Through travel, geography sees, describes itself. Travel is writing in motion, generating images of countries, cities, localities, penetrating into literature, changing it. Literature, in turn, creates genres and canons - the framework for understanding the images of travel.
The role of travel in Russian literature cannot be overestimated. Through literary works (and texts that have become such), Russia realized and comprehended vast, poorly developed spaces. Russian literature developed, shaking in a carriage, in a tarantass, on a cart along dusty lanes and highways. Hence the importance for understanding travel notes, letters, essays, diaries. Travel has transformed the classical forms of the novel, short story, and short story: plots are often "strung" on wholly (partially) fictional journeys. A brilliant collection of similar Russian classics is formed by " Dead Souls» Gogol with V. Sollogub’s epigone Tarantass, Platonov’s Chevengur, Nabokov’s Lolita, Venedikt Erofeev’s Moscow-Petushki. Traveling gave birth to works that surpassed travel diaries and letters in power. The Letters of a Russian Traveler by Karamzin still belong to the era of sentimentalism and owe a lot to Stern (as well as subsequent imitations). Radishchev with Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow, Goncharov with the Pallada Frigate, and Chekhov with Sakhalin Island turned the trip into special genre and a way of self-knowledge of writers. Radishchev's route became sacred.
There are two types of travel in terms of significance for Russian literature: 1) the plot type, which changes the structure of literary forms, 2) the genre (setting) type, which changes the ideological structure of literature. The purity of the typology is violated by the works of travelers and geographers (most often in Central Asia, Siberia and Far East): Przhevalsky, Grumm-Grzhimailo, Potanin, Pevtsov, Kozlov and others. The influence of their descriptions is rather stylistic. Nabokov in the novel The Gift did not hide it, and the novel lives on with the sense of the way inherent in the great Russian travelers.
How did the images of travel penetrate into the thickness of Russian literature, changing its image? Let me preliminarily note that this penetration led, as a rule, to an increase in the power of literary works. There are three main eras: early XIX V. (conditionally - pre-Pushkin), from the beginning of the XIX century. until the 1910s, from the 1910s to the present. In the pre-Pushkin era, travel is a dry inventory of wayposts, dishes on tables and exotics of near and far countries. Afanasy Nikitin is a rare exception. The journey passes with half-closed eyes; the letter itself does not yet know how to move well.
The golden age of travel in Russian literature is divided into two parts. The years 1800-1830 are characterized by the growth of travel descriptions performed by journalistic and literary means. This is the era of expansion. Formerly tongue-tied, Russian literature acquired a language, a voice, a color. Simultaneously with the expansion of the territory of the empire, works of literature appear, mastering new regions and countries. Pushkin set the tone with his Journey to Arzrum. The conquest of the Caucasus gave rise to the genre of novels and short stories, especially the Caucasian stories of Bestuzhev-Marlinsky. Foreign campaigns of the Russian army in 1813-1815. revived the interest of the noble elite in the politics and culture of European countries. She becomes an object literary descriptions. Later, the novels of Gogol, Turgenev, Dostoevsky, Goncharov were written (in passing they described the images of the host countries). A genre of descriptions of travels to the Holy Land (Palestine) arose, which did not become literary events.
The second part of the golden era of travel - 1840-1910s. In the 1840s, Russian literature began to master all the wealth of travel. The basis was the genre of "physiological" essays on the manners, life of cities and localities in Russia (here Lermontov managed to mark himself with the essay "Caucasian"). Professional essay writers and writers appeared who devoted themselves to travel, their "physiology", the smells of space, and so on. One of the pioneers of this genre was the poet, translator and publicist Alexander Rotchev. Classics of the genre - works by V. Botkin ("Letters from Spain"), S. Maksimov, Vlad. Nemirovich-Danchenko, E. Markov. Greatest Success reached by the beginning of the 20th century. Vasily Rozanov, whose essays about the Volga (“Russian Nile”), about travels to Italy, Germany, the Caucasus are still read in one breath. His student at the Yelets Gymnasium M. Prishvin was not inferior to him with essays on the Russian North. The genre survived until the 20th century, although it lost its former positions. In Soviet times, K.G. managed to preserve the romance of the genre. Paustovsky.
The golden time of travel in Russian literature is adventure, exoticism, romance. A number of descriptions were born as a result of dizzying travels, sometimes unintentional. These are the descriptions of Alexander Rotchev. In the pre-Pushkin era, the merchant Efremov, who was captured in the Kirghiz-Kaisak steppes, distinguished himself. “Arabesque”, adventurous style of writing was preserved by Osip Senkovsky in the 1840s, and by the end of the era, by N. Gumilyov, who traveled in Africa and wrote a number of poetic and geographical cycles. Forced travel (link) has become a source of descriptions of the snowy expanses of North Asia. Started by Radishchev, the trips to Siberia by the Decembrists have become a cult for writers and essayists.
Around the 1910s, a new era began in the relationship between Russian literature and travel. Now travel means an inner search, an experiment with literary writing, sometimes with own life. Images of travel pass into literature: A. Bely, V. Khlebnikov, O. Mandelstam, A. Platonov and B. Pasternak subordinate the literary rhythm to the rhythm of travel. Bely and Mandelstam happily coincided in the descriptions of Armenia. In the notes "Reading Pallas" Mandelstam caught the structure, the basics of travel writing. Khlebnikov literally put his life on a geographical map - a case of geoliterature. Early prose and Pasternak's poetry breathe images of the path. In the novel "Doctor Zhivago" the poet connected the fate of the heroes with a trip to the Urals. tradition in the second half of the 20th century. Joseph Brodsky continued. A number of his poems and essays are flowing images of St. Petersburg, Venice, Crimea, England, America.
How did Russian literature perceive the geographical images of travel? In the golden time of travel, she loved them "childishly": the brightness of landscapes, landscapes, sketches of everyday scenes and customs - this is rather naturalistic painting, ethnographic cinema. They revived the picture of comparing the politics and culture of Russia with other countries - especially if the traveler was a Westerner or a Slavophile (A.S. Khomyakov's description of London). The writer's interest in traveling as an opportunity to comprehend his life and his own country is emerging. If the writer emigrated, the transformation of interest became simply necessary. Pecherin's Grave Notes, Herzen's memoirs and letters confirm that their travels in Russia are reflected in their travels in Europe.
By the end of the XIX century. "Children's love" of Russian literature for travel passes. Images of travel go back to childhood and youth of memoirs, novels, stories of Russian writers. Preserving a part of the exotic, the wanderings of childhood and youth evaluate the hero's life path as if through a magnifying glass. Hence the multicolored, "subjective" and postfactum cruelty of travel descriptions. The "flash" effect is activated. Geographical images personify the twists of fate in Gorky's early stories, Korolenko's memoirs, Bunin's Life of Arseniev, and Paustovsky's Tale of Life.
