20th century. His personality attracts today big interest from the side of society. The writer deserved such attention not only with amazing works, which, today are included in the mandatory school curriculum but also with your life. His life was not easy. In the Biography of Mikhail Afanasyevich, there were more than once ups and downs, dark days came more than once, but he did not despair, and he came out of all situations with his head held high.
The writer was born in early May 1891 and was the eldest child in the family. In total, the family had five children. His father was a professor at the Kyiv Theological Academy. When Bulgakov was 9 years old, he began his studies at the Alexander Gymnasium, where he studied for eight years. The gymnasium gave him a good education, it could not be otherwise, because the best teachers from the Polytechnic Institute and Kyiv University taught there. After graduating from the gymnasium, he entered Kiev University without any problems. Choosing the faculty, Mikhail Afanasyevich made a choice in favor of the medical.
In 1914 . She found Mikhail Bulgakov still a student. The first months of the war, he participated in the organization of a hospital for soldiers and officers of the Russian army. In 1915, Bulgakov worked in front-line cities as a surgeon. A year later, in the autumn of 1916, he received a medical diploma. Mikhail Afanasyevich is appointed to serve as a zemstvo doctor in the Smolensk province, in the Nikolsky village. After working here for a year, he was transferred to serve in Vyazma, where he worked in a local city hospital. While in Vyazma, he began to write his first stories.
The theme for the stories of the young writer was medical life. In 1918 Bulgakov's health failed. For this reason, he was fired from Vyazma. Now, together with his wife, he leaves to live in Kyiv and is engaged in private medical practice. In "the city of the beginning of the Russian land", the young author becomes an unwitting witness to the horrors of the civil war. Kyiv many times a short time changed hands between the opposing sides. Either the Whites will occupy Kyiv, or the Reds. The events of those days made a deep impression on Bulgakov, and it was then that the idea of the novel The White Guard was born.
In mid-1919, Bulgakov was mobilized into the Volunteer Army. He was sent to serve in Vladikavkaz. Here he worked in a hospital for six months, then fell ill with typhus, and spent several months in the hospital. Having recovered from his illness, he learned that the Volunteer Army was no longer in Vladikavkaz. Bulgakov's life turned around 180 degrees, he finally decides to leave medical practice and link his later life with literature. The works of Mikhail Afanasyevich are actively published in the local press. Here he organizes concerts and theater affairs. Before leaving Vladikavkaz, Bulgakov wrote such stories and plays as Self-Defense, The Turbine Brothers, The Paris Commune, Mulla's Sons.
Mikhail Bulgakov feared for his life. Service in the Volunteer Army could hardly please the newly established, new Soviet power. The author decides to emigrate - he leaves Vladikavkaz for Batumi, from where he planned to get to Constantinople by sea. And from the ancient Byzantine city, go to France. These plans, due to various circumstances, were not destined to come true. Now his path lay in Moscow.
In Moscow, Bulgakov is published in the newspapers "Gudok" and "Worker", the writer's works and magazines - "Russia", "Vozrozhdeniye" are published. Having started living in Moscow, such works as: “Notes on the Cuffs”, “Crimson Island”, “Fatal Eggs”, “Diaboliad”, “ dog's heart"," Zoya's apartment.
In 1925, for the first time, " white guard". Bulgakov's new work produced to the public strong impression. A year later, the performance of the same name was staged at the Moscow Art Theater. The performance caused both a storm of positive and a storm of negative reviews. Mikhail Afanasyevich was accused of flirting with the White Guards and the bourgeoisie. The NKVD established surveillance of him, and even conducted searches.
After 1927, the works of Mikhail Bulgakov ceased to be published, censorship worked. The writer found himself in a difficult position, no work, no money. In 1930, he wrote a letter to Stalin, in which he asked either to be hired by the theater or to be allowed to emigrate. personally called Bulgakov and allowed the writer to work at the Moscow Art Theater.
Mikhail Afanasievich worked in the theater until 1936, as an assistant director. During these years, he worked tirelessly. He wrote such works as: "Adam and Eve", "The Life of Monsieur Molière", "The Cabal of the Saints". "Alexander Pushkin". Many of these works were rejected by the censors. Bulgakov took his "failures" hard.
From the Moscow Art Theater, Mikhail Bulgakov went to the Bolshoi Theater, worked as a translator and librettist. Here, he creates the play "Batum". The play tells about the youth of Comrade Stalin. Unfortunately, the play was vetoed. Experiences captured the soul of the author, against this background, his old sores aggravated. A month before his death, Mikhail Afanasyevich completed his most famous novel"The Master and Margarita", who wrote the novel for almost 20 years. Mikhail Bulgakov died on March 10, 1940.
Many of Bulgakov's works were published only after his death. Mikhail Afanasyevich a prime example as talented people are underestimated in life, and after death they become popular, receive universal recognition and love. Perhaps if Bulgakov had not lived in times of strict censorship and the suppression of reason, free thought, then on our bookshelves there would be much more books by this talented Russian writer.
The end of the 19th century is a complex and contradictory time. There is nothing surprising in the fact that it was in 1891 that one of the most mysterious Russian writers was born. We are talking about Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov - director, playwright, mystic, scriptwriter and libretto of operas. Bulgakov's story is no less fascinating than his work, and the Literaguru team takes the liberty of proving it.
