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What to read from world classics. Get into the deep jungle of psychology

What to read from world classics. Get into the deep jungle of psychology

20.03.2019

(Russian) is a broad concept, and everyone puts their own meaning into it. If you ask readers what associations it evokes in them, then the answers will be different. For some, this is the basis of the library fund, someone will say that the works of classical Russian literature are a kind of sample with high artistic merit. For schoolchildren, this is everything that is studied at school. And they will all be absolutely right in their own way. So what exactly is classical literature? Russian literature, today we will talk only about it. We will talk about foreign classics in another article.

Russian literature

There is a generally accepted periodization of formation and development domestic literature. Its history is divided into the following time periods:

What works are called classics?

Many readers are sure that classical literature (Russian) is Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy - that is, the works of those writers who lived in the 19th century. It's not like that at all. The era of the Middle Ages and the 20th century can be classical. By what canons and principles to determine whether a novel or a story is a classic? Firstly, classic must have a high artistic value to be a model for others. Secondly, it must have worldwide recognition, it must be included in the fund of world culture.

And you need to be able to distinguish between the concepts of classical and popular literature. A classic is something that has stood the test of time, and oh popular work can quickly forget. If its relevance continues for more than a dozen years, perhaps it will eventually become a classic as well.

Origins of Russian classical literature

IN late XVIII century, the newly formed nobility of Russia split into two opposing camps: conservatives and reformers. Such a split was due to different attitudes towards the changes that took place in life: Peter's reforms, understanding of the tasks of the Enlightenment, the sore peasant question, attitude towards power. This struggle of extremes led to the rise of spirituality, self-consciousness, which gave rise to Russian classics. We can say that it was forged in the course of dramatic processes in the country.

Classical literature (Russian), having been born in the complex and contradictory 18th century, was finally formed in the 19th century. Its main features are: national identity, maturity, self-awareness.

Russian classical literature of the 19th century

The growth of national consciousness played an important role in the development of the culture of that time. Opening more and more educational institutions, intensifies public importance literature, writers begin to pay much attention mother tongue. even more made me think about what is happening in the country.

Karamzin's influence on the development of 19th century literature

Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin, the greatest Russian historian, writer and journalist, was the most influential figure in the Russian cultures XVIII-XIX centuries His historical novels and the monumental "History of the Russian State" had a huge impact on the work of subsequent writers and poets: Zhukovsky, Pushkin, Griboyedov. He is one of the great reformers of the Russian language. Karamzin put into use a large number of new words, without which we cannot imagine modern speech today.

Russian classical literature: a list of the best works

Select and list the best literary works- the task is difficult, because each reader has his own preferences and tastes. A novel that for one will be a masterpiece, another will seem boring and uninteresting. How, then, to compile a list of classical Russian literature that would satisfy the majority of readers? One way is to conduct surveys. On their basis, it is possible to draw conclusions about which work the readers themselves consider the best of the proposed options. These data collection methods are carried out regularly, although the data may vary slightly over time.

The list of the best creations of Russian classics, according to the versions of literary magazines and Internet portals, looks like this:

Under no circumstances should you consider this list reference. In some ratings and polls, not Bulgakov, but Leo Tolstoy or Alexander Pushkin may be in the first place, and some of the writers listed may not exist at all. Ratings are extremely subjective. It is better to make a list of your favorite classics for yourself and focus on it.

The Importance of Russian Classical Literature

The creators of Russian classics have always had a great social responsibility. They never acted as moralizers, did not give ready-made answers in their works. Writers set a difficult task for the reader and forced him to think about its solution. They raised in their works serious social and public problems, which even now have for us great importance. Therefore, Russian classics remain as relevant today.

Ancient Greece

Homer "Odyssey" and "Iliad"

Did Homer really write these poems? Was he blind? And did it exist at all? These and other questions still remain unanswered, but pale in the face of eternity and the value of the texts themselves. The epic Iliad tells about Trojan War, for a long time was better known than The Odyssey, and to a greater extent influenced European literature. But the wanderings of Odysseus, written plain language, is almost a novel, perhaps the first one that has come down to us.

Great Britain

Charles Dickens "The Adventures of Oliver Twist"

A groundbreaking novel featuring real life without embellishment, Dickens composed at the age of 26. He did not have to strain his imagination strongly: main character who lived in poverty is the author himself, whose family went bankrupt when future writer was just a child. And even the name of the main villain Feygin Dickens took from life, borrowing, however, from his best friend.

