Solzhenitsyn's life. Conflicts with the authorities

AI Solzhenitsyn was born on December 11, 1918 in Kislovodsk. Lost his father early. As a full-time student of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Rostov University, he entered the correspondence department of the Moscow Institute of Philosophy and Literature. In the autumn of 1941 he was drafted into the army, graduated from a one-year officer's school and was sent to the front. Awarded with military orders. In 1945, Mr.. arrested and sentenced for anti-Soviet activities for 8 years in labor camps. Then exiled to Kazakhstan.

"Khrushchev's thaw" opened Solzhenitsyn's path to great literature. In 1962, the magazine " New world”published his story“ One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich ”, in 1963 - three more stories, including“ Matrenin yard". In 1964, Solzhenitsyn was nominated for the Lenin Prize, but did not receive it. The books "In the First Circle" (published in 1968, in full edition - in 1978), " cancer corps"(1963-66)," The Gulag Archipelago "(1973-1980) were already published in samizdat and abroad. In 1969 Solzhenitsyn was expelled from the Writers' Union. Notice of award to him Nobel Prize 1970 caused new wave repressions, in 1974 the writer was expelled from the USSR for a long 20 years. In exile, Solzhenitsyn worked on the multi-volume historical epic The Red Wheel, wrote autobiographical prose(“A calf butted with an oak”, 1975), journalistic articles. The writer found it possible to return to his homeland c. 1994

The figure of Solzhenitsyn stands out noticeably against the background literary history XX century. This writer occupied in the spiritual culture modern Russia special place. His very fate and the nature of his work make us recall the great asceticism of Russian writers of past eras, when literature in the minds of civil society was surrounded by almost religious reverence. In the 1960s-1980s. It was Solzhenitsyn who was perceived in Russia as the embodiment of the conscience of the nation, as the highest moral authority for his contemporaries. Such authority in the minds of a Russian person has long been associated with independence in relation to power and with a special "righteous" behavior - a bold denunciation of social vices, a willingness to guarantee the truthfulness of one's "sermon" own biography, the most serious sacrifices made in the name of the triumph of truth.

In a word, Solzhenitsyn belongs to that rare type of writers in the 20th century that has developed in Russian culture. former century- to the type of writer-preacher, writer-prophet. However, Solzhenitsyn's public temperament should not obscure from us the actual artistic merits of his prose (as is often the case at school, for example, with the figure of N.A. Nekrasov). In no case can the significance of Solzhenitsyn's work be reduced to the discovery and development of the so-called " camp theme».

Meanwhile, in the minds of the average reader, the name of Solzhenitsyn is usually associated precisely with this thematic complex, and the merits of his prose are often characterized by the words "truthfulness", "exposing totalitarian violence", "historical authenticity". All these qualities are really present in the writer's work. Moreover, with his story “One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”, published in 1962, Solzhenitsyn had an unprecedented impact on the minds and souls of his contemporaries, opened a whole new world for most of them, and most importantly, established in the then “Soviet” literature new criteria for authenticity.

However art world Solzhenitsyn is not only the world of camp suffering. Secretly reading his books (perhaps the most widely read of them was The Gulag Archipelago), Russian readers of the 1960s-1980s. they were horrified and rejoiced, they saw the light and were indignant, agreed with the writer and recoiled from him, believed and did not believe. Solzhenitsyn is by no means a chronicler of camp life, but he is also not a publicist-denunciator: when denouncing, he never forgot about accuracy and artistic expressiveness Images; reproducing life with a high degree concreteness, did not forget about the importance of the “lesson” taught by literature. Solzhenitsyn's individuality as a writer fused the meticulousness of a scientific researcher, the highest "pedagogical" technique of a talented teacher - and artistic talent, an organic sense of verbal form. How not to remember in this connection that future writer mastered at the same time student years the profession of a teacher of mathematics and the skills of a writer.

The internal thematic structure of the writer's prose itself is interesting (partly coinciding with the sequence in which Solzhenitsyn's works came to the reader): first, the story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" (the quintessence of the "camp" theme); then the novel "In the First Circle" (the life of camp scientists in a closed research institute - with a more "sparing" regime and with the opportunity to communicate with smart, interesting colleagues in "intelligent" work); the story "Cancer Ward" (about the fight against the disease of a former prisoner, and now an exile); the story "Matrenin Dvor" (about the "free" life of the former exile, let this "free" country life only slightly different from the link conditions).