Birthday of M.A. Bulgakov - 3 (15) May. The father of the future writer, Afanasy Ivanovich, was a professor at the Theological Academy in Kyiv. Mother, Varvara Mikhailovna Bulgakova (Pokrovskaya), raised seven children: Mikhail, Vera, Nadezhda, Varvara, Nikolai, Ivan, Elena. The family often staged performances for which Mikhail composed plays. Since childhood, he loved performances, vaudeville, space scenes.
Bulgakov's house was a favorite meeting place creative intelligentsia. His parents often invited eminent friends who had a certain influence on the gifted boy Misha. He was very fond of listening to adult conversations and willingly participated in them.
Youth: education and early career
Bulgakov studied at the gymnasium No. 1 in the city of Kyiv. After graduating from it in 1901, he became a student at the medical faculty of Kyiv University. The choice of profession was influenced by the financial condition of the future writer: after the death of his father, Bulgakov took responsibility for big family. His mother remarried. All children, except Mikhail, remained in good relations with stepfather. The eldest son wanted to be financially independent. He graduated from the university in 1916 and received a medical degree with honors.
During the First World War, Mikhail Bulgakov served as a field doctor for several months, then got a job in the village of Nikolsky (Smolensk province). Then some stories were written, later included in the cycle "Notes of a Young Doctor". Because of the boring routine provincial life Bulgakov began to use narcotic drugs available to many representatives of his profession by occupation. He asked to be transferred to a new place so that drug addiction would be implicit for others: in any other case, the doctor could be deprived of his diploma. A devoted wife helped to get rid of the misfortune, who secretly diluted the narcotic substance. She in every possible way forced her husband to leave a bad habit.
In 1917, Mikhail Bulgakov received the position of head of the departments of the Vyazemsky city zemstvo hospital. A year later, Bulgakov and his wife returned to Kyiv, where the writer was engaged in private medical practice. Morphine addiction was defeated, but instead of drugs, Mikhail Bulgakov often drank alcohol.
Creation
At the end of 1918, Mikhail Bulgakov joined the officer detachment. It is not established whether he was called up as a military doctor, or whether he himself expressed a desire to become a member of the detachment. F. Keller, the second-in-command, disbanded the detachments, so that he did not participate in the fighting at that time. But already in 1919 he was mobilized into the army of the UNR. Bulgakov escaped. Versions regarding further fate writer disagree: some witnesses claimed that he served in the Red Army, some - that he did not leave Kyiv before the arrival of the Whites. It is authentically known that the writer was mobilized into the Volunteer Army (1919). At the same time he published the feuilleton "Future Prospects". The Kyiv events were reflected in the works The Extraordinary Adventures of the Doctor (1922), The White Guard (1924). It is worth noting that the writer chose literature as his main occupation in 1920: after completing his service in the hospital of Vladikavkaz, he began to write for the newspaper Kavkaz. creative way Bulgakov was thorny: during the period of the struggle for power, an unfriendly statement addressed to one of the parties could end in death.
Genres, themes and issues
In the early twenties, Bulgakov wrote mainly works about the revolution, mostly plays, which were subsequently staged on the stage of the Vladikavkaz Revolutionary Committee. Since 1921, the writer lived in Moscow and worked in various newspapers and magazines. In addition to feuilletons, he published individual chapters of stories. For example, "Notes on Cuffs" saw the light on the pages of the Berlin newspaper "On the Eve". Especially many essays and reports - 120 - were published in the newspaper Gudok (1922-1926). Bulgakov was a member of the Russian Association of Proletarian Writers, but at the same time his art world was not dependent on the ideology of the union: he wrote with great sympathy about the white movement, about tragic destinies intelligentsia. His problematic was much broader and richer than allowed. For example, the social responsibility of scientists for their inventions, a satire on new way life in the country, etc.
In 1925, the play " Days of the Turbins". She had resounding success on the stage of the Moscow Art academic theater. Even Joseph Stalin appreciated the work, but nevertheless, in each thematic speech, he focused on the anti-Soviet nature of Bulgakov's plays. Soon the writer's work was criticized. Over the next ten years, hundreds of scathing reviews were published. The play "Running" about the Civil War was forbidden to be staged: Bulgakov refused to make the text "ideologically correct". In 1928-29 the performances of Zoya's Apartment, Days of the Turbins, and Crimson Island were excluded from the theater repertoire.
But emigrants studied with interest key works Bulgakov. He wrote about the role of science in human life, about the importance of the right attitude towards each other. In 1929, the writer was thinking about the future novel The Master and Margarita. A year later, the first edition of the manuscript appeared. Religious themes, criticism of Soviet realities - all this made the appearance of Bulgakov's works on the pages of newspapers impossible. It is not surprising that the writer seriously considered moving abroad. He even wrote a letter to the Government, in which he asked either to be allowed to leave, or to be given the opportunity to work in peace. For the next six years, Mikhail Bulgakov was an assistant director at the Moscow Art Theater.