Having let in the images of travel, Russian literature could not help but change. After Khlebnikov, Mandelstam, Platonov, geographical images became a natural literary means of expressing attitudes towards the world. Travel has become a convenient literary device and a powerful literary metaphor. Books by P. Weill and A. Genis, V. Aksenov, A. Bitov and V. Pelevin confirm this. Real areas and countries can be mixed with fictional ones, space and path are often independent heroes, they determine the plots. Travel itself, as an image-archetype, entered within literature, becoming the basis of almost all literary genres.
Travel descriptions have been known since time immemorial. These were stories about unknown lands and peoples, about adventures and dangers that befell the traveler. For example, the son Venetian merchant Marco Polo in his "Book" (1298) told Europeans about travels to the East, about his life in China, and the Russian merchant from Tver, Afanasy Nikitin, in his "Journey Beyond the Three Seas" - about the outlandish India of the 15th century. Today, T. Heyerdahl’s “Journey to the Kon-Tiki” opened modern humanity ancient culture Easter Islands, and Yu. A. Gagarin's "Road to Space" made it possible to see Earth from spacecraft orbit.
The roots of many literary journeys should be sought in mythology and folklore, where the hero's journey becomes the most important test for him.
literary journey many-sided. It acts both as a special genre (for example, Homer's Odyssey, ancient Russian "journeys"), and as a kind of poem, essay, novel ("Who should live well in Rus'" by N. A. Nekrasov, "Journey to Arzrum" by A. S. Pushkin, "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" by M. Twain), and how component works ("Onegin's Journey" in Pushkin's novel). Most of the time, travel is compositional basis literary work, as it gives the author complete freedom to deploy and connect events.
One of the oldest mythological and folklore stories is a journey to realm of the dead: Orpheus is looking for the deceased Eurydice there, Ivan Tsarevich - the abducted Vasilisa the Wise, in the Babylonian epic Gilgamesh goes to underworld In search of human immortality, the hero of Kalevala Väinämöinen steals Sampo's mill of happiness and abundance from another world. In ancient and medieval literature such a journey becomes the plot and compositional basis of great works - Virgil's Aeneid (I century BC) and Dante's Divine Comedy (1307-1321). Fruitful for literature was also folklore tradition merry carnival journey through the underworld, which is given in the fourth book of the famous French novel Renaissance "Gargantua and Pantagruel" F. Rabelais.
An important role in the history of literary travel was played by the transfer of the reader's attention from the external plane to the internal - to the feelings and experiences of the traveling hero. At the origins of this turn is " sentimental journey in France and Italy" English writer 18th century L. Stern, which brought to life a whole literature of sentimental travel, for which the route of travel was no longer essential: it was possible to travel without leaving your room, by the will of the imagination and with the help of geographical map. Sentimental travels in the late 18th - early 19th centuries. become the object of parody, which testifies to the flourishing and popularity of the genre: thus, the untitled "My cousin's journey into pockets" (1803) describes the contents of the pockets. One witty man counted at this time 506 reasons for wandering.
In Russian literature late XVIII V. the experience of a sentimental journey entered in a transformed form in N. M. Karamzin's Letters of a Russian Traveler with their deep thoughts about Russia's place in European history and culture. It also reflected in outstanding monument Russian artistic journalism - "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow" by the revolutionary writer A. N. Radishchev, who painted scary pictures Russian reality and openly opposed the autocracy and serfdom.
Romantic writers of the 19th century cultivate a form of lyrical journey, the theme of "spiritual wandering" romantic hero(a typical example is "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage" by J. Byron). Travel for romantics with their cult of freedom is a manifestation of the simplest of human rights - the right to travel, as opposed to captivity. Not accidentally a favorite motif romantic poem becomes an escape from captivity (“Brothers Robbers” by A. S. Pushkin, “Mtsyri” by M. Yu. Lermontov).
It is difficult to overestimate the place of travel in the history of the formation and development of the novel genre. The motive of wandering becomes the organizing idea of the novel, one of the leading ways of testing and revealing the character of the hero (from Apuleius' Golden Ass to Ch. Aitmatov's Block).
IN psychological novel travel embodies the idea spiritual search, especially important for the so-called novel of education (“Wilhelm Meister’s Years of Wanderings” by I. W. Goethe). The hero's journey in the novel has another metaphorical meaning - it acts as a school of life. The wanderings and trials of a novel hero usually embody the essence of his life path, his fate (“The Story of Tom Jones, a Foundling” by G. Fielding, the movement of the hero from the province to the capital in the novels of Stendhal and O. de Balzac). It is also possible to replace movement in space with travel in time. This type of literary journey is most actively developed by science fiction writers ("The Time Machine" by H. J. Wells, "Thunder Came" by R. Bradbury, etc.).
Journey - forever alive, never frozen literary phenomenon. Almost every famous literary journey sooner or later becomes the object of parody. Rabelais parodies Dante, Cervantes parodies the chivalrous journey, Stern parodies the journeys of enlightenment writers, and A. F. Veltman's The Wanderer parodies sentimental journeys. The literary traveler is free to choose any mode of transportation - from an old raft (Huck Finn) to a cannonball (Baron Munchausen).
A characteristic metaphor has developed: reading is a journey. The reader, as it were, wanders along with the hero, goes through the school of life with him.
Travel is a genre that allows you to include a letter and a diary in the narrative, sentimental story and an autobiography, a love story and a moralizing sermon, freely alternating between them, as if imitating the natural, unorganized course of life itself. In this freedom of the genre, which knows almost no boundaries, lies its attraction for ancient and new literature.
literary genre Journey Has two varieties.
1. This various descriptions an eyewitness traveler of the geographical, ethnographic and social appearance of the countries and peoples he saw, that is, documentary travel. They have, as a rule, cognitive and aesthetic value, especially those written in an era when prose had not yet been divided into artistic and scientific ones, for example, A. Nikitin's "Journey Beyond the Three Seas", created in the Middle Ages.
2. Travel is also a genre of works, the plot and composition of which are presented and built as documentary travels.
Artistic genre Journey It was formed under the influence of travel stories and records of the travelers themselves. A significant role in its development was played by the legends that arose on the basis of these stories and records.
In world and Russian literature, the methods of describing a documentary journey in the form of a travel diary and essay are widely used. The wandering motif has always been common in many genres. artistic poetry and prose.
Fascinating travel descriptions of the era of the Great geographical discoveries XV-XVI centuries, expeditions of the XVII-XVIII centuries made the journey the most popular in fiction. At this time, pirate and socio-utopian novels are created in the form of travel diaries, notes or memories of amazing countries. The genre of the enlightening travel novel was formed. This made it possible to widely enter into the image modern society its contradictions ("" N. A. Radishcheva).