The release of "Oliver Twist" had a bombshell effect in England: society, in particular, vied with each other to discuss - and condemn - child labor. Through the novel, readers learned that literature can act as a mirror.

Jane Austen "Pride and Prejudice"

Cornerstone for British literature a text as classic as "Eugene Onegin" in Russia. Quiet home young lady Austin wrote "Pride" quite young, but published only 15 years later, after the success of the book "Sense and Sensibility". Austen's phenomenon, among other things, is that almost all of her novels are classics, but Pride and Prejudice stands out against the general background with the presence of one of the most amazing couples in world literature - Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy. Darcy is a household name, without him Britain is not Britain. In general, “Pride and Prejudice” is the very case when the sign “ female romance”causes not a smirk, but admiration.

Germany

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe "Faust"

The 82-year-old Goethe completed the last, second part of Faust six months before his death. He began work on the text when he was twenty-five. Goethe put all the scrupulousness, efficiency and attention to detail inherited from the pedant-father into this ambitious work. Life, death, world order, good, evil - "Faust", like "War and Peace", in its own way is an exhaustive book in which everyone will find answers to any answers.

Erich Maria Remarque" Triumphal Arch»

“One of the two always abandons the other. The whole question is who will get ahead of whom”, “Love does not tolerate explanations. She needs deeds ”- Remarque’s novel from those books that diverge into quotes. The love story in Paris besieged by the Germans turned the heads of more than one generation of readers, and the author's romance with Marlene Dietrich, and persistent rumors that it was Dietrich who became the prototype of Joan Mado, only add to the charm of this wonderful book.

Russia

Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment"

Fyodor Dostoevsky wrote this novel by force, because of the need for money: gambling debts, the death of his brother Mikhail, which left his family without funds. The plot of Crime and Punishment was "inspired" by the case of Pierre François Lacière, a French intellectual murderer who believed that society was to blame for his deeds. Dostoevsky composed parts, each of which was published in the journal Russkiy Vestnik. Later, the novel was released as a separate volume, in a new edition, abridged by the author, and began independent life. Today, Crime and Punishment is part of the world classics, one of the symbols of Russian literature and culture in general, translated into many languages and filmed many times (up to the manga comic of the same name).

Leo Tolstoy "War and Peace"

The epic four-volume masterpiece, written in several passes, ended up taking Tolstoy nearly six years. "War and Peace" is inhabited by 559 heroes, the names of the main ones - Bezukhov, Natasha Rostova, Bolkonsky, have become household names. This novel is a large-scale (many people think that it is completely exhaustive) statement about everything in the world - war, love, the state, etc. The author himself quickly lost interest in War and Peace, a few years later calling the book "wordy", and at the end of his life - just "nonsense".

Colombia

Gabriel Garcia Marquez "One Hundred Years of Solitude"

The saga of the Buendía family is the second most popular text in Spanish all over the world (the first is Cervantes' Don Quixote). An example of the "magic realism" genre, which has become a kind of brand that unites completely different authors such as Borges, Coelho and Carlos Ruiz Zafon. One Hundred Years of Solitude was written by 38-year-old Marquez in a year and a half; To write this book, a father of two quit his job and sold his car. The novel came out in 1967, at first it was sold somehow, but in the end it gained world fame. The total circulation of "One Hundred Years" today is 30 million, Marquez is a classic, winner of everything in the world, including Nobel Prize, a symbolic writer who has done more for his native Colombia than anyone else. It is thanks to Marquez that the world knows that in Colombia there are not only drug lords, but also

(ratings: 31 , average: 4,26 out of 5)

In Russia, literature has its own direction, different from any other. The Russian soul is mysterious and incomprehensible. The genre reflects both Europe and Asia, therefore the best classical Russian works are unusual, amaze with sincerity and vitality.

Main actor- soul. For a person, the position in society, the amount of money is not important, it is important for him to find himself and his place in this life, to find truth and peace of mind.

The books of Russian literature are united by the traits of a writer who possesses the gift of the great Word, who has completely devoted himself to this art of literature. Best Classics saw life not flatly, but multifaceted. They wrote about the life of not random destinies, but expressing being in its most unique manifestations.

Russian classics are so different, with different destinies, but they are united by the fact that literature is recognized as a school of life, a way of studying and developing Russia.

Russian classical literature was created best writers from different parts of Russia. It is very important where the author was born, because this determines his formation as a person, his development, and it also affects writing skills. Pushkin, Lermontov, Dostoevsky were born in Moscow, Chernyshevsky in Saratov, Shchedrin in Tver. Poltava region in Ukraine is the birthplace of Gogol, Podolsk province - Nekrasov, Taganrog - Chekhov.