As one of the critics wrote, Solzhenitsyn seems to create with his prose a ladder between camp hell and free life, takes his hero (and the reader with him) out of a cramped cell into a wide, unrestricted space - the space of Russia and, most importantly, the space of history. A large historical dimension opens before the reader: one of Solzhenitsyn's main books, The Gulag Archipelago, is devoted not so much to the history of the camps as to the whole Russian history XX century. Finally, the writer's largest work, the epic The Red Wheel, is directly subordinated to the theme of the fate of Russia, explores those generic properties of the Russian national character that contributed to the country's slide into the abyss of totalitarianism.

Solzhenitsyn, as it were, restores the connection between times, looking for the origins of a nationwide “disease” - because he believes in the possibility of purification and rebirth (the writer himself prefers the quiet word “arrangement”). It is the faith Foundation stone Solzhenitsyn's worldview. He believes in the power of truth and righteousness, in the power of the spirit of the Russian person, he believes in the social significance of art. The origins of the writer's ideological position are in the religious and philosophical teachings of that group of Russian thinkers who at the beginning of the 20th century became participants in the philosophical and journalistic collections "Milestones" and "From the Depth", in the works of S. Bulgakov, S. Frank, N. Berdyaev, G .Fedotova. The writer is convinced of the need for solidarity, "artel" efforts in restoring normal life. Eloquent in this regard is the title of one of his journalistic works - "How do we equip Russia."

These are general outline philosophical position of Solzhenitsyn. However, no matter how important his convictions are for understanding the works of the writer, the main thing in his legacy is lively persuasiveness. artistic text, artistic equipment, stylistic individuality.

The great Russian writer Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn was born on December 11, 1918 in Kislovodsk. His father, Isaakiy Semyonovich, came from the peasants of the village of Sablinskoye (now Stavropol region). An officer of the First World War, he died six months before the birth of his son from a hunting accident. Solzhenitsyn's mother, Taisia ​​Zakharovna, was the daughter of a large landowner from the Kuban, Zakhar Shcherbak, who in his youth began as a poor farm laborer who worked for one meal, and then became rich by his own labors.

The new secretary of the Central Committee for ideology, Demichev, had a personal conversation with Solzhenitsyn, inciting him to become a loyal Soviet writer. But KGB overlaid A.I. with surveillance, setting wiretaps on most of his friends. On the evening of September 11, 1965, based on the materials of the listening, a search was made at the home of two acquaintances of the writer - V. Teush and I. Zilberberg. The Chekists seized Solzhenitsyn's archive from them - all of his already written works, except for the carefully concealed "Archipelago". From these materials, the Kremlin leaders finally clarified what they had long suspected: in his criticism of the Soviet system, the writer goes much further than could be expected from Ivan Denisovich and Matryona - he denies communism as a whole, and not its individual "shortcomings". ".

Solzhenitsyn was waiting for his arrest, but the authorities chose a different tactic towards him. Fearing a stormy public reaction in the USSR and the West, they decided not to raise a fuss, but to “strangle” the writer slowly and gradually: to finally stop him from publishing in his homeland and launch a slander campaign. Hired lecturers began to tell at party meetings that Solzhenitsyn was in the camp for criminal business, but was at war Vlasov. Published by Novy Mir in January 1966, the almost "neutral" story " Zakhar-Kalita became Solzhenitsyn's last legal publication in the Soviet Union until 1988. The KGB gave the “anti-communist” works of A. I. seized by it to read to the most prominent official writers, and they wrote “outraged” reviews of them to the Central Committee.

During the winters of 1965-1966 and 1966-1967 Solzhenitsyn worked in Estonia on Archipelago. He continued to write the novel The Cancer Ward, which he had begun earlier, about a former prisoner who had undergone a fatal illness. The first part of the "Corpus" was soon offered to the "New World". Tvardovsky at first wanted to publish it, but then said that it was risky to present such a thing now. When the story was also rejected by other magazines, A.I. gave it to Samizdat.