Genre Journey attracted many literary trends. Sentimentalists mainly used the form of a diary, which most fully conveys the moods and experiences of a “sentimental” traveler, for example, “Letters from a Russian Traveler” by N. M. Karamzin.
Romantic writers often turned to the topic of travel. They developed the genre of lyrical travel essay, in which the romantic, disappointed in contemporary society, travels to distant lands.
The journey reflects various aspects of the material and spiritual life of people, lyrical reflections the author about the history, culture of the country, sketches of manners and customs, typical everyday scenes.
All this also attracts realist writers, in whose work all varieties of this genre are used. Numerous adventure travel novels were created in the 19th century. They also include scientific information. In the 20th century, it is firmly included in the content of works, new variants of the travel essay genre appear: a travel report, a guidebook, social topics are intensified.
Examples of the traveling genre in Russian literature are “Journey to Arzrum” by A. S. Pushkin, “Pallada” frigate by I. A. Goncharov, “From a circumnavigation” by K. M. Stanyukovich, foreign essays by F. M. Dostoevsky, “Island Sakhalin" by A.P. Chekhov, "In the Land of Fearless Birds", "Behind the Magic Kolobok" by M. M. Prishvin, "My Discovery of America" by V. Mayakovsky, "Lessons from Armenia" by A. Bitov, "Sakura Branch" by V. Ovchinnikov , "Dersu Uzala" by V. Arseniev and others.
Of the documentary scientific and geographical travels of the 19th century, the travels of N. Przhevalsky and N. Miklukho-Maclay deserve special attention.
A school essay can be written in the genres of a travel essay or travel notes. may be journalistic or related to literary local history.
Sample reminder for essay writer in the genre Journey:
The theme of the essay is formulated;
The goal is determined (to give the reader information, to evoke certain feelings in him: joy, pride in the homeland; to form high moral qualities, the desire to overcome negative phenomena, etc.);
The seen is described, the facts and events are stated;
One's attitude to what has been stated is expressed, and other points of view can be presented;
The style of presentation is chosen (journalistic, artistic, or a combination of both, depending on the content).
Zinaida BLINOVA,
Vladimir region,
Yuryev-Polsky district,
With. Sima
Travel like literary genre
Lessons on theory and practice
school essay
in 9th grade
Topic: The concept of travel as a literary genre.
1. Tell students about the history of development and features of this literary genre.
2. Analyze the elements of travel in specific literary works.
3. Determine the requirements for school essay about travel.
PLAN-SUMMARY
I. Reading the epigraph.
There are two types of travel:
One - to start off from a place into the distance,
The other is to sit still
Scroll back the calendar.
A.T. Tvardovsky
II. Genre definition.
Travel is a literary genre based on description of the hero's journey. This may be information about the countries and peoples seen by the traveler in the form of travel diaries, notes, essays, and so on.
The main task of such works is primarily cognitive, but the author can set philosophical, journalistic, psychological and other tasks. It can also be stories about fictional, imaginary wanderings (utopia, fantasy).
III. History of the genre.
1. The roots of the genre in mythology and folklore, where the hero's journey becomes a test for him.
Myth (folklore) - totem (hero) - journey (test).
2. Historical milestones of development - two plans.
A) outer plan. Wandering hero actively moves in space like alien world observer about which he (later) tells readers (listeners):
- Marco Polo, son of a Venetian merchant. "The Book of the Diversity of the World" ( 1298 ) - about a journey to the East, to China.
- Afanasy Nikitin, Tver merchant. "Journey beyond three seas", XV century - about Indian impressions.
— Thor Heyerdahl, Norwegian travel scientist. "Journey to Kon-Tiki", 1950s - about the culture of Fr. Easter.
b) internal plan. When the reader perceives the literary journey of his attention shifted to feelings and experiences wandering, the external elements of displacement in space were no longer of decisive importance.
- Stern. Sentimental Journey through France and Italy, 18th century. In this work, the writer, as it were, plays with space, rethinks the motive of a real journey to express his experiences and feelings; Karamzin. "Letters from a Russian Traveler"; Radishchev. "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow".
— Byron. "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage"; Lermontov. "Mtsyri". These are lyrical journeys in which the cult of the exotic, and the “spiritual wanderings” of the romantic hero are shown as an “escape” from captivity.
- Lermontov. "Hero of our time"; Ch. Aitmatov. "Plaha". The journey embodies the idea of a spiritual search, the motive of the journey becomes one of the ways to reveal the character of the hero.
3. Literary journey as an object of parody. Almost every literary journey is parodied sooner or later.
- Cervantes. Don Quixote is a parody of a knight's journey.
- V. Erofeev in the poem "Moscow-Petushki" parodies Radishchev.
IV. Variety of genre forms.
1. The journey itself (travel diary).
- Homer. "Odyssey". "The Tale of Gilgamesh" (Sumero-Akkadian epic).
2. A kind of poem, the plot and compositional basis of which is a journey.
- Virgil. "Aeneid"; Dante. "The Divine Comedy"; Nekrasov. "To whom in Rus' it is good to live."
3. Roman.
- M. Twain. "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn".
4. The main part of the work.
- "Onegin's Journey" in Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin".
5. Essay.
- Pushkin. "Journey to Arzrum".
6. Free storytelling.
It may include a letter and a diary, a story and an autobiography, a short story and a confession, the author's reflections and the hero's stream of consciousness.
The freedom of the genre practically knows no boundaries, which is why it is so attractive to authors and readers.
V. Basic elements of travel.
What is a necessary, obligatory attribute of movement in space and time?
- Route, vehicles, roads;
- landscape, architecture and sights of cities and villages, interiors of houses;
– people: ethnographic observations, dialogues, faces, stories, confessions;
- scenes;
- taste sensations.
How to organize these elements?
- As required by the author's intention in the work.
What common law using them?
- External impressions - a feeling, an assessment of what he saw - a universal (journalistic) conclusion.
Consequently, a literary journey belongs to the artistic and journalistic genres.
VI. Reading excerpts from Pushkin's essay "Journey to Arzrum", analyzing it in order to identify the elements of the journey.
From the 1st chapter: from the words “I left Moscow...” to “...because it is unnatural”.
The route - a trip to Yermilov - the appearance of the general in the perception of the author: from “The roads to Yelets are terrible” to “... the top of the Caucasian chain”
The condition of the roads - the landscape - an ethnographic sketch of Kalmyk life - the landscape.
From chapter 2: from “My man...” to “...leaving no trace...”
Landscape - a meeting with those accompanying the body of the murdered Griboyedov - an assessment of this event.
General conversation.
What is Pushkin's purpose in this essay?
- It is possible to describe what you saw more accurately.
Does the essay have a journalistic orientation and what is it?
- Yes, it has. When describing any moment, whether it is Yermolov's appearance, Caucasian nature, Kalmyk tea with lamb fat or the murdered Griboyedov, the author necessarily expresses his attitude towards him, his direct impression.