Philosophy
An idea of the philosophy of the master of the printed word is given by the most famous works. For example, in the story "Diaboliad" (1922), the problem of "little people" is described, which is so often addressed by the classics. According to Bulgakov, bureaucracy and indifference are the real devilish power and hard to resist. The already mentioned novel "The White Guard" is largely autobiographical in nature. This is the biography of a family who found themselves in difficult situation: Civil war, enemies, the need to choose. Someone believed that Bulgakov was too loyal to the White Guards, someone reproached the author for his loyalty to the Soviet regime.
The story "Fatal Eggs" (1924) tells truly fantasy story the scientist who accidentally deduced the new kind reptiles. These creatures multiply incessantly and soon fill the entire city. Some philologists argue that the figures of the biologist Alexander Gurvich and the leader of the proletariat V.I. were reflected in the image of Professor Persikov. Lenin. Another famous story is Heart of a Dog (1925). Interestingly, in the USSR it was officially published only in 1987. At first glance, the plot is satirical in nature: the professor transplants the human pituitary gland into the dog, and the dog Sharik becomes a man. But is it a man?.. Someone sees in this plot a prediction of future repressions.
Originality of style
The main trump card of the author was mysticism, which he wove into realistic works. Thanks to this, critics could not directly accuse him of insulting the feelings of the proletariat. The writer skillfully combined frank fiction and real social and political problems. However, his fantasy elements- it is always an allegory for similar phenomena that actually occur.
For example, the novel The Master and Margarita combines the most different genres: from parable to farce. Satan, who chose the name Woland for himself, one day arrives in Moscow. He meets people who are being punished for their sins. Alas, the only power of justice in Soviet Moscow is the devil, because officials and their henchmen are stupid, greedy and cruel to their fellow citizens. They are the real evil. Against this background, the love story of the talented Master (and after all, Maxim Gorky was called the master in the 1930s) and the brave Margarita unfolds. Only mystical intervention saved the creators from certain death in crazy house. The novel, for obvious reasons, was published after Bulgakov's death. The same fate awaited the unfinished" theatrical romance” about the world of writers and theatergoers (1936-37) and, for example, the play “Ivan Vasilyevich” (1936), a film based on which is watched to this day.
The nature of the writer
Friends and acquaintances considered Bulgakov both charming and very modest. The writer was always polite and knew how to step into the shadows in time. He had the talent of a storyteller: when he managed to overcome his shyness, everyone present listened only to him. The character of the author was based on best qualities Russian intelligentsia: education, humanity, compassion and delicacy.
Bulgakov loved to joke, never envied anyone and never looked for a better life. He was distinguished by sociability and secrecy, fearlessness and incorruptibility, strength of character and gullibility. Before his death, the writer said only one thing about the novel "The Master and Margarita": "To know." Such is his mean characteristic of his brilliant creation.
Personal life
- While still a student, Mikhail Bulgakov married Tatyana Nikolaevna Lappa. The family had to face a shortage Money. The first wife of the writer is the prototype of Anna Kirillovna (the story "Morphine"): disinterested, wise, ready to support. It was she who pulled him out of the narcotic nightmare, together with her he went through the years of devastation and bloody strife of the Russian people. But a full-fledged family did not work out with her, because in those hungry years it was difficult to think about children. The wife suffered greatly from the need to have abortions, because of this, Bulgakov's relationship cracked.
- So time would have passed if not for one evening: in 1924, Bulgakov was introduced Lyubov Evgenievna Belozerskaya. She had connections in the world of literature, and it was not without her help that The White Guard was published. Love has become not just a friend and comrade, like Tatyana, but also the muse of the writer. This is the second wife of the writer, the affair with which was bright and passionate.
- In 1929 he met Elena Shilovskaya. Subsequently, he admitted that he only loved this woman. By the time of the meeting, both were married, but the feelings were very strong. Elena Sergeevna was next to Bulgakov until his death. Bulgakov had no children. The first wife had two abortions from him. Perhaps that is why he always felt guilty before Tatyana Lappa. The adopted son of the writer was Yevgeny Shilovsky.
- Bulgakov's first work is The Adventures of Svetlana. The story was written when the future writer was seven years old.
- The play "Days of the Turbins" was loved by Joseph Stalin. When the author asked to be released abroad, Stalin himself called Bulgakov with the question: “What, are you very tired of us?” Stalin watched Zoya's apartment at least eight times. It is believed that he patronized the writer. In 1934, Bulgakov asked to be given trip abroad so that he can improve his health. He was refused: Stalin understood that if the writer remained in another country, then The Days of the Turbins would have to be removed from the repertoire. These are the features of the relationship between the author and the authorities
- In 1938, Bulgakov wrote a play about Stalin at the request of representatives of the Moscow Art Theater. The leader read the script of "Batum" and was not too pleased: he did not want the general public to find out about his past.
- "Morphine", which tells about the drug addiction of a doctor - autobiographical work, which helped Bulgakov overcome addiction. Confessing to paper, he received strength to fight the disease.
- The author was very self-critical, so he liked to collect criticism strangers. He cut out all the reviews of his creations from newspapers. Of the 298, they were negative, and only three people praised Bulgakov's work in his entire life. Thus, the writer knew firsthand the fate of his hunted hero - the Master.
- The relationship between the writer and his colleagues was very difficult. Someone supported him, for example, director Stanislavsky threatened to close his legendary theater if it banned the showing of The White Guard. And someone, for example, Vladimir Mayakovsky, offered to boo the screening of the play. He publicly criticized his colleague, very impartially assessing his achievements.