The public showed warm sympathy for Solzhenitsyn. In the fall of 1966, he began to be invited to speak to teams of scientific and cultural institutions Moscow. The authorities forbade these meetings, but two of them still managed to be held - at the institutes of Atomic Energy and Oriental Studies. Hundreds of listeners gathered at both, who applauded Alexander Isaevich's reading of the most "daring" excerpts from "Korpus" and "Krug". On November 16, 1966, Moscow writers, despite obstacles from above, arranged a discussion of the "Cancer Ward" in the House of Writers. The majority here expressed full support for the author of the story.

In May 1967, the IV Congress of the Union Soviet writers. Solzhenitsyn turned to him with open letter , where he indicated that throughout Soviet era literature was under the yoke of administrators who did not understand anything about it, and the best masters pen were subjected to severe persecution. The presidium of the congress silenced the letter, but about 100 writers in a special appeal demanded that it be discussed - this was an unheard-of event for the USSR!

Many party bosses demanded severe reprisals against Solzhenitsyn, but in the face of widespread approval of the letter by the Soviet and foreign intelligentsia, the authorities were afraid to completely denigrate themselves. In June and September 1967, the secretariat of the Writers' Union twice invited Alexander Isaevich to his place "for talks." Solzhenitsyn was urged to resolutely and publicly "dissociate himself from the bourgeois press", which refused to support him. In return, they promised to give permission for the publication of the Cancer Ward and to refute the slander being spread. However, none of these promises were fulfilled. The KGB, on the contrary, resorted to a new "cunning plan". In 1968, through his agents Victor Louis and the Slovak Pavel Lichko, he handed over the Corpus for publication to several Western publishers. Chekists concealed their involvement in this action. After the new publications in the West, they hoped to intensify their fierce campaign against "Solzhenitsyn's connections with a hostile foreign country" and to convince everyone that he was published there because of money. AI responded by saying that none of the foreign publishers received from him the right to publish Cancer Ward.

From the end of April to the beginning of June 1968, Solzhenitsyn, with his wife and devoted assistants E. Voronyanskaya and E. Chukovskaya, printed the final version of The Archipelago at their dacha in Christmas-on-Istya. A week later, the film was transported to Paris by the hands of the grandson of Leonid Andreev, Alexander. However, it fell into the hands of Andreev's unscrupulous granddaughter Olga Carlisle, who delayed translating the book into English, wanting by hook or by crook to appropriate the copyright to it. In 1971, Solzhenitsyn had to transfer a new film of Gulag to the West.

The secret history of the Gulag Archipelago. Documentary

December 11, 1968 Alexander Isaevich turned fifty years old. More than 500 congratulatory telegrams and 200 letters from all over the country came to Ryazan. In a reply letter true friends the hero of the day said: “I promise ... I will never change the truth. My only dream is to be worthy of the hopes of reading Russia.”

N. Reshetovskaya was not too pleased with her husband's refusal from the well-fed career of the Soviet literary master caressed by the authorities. She was also annoyed by the fact that for the sake of secret work on new books, he was absent from home for a long time, "does not live with his family." Reshetovskaya and Solzhenitsyn had no children. In August 1968, Alexander Isaevich met a new young assistant - Natalya Dmitrievna Svetlova. Very purposeful, energetic and hardworking, she helped arrange the largest and most trouble-free storage of the writer's archives. A love relationship soon began between her and Solzhenitsyn.

From the beginning of March 1969, A.I. began to write an epic about the revolution of 1917 - The Red Wheel, which he considered the main book of his life. The likelihood grew that the KGB would try to kill him, and in September 1969 Solzhenitsyn was invited to settle in her dacha in the elite Zhukovka by the famous musical couple - Mstislav Rostropovich And Galina Vishnevskaya. In November 1969, at the insistence of the authorities, Solzhenitsyn was expelled from the Writers' Union. In response, he wrote an angry accusatory letter to the SP Secretariat. Many Soviet (Mozhaev, Baklanov, Trifonov, Okudzhava, Voinovich, Tendryakov, Maksimov, Kopelev, L. Chukovskaya) and Western writers protested against the exclusion.

