX V. Kobylyanska's interest in socialism is born. She reads the Communist Manifesto, is interested in the history of materialism, and comes to the conclusion that socialism is a "natural movement."

Having touched upon the moral and ethical problems of the life of the intelligentsia in such short stories as "The Aristocrat" (1896), "Impromptu phantasic", Kobylyanskaya continues to develop them in the following works and creates three integral images of female intellectuals in the story "Valse melancolique" (1898 .). Over time, she returns to this theme in the stories "Niobe" (1905), "Through the Masonry", "According to Situations" (1913). The theme of the intelligentsia permeates all of Kobylyanska's work, from early stories and novellas to The Apostle of the Mob.

The image of the life of the village, its socio-psychological, moral and ethical problems became the second leading line of Kobylyanska's work. The "diaries" of the writer convincingly testify that in the second half of the 80s she was already thinking about the fate of the people, linking penetration into their life with the mastery of socialist ideas. Kobylyanskaya subtly felt the pains of the peasants, saw their poverty. In the sho short story "Rustic Bank" appears creepy picture economic destruction of the poor peasant economy due to the mediation of the so-called rustic (peasant) bank, supposedly designed to help in hard times farmers, to save them from usurious octopuses. In the short story "Zhebrachka" (1895), the writer for the first time shows a person from the people left without a livelihood, living on alms. In the mid-90s, the writer deepens her knowledge of the life of the peasantry, which is facilitated by close contacts with the inhabitants of Bukovinian villages, in particular Dymka, which over time will enter her work with the terrible tragedy-fratricide "Earth". Deeply truthful pictures are also displayed in the short stories "In the Fields", "At St. Ivan", "Time", "Uncultured".

Subtly sensing the beauty of nature, Kobylyanska created masterful examples of landscape lyrics inspired by the beauty of the Carpathian Mountains. The writer was looking for harmony between man and nature, considering the latter as one of the sources of spiritual enrichment of man. That is why she was so painfully struck by the violation of this harmony, the barbaric attitude towards nature. In the famous short story "Battle" she resolutely defended native land. In the woeful requiem about the death of the Carpathian forest, the protest against the robbery of the national wealth of the people by the exploiters is expressively felt.

An outstanding achievement of Ukrainian literature was the story "Earth". "The facts that forced me to write "Earth" are true. Almost every one of the characters is also taken from life. I just physically suffered under the impression of those facts and when I wrote, oh, how I sobbed in waves! .." - recalls O. Kobylyanskaya in an autobiographical essay "About myself". This is what allowed I. Franko to call "Earth" a work that, in addition to artistic value, "will have a lasting significance as a document of the way of thinking of our people during the current difficult hard times."

In the prime of her talent, a misfortune happened to the writer - an illness. In 1903, Olga Yulianovna caught a cold, resulting in partial paralysis. Own troubles, plus the illness of the father and the death of the mother, material needs - all this caused some creative slump. She admits: "My life has never been fun, and now it has reached a climax."

Nevertheless, even in such difficult conditions, she continues to work. In the early 1900s, developing the problems raised in her early works, the writer strives to expand the scope of her artistic searches, turns to abstract symbolic themes and images ("Chords", "Cross", "Moon", etc.), writes a number poetry in prose, among which there are masterful artistic miniatures. These include "Mallow" (1896), "There the stars made their way" (1900), "The pines sway sadly" (1901), "Across the sea" (1903) and others. Kobylyanskaya prints individual works in modernist magazines "Mir", "Ukrainian House".

The realistic and romantic tendencies of creativity are uniquely combined in one of her best works - the story "Copal's potion early on Sunday." It is based on the motive of the romantic song-ballad "Oh, don't go, Gritsya, but to the evening parties", repeatedly processed by Ukrainian writers, in particular M. Starytsky in the drama of the same name. The story has been translated into many languages, staged, it is successfully staged in theaters.

The imperialist war of 1914 brought much grief. Olga Kobylyanskaya is struck by the strength of the people, the ability to overcome the disasters of war. She herself witnessed the bloody events of 1914-1916. (the front line passed through Bukovina for some time). The torment, death, ruins caused by the fratricidal war struck me to the core.

Thoughts and experiences of this period were embodied in the short stories "Dream", "Yuda", "Towards Fate". The letter of a condemned soldier to his wife strikes with the greatest tragedy. The hero of the short story tells his wife about the horrors of war, about how hands and heads fly in war, and human life. Tired, he fell asleep in the trench, as "he was exhausted from hunger and longing." He is brought before the field court. The soldier does not even realize why he can be shot. In the dying lines of the letter, love for native land, children and wife.

