Dambaeva Dyzhidma
Research in literary reading Grade 3 "The image of Baba Yaga in fairy tales»
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MBOU "Sosnovo-Ozerskaya secondary comprehensive school No. 1"
"The image of Baba Yaga in fairy tales"
Prepared by: Dyzhidma Dambaeva, 3rd grade student
Class teacher: Dambieva A.Ts.
- Introduction. I present to you a research paper on the topic "The image of Baba Yaga in fairy tales."
The purpose of this study: trace the image of Baba Yaga and determine her role in fairy tales.
Tasks: learn from additional literature about Baba Yaga;
conduct a survey on the topic of work among their peers; read Russian folk tales in which Baba Yaga acts;
analyze the image of Baba Yaga and draw conclusions.
Object of study: Baba Yaga.
Subject of study: fairy tales.
Hypothesis: Suppose Baba Yaga is a fictional character in Russian folk tales.
Research methods: observation of the images of Baba Yaga when reading fairy tales, a survey, analysis of the results, generalization.
This topic is relevant , because who does not like to read fairy tales, watch them. Well, what is a fairy tale without Baba Yaga? Since childhood, everyone knows who Baba Yaga is, and remember almost everything about her tricks. As a rule, they are quite unpleasant, and she herself is terrible. However, in any fairy tale, Baba Yaga performs important role. Throw it out of the fairy tale, and the hero will certainly not be able to do anything: he either will not get the sword he needs - the treasurer, or will not receive an exact indication of where to look and where to go. Thus, without it, nowhere.
II. Main part
1. general characteristics Baba - Yagi
Baba Yaga is an old blind hunchbacked witch with a long nose and disheveled hair. She eats human flesh, and is called " bone leg».
In the encyclopedia, I found the following definition: Baba Yaga - popular character Russian folk tales. In the Orthodox mind - the embodiment of the satanic forces of evil, the expression of hatred for everything Russian (2, p. 113).
Baba Yaga does not walk, but travels around the world in an iron mortar (scooter chariot), driving it with a pestle or an iron club. And so that no traces are visible, she sweeps them with a broom or broom.
Baba Yaga possesses magical things: a flying carpet, gusli-samogudy, a sword-treasurer, walking boots and many others.
2. Poll among peers: what do other students think about Baba Yaga? They were asked to answer the following questions:
1. Who is Baba Yaga?
3. Where does she live?
4. What does he do?
5. What does a bony leg look like? (on slide)
Analysis of the image of Baba-Yaga in fairy tales.
The images of Baba Yaga in fairy tales are diverse and contradictory. In all Russian folk tales Baba Yaga plays an important role. Heroes sometimes resort to it, as to last resort, the last helper. But in fairy tales, it either helps or it doesn't.
In fairy tales, there were such images of Baba Yaga:
- Yaga - the warrior met in the fairy tale "Ivan Tsarevich and Bely Polyanin", her appearance“Baba Yaga is a golden leg”, the image is negative, as she fights with the heroes, wants to destroy them.
- Yaga the kidnapper met in the fairy tale "Geese Swans", her appearance is "... a sinewy muzzle, a clay leg", the image of Baba Yaga in this tale is negative, as she kidnaps children to eat.
- Yaga-giver, is divided into two types:
1. Yaga-adviser met in the fairy tale "The Frog Princess", her appearance "... the teeth are on the shelf, and the nose has grown into the ceiling", the image is positive, as it gives advice on how to defeat the enemy (Koshchei).
2. The patroness Yaga met in the fairy tale “Vasilisa the Beautiful”, her appearance “Rides in a mortar, drives with a pestle, sweeps the trail with a broom”, the image of Baba Yaga is positive here, she takes Vasilisa under her protection, helps her, gives her a skull with burning eyes.
- Yaga is the mistress of the forces of nature and the animal world in all fairy tales.
3. Conclusions on fairy tales.
Thus, in the read tales, Baba Yaga appears to be an old, toothless woman, she has a long nose.