Three great classics, Tolstoy, Turgenev and Dostoevsky, were absolutely different people, had different fates, complex characters and great gifts. They made a huge contribution to the development of literature by writing their the best works which still excite the hearts and souls of readers. Everyone should read these books.

Another important difference books of Russian classics - ridiculing the shortcomings of a person and his way of life. Satire and humor are the main features of the works. However, many critics said that this was all slander. And only true connoisseurs saw how the characters are both comical and tragic at the same time. Books like this always touch my heart.

Here you can find the best works classical literature. You can download Russian classic books for free or read online, which is very convenient.

We present to your attention 100 best books Russian classics. IN full list The books include the best and most memorable works of Russian writers. This literature known to everyone and recognized by critics from all over the world.

Of course, our list of top 100 books is just a small part that has collected best work great classics. It can be continued for a very long time.

One hundred books that everyone should read in order to understand not only how they used to live, what were the values, traditions, priorities in life, what they aspired to, but to find out in general how our world works, how bright and pure a soul can be and how valuable it is for a person, for the formation of his personality.

The top 100 list includes the best and most notable works Russian classics. The plot of many of them is known from school bench. However, some books are difficult to understand at a young age, and this requires wisdom that is acquired over the years.

Of course, the list is far from complete and can be continued indefinitely. Reading such literature is a pleasure. She not only teaches something, she radically changes lives, helps to realize simple things that we sometimes do not even notice.

We hope you enjoyed our list of classic Russian literature books. Perhaps you have already read something from it, but something not. Great opportunity to make your own personal list books, your top, which you would like to read.

The works of the classics are like good wine - they are aged and tested by time and a huge number of readers. Many of these books are universal: they heal the soul, seek answers to eternal questions life, entertain, relax, cheer up, make you think and give an invaluable opportunity to gain a unique life experience.

Russian classics

The Master and Margarita, Mikhail Bulgakov

A brilliant masterpiece of world classical literature. An unusual meaningful mystical novel, exposing human sins and vices. It intertwines the eternal themes of the struggle between good and evil, death and immortality, as well as an incredible line of love that began with a chance meeting of people created for each other.

"Eugene Onegin", Alexander Pushkin

A good work for those who choose a classical work for self-development. A novel in verse in which two characters are opposed: a satiated bored young man Eugene Onegin and clean naive girl Tatyana Larina, who followed sincere feeling. A story about the growing up and development of one personality and the inner emptiness of another.

Anna Karenina Leo Tolstoy

Married Anna Karenina falls in love with a young officer, Vronsky. He reciprocates her. But the environment turns away from the "fallen woman." The desperate attempts of the lovers to reunite against the backdrop of the customs and customs of the nobility of that time were unsuccessful.

"Doctor Zhivago", Boris Pasternak

The history of the generation of the early 20th century, which was part of new era with faith in big changes. However, the trials that they had to endure (civil and first World War, revolution), brought only disappointment and broken hopes. But, in spite of everything, people have gained invaluable experience. The book is full of reflections on the fate of people and the state.

"12 chairs", Evgeny Petrov, Ilya Ilf

A story about two adventurers looking for diamonds hidden in the chairs of Madame Petukhova's living room. The novel-feuilleton is incredibly fascinating, imbued with sharp humor and inexhaustible optimism. It will provide some exciting evenings for those who have not yet read the book, and will cheer up those who have taken it up again.

Heart of a Dog, Mikhail Bulgakov

Professor Preobrazhensky explores methods of rejuvenation. One day, he brings a homeless dog Sharik from the street and gives him a pituitary transplant of the deceased Klim Chugunkin, a drunkard and a hooligan. Instead of a kind, docile animal, a creature with an absolutely disgusting character and habits is obtained. The novel demonstrates the history of the relationship between the intelligentsia and the "new breed" of man.

"The Life and Extraordinary Adventures of a Soldier Ivan Chonkin", Vladimir Voinovich

A wonderful choice of work to read on vacation, such a light anecdote novel. Before the start of the Great Patriotic War in a small village, a plane is landing due to a breakdown. There is no way to tow it, so the simple-minded and ridiculous guard Ivan Chonkin is assigned to him, who eventually transfers his place of service to the house of the postman Nyura ...