- The Behemoth cat was, it turns out, not at all an invention of the author. Its prototype was Bulgakov's phenomenally smart black dog with the same nickname.
Death
Why did Bulgakov die? In the late thirties, he often spoke of imminent death. Friends considered it a joke: the writer loved practical jokes. Actually Bulgakov, former doctor, noticed the first signs of nephrosclerosis - a severe hereditary disease. In 1939, the diagnosis was made.
Bulgakov was 48 years old - the same age as his father, who died of nephrosclerosis. At the end of his life, he again began to use morphine to dull the pain. When he went blind, his wife wrote the chapters of The Master and Margarita for him from dictation. Editing stopped at the words of Margarita: “So, this, therefore, is the writers following the coffin?” On March 10, 1940, Bulgakov died. He was buried on Novodevichy cemetery.
Bulgakov's house
In 2004, the opening of the Bulgakov House, a museum-theater and a cultural and educational center, took place in Moscow. Visitors can ride a tram, see an electronic exposition dedicated to the life and work of the writer, sign up for night tour in a "bad apartment" and meet a real cat Behemoth. The function of the museum is to preserve Bulgakov's heritage. The concept is connected with the mystical theme that the great writer loved so much.
There is also an outstanding Bulgakov Museum in Kyiv. The apartment is riddled with secret passages and manholes. For example, from the closet you can get into the secret room, where there is something like an office. There you can also see many exhibits talking about the writer's childhood.
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Creation
Novels and novels
Plays, librettos, screenplays
stories
Journalism and feuilletons
Screen versions of works
(May 3 (15), 1891, Kyiv - March 10, 1940, Moscow) - Russian Soviet writer, playwright and theater director. Author of novels, short stories, feuilletons, plays, dramatizations, screenplays and opera librettos.
Biography
Mikhail Bulgakov was born on May 3 (15), 1891 in Kiev in the family of Afanasy Ivanovich Bulgakov (1859-1907), a professor at the Kiev Theological Academy, and his wife Varvara Mikhailovna (nee Pokrovskaya) (1869-1922). There were seven children in the family: Mikhail (1891-1940), Vera (1892-1972), Nadezhda (1893-1971), Varvara (1895-1954), Nikolay (1898-1966), Ivan (1900-1969) and Elena ( 1902-1954).
In 1909, Mikhail Bulgakov graduated from the Kyiv First Gymnasium and entered the medical faculty of Kyiv University. October 31, 1916 - received a diploma of approval "in the degree of a doctor with honors with all the rights and benefits, laws Russian Empire assigned to this degree.
In 1913, M. Bulgakov enters into his first marriage - with Tatyana Lappa (1892-1982).
After the outbreak of the First World War, M. Bulgakov worked as a doctor in the frontline zone for several months. Then he was sent to work in the village of Nikolskoye, Smolensk province, after which he worked as a doctor in Vyazma.
During civil war, in February 1919, M. Bulgakov was mobilized as a military doctor in the Ukrainian army People's Republic. At the end of August 1919, according to one version, M. Bulgakov was mobilized into the Red Army as a military doctor; On October 14-16, together with units of the Red Army, he returned to Kyiv and, during street fighting, went over to the side of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia and became a military doctor of the 3rd Terek Cossack Regiment.
In the same year, he managed to work as a doctor of the Red Cross, and then - in the White Guard Armed Forces of the South of Russia. For some time he Cossack troops spends in Chechnya, then in Vladikavkaz.
At the end of September 1921, M. Bulgakov moved to Moscow and began to cooperate as a feuilletonist with the capital's newspapers ("Gudok", "Worker") and magazines (" medical worker”,“ Russia ”,“ Revival ”). At the same time he publishes individual works in the newspaper Nakanune, published in Berlin. From 1922 to 1926, more than 120 reports, essays and feuilletons by M. Bulgakov were published in Gudok.
In 1923 M. Bulgakov joined the All-Russian Union of Writers. In 1924, he met Lyubov Evgenievna Belozerskaya (1898-1987), who had recently returned from abroad, who in 1925 became his new wife.
Since October 1926, the play "Days of the Turbins" has been staged at the Moscow Art Theater with great success. Its production was allowed for a year, but later it was extended several times, since I. Stalin liked the play. However, in his speeches, I. Stalin agreed: “The Days of the Turbins” is “an anti-Soviet thing, and Bulgakov is not ours.” At the same time, intensive and extremely sharp criticism of M. Bulgakov's work takes place in the Soviet press. According to his own calculations, in 10 years there were 298 abusive reviews and 3 favorable ones. Among the critics were such influential officials and writers as V. Mayakovsky, A. Bezymensky, L. Averbakh, V. Shklovsky, P. Kerzhentsev and many others.
At the end of October 1926 at the Theater. Vakhtangov, the premiere of the play based on the play "Zoyka's Apartment" is held with great success.
In 1928, M. Bulgakov traveled with his wife to the Caucasus, visiting Tiflis, Batum, Zeleny Mys, Vladikavkaz, Gudermes. The premiere of the play Crimson Island is taking place in Moscow this year. M. Bulgakov came up with the idea of a novel, later called The Master and Margarita. The writer also begins work on a play about Molière ("The Cabal of Saints").