Baba Yaga lives in the forest, in a hut on chicken legs, which turns its back to the forest, and to the stranger in front; the fence around the hut is made of human bones, on the fence there are skulls, instead of doors there are legs, instead
constipation - hands, instead of a lock - a mouth with sharp teeth.
Heroes address Baba Yaga affectionately - "grandmother". Baba Yaga helps heroes who deserve it, although she cannot stand the Russian spirit. In 6 tales out of 11 Baba Yaga - positive character, in 5 fairy tales - negative. So, Baba Yaga cannot be considered only an evil and grumpy sorceress.
Baba Yaga has magical things, various animals serve her. Chasing fairy-tale heroes who run away from her, she chases them with a black cloud. In two tales, Baba Yaga dies: in one, she fell into a fiery river from a bridge (“Marya-Morevna”), in another, Ivan Tsarevich cuts off her head (“Ivan Tsarevich and Bely Polyanin”).
Baba Yaga knows the future, has countless treasures, secret knowledge. Baba Yaga is the owner of fire (“Vasilisa the Beautiful”), magical things, knowledge that helps the protagonist defeat his opponent (“The Frog Princess”).
4. Analysis of the results of the study
Baba Yaga tests people, gives advice, “feels with her heart”, which means she knows fate.
Baba Yaga kidnaps and eats children and people, is associated with night and darkness, she is served by a black cat, she is always old, half-skeleton (bone leg), she is blind, does not see, but smells with her nose (“it smells of the Russian spirit”), lives in a hut without windows and doors, around her house - a fence of skulls; the fire given by her can kill, which means she is associated with death and underworld.
Baba Yaga lives in a dense forest, in a hut on chicken legs (semi-animal appearance). Wild animals serve her, swan geese serve her, and
so she is the mistress of the beasts and the forest.
Baba Yaga flies on a mortar, geese-swans serve her, she raises the wind with a broom, whistles (whistling is associated with the wind), which means that she is associated with the air element.
Baba - Yaga is subject to morning, day, night (white, red and black horsemen), which means she is the mistress of time.
Baba Yaga is in charge of fire (eyes of skulls in the fence), lies on the stove, punishes people (kills). She is subject to - morning, day, night, which means that she is associated with heavenly, underground and domestic fire.
III. Conclusion.
During my research, I found answers to many questions.I read and watched a lot of fairy tales, learned the meaning of words I did not understand, and conducted a survey among students on the topic of the study.
The study of fairy talesshowed that Baba Yaga is a fictional fairy-tale character. Fairy tales have preserved an extremely vivid and memorable image of Baba Yaga. From everything it is clear that the image of Baba Yaga in fairy tales not always the same. Her image helps to better understand the meaning of the tale.And reading fairy tales, you can learn a lot for yourself.
Bibliography.
- "Vasilisa the Beautiful" Russian folk tale
- "Marya - Morevna" Russian folk tale
- "Ivan Tsarevich and Bely Polyanin" Russian folk tale
- "Geese-swans" Russian folk tale
- "The Frog Princess" Russian folk tale
- V.Ya.Propp " Historical roots fairy tale "L., 1946
- Internet resource
- Encyclopedia
Application.
Meanings of words that I have learned.
- Baba Yaga is a popular character in Russian folk tales. As a rule, an evil old woman-sorceress.
- Yaga - to sting, to hurt, to torment.
- A pestle is a short heavy rod with a rounded end for crushing something in a mortar. Stone, copper, wooden pestle.
- Pomelo - a stick with a rag wound on the end, a washcloth, needles for sweeping, a broom.
- A stupa is a heavy metal, wooden or stone vessel in which grains, bark, leaves, etc. are crushed with a pestle. Stupa with Baba Yaga (in fairy tales about Baba Yaga, who flies in a mortar and with a broom).
Questioning among peers.
A survey was conducted among students in grades 3-4.
1. Who is Baba Yaga?
2. How do you imagine her?
3. Where does she live?
4. What does he do?
5. What does a bony leg look like?
Object of study: Baba Yaga. Subject of research: fairy tales.