“The Dawns Here Are Quiet”, Boris Vasiliev

A tragic story about an unequal confrontation between five female anti-aircraft gunners and a detachment of German saboteurs consisting of 16 people. Dreams of the future and women's stories of loved ones create a stunning contrast with harsh reality war.

"Dowry", Alexander Ostrovsky

A play about a woman forced to link her fate with an inconspicuous, uninteresting and unloved person only because she does not have a dowry. The man, whom she loves and considers ideal, is only having fun with her, not having the intention of exchanging a rich bride for her.

"Garnet Bracelet", Alexander Kuprin

Having once seen Princess Vera in the box of the circus, Georgy Zheltkov fell in love with her without memory. He sent letters to her, hoping for nothing, since she was married. Love lasted for several years, until he decided to give her Garnet bracelet. beautiful work, which is suitable for those who are looking for something to read for the soul.

Foreign literature

The Thorn Birds, Colin McCullough

The epic story of a poor family who later became managers of a large Australian estate. The plot of the novel is based on strong, dramatic feelings between the main character Maggie and the Catholic priest Father Ralph. What will win love or religion? The work has become one of the most popular romance novels among admirers.

Gone with the Wind, Margaret Mitchell

novel about strong woman Scarlett O'hara, who shouldered the care of her family in hard years Civil War in America. The book tells about incredible story love and demonstrates the evolution of feelings main character against the backdrop of the trials of war.

"Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen

England 18th century. Mr. and Mrs. Bennet, who have raised five daughters, are thinking about marrying the young ladies. Settled next door Mr Bingley perfectly suited for the role of the groom. In addition, he has many friends. The book is about how feelings are born, and how love helps to overcome pride and prejudice.

The Great Gatsby Francis Scott Fitzgerald

The book is set in America during the Jazz Age. The author shows reverse side notorious " american dream". In the center of the story is the story of the rich and spendthrift Gatsby, who is trying to return the woman he loves, who left him when he was just achieving success. Unfortunately, wealth never brought him happiness.

"A Little Sun in Cold Water" by Françoise Sagan

This great option works modern classics. The story of the affair of the Parisian journalist Gilles Lantier with married woman who left her husband. The work raises the theme of fatigue from life, what is commonly called depression. It seems that the relationship helped Giles overcome the illness. But is his lover happy?

Arc de Triomphe, Erich Maria Remarque

The German emigrant Ravik illegally lives and works as a surgeon in pre-war Paris. Returning home late, he notices a woman who is trying to throw herself off a bridge. So, a romance begins between an actress named Joan and a German refugee. Unusually beautiful, passionate and sad story love, full of philosophical reflections.

"Notre Dame Cathedral", Victor Hugo

This is a real classic historical novel describing medieval Paris. Incredible at the center of the story romantic story hunchback bell ringer Quasimodo and gypsy street dancer Esmeralda. However, the author positions the cathedral itself as the main character of the novel. Notre Dame of Paris thereby drawing public attention to it.

Dandelion Wine by Ray Bradbury

Moments of summer, closed in bottles - this is dandelion wine. The book is woven from big and small stories that take place throughout the summer, everyday discoveries, the main of which is that we live, we feel, we breathe. The story itself is warm and unhurried. Brothers Douglas and Tom live in a provincial town and through them we see the world through the eyes of 12-year-old children.

"Fried Green Tomatoes at the Way Stop Cafe" by Fannie Flagg

Evelyn, a middle-aged woman, has lost interest in life and eats depression with chocolate. Once a week, she has to visit her mother-in-law at the nursing home. There, Evelyn meets 86-year-old Ninny, who is full of love and zest for life. Each time, the old woman tells stories from her past, which helps Evelyn reconsider her worldview.

"Over the Cuckoo's Nest", Ken Kesey

The main character Randle recklessly chooses the latter between a prison and a mental hospital. Here he tries to change the established rules and teach other patients to enjoy the life. An elderly, sullen nurse resists the innovations of a free-spirited patient out of fear of losing power over staff and patients.

Anna Karenina. Lev Tolstoy

The greatest love story of all time. A story that has not left the stage, filmed countless times - and still has not lost the boundless charm of passion - a destructive, destructive, blind passion - but all the more bewitching with its grandeur.

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Master and Margarita. Michael Bulgakov

This is the most mysterious of the novels in the entire history of Russian literature of the 20th century. This is a novel that is almost officially called the "Gospel of Satan". This is The Master and Margarita. A book that can be read and re-read dozens, hundreds of times, but most importantly, which is still impossible to understand. So, which pages of The Master and Margarita were dictated by the Forces of Light?