In 1929, M. Bulgakov met Elena Sergeevna Shilovskaya, who became his third and last wife in 1932.
By 1930, the works of M. Bulgakov ceased to be printed, the plays were withdrawn from the theater repertoire. Prohibited from staging the play "Running", "Zoyka's apartment", "Crimson Island", the play "Days of the Turbins" was withdrawn from the repertoire. In 1930, M. Bulgakov wrote to his brother Nikolai in Paris about the unfavorable literary and theatrical situation for himself and the difficult financial situation. At the same time, he writes a letter to the Government of the USSR with a request to determine his fate - either to give the right to emigrate, or to provide the opportunity to work at the Moscow Art Theater. M. Bulgakov calls I. Stalin, who recommends the playwright to apply with a request to enroll him in the Moscow Art Theater.
In 1930, M. Bulgakov worked as a director in Central theater working youth (TRAM). From 1930 to 1936 - at the Moscow Art Theater as an assistant director. In 1932, on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater, the play "Dead Souls" by Nikolai Gogol staged by M. Bulgakov took place. The play "The Cabal of the Saints" was released in 1936, after almost five years of rehearsals. After seven performances, the production was banned, and a devastating article was published in Pravda about this "false, reactionary and worthless" play.
In January 1932, I. Stalin (formally - A. Yenukidze) again allowed the production of "The Days of the Turbins", and before the war it was no longer prohibited. True, this permission did not apply to any theater, except for the Moscow Art Theater.
In 1936, after an article in Pravda, M. Bulgakov left the Moscow Art Theater and began working in Bolshoi Theater as a librettist and translator. In 1937, M. Bulgakov worked on the libretto "Minin and Pozharsky" and "Peter I".
In 1939, M. Bulgakov worked on the libretto "Rachel", as well as on a play about I. Stalin ("Batum"). The play was approved by I. Stalin, but, contrary to the writer's expectations, it was forbidden to be printed and staged. The state of health of M. Bulgakov is deteriorating sharply. Doctors diagnose him with hypertensive nephrosclerosis. Bulgakov continues to use morphine, prescribed to him in 1924, in order to relieve pain symptoms. In the same period, the writer begins to dictate to his wife the latest versions of the novel The Master and Margarita.
Since February 1940, friends and relatives have been constantly on duty at the bedside of M. Bulgakov. On March 10, 1940, Mikhail Afanasyevich Bulgakov died. On March 11, a civil memorial service was held in the building of the Union Soviet writers. Before the memorial service, the Moscow sculptor S. D. Merkurov removes the death mask from the face of M. Bulgakov.
M. Bulgakov is buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery. On his grave, at the request of his wife E. S. Bulgakova, a stone was installed, nicknamed "calvary", which previously lay on the grave of N. V. Gogol.
Creation
M. Bulgakov's first story, according to him own words, wrote in 1919.
1922-1923 - publication of Notes on Cuffs.
In 1924 - the publication of the novel "The White Guard", about tragic events struggle for power between different political forces Ukraine in 1918.
In 1925 a collection was published satirical stories"Diaboliad". In 1925, the story "Fatal Eggs", the story "Steel Throat" (the first of the "Notes of a Young Doctor" cycle) were also published. The writer is working on the story "Heart of a Dog", the plays "Days of the Turbins" and "Zoyka's Apartment".
In 1926, the play "Days of the Turbins" was staged at the Moscow Art Theater.
In 1927, M. Bulgakov completed the drama "Running".
From 1926 to 1929, M. Bulgakov's play "Zoyka's Apartment" was staged at the Studio Theater of Yevgeny Vakhtangov, and "Crimson Island" (1928) was staged at the Moscow Chamber Theater in 1928-1929.
In 1932, the production of The Days of the Turbins was resumed at the Moscow Art Theater.
In 1934 the first full version novel "The Master and Margarita", which includes 37 chapters.