General characteristics of Baba-Yaga Baba-Yaga is an old blind hunchbacked sorceress with a long nose and disheveled hair. It feeds on human flesh, and is called "bone leg". Baba Yaga is a popular character in Russian folk tales. In the Orthodox mind - the embodiment of the satanic forces of evil, an expression of hatred for everything Russian.
Baba Yaga lives in the forest, in a hut on chicken legs, sometimes surrounded by a palisade of human bones. The hut can turn around itself. Various animals live in Baba Yaga's house: black cats, mice, frogs, crows and snakes. They are her advisers and guards.
Baba Yaga does not walk, but travels around the world in an iron mortar (scooter chariot), driving it with a pestle or an iron club. And so that no traces are visible, she sweeps them with a broom or broom. Baba Yaga possesses magical things: a flying carpet, gusli-samoguds, a sword-treasurer, walking boots and many others.
Analysis of a survey among peers Baba Yaga - an old woman
Analysis of the image of Baba-Yaga in fairy tales.
The images of Baba Yaga in fairy tales are diverse and contradictory. Yaga the warrior Yaga the kidnapper Yaga the giver: 1. Yaga the adviser; 2.Yaga-patron Yaga-mistress of the forces of nature and wildlife
Conclusions on the tales of Baba - Yaga seems to be old, toothless, she has a long nose. Lives in the forest, in a hut on chicken legs, which turns its back to the forest, and to the stranger in front; the fence around the hut is made of human bones, on the fence there are skulls, instead of doors - legs, instead of locks - hands, instead of a lock - a mouth with sharp teeth. Helps heroes, but not everywhere. In 6 tales out of 11, Baba Yaga is a positive character, in 5 tales - a negative one. So, Baba Yaga cannot be considered only an evil and grumpy sorceress. She has magical things, various animals serve her. Baba Yaga knows the future, has countless treasures, secret knowledge.
Analysis of the results of the study Baba - Yaga is in charge of fate She is associated with death and the underworld She is the mistress of animals and forests She is associated with the air element She is the mistress of time She is associated with heavenly, underground and domestic fire.
Baba Yaga's conclusion is fictional character Baba Yaga in fairy tales is not only a negative, but also a positive heroine Baba Yaga helps to better understand a fairy tale
Baba Yaga is the wife of Veles and a strong sorceress, about whom in ancient times Slavic mythology many legends have been made. Over time, this character gradually turned into an evil, scary, shaggy old cannibal on a bone leg, living in the forest in a strange house on bird legs and luring people to her. However, not all so simple. Has Baba Yaga always been a negative character, and what rituals and traditions are associated with her - read in the material.
What does her name mean and who is she
Scientists different countries tried to translate the word Baba Yaga, and as a result, they did not come to a consensus. There were no discrepancies with the term baba, it is safe to say that this part of the name means a female person. And what about Yaga? For example, in the Komi language the word "yag" means forest. From Czech "jeze" is translated as an evil aunt. In Slovenian, "jeza" means anger, while Serbo-Croatian offers a variant of "jeza", which means horror. In Sanskrit, the word yaga comes from the root ah, which means to move. If we go back to the origins, then translated from the Proto-Slavic “ega” means horror, danger, and anger.
All variants, except, perhaps, Komi and Sanskrit, suggest something terrible, terrible, evil. However, this Baba Yaga was not always: initially this character was positive.
In pre-Christian Russia, Yaga was considered the most famous coastline, she kept the family and folk traditions. After Rus' was baptized, faith in pagan gods began to be considered heresy and they mostly turned into malicious and terrible creatures. This fate did not pass and Baba Yaga, who became a nasty, angry and ugly old woman, whose appearance and behavior inspired fear.
Yaga - a guide to the afterlife
In many Russian fairy tales main character in order to achieve his goal, he must get into Far Far Away kingdom. And it is Baba Yaga who helps him in this. After the prince, the peasant, any other good fellow gets to the grandmother, he asks her for help in this. At first, Yaga refuses, intimidating the hero, showing him his terrible dwelling, talking about his nightmarish deeds and about what suffering he will have to endure. But then he changes his anger to mercy and starts heating the bathhouse, where the guest carefully soars. This is nothing more than a ritual bath.