After World War I, the Bukovina region was occupied by boyar Romania. Creativity Kobylyanska 20-30-ies of XX century. takes place in particularly difficult and difficult conditions. However, the Ukrainian language and culture are severely persecuted, and under these conditions the writer establishes contacts with the Ukrainian literary youth of the progressive magazine "Luch" (1921-1923), with the Lvov month "New Ways", the Kharkov publishing house "Rukh", where during 1927-1929. Her "Works" were published in nine volumes.

In 1927, the Ukrainian public celebrated the 40th anniversary of O. Kobylyanska's literary and social activities. This holiday was especially solemnly celebrated in Soviet Ukraine. The government gave the writer a personal pension. And in the then capital Kharkov, the publication of the complete collection of her works began.

In 1940 Bukovina became part of the Soviet Ukraine. In the same year, the 55th anniversary of the creative activity of the writer was widely celebrated. On November 25, a solemn meeting took place in Kyiv, on November 27 - in the Chernivtsi Regional Music and Drama Theater, and the next evening - in the house of the writer herself.

The government awarded O. Kobylyanska Honorary diploma Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Ukrainian SSR, she was admitted to the Writers' Union of Ukraine. A two-volume edition of her works was published in Kyiv. Welcoming telegrams were sent by numerous organizations, writers and readers from the RSFSR, Moldova, the Baltic states, Uzbekistan and many other places.

Olga Kobylyanskaya responded to the treacherous German attack with angry articles. Paralyzed, already old age the writer was unable to evacuate from Chernivtsi. The occupiers searched her apartment, took her manuscripts, some of which disappeared without a trace. The bourgeois Romanian government ordered that the writer be brought to a military court. The intentions of the executioners remained unfulfilled, since on March 21, 1942, O. Kobylyanskaya died. The occupying power forbade the public to hold last way patriotic writer the way she deserves it. Only relatives and friends of Olga Yulianovna were at the funeral. She was buried at the Chernivtsi cemetery. Olga Kobylyanskaya gave "the song of the heart and the music of the soul" to her native people.

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Biography, life story of Kobylyanskaya Olga Yulianovna

Kobylyanskaya Olga Yulianovna was born in 1863 on November 27 in a large family. The town in which the girl was born was called Gura-Humora. Her father was a petty official, secretary of the county court. Olga's mother devoted her whole life to raising children.

The place where the town of Gura-Humora was located is a distant region of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, untouched by Ukrainian culture. Since there was no school in the town, Olga's father, taking care of the future of his children, in 1869 achieved his transfer to Suceava. The family lived there for three years. Olga's brothers in Suceava began attending a German gymnasium. Little Olga gradually enriched herself with knowledge along with them.

By 1875 the family had moved to Kimpolung. There Olga graduated from four classes of elementary school. All training was in German, since Bukovina was then a colony of Austria-Hungary. Ukrainian language the girl studied outside the school walls.

It was in the county town of Kimpolung that the girl's path to the world of knowledge began, which she overcame completely on her own. The Kobylyansky family was filled with an atmosphere of love for literature, the wise word and folk customs.

At the age of fourteen, Olga began to write poetry, as well as write a diary in German. Her first works - "Hortense, or an essay from the life of a girl", "Fate or will?" cognitive value, they display individual life scenes of the small-town intelligentsia.

At the age of eighteen, Olga met Kokhanovska Augusta (Ukrainian artist). Olga also began to make friends with Sofia Okunevskaya (a highly educated doctor), Natalya Kobrinskaya (writer). This communication undoubtedly contributed to the formation of Olga's worldview. Friends then advised the writer to write in Ukrainian.

In 1886, the German-language story "She Got Married" was published. This story later became the basis of the story called "The Man". The story "Man" was completed in 1892, it was with the release of this work that Olga was formed as a Ukrainian writer, real master artistic word.

CONTINUED BELOW

Olga was also very close to. Friends shared their literary ideas, told each other the details of their personal lives, supported each other in everything.

At that time, girlfriends did not have special access to different areas of knowledge and art. Because they tirelessly fought for independence. strong in spirit and outcast women Olga showed in "The Man" and "The Princess".

The great achievement of the Ukrainian fiction became the work "Earth". Olga then wrote in her autobiographical essay that all the facts and all the characters in the story "Earth" are not fictional, taken from life. Olga also admits in the essay that she simply suffered physically from those facts, under their impression, and often, while writing, sobbed.