In 1970 Solzhenitsyn was nominated abroad as a candidate for the Nobel Prize in Literature as " greatest writer modernity, equal to Dostoevsky. The Kremlin put pressure on the governments of France and Sweden to prevent the Solzhenitsyn Prize from being awarded, but on October 8, 1970, he was declared its winner. However, the Soviet threat campaign was still not unsuccessful. AI at first wanted to go to Stockholm for a prize in order to "burst" there with a fiery speech against communism. But the frightened Swedes insisted that his visit should be as quiet as possible. They suggested that Solzhenitsyn, if possible, avoid communication with the press and limit himself to a three-minute gratitude during the Nobel banquet, to the sound of knives and forks. The trip to Stockholm lost its social meaning, and the writer refused it.

In the summer of 1970, it was learned that Natalia Svetlova would have a child from A.I. Not wanting to part with her Nobel laureate husband, on October 14, Reshetovskaya made a demonstrative suicide attempt at Rostropovich's dacha. She drank sleeping pills, but she was pumped out. On the night of December 30, Natalya Dmitrievna gave birth to a son, Ermolai Solzhenitsyn.

In the winter of 1970-1971, Alexander Isaevich graduated from the first node of the "Red Wheel" - the novel "August the Fourteenth". It was forwarded to Paris, to Nikita Struva, the head of the YMCA-press publishing house, and in June it was published there in Russian. This book, written from a Russian-patriotic standpoint, not only provoked a new heart-rending howl of communist henchmen, but also alienated the Westernizing part of the intelligentsia from Solzhenitsyn, including a number of his recent close assistants.

The long life of Alexander Solzhenitsyn (1918-2008), his selfless service to Russian literature, huge talent and rare industriousness, his consistent upholding of humanistic ideals and ardent love for Russia and its people made the work of this writer one of the most original, large and noticeable phenomena of Russian and world literature of the second half of the 20th century, and this recognition resulted in the writer being awarded the Nobel Prize in literature (1970), deprivation of Soviet citizenship and his expulsion from the country (1974), triumphant return to a renewed Russia twenty years later ... Here are the main milestones of literary and life path a man who is quite rightly considered a classic of Russian literature.

Solzhenitsyn graduated from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Rostov University in 1941, in October he was already in the army, after graduating from the officer school he becomes an artillery officer, travels the path from Orel to East Prussia during the war years, receives military awards and the rank of captain. And on February 9, 1945, he was arrested: his "seditious" statements about Stalin were found in Solzhenitsyn's personal correspondence. Despite the brilliant characterization given to him by his boss, General Travkin, he was convicted, and until 1953 he was in various correctional institutions. In 1953, he was released - he was sent into exile in Kazakhstan, where he lived until rehabilitation, after which (1956) he settled in the village of Torfoprodukt near Ryazan. Here he worked as a teacher, rented a room in the house of Matryona Zakharova, who became the prototype of the heroine of the story "Matryonin Dvor" (1959). In the same year, in three weeks, he wrote the story "Sch-854 (One Day of a Prisoner)", which, when published in the journal Novy Mir (1962), received the title "One Day of Ivan Denisovich". By the time of the publication of this work, which was nominated for the Lenin Prize (although Solzhenitsyn did not receive the prize), the writer worked a lot and fruitfully in literature: he began the novels "In the First Circle" (1955-68), "The Gulag Archipelago" (1958-68 ), several short stories were written. By the time of his debut in literature, Solzhenitsyn, who by this time had gone through a long and difficult school of life, was a fully formed original writer, whose work continued the traditions of Russian classical literature.

In the 60s, Solzhenitsyn created the novel "Cancer Ward" (1963-67) and began work on a large historical novel"R - 17" (1964), which turned into the historical epic "Red Wheel" in the process of work. However, the attitude of the authorities to the writer in the 60s was already sharply negative, therefore major works Solzhenitsyn were published abroad: in 1968, the novels "Cancer Ward" and "In the First Circle" were published, and in 1971 (after the author was expelled from the Writers' Union in November 1969 and awarded him the Nobel Prize in the next year) in Paris, the book "August the Fourteenth" was published - the first part ("knot", as the writer calls them) of the epic "Red Wheel".