VII. Short review Vl. Soloukhin's book "Vladimir lanes".
1. The writer traveled around the Vladimir region in 1956.
2. Day eleven. Yuryev-Polsky district and the city of Yuryev-Polsky.
Landscape - reproduction of the chronicler's record - notes on St. George's Cathedral - historical digression about the village of Sima - an appeal to Kalachev's book about the village of Vyoska - a story about the Battle of Lipetsk.
3. Commentary on the review: the writer selects the most striking elements from his journey, those that are important to him and that are likely to interest the reader. At the same time, the wanderer in his movement forward in space turns onto a historical path, into the past, or even stops to admire something and reflect. It is these moments that become the most publicistic.
VIII. Summary of the lesson.
How can one explain such a frequent appeal of various authors to the genre of literary travel?
– The universality of this genre, the rich possibilities of the form;
- the ability to directly express their thoughts and feelings.
Homework. Write an essay about your trip.
Literature on the topic
1) Literary encyclopedic dictionary. M., 1987.
2) encyclopedic Dictionary young literary critic. M., 1997.
3) Develop the gift of words. Optional course on the theory and practice of compositions of different genres. Student aid. M., 1977.
Speech development lesson
in 9th grade
Subject. Analysis of the theme of the essay on the comedy of A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". Gathering material for writing.
Target. Make an attempt practical application knowledge about travel as a literary genre.
PLAN
I. Repetition.
1) Which group of genres does the travel genre belong to?
- To a variety of artistic and journalistic genres.
2) Name the elements of the journey. Is it necessary in work of art use all these elements?
3) Why does the artist of the word resort to this genre?
- By different reasons. Most likely, to express their position in a more vivid and attractive form for the reader.
II. Discussion of the topic "Journey through Griboedov's Moscow."
A. Determining the scope and content of the topic in accordance with the theses.
First thesis
A journey through Griboedov's Moscow is a journey into its history.
1) Moscow toponymy and routes of movement of heroes.
Kuznetsky Most, Pokrovka, the English Club, the house of the Moscow rich man Pozdnyakov with a fortress theater, the house of Famusov.
Kuznetsky Most - a street in the center of Moscow, the place where the greatest foreign influence on the Moscow noble youth came from; from Pokrovka Khlestova an hour trudged to Famusov's house in the city center; English club - favorite place meetings of influential nobles; Pozdnyakov's serf theater had a glorious and unfortunate history.
2) Pictures of life and customs.
Outfits, fashions, hairstyles, vehicles, balls, club meetings, entertainment, customs, career problems, character habits, and so on.
3) Solutions to prototypes.
Moscow aces, Skalozub's nephew, Chatsky, influential ladies, influential persons, shaping public opinion, and its distributors.
Second thesis
Traveling around Moscow is possible thanks to bright pictures life of Moscow in Griboyedov's comedy "Woe from Wit", which became our guide.
1) Terms of matchmaking in Griboedov's Moscow. Requirements for the groom on the part of the bride, parents, the practical purpose of courtship. Features of the love triangle, the perception of the husband as a page, the decisive force of the lady's power.
2) “Moscow everything” faces at balls and entertainment. The guests of the Famusovs, their clothes, conversations.
Zagoretsky and his praises of the talents of the English Club visitors, the interests of guests and hosts.
3) Gossip as a mirror of Moscow bar beliefs.
Famusov's instructions to Petrushka on calendar entries, the causes of gossip, their spread, the behavior and speech of those who gossip, the result of gossip.
Third thesis
Traveling around Griboedov's Moscow is an opportunity to understand the author's intention in the comedy Woe from Wit.
1) Moscow sights through the eyes of Chatsky and people of the Famus circle. The difference in this perception, the different assessment of the influence of the Kuznetsk bridge by Famusov and Chatsky, the different attitude towards the English club by Chatsky and Zagoretsky.
2) "Business cards" of Moscow celebrities, compiled by Chatsky, Sofia Famusova, and other heroes.
Kuzma Petrovich, Nestor, ballet lover, guests of the Famusovs, ladies of the Moscow world.
3) Sketches of the life and customs of Moscow.
The history of the matchmaking of Chatsky and his assessment as a groom.
B. Definition of introductory and final parts.
Conclusions
To the first thesis:
The great educational value of traveling around Moscow with the "guide" Griboyedov.
To the second thesis:
Unforgettable impressions from Griboedov's Moscow.
To the third thesis:
The inevitability of Chatsky's loneliness in Moscow at the beginning of the 19th century.
Introductions
To the first thesis:
A kind of guide to Moscow in the 10-20s of the XIX century.
To the second thesis:
The place of action in the comedy A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit".
To the third thesis:
Griboedov's idea in the comedy "Woe from Wit".
III. Making plans for essays.
First option
1. A kind of guide to Moscow in the 10-20s of the XIX century.
2. Journey through Griboedov's Moscow is a fascinating journey into its history:
– Moscow toponymy and excursion routes;
- vivid pictures of the life and customs of aristocratic Moscow;
– intriguing prototype riddles.
3. Great educational value of traveling around Moscow with the guide Griboyedov.
Second option
1. The scene in the comedy A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit".
2. Traveling around Moscow is possible thanks to the vivid pictures of the life of Moscow in the comedy by A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit", a kind of guide to the capital:
- the conditions of matchmaking in aristocratic Moscow;
- Moscow faces at balls and entertainment;
- gossip is like a mirror of the morals of Moscow bars.
3. Unforgettable impressions of Griboedov's Moscow.
Third option
1. Griboyedov's idea in the comedy "Woe from Wit".
2. Traveling around Griboyedov's Moscow is an opportunity to understand the intention of the author of the comedy "Woe from Wit":
- Moscow sights through the eyes of Chatsky and people of the Famus circle;
– “Business Cards” Moscow celebrities;
- sketches of life and customs of the city of Moscow.
3. The inevitability of Chatsky's loneliness in Moscow at the beginning of the 19th century.
IV. Vocabulary work.
Selection of vocabulary, speech turns, mandatory for compositions of this type. Thinking about transitions from part to part.
Homework . Write an essay on any variant of the plan.
Literature
1. Vl. Orlov. Griboyedov. L., 1967.
2. A. Lebedev. Where does the free mind take you? M., 1982.
Notes
At the lesson of reflection and analysis of the topic “Journey through Griboyedov's Moscow”, due to lack of time, one should limit oneself to working out one version of the thesis chosen by the students. The teacher can inform the class about others, he can read out his proposals for their study.
Vocabulary work requires special attention before writing about a trip. These are words, names, phrases associated with the designation of travel items, actions of travelers. It is advisable to try to pick up as many synonyms as possible.
Speech development lesson in 10th grade
Subject. Development of the theme of the essay “Journey through Russia with P.I. Chichikov". Material selection.
Target. To consolidate knowledge about travel as a literary genre and develop the ability to write essays of this type.