At the peak of the girl's prosperity as a writer, a misfortune happened - an illness. It so happened that in 1903, a cold gave a complication, Olga was partially paralyzed.

The death of her mother, her father's illness, her own troubles, as well as material needs - all together caused the writer's creative decline. However, even in this position, Olga continued to work. In the early 1900s, Olga wrote “Chords”, “Cross”, “Moon”, as well as a whole chain of poetry in prose (“Mallows” (1896), “There the stars made their way” (1900), “Pine trees sway sadly "(1901)," Through the sea "(1903) and others). The writer published some of her creations in magazines under the names "Mir" and "Ukrainian House".

The tendencies of romance and realism in the work of the writer are peculiarly combined in the work “Digging the potion early on Sunday”. This story has been translated into several languages ​​and staged.

The war of 1914 brought a lot of grief. Olga was struck by the strength of the people, their ability to overcome the terrible disasters of war. For some time they passed through Bukovina fighting. The pain of the soul from death, ruins, torment was embodied in the works "Dream", "Juda", "Towards Fate". The greatest tragedy was filled with "Letter of a condemned soldier to his wife."

After the war, Bukovina was occupied by boyar Romania. Olga's work at that time took place in especially difficult conditions. Ukrainian culture and language were persecuted. Then Olga managed to establish contacts with the progressive magazine "Luch", which was run by the Ukrainian literary youth, with the Lvov magazine "New Ways", with the Kharkov edition "Rukh". These magazines published her creations in 9 volumes.

In 1927, the Ukrainian literary community celebrated the 40th anniversary of Olga's social and literary activities. The government of Soviet Ukraine assigned Olga a personal pension. In Kharkov (at that time - the capital of Ukraine) the release of the complete collection of works by Olga Kobylyanskaya began.

By 1940, the Bukovina region became a part of Soviet Ukraine. On November 22 of the same year, a solemn meeting was held in honor of the 55th anniversary of Kobylyanska's creative activity.

Olga Kobylyanska was awarded by the government with a diploma from the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian Soviet Republic. At the same time, Olga was admitted to the Writers' Union of Ukraine. A two-volume edition of her works was published in Kyiv.

On the attack Nazi Germany Olga responded with furious articles. In her old age, the paralyzed Olga did not have the opportunity to evacuate from Chernivtsi. Her apartment was ransacked, her manuscripts were confiscated, some of them disappeared without a trace. The Romanian government brought Olga to a military court. However, the intentions of the executioners could not be realized: Olga Kobylyanskaya died. It happened on March 21, 1942. She was buried in the Chernivtsi cemetery.

Riddle: what do they have in common,
Who will I list in order?
Turn on the convolutions at least for a moment -
Well, try to reveal the answer.

I will name you the first student
From Lumumba University -
Pleased with the beauty of Moscow -
The most wonderful flower of the capital's flower bed.

Now get ready: I ​​call the one
Which follows the first one on our list.
She is at the Odessa airport
Director ... I will read without hesitation,

That the third number in Krivoy Rog is us,
Brings - to an unspecified school ...
As soon as she enters the classroom
The teacher... guessed it? "Spur",

I understand that you did not save -
And they couldn't find the answer...
I will also add: the author of "Earth"
Capital in that list... Everything is not going smoothly?

Well, what can you do? I open myself.
Didn't know they were so stupid...
First I give you a hint:
All of the above are called ... Yes, Olga ...

And they share the same last name...
Yes, Kobylyanska... Well, thank God,
The answer sounded ... Author of books -
The root cause, clearly... Little by little

We have come to understand the fact
That the world remembers a proud countrywoman,
Kohl in various corners of the earth
That's what girls are called...
Rolling

Walked in the evenings with the whole crowd
Down the street that bears the same name...
I'm afraid that "Earth" we are then with you
Haven't read it yet... Witchcraft

There were evenings on Kobylyanska...
And here she herself once lived
Looking out the window and waiting for love
And, despised the German adversary,

Romania ... And when in the fortieth
The Soviets kicked the impudent Romanian
Red Army rough boot -
And became Ukrainian Bukovina,

The writer spoke in favor
Publicly - in the Ukrainian press...
She was immediately promoted to queen,
So that in an ideological batch

To refer to the classics: if it is,
European thinker,
whose support is valuable to Stalin,
She said “For!”, then let the toads be silent,

That "Anschluss" condemned indiscriminately ...
But the year of the bloody feast is coming
Breaks the fate of the forty-first year -
And Bukovina, poor homeland,