After the publication in 1973 in Paris of the first volume of The Gulag Archipelago, the leaders of the USSR tried to "solve the problem" of Solzhenitsyn by the usual means: in February of the following year, he was arrested and imprisoned in Lefortovo Prison, from which, probably, he would not have been released very soon if not those worldwide fame and the influence that Solzhenitsyn enjoyed by this time. Therefore, he is deprived of Soviet citizenship and expelled from the country. First, Solzhenitsyn and his family settled in Zurich, in 1975 he published an autobiographical book of memoirs "A Calf Butted an Oak", in which he tells the story of his literary life, gives a picture of the literary life in the USSR in the 60s - 70s. Since 1976, the writer's family settled in the United States, in the state of Vermont, where he continues to actively creative activity, engaged historical research, the results of which in art form are embodied in the "knots" of the epic "Red Wheel".

In his numerous interviews abroad, from the very first days of his stay there, Solzhenitsyn repeatedly emphasized that he would definitely return to Russia. This return began in the late 80s, in 1988 the citizenship of the USSR was returned to the writer, and in 1990 the novels In the First Circle and Cancer Ward were published in the Novy Mir magazine. The following year, the Novy Mir Publishing Center, together with the author, prepared the Small Collected Works of the writer in 7 volumes, which was published in a circulation of one million copies. It includes the novels mentioned above, a volume of short stories, and The Gulag Archipelago. Thus, the writer's works returned to their homeland, and he himself returned to Russia in 1994.

Researchers of the writer's work, defining his contribution to the development of Russian literature, identify three central motifs of his work, in the development of which he achieved greatest heights. These motives are conditionally named by them as follows: "Russian national character; history of Russia of the XX century; politics in the life of a person and a nation in our century. "A feature of the disclosure of these motives in the work of the writer is the extreme subjectivity of Solzhenitsyn, he does not correlate his point of view with the generally accepted ones, being in this regard self-sufficient creative personality, which has its own right to see the world as he sees it. Another thing is that his view of history, his worldly wisdom, his talent as a writer make his work a very significant literary and cultural life, which cannot be unambiguously perceived by everyone, but in its own artistic creativity(unlike journalism and speeches of a socio-political nature), he remains a writer open to the dialogical perception of the works he created.

Dashkevich Vadim

Presentation on the life and work of A. I. Solzhenitsyn (for grade 11)

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Solzhenitsyn, Alexander Isaevich 1918 - 2008

Birth name: Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn Date of birth: December 11, 1918 Place of birth: Kislovodsk, Terek region, RSFSR Date of death: August 3, 2008 (age 89) Place of death: Moscow, Russian Federation Occupation: prose writer, publicist, poet and public figure , academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Genre: story, short story, journalism, essay, novel, "little things", lexicography Prizes: Nobel Prize in Literature (1970) Templeton Prize Grand Prize of the French Academy of Moral and Political Sciences

Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn Russian writer, publicist, poet, public and political figure, who lived and worked in the USSR, Switzerland, the USA and Russia. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature (1970). A dissident who for several decades (1960s - 1980s) actively opposed communist ideas, the political system of the USSR and the policies of its authorities.

Beyond artistic literary works, affecting, as a rule, acute socio-political issues, became widely known for his historical and journalistic works on history Russia XIX-XX centuries. Solzhenitsyn in 1994 after returning to Russia

Biography Alexander Isaevich (Isaakievich) Solzhenitsyn was born on December 11, 1918 in Kislovodsk (now the Stavropol Territory). Baptized in the Kislovodsk Church of the Holy Healer Panteleimon Father - Isaac Semenovich Solzhenitsyn (1891--1918) - Russian Orthodox peasant from North Caucasus Mother - Ukrainian Taisiya Zakharovna Shcherbak, daughter of the owner of the richest economy in the Kuban (So the estates that developed intensively were called in the Kuban.)