PLAN
I. Repetition.
1. What types of travel can you name?
- Real, in which a person really moves in space;
- book, literary, in which the reader wanders with the author and his hero.
2. Name the elements of the journey and explain how the author selects them when describing the journey.
3. What type of literary genre is travel and why?
- To artistic and journalistic: describing the journey, the author expresses his position more freely and openly than in ordinary works of art.
II. Thinking about the topic “Journey through Russia with P.I. Chichikov".
A. Determining the scope of the topic.
The topic should be covered in large volume material of almost the entire poem by N.V. Gogol's "Dead Souls" - everything related to the description of Chichikov's trips, his travel impressions and observations. This, of course, is Chichikov's visit to provincial city NN, his walk around the city, reading a newspaper, perception of a hotel room, dinner in a tavern, his conversations and questions about the demographic features of the region. The material for the essay will be a story about Chichikov's trips to the landlords and the adventures that happened to him: road transport, adventurous, comic, sentimental, culinary, and so on.
All this will become the components of his journey.
It will not include, for example, “The Tale of Captain Kopeikin”, a story about Chichikov’s biography, about the triumph of the Kherson landowner, author’s digressions, that is, those parts of the text that do not tell about the hero’s movements across Russian expanses.
B. Determining the content of the topic.
Why N.V. Did Gogol use Chichikov's journey through Russia as the basis for his poem "Dead Souls"?
– It was the hero’s journey that helped the writer make the poem “Dead Souls” a poem – a review of life Russia XIX century and broadly portray the life of all social strata in accordance with their plan.
Thesis
Traveling with P.I. Chichikov in Russia is a great way of knowing (studying) the life of Russia in the 19th century (Nikolaev Russia).
Arguments.
1. Road and transport adventures with Chichikov on Russian roads.
2. Rare, unique sights of the city NN.
3. Diverse living room interiors.
4. Objects of observation of the hero from the window of his carriage.
5. “Talking” menus are at the disposal of the guest of the province.
6. Worthy business partners of a clever acquirer.
Conclusion. Great cognitive value travel with Chichikov.
B. Introduction.
a) The idea of N.V. Gogol in the poem "Dead Souls".
b) The peculiarity of Gogol's poem.
D. Compilation and recording of the composition plan.
1. genre feature poems by N.V. Gogol's Dead Souls.
2. Traveling with P.I. Chichikov in Russia is a great way to get to know the life of Nikolaev Russia:
a) Chichikov's road and transport adventures in Russian open spaces;
b) rare sights of the city NN;
c) various interiors of living rooms;
d) objects of observation of the hero from his carriage;
e) "talking" menus at the disposal of the guest of the province;
f) worthy business partners of a clever acquirer.
3. The great educational value of traveling with Chichikov.
III. Gathering material for writing.
Selection of citations. The nature of the comments. Transitions between parts of the text. An oral version of a passage of text on any of the arguments.
Homework . Write an essay.
Speech development lesson in 10th grade
Subject. Discussion of the topic “In search of a happy. Journey through Russia with Nekrasov's truth-seekers.
Target. To generalize students' knowledge about literary travel as a genre, to control their ability to analyze such topics and write essays on them.
PLAN
I. Repetition.
1. What does travel mean as a literary genre?
- A literary journey belongs to the artistic and journalistic genres and has rich opportunities for a deep, vivid and accurate expression of the author's intention, for greater artistic, readership attractiveness of the work.
2. Are the multiple elements of the journey obligatory for the author?
II. Questions for conversation.
1) Reread the wording of the topic and explain what it requires of you.
“In search of happiness. Journey through Russia with Nekrasov's truth-seekers.
Subject requires:
a) show search;
b) how this search went;
c) where and among whom they were looking for a happy one;
d) how the “happiness” of applicants was assessed;
e) how they (applicants) themselves understood happiness.
- The topic names the genre of the composition - this is a journey, which means that it will be necessary to select its most striking elements from Nekrasov's poem.
– The theme reminds us that it was the men-truth-seekers who went and looked for the happy from their positions, therefore, all the material of the poem will have to be considered through their eyes.
- The topic indicates that both the search and the walking of the peasants were organized by the author - Nekrasov, which means that his position should be identified.
2) What conclusion is needed from the analysis of the topic formulation?
- There is not a single superfluous word in the formulation of the topic. Each of them means a capacious concept that must be both interpreted and taken into account in accordance with other concepts.
3) Does the formulation contain a ready-made thesis for the essay? And how can we proceed further?
- No. This means that it is necessary to carry out logical operations to identify it: put a question, answer it, formulate a thesis from the answer.
4) What questions do you think are contained in the wording?
- Why does Nekrasov “organize” the search for a happy man by truth-seekers?
- How do readers feel about such a search-walking?
- Did the peasants of Nekrasov find a happy man?
5) Which of these questions can give us the most interesting thesis, and therefore the most successful turn in the disclosure of the topic, a full-fledged essay?
- For example, the second one.
6) Let's try to answer it.
– It is interesting for readers to read about this searching-walking;
- we like...;
- the description of this walking makes us strong ( bright, unforgettable, unusual, strange) impression, because the author managed to sort of hold us across Rus'.
7) Let's try to formulate a thesis from the answers, using the most appropriate wording, and harmonize them with the rest of the words of the topic.
Such an option is possible first thesis :
- bright impressions of readers from joint walking with Nekrasov's truth-seekers in search of a happy life in Russia in the sixties of the XIX century.
8) How would you answer the first question?
- It is more convenient for Nekrasov, it is easier to show widely the life of Russia after the reform.
– The poet can “organize” a meeting of pedestrians with people of all social strata of Russia without effort and stretch and get acquainted with the widespread opinion about happiness.
9) So, for a poet, travel is a convenient form, great opportunity for something?
– Yes, to express his own thoughts, personal opinion, intention.
10) Let us formulate from the answers to the first question second thesis .
– The pilgrimage of peasant truth-seekers across Russia in search of happiness is an opportunity to show the life of Russia after the reforms and solve the problem of happiness.
11) So, two theses, that means two different essays, since, using the same material, we will consider it from different positions.
In relation to the first thesis, we take the following position: our task is to show vivid impressions of...
To the second: our task is to show the author's embodiment of his ideas.
12) Will there be common points in these various essays? Which?
- Yes, they will; these are the elements of travel: the road, the geography of walking, sights, people, meetings with the “happy” and so on.
13) Let's select the arguments for the first thesis.
1. Figurative exact toponymy of “happy places” in Russia.
2. Natural weather walking calendar.
3. Picturesque sights of Russian villages.
4. Unforgettable meetings with "happy":
a) the general people's "happiness" at the "fair";
b) confession of a happy “governor”;
c) the landowner's complaints about the loss of happiness.
14) Can we use these arguments to prove the second thesis?