Once again, the Romanian will fall under the heel ...
The Romanians are rampaging in Bukovina ...
Olga does not get up from her chair
She is paralyzed, but now, -

Kobylyanska thinks she should
Especially to say the right word
Protest, anger ... She called
The anger of the Sigurans... She is threatened severely

Military tribunal, but left
From the power of the king and Antonescu
Under God's authority, where she could not
Earthly - in Romanian and German -

To sentence the ruler of thoughts,
Because the supreme court happened over her...
And in the world of her soul to open
Window until the end I did not dare -

I'm embarrassed... I didn't want to
Dot the "i" unambiguously.
We don't have a single piece of writing left.
Where from the context clearly and transparently

Olga would let us know that her
And the poetess Lesya Ukrainka
Not just friendship burned like coal,
Ah ... Okay - let him finish the picture

With sympathy, the reader to the end -
And understands, not condemns
The one whose soul, as before, in Chernivtsi
Invisible hovering over the city,

Where every hour someone
Mentions the name, where with passion
Actors weave fine weaving
From her thoughts and feelings in the pursuit of happiness,

What is equivalent to happiness, and the result
Always tragic, because there is no immortality...
Freed from the Nazis
This radiant star

Ascend to a proud orbit
In the forty-fourth grateful city:
To save the Kobylyanska corner,
In which the heat of the soul and the external cold

Love and dislike endured:
Her apartment was turned into a museum
And the street that took the name
Where we wander in the evenings and stare,

Where the soul is secretly filled
Love, inspiration and light -
That street is so amazingly good...
Museum with her office,

Her things, books - keeps
Her soul is a high reflection -
And the echo with a gentle voice rings,
In us, the response is awakening and excitement ...

Genius has a mysterious path
And the logic of fate is extraordinary
By its simple measure it is impossible
Measure, there is always a secret hidden in it.

One hundred different "why?" yes "why?"
Forever left unanswered...
The Lord alone knows everything, but His
Routes are inscrutable - this is -

As an axiom ... Olga was born,
When I was over South Bukovina
Austrian anointed power...
Pan Yulian with better half

Lived in a quiet town
With a semi-Romanian name: Gura-
Humor ... House - and apple trees in the garden,
The German language reigns - the whole texture ...

Then - Suceava, Kimpolunga ... The essence
Those wanderings is obvious: survival.
Where there was earnings, there is a way ...
High meaning in that painful wandering:

Higher education for sons -
There are five of them in the family - with an effort they gave ...
- And Olga and Evgenia? Well, you
After all, getting married means that hardly

It makes sense to open your wallet...
IN primary school four years old
Deutsch teach: "guten morgen, schnell ..." -
And that's it ... Dad and mom weren't joking -

And three elders: Maximillian,
Vladimir, Alexander - went to lawyers,
A classy Julian became a philologist,
Stepan - to the military ... Girls - to shoot

It is not customary to admit to science ...
Pan Yulian and his wife reasoned:
- Of course, let them learn to write -
And okay ... So the sisters looked like

In the initial, and the rest of the whole
Then science was mined by themselves
From books and life... And Eugene Sue
Trendy read and poetry

Marali, as expected, the album ...
Everything, like everyone else ... With only one difference:
All the girls dreamed of one thing:
Marriage - it all ended here ... Olga

I dreamed of something else: to write, create,
Participate in community...
Talk to your friends about it?
No one will understand her decision ...

Deliver joy, first verses
Olga dedicated to her - in German ...
Here you can see the features of the strokes:
German language in local everyday life -

It is common - and for Olga it is native.
She wrote her debut story on it -
"Hydrangea" - and - a wonderful twist:
With difficulty she translated it herself

In Ukrainian... And so it happened:
First, the story will be written in German
Then it just translates at random...
In Ukrainian, the highest marks

I would hardly receive - and then
Her stories, novellas, novels
Always, always in the cool editor
Needed ... So what? There is no deceit in that

What Ukrainian classic her
The enlightened community recognized...
Other of her creations in a prick
Kidalo:
-- Pornography! No need

In the literature of explicit topics,
No need for passion, jealousy and pain...
What does a woman want - why
Write, read about it? in a strange role

In her creations, a woman ... She
They are not an object of desire, but a source ...
And her psychology is dark -
Sheer Nietzscheanism, if in exact

Estimates denote this nonsense,
What he writes, shocking the bulk
With contempt for the people... Sentence
Severe: you need to read those "creations",