Works by Mikhail Bulgakov
Novels and novels
- The Adventures of Chichikov (a satirical story, 1922)
- The White Guard (novel, 1922-1924)
- Diaboliad (novel, 1923)
- Notes on cuffs (novel, 1923)
- Crimson Island. Roman tov. Jules Verne. Mikhail A. Bulgakov translated from French into Aesopian (novel, published in Berlin in 1924)
- Fatal Eggs (novel, 1924)
- Heart of a Dog (novel, 1925, published in the USSR in 1987)
- Great chancellor. Prince of Darkness (part draft version novel "The Master and Margarita", 1928-1929)
- Engineer's Hoof (novel, 1928-1929)
- To a secret friend (unfinished story, 1929, published in the USSR in 1987)
- The Master and Margarita (novel, 1929-1940, published in the USSR in 1966)
- The life of Monsieur de Molière (novel, 1933)
- Theatrical novel (Notes of a dead man) (unfinished novel, 1936-1937, published in the USSR in 1965)
Plays, librettos, screenplays
- Zoya's apartment (play, 1925, staged in the USSR in 1926, released in mass circulation in 1982)
- The Days of the Turbins (a play written on the basis of the novel The White Guard, 1925, staged in the USSR in 1925, released in mass circulation in 1955)
- Running (play, 1926-1928)
- Crimson Island (play, 1927, published in the USSR in 1968)
- The Cabal of Saints (a play, 1929, (staged in the USSR in 1936), in 1931 it was allowed by censorship to be staged with a number of cuts called "Molière", but even in this form the production was postponed)
- Adam and Eve (play, 1931)
- Mad Jourdain (play, 1932, published in the USSR in 1965)
- Bliss (the dream of the engineer Rhine) (play, 1934, published in the USSR in 1966)
- The Auditor (screenplay, 1934)
- Last days(Alexander Pushkin) (play, 1935 (published in the USSR in 1955)
- An Extraordinary Incident, or the Government Inspector (play based on a comedy by Nikolai Gogol, 1935)
- Ivan Vasilyevich (play, 1936)
- Minin and Pozharsky (opera libretto, 1936, published in the USSR in 1980)
- The Black Sea (opera libretto, 1936, published in the USSR in 1988)
- Rachel (libretto of the opera based on the story "Mademoiselle Fifi" by Guy de Maupassant, 1937-1939, published in the USSR in 1988)
- Batum (a play about the youth of I. V. Stalin, original title"Shepherd", 1939, published in the USSR in 1988)
- Don Quixote (opera libretto based on the novel by Miguel de Cervantes, 1939)
stories
- No. 13. - House of Elpit-Rabkommun (short story, 1922)
- Arithmetic (short story from Notes and Miniatures, 1922)
- On the night of the 3rd (story from the collection Notes and Miniatures, 1922)
- At the Zimin Theater (story from the collection Notes and Miniatures, 1922)
- How he lost his mind (short story from Notes and Miniatures, 1922)
- Kaenpe and cape (story from Notes and Miniatures, 1922)
- The Red Crown (short story from Notes and Miniatures, 1922)
- Plaque. IN magic lantern(story from the collection Notes and Miniatures, 1922)
- The Extraordinary Adventures of a Doctor (short story from Notes and Miniatures, 1922)
- November 7th day (story from the collection Notes and Miniatures, 1922)
- Beware of fakes! (story from the collection Notes and Miniatures, 1922)
- Birds in the Attic (story from Notes and Miniatures, 1922)
- Working city-garden (story from the collection Notes and Miniatures, 1922)
- The Soviet Inquisition (story from the collection Notes and Miniatures, 1922)
- Chinese history. 6 Pictures Instead of a Story (short story, 1923)
- Remembrance... (a story dedicated to the death of Lenin, 1924)
- Khan's Fire (story, 1924)
- A towel with a rooster (a story from the cycle "Notes of a Young Doctor", 1925)
- Baptism by turning (a story from the cycle "Notes of a Young Doctor", 1925)
- Steel throat (story from the cycle "Notes of a young doctor", 1925)
- Blizzard (story from the cycle "Notes of a young doctor", 1925)
- Egyptian darkness (story from the cycle "Notes of a young doctor", 1925)
- The missing eye (story from the cycle "Notes of a young doctor", 1925)
- Star rash (story from the cycle "Notes of a young doctor", 1925)
- Bohemia (story, 1925)
- Holiday with syphilis humorous story, 1925)
- Tambourine Story (story, 1926)
- I Killed (story, 1926)
- Morphine (story, 1926)
- Treatise on Housing (story from the collection "Treatise on Housing", 1926)
- Psalm (story from the collection "Treatise on Housing", 1926)
- Four portraits (story from the collection Treatise on Housing, 1926)
- Moonshine Lake (story from the collection "Treatise on Housing", 1926)
Journalism and feuilletons
Journalism and feuilletons
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Screen versions of works
- Pilate and others (Master and Margarita) (Germany, TV movie, 1972, 90 min.) - dir. Andrzej Wajda
- Master and Margarita (Yugoslavia - Italy, Feature Film, 1972, 95 min.) - dir. Alexander Petrovich
- The Master and Margarita (Poland, TV series, 1989, 4 episodes ~370 min.) - dir. Maczek Wojtyshko
- Incident in Judea (Master and Margarita) (UK, TV movie, 1991) - dir. Paul Briers
- The Master and Margarita (Russia, feature film, 1994, 240 min./125 min.) - dir. Yuri Kara
- The Master and Margarita (Russia, TV show, 1996, 142 min.) - dir. Sergey Desnitsky
- The Master and Margarita (Hungary, short film, 2005, 26 min.) - dir. Iboia Fekete
- The Master and Margarita (Russia, TV series, 2005, 10 episodes, ~500 min.) - dir. Vladimir Bortko
- The Master and Margarita, part one, chapter 1 (Israel, animated film, 2010, 33 min.) - dir. Terenty Oslyabya
- Heart of a Dog (Russia, feature film, 1988, 131 min.) - dir. Vladimir Bortko
- Cuore di cane (Heart of a Dog) (Italy, feature film, 1975) - dir. Alberto Lattuada
- Running (based on the works: Running, the White Guard, the Black Sea) (USSR, feature film, 1970, 196 min.) - dir. Alexander Alov, Vladimir Naumov
- Days of the Turbins (USSR, feature film, 1976, 223 min.) - dir. Vladimir Basov
- Ivan Vasilyevich changes profession (Ivan Vasilyevich) (USSR, feature film, 1973, 87 min.) - dir. Leonid Gaidai
- Fatal eggs (Russia, feature film, 1995, 117 min.) - dir. Sergey Lomkin
- Morphine (based on the works: Notes of a young doctor, Morphine) (Russia, feature film, 2008, 112 min.) - dir. Alexey Balabanov
- Notes of a young doctor (based on the works: Notes of a young doctor) (Russia, feature film, 1991, 65 min.) - dir. Mikhail Yakzhen
- Case history (based on the works: “The Red Crown”) (Russia, feature film, 1990, 40 min.) - dir. Alexey Prazdnikov
Theatrical performances based on the works of Mikhail Bulgakov
Museums
- State Museum M. A. Bulgakov in Moscow, "Bad apartment."