Taisiya Zakharovna and Isaakiy Semenovich, father and mother of Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn

12/11/1918 - born in Kislovodsk, Father - Isai Semyonovich Solzhenitsyn Mother - Taisiya Zakharovna Shcherbak 1936 - enters the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Rostov University. 1939 - enters the Moscow Institute of History in absentia 1940 - married to N. Reshetovskaya 1941 - graduates from the university in Rostov October 18, 1941 - goes to the front 1941 - sent to the artillery school in Kostroma. At the end of 1942, Solzhenitsyn went to the front as the commander of a sound reconnaissance battery. In the summer of 1942 - he received the rank of lieutenant. 1943 - received the order Patriotic War 2nd class, Order of the Red Star. 1945 - falls under the supervision of military counterintelligence

July 27, 1945 - sentenced to 8 years in labor camps 1949 - transferred to the Ekibastuz camp (Kazakhstan) 1952 - takes part in the Ekibastuz "distemper" 1953 - transferred to a remote village in the Dzhambul region, on the edge of the desert 1953 - divorce from N. Reshetovskaya 1953 - diagnosed with stomach cancer, underwent successful radiation therapy From 1953 - 1956 - lives in exile in various regions of Siberia. 1956 - rehabilitated, moves to Ryazan, works as a teacher 1956 - marries his first wife for the second time 1958 - begins to work on The Gulag Archipelago 1959 - One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich 1960 - The Light that is in You 1961 - Tiny, poems in prose

The guard searches the prisoner Solzhenitsyn. Staged.

1962 - "The Incident at the Kochetovka Station" 1963 - "Matryonin Dvor"; the beginning of the creation of the novel "Cancer Ward" 1965 - comic story"Zakhar-Kalita"; part of the writer's archive was confiscated. 1967 - "Cancer Ward" receives positive feedback Kaverin 1968 - Cancer Ward was published 1969 - expulsion from the Writers' Union 1970 - Nobel Prize awarded 1971 - publication in Paris of "August the Fourteenth" 1973 - divorce from his first wife, marriage to N. Svetlova. 1973 - Volume 1 of The Gulag Archipelago was published

1974 - Arrested and imprisoned in Lefortovo Prison 1975 - The book "A Calf Butted an Oak" was published 1976 - Expelled from the country 1976-1979 - Lives in Zurich 1976 - 1988 - Lives in the USA (Vermont) 1988 - Citizenship of the USSR returned 1990 - Published in "New World" novel "In the First Circle" In May 1994 - returned to Russia 1995 - published in the "New World" "Baby" Since 1995 - lives near Moscow, visits his sons in America

In 1997 he was elected a full member Russian Academy Sciences. In 1998, he was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called, but refused the award: “I cannot accept the award from the supreme power that has brought Russia to its current disastrous state.” He was awarded the Lomonosov Big Gold Medal (1998). 2007 Awarded State Prize Russian Federation On June 12, 2007, President V. Putin visited Solzhenitsyn and congratulated him on being awarded the State Prize

Alexander Solzhenitsyn died on August 3, 2008 at the age of 90, in his home in Troitse-Lykovo. Death occurred at 23:45 Moscow time from acute heart failure

Russian President D. A. Medvedev at the grave of A. I. Solzhenitsyn. August 6, 2008 Monument on the grave of Solzhenitsyn at the Donskoy cemetery

Nobel Prize The awarding of the Nobel Prize in Literature (1970) and the publication of the first edition of "August the Fourteenth" (1971) excites a new wave of persecution and slander.

The Ignat family with Anna, Stepan, Tatyana, Natalya Dmitrievna and Yermolai with Katya. Seated: Solzhenitsyn's mother-in-law Ekaterina Ferdinandovna Svetlova, wife of Ignat Carolyn with Mitya, Alexander Isaevich, wife of Yermolai Nadezhda with Vanya.

Wives: Natalya Alekseevna Reshetovskaya (1914-2003; married to Solzhenitsyn from April 27, 1940 to (formally) 1972), author of five memoirs about her husband, including "Alexander Solzhenitsyn and Reading Russia" (1990), " Gap "(1992) and others. Natalya Dmitrievna Solzhenitsyna (Svetlova) (since April 20, 1973) Sons from a second marriage: Ermolai (b. 1970; in 2010 - managing partner of the Moscow office of a well-known company), Ignat (b. 1972) , Stepan (b. 1973). Yermolai and Stepan live and work in Russia; Ignat - famous pianist and conductor, professor at the Philadelphia Conservatory. Grandchildren: Ivan Solzhenitsyn, Andrei Solzhenitsyn, Dmitry Solzhenitsyn, Anna Solzhenitsyn

Meeting of relatives of A.I. Solzhenitsyn living in the Aleksandrovsky district

Grandfather A.I. Solzhenitsyn - Semyon Efimovich, a native of the village. Sablinsky

Mother's grave Solzhenitsyn's mother, Taisiya Zakharovna, died of tuberculosis in 1944 at the age of 49.