But just to criticize...
Read, my lords, read...
Well, her vocation is to write
About the values ​​of a living soul ... Stare

Eyes, angry critic, into the new "creation"...
But someone voted for the novelty -
And suddenly the chorus that blasphemed Olga fell silent:
Is there anyone who is Lesya Ukrainka

Dare to argue? She,
All-Ukrainian torch by recognition,
I am delighted with that bukovinka ...
This support lay at the base

That literary path
Which Kobylyanska torila
On the virgin soil, through the windbreak... Save
Innovator from bullying - the main thing was

The aspiration of the poetess. And then
Friendship bound two high souls...
Let's reread Olga's books...
"Princess", "Man" ... You need to get used to it

To special twists of the tongue...
But the images, the plots are sparkling...
Her hand is sure, strong...
Here is "Valse melancolique" ... Massive, dense

Cast phrases - and visible in everything
Selfless honesty of feeling -
With such courage she alone
She created herself by means of art ...

In the early nineties - in Chernivtsi
Olga is moving... This city
Ukrainian culture samples
Revealed and inspired, giving a reason

The writer to express herself
As a women's activist...
For the first time, ruining the reputation,
Erotica in high nudity

Introduced in "Nature" ... Cherished
Shame of the unaccustomed and timid:
In a thunderstorm, encrypted like bodies
Merge in orgasm... Looking for trails

To convey the apotheosis
A set of musical analogies
Beautiful, poetic ... Well, the question
Natural: erotic apologies,

Who was the prototype in those creations?
She opened the veil herself
Having confessed, he fell in love with Olga first
Not a Ukrainian - a German ... This play

Played abroad... In Chernivtsi
She searched for love painfully -
Slave of love... Her love is in a vice
She held tight and didn't let go.

For Olga, loving is as important as breathing...
The object was found, we cherish tenderness.
No one can stop Olga
Get carried away by the Ukrainian Makovei...
In the story, "Share" described the shock:
Pierced the heart with him, desired, a meeting ...
A notebook with a pencil ... I went into the woods,
She wrote something, a pencil crippled ...

What was written became for him
Favorite story of all time...
Believe that there is nothing higher
There is no love in which they became at once

Great and Osip and she -
That that love of literature is higher -
And more valuable for posterity
Than creativity... Not seeing and not hearing

Nobody's reasons, rushed into love,
Like a whirlpool, dragged Makovey,
Poet and editor...
-- No words --
"Nature" is delightful - blushing,

Editor of "Bukovyna" Makovey
She explained the refusal to publish,
“But it’s too frank, she-she-she ...
Isn't that the reason for the fading

Hot feelings for the timid him ...
As a person and a writer, he is smaller,
Younger than Olga ... Everything came to this:
Suddenly I realized that they had gone far

The paths of their souls, and, therefore, of their bodies
Connecting is boring and ridiculous ...
-- Farewell! - Osip said to Chernivtsi
And dear Olga Kobylyanska... Summer

Their happiness was shattered into pieces,
After leaving, Osip Makovei married ...
And she has a season of deaf longing -
It is possible that she dreamed of her beloved ...

She never married... Never
None of all the men on the planet
The writer's mature years
It will not ignite those feelings that are sung

In her fiery short stories, but to her
Larisa arrived ... Poetess,
Whose friendship grew ever tenderer
And everything is more necessary for both, but the veil

Here it will be omitted by me... Not everyone
The ability to understand others is given
And I will exclude this topic ... Then
I'll touch on something else important...

I dreamed that I would take it into the repertoire
Theater performances based on her short stories,
But the screenwriter is an equal gift with her
Was needed - so, so bold,

No one showed up with her...
When she left, in the Chernivtsi theater
The performance "Earth" was still staged
Goes with success for many years... Habits

We go to the theater weekly
Obliged to Olga's performances,
What filled the minds with thoughts
And they awakened feelings in us - didn't they?

There was a brave director - Vasilko
(Or maybe - Vasilko), as the "Earth"
Managed to lift on stage easily -
(I sit - and listen with bated breath) -

And "It's a week early..."... Translation
The title was enchanting
And coarsened ... Her soul lives
And in the rhythm of the poetic name,

In his alliteration itself,
In an elusive melody: "... Zilla
Kopala "...
Old picture... It was winter
Probably made... Dark wore

Deaf dresses Olga... Same style
Lesya, who is impulsive and nervous ...
And Olga, with thin arms crossed,
I thought ... About Osip, probably ...