- Certainly. Only, probably, the wording should be corrected.
1. Reflection of the life of the people in the geographical names of “happy places” in Russia.
2. Observation of natural and weather conditions through the eyes of peasant travelers.
3. The image of the living conditions of the people through the description of the sights of the villages.
4. Organization of meetings of travelers with a very wide range of Russian residents:
a) scenes of common national “happiness” at the “fair”;
b) acquaintance with the happy “governor” and her confession;
c) listening to the landowner's complaints about the loss of happiness and folk legends;
d) observation of the village of Vahlaki.
5. Negative result of the men's walks (possibly in custody).
Conclusion. Therefore, there will be two different texts.
15) Think over the most logically accurate final and introductory parts.
Conclusions
To the first thesis:
Artistic talent of Nekrasov.
To the second thesis:
Nekrasov's opinion on the state of Russia after the reforms and on human happiness.
Introductions
To the first thesis:
Nekrasov's close attention to the form of his poem.
III. Materials for writing.
Attempts to compile oral versions of texts based on one of the arguments - similar - of two different theses.
IV. Generalization.
Homework. Write an essay.
Travel as a literary genre
Zinaida Blinova
Vladimir region, Yuryev-Polsky district, with. Sima
Topic: The concept of travel as a literary genre.
1. Tell students about the history of development and features of this literary genre.
2. Analyze the elements of travel in specific literary works.
3. Determine the requirements for a school travel essay.
Outline plan
I. Reading the epigraph.
There are two types of travel:
One - to start off from a place into the distance,
The other is to sit still
Scroll back the calendar.
A.T. Tvardovsky
II. Genre definition.
Journey is a literary genre based on the description of the hero's wanderings. This may be information about the countries and peoples seen by the traveler in the form of travel diaries, notes, essays, and so on.
The main task of such works is primarily cognitive, but the author can set philosophical, journalistic, psychological and other tasks. It can also be stories about fictional, imaginary wanderings (utopia, fantasy).
III. History of the genre.
1. The roots of the genre in mythology and folklore, where the hero's journey becomes a test for him.
Myth (folklore) - totem (hero) - journey (test).
2. Historical milestones of development - two plans.
a) External plan. The wandering hero actively moves in space as an observer of an alien world, about which he (later) tells readers (listeners):
- Marco Polo, son of a Venetian merchant. "The Book of the Diversity of the World" (1298) - about a journey to the East, to China.
- Afanasy Nikitin, Tver merchant. "Journey beyond three seas", XV century - about Indian impressions.
— Thor Heyerdahl, Norwegian travel scientist. "Journey to Kon-Tiki", 1950s - about the culture of Fr. Easter.
b) Internal plan. When the reader perceived the literary journey, his attention moved to the feelings and experiences of the wanderer, the external elements of movement in space were no longer of decisive importance.
- Stern. Sentimental Journey through France and Italy, 18th century. In this work, the writer, as it were, plays with space, rethinks the motive of a real journey to express his experiences and feelings; Karamzin. "Letters from a Russian Traveler"; Radishchev. "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow".
— Byron. "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage"; Lermontov. "Mtsyri". These are lyrical journeys in which the cult of the exotic, and the “spiritual wanderings” of the romantic hero are shown as an “escape” from captivity.
- Lermontov. "Hero of our time"; Ch. Aitmatov. "Plaha". The journey embodies the idea of a spiritual search, the motive of the journey becomes one of the ways to reveal the character of the hero.
3. Literary journey as an object of parody. Almost every literary journey is parodied sooner or later.
- Cervantes. Don Quixote is a parody of a knight's journey.
- V. Erofeev in the poem "Moscow-Petushki" parodies Radishchev.
IV. Variety of genre forms.
1. The journey itself (travel diary).
- Homer. "Odyssey". "The Tale of Gilgamesh" (Sumero-Akkadian epic).
2. A kind of poem, the plot and compositional basis of which is a journey.
- Virgil. "Aeneid"; Dante. " The Divine Comedy»; Nekrasov. "To whom in Rus' it is good to live."
- M. Twain. "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn".
4. The main part of the work.
- "Onegin's Journey" in Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin".
- Pushkin. "Journey to Arzrum".
6. Free storytelling.
It may include a letter and a diary, a story and an autobiography, a short story and a confession, the author's reflections and the hero's stream of consciousness.
The freedom of the genre practically knows no boundaries, which is why it is so attractive to authors and readers.
V. Basic elements of travel.
What is a necessary, obligatory attribute of movement in space and time?
– Route, vehicles, roads;
- landscape, architecture and sights of cities and villages, interiors of houses;
– people: ethnographic observations, dialogues, faces, stories, confessions;
- scenes;
- taste sensations.
How to organize these elements?
What is the general law of their use?
- External impressions - a feeling, an assessment of what he saw - a universal (journalistic) conclusion.
Consequently, a literary journey belongs to the artistic and journalistic genres.
VI. Reading excerpts from Pushkin's essay "Journey to Arzrum", analyzing it in order to identify elements of the journey.
From the 1st chapter: from the words “I left Moscow...” to “...because it is unnatural”.
The route - a trip to Yermilov - the appearance of the general in the perception of the author: from "The roads to Yelets are terrible" to "... the top of the Caucasian chain"
The condition of the roads - the landscape - an ethnographic sketch of Kalmyk life - the landscape.
From the 2nd chapter: from “My man...” to “...leaving no trace...”
Landscape - a meeting with those accompanying the body of the murdered Griboyedov - an assessment of this event.
General conversation.
What is Pushkin's purpose in this essay?
- It is possible to describe what you saw more accurately.
Does the essay have a journalistic orientation and what is it?
- Yes, it has. When describing any moment, whether it is Yermolov's appearance, Caucasian nature, Kalmyk tea with lamb fat or the murdered Griboyedov, the author necessarily expresses his attitude towards him, his direct impression.
VII. A brief review of the book by Vl. Soloukhin "Vladimir lanes".
1. The writer traveled around the Vladimir region in 1956.
2. Day eleven. Yuryev-Polsky district and the city of Yuryev-Polsky.
Landscape - reproduction of the chronicler's record - notes on St. George's Cathedral - historical digression about the village of Sima - an appeal to Kalachev's book about the village of Vyoska - a story about the Battle of Lipetsk.
3. Commentary on the review: the writer selects the most striking elements from his journey, those that are important to him and that are likely to interest the reader. At the same time, the wanderer in his movement forward in space turns onto a historical path, into the past, or even stops to admire something and reflect. It is these moments that become the most publicistic.
VIII. Summary of the lesson.
How can one explain such a frequent appeal of various authors to the genre of literary travel?
– Versatility this genre, rich shape features;
- the ability to directly express their thoughts and feelings.
Homework. Write an essay about your trip.
Literature on the topic
1) Literary encyclopedic dictionary. M., 1987.