- Cultural Center"Bulgakov's House" (Moscow, Bolshaya Sadovaya, 10)
- House of the Turbins, Literary and Memorial Museum. M. Bulgakov in Kyiv: Andreevsky Spusk, 13.
- Museum of One Street (Museum of Andreevsky Descent) - part of the exposition is dedicated to the life of Mikhail Bulgakov and his work.
Memory
120th anniversary
- On May 15, 2011, celebrations of the 120th anniversary of the birth of M. Bulgakov took place in Kyiv.
- On May 15 at 10:40 pm, the Kultura TV channel showed the feature film Theatrical Romance.
- In Moscow, in the museum-apartment on Bolshaya Sadovaya, three new exhibitions have been prepared:
- "New Arrivals";
- "In the desk drawer";
- "Eight dreams. Run".
- In the park of the Bulgakov estate in Bucha, Kyiv region, the birthday of M. Bulgakov was celebrated. A monument to the writer was unveiled, a garden laid out and an international theater festival held.
- May 18, 2011 at major league The Cheerful and Resourceful Club played the 3rd quarter final of the season, the theme of which was "Bulgakov and his work."
1891 , May 3 (15) - was born in Kyiv in the family of Associate Professor of the Kyiv Theological Academy Afanasy Ivanovich Bulgakov and his wife Varvara Mikhailovna (nee - Pokrovskaya).
1901 , August 22 - enters the first class of the First (Aleksandrovskaya) Kyiv gymnasium.
1909 - graduated from the Kyiv First Gymnasium and entered the medical faculty of Kyiv University.
1913 - enters into his first marriage - with Tatyana Lappa (1892-1982).
1916
, October 31 - received a doctor's degree, was sent to work in the village of Nikolskoye, Smolensk province., Then he worked as a doctor in the city of Vyazma.
December - a trip to Moscow.
1918
- returned to Kyiv, where he began private practice as a venereologist in a house on Andreevsky Descent.
December - events take place in Kyiv, later described in the novel "The White Guard".
1919
, February - mobilized as a military doctor in the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic.
Mobilized in white Armed forces South of Russia and was appointed military doctor of the 3rd Terek Cossack Regiment.
November 26 - the first publication of M. A. Bulgakov: the feuilleton "Future Prospects" in the newspaper "Grozny".
1920
, January 18 - publication of the feuilleton "In the cafe" in the "Kavkazskaya Gazeta".
February 15 - the first issue of the newspaper "Kavkaz" is published, with Bulgakov becoming an employee.
End of February - Bulgakov falls ill with relapsing fever and remains in Vladikavkaz, captured by the Red Army.
Beginning of April - goes to work as the head of the literary section of the sub-department of arts in the Vladikavkaz Revolutionary Committee (since the end of May he has been in charge of the theater section).
October 21 - premiere of the play "The Turbine Brothers".
1921
, end of June - leaves for Batum. Acquaintance with O. E. Mandelstam.
End of September - moves to Moscow and begins to cooperate as a feuilletonist with the capital's newspapers ("Gudok", "Worker") and magazines ("Medical Worker", "Russia", "Vozrozhdeniye").
Publishes individual works in the newspaper "On the Eve", published in Berlin.
November-December - acquaintance with the typist I. S. Raaben (nee Count Kamenskaya), to whom Bulgakov dictates the first part of Notes on the Cuffs.
1922
, March - works as a reporter in the newspaper "Worker" and in the Scientific and Technical Committee of the Air Force Academy.
Beginning of April - works as a letter processor for the Gudok newspaper.
June 18 - chapters from the story "Notes on the Cuffs" are published in the Literary Supplement to the Berlin newspaper "On the Eve".
October - Bulgakov becomes a feuilletonist in Gudok with a salary of 200 million rubles. Takes part in the activities of the literary circle "Green Lamp".
November - Bulgakov's failed attempt to compile a "Dictionary of Russian Writers" and an announcement on this subject in the Berlin "New Russian Book" lead to the fact that the author comes to the attention of the OGPU.
1923
- joins the All-Russian Union of Writers.
End of May - Bulgakov's acquaintance with Alexei Tolstoy.
1924
- meets Lyubov Evgenievna Belozerskaya (1895-1987), who recently returned from abroad, who in 1925 became his wife.
October - Bulgakov and his wife move to Obukhov Lane. Acquaintance with the prechistensky circle.
The end of December - the first part of the novel "White Guard" is published in the fourth issue of the Rossiya magazine.
1925
, January - publication of the story "La Boheme", the beginning of work on the story "Heart of a Dog".
February - publication of the story "Fatal Eggs" in the sixth issue of the almanac "Nedra".