On stage and screen Works by Solzhenitsyn at the Olen and Shalashovka Drama Theatre. Moscow Art Theater named after A.P. Chekhov. Moscow. (1991; updated version - 1993) "The Feast of the Winners". State Academic Maly Theater of Russia. Moscow. Premiere of the play - January 1995 Drama theater based on the works of Solzhenitsyn "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich". Chitinsky Theatre of Drama (1989)

"Matryonin's Yard". State academic theater them. E. Vakhtangov. "Word of Truth" Dramatization based on the works of Solzhenitsyn. Theater-studio "Credo". Pyatigorsk (1990) "Cancer Ward". Hans Otto Theater (German: Hans Otto Theatre), Potsdam, Germany. 2012. Works by Solzhenitsyn in the musical theater "In the First Circle". Opera. Libretto and music by J. Amy. National Opera Lyon (1999)

Solzhenitsyn's works in film and television In 1973, a one and a half hour film based on the novel "In the First Circle" was shot by Polish director Alexander Ford; script: A. Ford and A. Solzhenitsyn. Denmark-Sweden. "In the first circle." Solzhenitsyn co-wrote the script and reads voice-over from the author. Directed by G. Panfilov. TV channel "Russia", film company "Vera" (2006)

Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn introduced a fundamentally new vision of life into Russian literature. His books confirm the idea that the writer is the chosen person on earth. It is given to him to convey vividly and sensually what others do not notice. This is evident in his books. The author linked history and literature into one whole. And the starting point for the creation of works was 1917. proved with his work that it was in the indicated year that everything that had its continuation in the next time period happened very briefly.

On December 11, 1918, a boy was born, who was given the name Alexander. It was in Kislovodsk. When the baby grew up, his family moved to Rostov. Sasha went to school in this city. During the years of study, he begins to try himself as a writer, creating poems and

After graduation, he continued his studies at the University of Rostov as a teacher of mathematics. The student's learning outcomes were excellent. The university was graduated with honors. All this time, Solzhenitsyn did not give up his passion for a single day. literary creativity. Studying in the last year, he entered the Moscow Institute of Literature in absentia, but due to the outbreak of World War II, he could not complete his studies.

Alexander Isaevich was always distinguished by poor health, but this did not prevent him from going to the front. He studied military affairs at the Kostroma School and rose to the rank of captain. For participation in hostilities has awards. At the front, his favorite pastime was keeping a personal diary.

Note! Solzhenitsyn had a friend, Adam Vitkevich. In letters addressed to him, Alexander described his views on Stalin's policy. For this he was sentenced to 8 years in the camps.

In 1952, the writer felt unwell. During this period, he was diagnosed with cancer. He was treated for a long time and came to the conclusion that while writing books, he has a reprieve from death. And so it happened, Alexander Isaevich lived a long life.

After for long years camp moves to live in Ryazan, where he works as a school teacher. And he still writes. But it turns out that the KGB checks his archives and prohibits publication. In the end, this "fuss" leads to the fact that Solzhenitsyn is expelled from the Writers' Union.

His texts are published abroad. After the publication of The Gulag Archipelago, Alexander Isaevich was arrested and expelled from the country. The writer was forced to leave Soviet Union and travel around Europe.

1994 is the time to return to Russia. Collected works are published in our country in the 2000s. On August 3, 2008, the author of The Gulag dies in Moscow from heart failure.

Personal life

The writer had several hobbies that grew into serious relationship. For example, he had 2 wives and both were named Natalya.

Solzhenitsyn has a continuation in the form of three sons. During his life, Alexander Isaevich was awarded more than 20 times. The most significant, of course, was the Nobel Prize for him. This author contemporary critics called Tolstoy or Dostoevsky of their time.

On the grave of Alexander Isaevich, a stone cross was erected, which was designed by Dmitry Shakhovskoy.