2) Encyclopedic dictionary of a young literary critic. M., 1997.
3) Develop the gift of words. Optional course on the theory and practice of compositions of different genres. Student aid. M., 1977.
Speech development lesson
in 9th grade
Subject. Analysis of the theme of the essay on the comedy of A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". Gathering material for writing.
Target. Make an attempt to apply knowledge about travel as a literary genre in practice.
I. Repetition.
1) Which group of genres does the travel genre belong to?
- To a variety of artistic and journalistic genres.
2) Name the elements of the journey. Is it necessary to use all these elements in a work of art?
3) Why does the artist of the word resort to this genre?
- For different reasons. Most likely, to express their position in a more vivid and attractive form for the reader.
II. Discussion of the topic "Journey through Griboedov's Moscow."
A. Determining the scope and content of the topic in accordance with the theses.
First thesis
A journey through Griboedov's Moscow is a journey into its history.
1) Moscow toponymy and routes of movement of heroes.
Kuznetsky Most, Pokrovka, the English Club, the house of the Moscow rich man Pozdnyakov with a fortress theater, the house of Famusov.
Kuznetsky Most - a street in the center of Moscow, the place where the greatest foreign influence on the Moscow noble youth came from; from Pokrovka Khlestova an hour trudged to Famusov's house in the city center; The English Club is a favorite meeting place for influential nobles; Pozdnyakov's serf theater had a glorious and unfortunate history.
2) Pictures of life and customs.
Outfits, fashions, hairstyles, vehicles, balls, club meetings, entertainment, customs, career problems, character habits, and so on.
3) Solutions to prototypes.
Moscow aces, Skalozub's nephew, Chatsky, influential ladies, influential public opinion makers, and his distributors.
Second thesis
Traveling around Moscow is possible thanks to the vivid pictures of the life of Moscow in Griboedov's comedy "Woe from Wit", which became our guide.
1) Terms of matchmaking in Griboedov's Moscow. Requirements for the groom on the part of the bride, parents, the practical purpose of courtship. Features of the love triangle, the perception of the husband as a page, the decisive force of the lady's power.
2) “Moscow everything” faces at balls and entertainment. The guests of the Famusovs, their clothes, conversations.
Zagoretsky and his praises of the talents of the English Club visitors, the interests of guests and hosts.
3) Gossip as a mirror of Moscow bar beliefs.
Famusov's instructions to Petrushka on calendar entries, the causes of gossip, their spread, the behavior and speech of those who gossip, the result of gossip.
Third thesis
Traveling around Griboedov's Moscow is an opportunity to understand the author's intention in the comedy Woe from Wit.
1) Moscow sights through the eyes of Chatsky and people of the Famus circle. The difference in this perception, the different assessment of the influence of the Kuznetsk bridge by Famusov and Chatsky, the different attitude towards the English club by Chatsky and Zagoretsky.
2) "Business cards" of Moscow celebrities, compiled by Chatsky, Sofia Famusova, and other heroes.
Kuzma Petrovich, Nestor, ballet lover, guests of the Famusovs, ladies of the Moscow world.
3) Sketches of the life and customs of Moscow.
The history of the matchmaking of Chatsky and his assessment as a groom.
B. Definition of introductory and final parts.
Conclusions
To the first thesis:
The great educational value of traveling around Moscow with the "guide" Griboyedov.
To the second thesis:
Unforgettable impressions from Griboedov's Moscow.
To the third thesis:
The inevitability of Chatsky's loneliness in Moscow at the beginning of the 19th century.
Introductions
To the first thesis:
A kind of guide to Moscow in the 10-20s of the XIX century.
To the second thesis:
The place of action in the comedy A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit".
To the third thesis:
Griboedov's idea in the comedy "Woe from Wit".
III. Making plans for essays.
First option
1. A kind of guide to Moscow in the 10-20s of the XIX century.
2. Journey through Griboedov's Moscow is a fascinating journey into its history:
– Moscow toponymy and excursion routes;
- vivid pictures of the life and customs of aristocratic Moscow;
– intriguing prototype riddles.
3. Great educational value of traveling around Moscow with the guide Griboyedov.
Second option
1. The scene in the comedy A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit".
2. Traveling around Moscow is possible thanks to the vivid pictures of the life of Moscow in the comedy by A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit", a kind of guide to the capital:
- the conditions of matchmaking in aristocratic Moscow;
- Moscow faces at balls and entertainment;
- gossip is like a mirror of the morals of Moscow bars.
3. Unforgettable impressions of Griboedov's Moscow.
Third option
1. Griboyedov's idea in the comedy "Woe from Wit".
2. Traveling around Griboyedov's Moscow is an opportunity to understand the intention of the author of the comedy "Woe from Wit":
- Moscow sights through the eyes of Chatsky and people of the Famus circle;
- "visiting cards" of Moscow celebrities;
- sketches of life and customs of the city of Moscow.
3. The inevitability of Chatsky's loneliness in Moscow at the beginning of the 19th century.
IV. Vocabulary work.
Selection of vocabulary, speech turns, mandatory for compositions of this type. Thinking about transitions from part to part.
Homework. Write an essay on any variant of the plan.
Literature
1. Vl. Orlov. Griboyedov. L., 1967.
2. A. Lebedev. Where does the free mind take you? M., 1982.
Notes
At the lesson of reflection and analysis of the topic “Journey through Griboyedov's Moscow”, due to lack of time, one should limit oneself to working out one version of the thesis chosen by the students. The teacher can inform the class about others, he can read out his proposals for their study.
Vocabulary work requires special attention before writing about a trip. These are words, names, phrases associated with the designation of travel items, actions of travelers. It is advisable to try to pick up as many synonyms as possible.
Speech development lesson in 10th grade
Subject. Development of the theme of the essay “Journey through Russia with P.I. Chichikov". Material selection.
Target. To consolidate knowledge about travel as a literary genre and develop the ability to write essays of this type.
I. Repetition.
1. What types of travel can you name?
- Real, in which a person really moves in space;
- book, literary, in which the reader wanders with the author and his hero.
2. Name the elements of the journey and explain how the author selects them when describing the journey.
3. What type of literary genre is travel and why?
- To artistic and journalistic: describing the journey, the author expresses his position more freely and openly than in ordinary works of art.
II. Thinking about the topic “Journey through Russia with P.I. Chichikov".
A. Determining the scope of the topic.
The topic should be revealed on a large amount of material in almost the entire poem by N.V. Gogol's "Dead Souls" - everything related to the description of Chichikov's trips, his travel impressions and observations. This, of course, is Chichikov's arrival in the provincial town of NN, his walk around the city, reading the newspaper, the perception of a hotel room, dinner in a tavern, his conversations and questions about the demographic features of the region. The material for the essay will be a story about Chichikov's trips to the landlords and the adventures that happened to him: road transport, adventurous, comic, sentimental, culinary, and so on.