March 7 - reads "Heart of a Dog" at Nikitinsky subbotniks, which results in a detailed report of a secret informer in the OGPU about the content of the story and the reaction of the public to it.
April 3 - Bulgakov receives an invitation to collaborate with the Moscow Art Theater.
End of April - the second part of the novel "White Guard" is published in the fifth issue of the magazine "Russia".
June - early July - M. A. Bulgakov and L. E. Belozerskaya rest in Koktebel at the invitation of M. A. Voloshin.
Summer - work on the play "The White Guard".
September 1 - reading of the first version of the play to Stanislavsky in his apartment.
September 11 - Bulgakov receives the news that the story "Heart of a Dog" was rejected by L. B. Kamenev.
1926
, January - the conclusion of an agreement with the studio of E. B. Vakhtangov for the play "Zoyka's Apartment"; conclusion of an agreement with the Moscow Chamber Theater for the play "Crimson Island".
May 7 - The OGPU conducts a search at Bulgakov's, as a result of which the manuscript of the story "Heart of a Dog" and Personal diary writer.
Since October, the play "Days of the Turbins" has been staged at the Moscow Art Theater with great success. Her production was allowed only for a year, but later extended several times. The play was liked by I. Stalin, who watched it more than 14 times.
At the end of October at the Theater. Vakhtangov, the premiere of the play based on the play by M. A. Bulgakov "Zoyka's Apartment" was a great success.
In the Soviet press, an intense and sharp criticism of the work of M. A. Bulgakov begins. According to his own calculations, in 10 years there were 298 abusive reviews and 3 favorable ones. Among the critics were influential writers (Mayakovsky, Bezymensky, Averbakh, Shklovsky, Kerzhentsev and others).
1927
, February 7 - Bulgakov participates in a debate on the theme "Days of the Turbins" and "Love Yarovaya" at the Meyerhold Theater.
March - the contract for the play "Heart of a Dog" was terminated and an agreement was concluded for the play "Knights of the Seraphim" ("Running").
August - M. A. Bulgakov and L. E. Belozerskaya move to a separate rented apartment on Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street.
December - the publication in Paris of the first volume of the novel "The White Guard" by the publishing house "Concorde".
1928
- Bulgakov and his wife travel to the Caucasus, where they visited Tiflis, Batum, Zeleny Mys, Vladikavkaz, Gudermes.
The premiere of the play Crimson Island took place in Moscow.
The idea of the novel, later called "The Master and Margarita".
The writer begins work on a play about Molière ("The Cabal of Saints").
December 11 - premiere of the play "Crimson Island" in the Moscow chamber theater.
1929
February 28 - Bulgakov's acquaintance with Elena Sergeevna Shilovskaya, nee Nuremberg. Mention of the new novel by M. A. Bulgakov (the future "Master and Margarita") in one of the undercover reports.
March 17 - the last performance of "Zoyka's apartment".
April - removal from the repertoire of "Days of the Turbins".
May 8 - Bulgakov submits to the Nedra publishing house the chapter "Furibund Mania" from the novel "Engineer's Hoof".
The beginning of June is the last performance of Crimson Island.
July 30 - Bulgakov sends a letter of application to I. V. Stalin, M. I. Kalinin and others with a request to leave the USSR and meets with the head of the Main Department of Arts A. I. Svidersky, who informs Central Committee Secretary A. P. Smirnov about this conversation .
October - Bulgakov's books are withdrawn from libraries.
Beginning of work on the play "The Cabal of the Saints".
1930
, February 11 - public reading of the play "The Cabal of the Saints" in the Dramsoyuz.
March 18 - The Main Repertoire Committee bans the play "The Cabal of Saints".
March 28 - Bulgakov writes a letter to the Government of the USSR.
April 18 (Friday Holy Week) - a telephone conversation between M. A. Bulgakov and I. V. Stalin.
May 10 - enters the Moscow Art Theater as an assistant director.
May - the beginning of work on the staging of N.V. Gogol's poem "Dead Souls".
October - V. I. Nemirovich-Danchenko rejects Bulgakov's version " dead souls".
1931
, February - K. S. Stanislavsky joins the rehearsals of "Dead Souls".
October 12 - signed an agreement for the production of "Molière" with the BDT.
November 19 - the decision of the Artistic and Political Council of the BDT on the inexpediency of staging the play "Molière".
Re-starts work on the novel "The Master and Margarita". For the first time, the novel "The Master and Margarita" was published in the magazine "Moscow" in No. 11 for 1966 and in No. 1 for 1967.
1932 - on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater there was a performance of the play "Dead Souls" by Nikolai Gogol staged by Bulgakov.
1934 , June - Bulgakov is admitted to the Union of Soviet Writers.
1935 - performed on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater as an actor - as a Judge in the play " Pickwick Club» according to Dickens.
1936 , February - the premiere of the play "The Cabal of the Saints" ("Molière", a play in four acts, written in 1929) on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater. The performance was staged seven times, and after the article “External Shine and False Content” in Pravda on March 9, 1936, it was banned.
1940 March 10 - Bulgakov died in Moscow, was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery. On his grave, at the request of his widow, E. S. Bulgakova, a stone was erected, nicknamed "calvary", which previously lay on the grave of N. V. Gogol.