The table shows Solzhenitsyn's biography by date, only the most important

Unfortunately, his autobiography has not been preserved. But many sources present the biography of the writer as a very short version, and in sufficient detail.

Useful video: Alexander Solzhenitsyn - biography

Different opinions

Who really is the writer of the 20th century Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn? IN modern world Literature does not subside disputes around this name. One group of literary scholars speak of a great talent for writing. The other scolds and accuses of betrayal.

In fact, it is impossible to unequivocally judge Alexander Isaevich. On the one hand, Khrushchev asked to belittle all the successes of the country during Stalin's rule. On the other hand, Alexander Isaevich can be counted among the good writers. But his name is outrageous. Therefore, it is impossible to answer the question unambiguously.

Books

For all my literary activity Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn wrote so many works that they can hardly fit into thirty volumes. He tried himself in different genres. He wrote stories: "Matryona Dvor", "Ego", "Easter procession"," Nastenka.

He tried his hand at dramaturgy: "The Deer and the Shalashovka", "Candle in the Wind", "The Parasite". He published many journalistic essays: Nobel lecture”, “The Shredding of Freedom”, “Our Pluralists”, “How Should We Equip Russia?” and many others.

Solzhenitsyn "How do we equip Russia"

What Wikipedia says

First, it is logical to give a link to the article. Here it is: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solzhenitsyn,_Alexander_Isaevich

Wikipedia contains great article dedicated to the personality and work of Solzhenitsyn. It names the main dates associated with creativity and personal life events. All periods of life are covered in detail, starting from early childhood and ending recent years life. It is told about the writer's family and children.

Criticism in relation to creativity is objectively presented. The main works are named. It is also important to note that references are given to the dates when some of the works were filmed. There are archival documents at the end of the article.

creative way

All creative heritage Solzhenitsyn can be clearly divided into two parts:

• the first is historical works;
• the second is autobiographical.

It is logical to include such texts as “Two Hundred Years Together”, “Reflections on February Revolution”,“ Red Wheel ”,“ August 14th ”.

The second group consists of works such as "Zakhar Kalita", "Cancer Ward", "Love the Revolution", "The Incident at the Kochetovka Station", "In the First Circle", "One Day of a Convict".

Books differ in a favorable way in that their author tries to show wide epic scenes. People in novels and short stories are easily recognizable.

Important! The work of Alexander Isaevich was highly appreciated by such venerable writers as Korney Chukovsky, Anna Andreevna Akhmatova.

Nobel Prize

In 1970 Alexander Isayevich Solzhenitsyn was awarded the Nobel Prize for his contribution to literature. At that time, television and radio broadcasting of the Soviet Union preferred to hush up the truth about fellow citizens, so the fact of the Nobel Prize was not advertised.

Alexander Isaevich did not go to the award ceremony in Sweden, but listened to the broadcast of this event on the radio with his family and friends. Personally, the prize was awarded to the writer 4 years later - in 1974.

Presentation of the Nobel Prize

Photo

Below we present various photographs depicting Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn.

Author and history

The historical process in the life of Alexander Isaevich played big role. However, like the personality of the writer in historical process. The phenomenon of Solzhenitsyn's creativity is that he does not simply describe certain historical facts in their works. It is important that the books reflect everything that people really experienced in that time period. If the author speaks of a revolution, he is not simply stating a fact, but is trying to understand the reasons for actions and predict what this may lead to in the future.

If we talk about the war, then Solzhenitsyn knows about it firsthand. He himself fought, rose to the rank of captain, sniffed gunpowder, as they say. And the author speaks clearly and simply about life there, beyond the perimeter surrounded by barbed wire, does not invent or embellish anything.

Summing up, I would like to note that Solzhenitsyn's personality is probably the most noticeable both in literature and in the history of the second half of the twentieth century. These texts should not just be read, but passed through your own soul and heart.

Useful video: documentary film in memory of Alexander Solzhenitsyn

Outcome

Let's finish the story about this outstanding literary figure with the words of one famous poet:

Russian poets! I am alone in pain

In anguish, hunted, I sort through you.

Came and mine, my early, my cruel

The hour of extermination, destruction of us.