All this will become the components of his journey.
It will not include, for example, “The Tale of Captain Kopeikin”, a story about Chichikov’s biography, about the triumph of the Kherson landowner, author’s digressions, that is, those parts of the text that do not tell about the hero’s movements across Russian expanses.
B. Determining the content of the topic.
Why N.V. Did Gogol use Chichikov's journey through Russia as the basis for his poem "Dead Souls"?
– It was the hero’s journey that helped the writer make the poem “Dead Souls” a poem - a review of the life of Russia in the 19th century and broadly portray the life of all social strata in accordance with his plan.
Traveling with P.I. Chichikov in Russia is a great way of knowing (studying) the life of Russia in the 19th century (Nikolaev Russia).
Arguments.
1. Road and transport adventures with Chichikov on Russian roads.
2. Rare, unique sights of the city NN.
3. Diverse living room interiors.
4. Objects of observation of the hero from the window of his carriage.
5. “Talking” menus are at the disposal of the guest of the province.
6. Worthy business partners of a clever acquirer.
Conclusion. Great cognitive value travel with Chichikov.
B. Introduction.
a) The idea of N.V. Gogol in the poem "Dead Souls".
b) The peculiarity of Gogol's poem.
D. Compilation and recording of the composition plan.
1. Genre feature of the poem by N.V. Gogol's Dead Souls.
2. Traveling with P.I. Chichikov in Russia is a great way to get to know the life of Nikolaev Russia:
a) Chichikov's road and transport adventures in Russian open spaces;
b) rare sights of the city NN;
c) various interiors of living rooms;
d) objects of observation of the hero from his carriage;
e) "talking" menus at the disposal of the guest of the province;
f) worthy business partners of a clever acquirer.
3. The great educational value of traveling with Chichikov.
III. Gathering material for writing.
Selection of citations. The nature of the comments. Transitions between parts of the text. An oral version of a passage of text on any of the arguments.
Speech development lesson in 10th grade
Subject. Discussion of the topic “In search of a happy. Journey through Russia with Nekrasov's truth-seekers.
Target. To generalize students' knowledge about literary travel as a genre, to control their ability to analyze such topics and write essays on them.
I. Repetition.
1. What does travel mean as a literary genre?
- A literary journey belongs to the artistic and journalistic genres and has rich opportunities for a deep, vivid and accurate expression of the author's intention, for greater artistic, readership attractiveness of the work.
2. Are the multiple elements of the journey obligatory for the author?
II. Questions for conversation.
1) Reread the wording of the topic and explain what it requires of you.
“In search of happiness. Journey through Russia with Nekrasov's truth-seekers.
Subject requires:
a) show search;
b) how this search went;
c) where and among whom they were looking for a happy one;
d) how the “happiness” of applicants was assessed;
e) how they (applicants) themselves understood happiness.
- The topic names the genre of the composition - this is a journey, which means that it will be necessary to select its most striking elements from Nekrasov's poem.
– The theme reminds us that it was the men-truth-seekers who went and looked for the happy from their positions, therefore, all the material of the poem will have to be considered through their eyes.
- The topic indicates that both the search and the walking of the peasants were organized by the author - Nekrasov, which means that his position should be identified.
2) What conclusion is needed from the analysis of the topic formulation?
- There is not a single superfluous word in the formulation of the topic. Each of them means a capacious concept that must be both interpreted and taken into account in accordance with other concepts.
3) Does the wording contain ready thesis for an essay? And how can we proceed further?
- No. This means that it is necessary to carry out logical operations to identify it: put a question, answer it, formulate a thesis from the answer.
4) What questions do you think are contained in the wording?
- Why does Nekrasov “organize” the search for a happy man by truth-seekers?
- How do readers feel about such a search-walking?
- Did the peasants of Nekrasov find a happy man?
5) Which of these questions can give us the most interesting thesis, and therefore the most successful turn in the disclosure of the topic, a full-fledged essay?
- For example, the second one.
6) Let's try to answer it.
- we like...;
- the description of this walk makes a strong (bright, unforgettable, unusual, strange) impression on us, because the author managed to guide us, as it were, through Rus'.
7) Let's try to formulate a thesis from the answers, using the most appropriate wording, and harmonize them with the rest of the words of the topic.
The following variant of the first thesis is possible:
- bright impressions of readers from joint walking with Nekrasov's truth-seekers in search of a happy life in Russia in the sixties of the XIX century.
8) How would you answer the first question?
- It is more convenient for Nekrasov, it is easier to show widely the life of Russia after the reform.
– The poet can “organize” a meeting of pedestrians with people of all social strata of Russia without effort and stretch and get acquainted with the widespread opinion about happiness.
9) So, for a poet, travel is a convenient form, a great opportunity for something?
– Yes, to express his own thoughts, personal opinion, intention.
10) Let us formulate the second thesis from the answers to the first question.
– The pilgrimage of peasant truth-seekers across Russia in search of happiness is an opportunity to show the life of Russia after the reforms and solve the problem of happiness.
11) So, two theses, that means two different essays, since, using the same material, we will consider it from different positions.
In relation to the first thesis, we take the following position: our task is to show vivid impressions of...
12) Will there be common points in these different compositions? Which?
- Yes, they will; these are the elements of travel: the road, the geography of walking, sights, people, meetings with the “happy” and so on.
13) Let's select the arguments for the first thesis.
1. Figurative exact toponymy of “happy places” in Russia.
2. Natural weather walking calendar.
3. Picturesque sights of Russian villages.
4. Unforgettable meetings with "happy":
a) the general people's "happiness" at the "fair";
b) confession of a happy “governor”;
c) the landowner's complaints about the loss of happiness.
14) Can we use these arguments to prove the second thesis?
- Certainly. Only, probably, the wording should be corrected.
1. Reflection of the life of the people in the geographical names of “happy places” in Russia.
2. Observation of natural and weather conditions through the eyes of peasant travelers.
3. The image of the living conditions of the people through the description of the sights of the villages.
4. Organization of meetings of travelers with a very wide range of Russian residents:
a) scenes of common national “happiness” at the “fair”;
b) acquaintance with the happy “governor” and her confession;
c) listening to the landowner's complaints about the loss of happiness and folk legends;
d) observation of the village of Vahlaki.
5. Negative result of the men's walks (possibly in custody).
Conclusion. Therefore, there will be two different texts.
15) Think over the most logically accurate final and introductory parts.
Conclusions
To the first thesis:
Artistic talent of Nekrasov.
To the second thesis:
Nekrasov's opinion on the state of Russia after the reforms and on human happiness.
Introductions
To the first thesis:
Nekrasov's close attention to the form of his poem.
III. Materials for writing.
Attempts to compile oral versions of texts based on one of the arguments - similar - of two different theses.
IV. Generalization.
Homework. Write an essay.