Then comes the time for treats, and this moment can also be considered as a kind of rite, the so-called mortuary dinner, designed to penetrate into the sinister realm of the dead. It turns out that the hero is alive, but after all the rituals, he is in a strange position, between the living and the dead, which later transformed into the saying "neither alive nor dead."
But after that, he easily falls into the desired kingdom, fulfills his mission there and wins.
Yaga healer and healer
Baba Yaga knows how to prepare a variety of potions, love potions, tinctures, she dries roots and herbs, in general, fully corresponds to the image of a healer. In ancient times, people who knew how to use the gifts of nature and achieve the desired results with the help of herbal remedies were most often feared, but at the same time revered. Once again they were not contacted, they were contacted only when there was a strong need for it.
Baba Yaga was not distinguished by beauty.
Many healers really lived very secluded, often settled in the forest. This is understandable - it was more convenient to find the right herbs there and no one could interfere with the process of preparing medicines.
IN old fairy tales it is often mentioned that Baba Yaga roasts babies in the oven, putting them there on a shovel. But, if we recall the ritual of "baking" babies who were sick with rickets, then everything will become clear. The baby was wrapped in a kind of sheet of dough, laid on a shovel for bread and put into a warm heated oven several times. After that, the child was swaddled, the used dough was thrown out into the yard, where it (according to legends - along with the disease) was eaten by dogs.
Sinister attributes and contradictions
Baba Yaga lives, as every child knows today according to fairy tales, in a house on chicken legs. Why does this granny live in such a dwelling? The answer may be related to the fact that in ancient times it was customary for the Slavs to build original crypts for the dead, which were small buildings on high piles. Such houses were placed on the edge of the forest. There is an assumption that this is why Baba Yaga lives in a kind of house for the dead, and her hut can be considered as a transit point between life and death.
Today, no one is afraid of Babu Yaga, she is perceived exclusively as a fairy-tale character.
Protecting her home, she erects a fence of bones, decorated with skulls. This character moves in a mortar, while during the flight he uses a broom to cover his tracks. The stupa looks like an oak log, and in the old days they kept the dead in it. Consequently, Baba Yaga is essentially rushing through the air in a coffin, in an oak mortar. This old woman has the talent of a sorceress, she is able to easily cause damage. Yaga is entertained by the fact that by cunning he lures people into his house, most often young men or children, in order to fry them in his huge oven and eat them.
Indeed, scary. Despite this, if we recall Russian folk tales, it is unlikely that at least one will come to mind in which Baba Yaga carried out her threats. On the contrary, the heroes, getting to the old woman's house, take a steam bath, eat deliciously, sleep sweetly, and then they also receive guidance, advice and gifts. They are offered valuable unusual items, for example, a flying carpet, gusli-samogudy, boots-walkers. With their help, the guest of Baba Yaga receives a special power, becomes practically invulnerable, which helps him to carry out his plans. Baba Yaga seems to endow the main character with special abilities, helping him defeat evil and achieve his goal. From an evil old woman, a kidnapper and a hooligan, Yaga returns to her original image - albeit a grouchy and absurd, but a kind woman-keeper.
If we analyze folk tales, then Yaga seems to be not just an evil old woman who knows how to conjure. She is something else, able to modify time and space, possessing divine power.
Project work " Mysterious image Baba Yaga"
"Baba Yaga or Yaga Baba
- a fabulous monster, a big woman
over witches, handmaid of Satan
Baba Yaga bone leg: rides in a mortar,
pestle drives, rests,
broom sweeps the trail; she has simple hair
and in one shirt, belt bases;
both are the height of impersonality.
Dal V.I.
“There, a stupa with Baba Yaga goes, wanders by itself.”
Pushkin A. S.
Relevance.
Everyone has their own hobbies in life! I love to sing, dance, and especially participate in theatrical performances. Any role is good for me! Once I played the role of Baba Yaga! It was just amazing!
Baba Yaga is an ambiguous character. Most often, she is a negative heroine, but in this dashing creature there is something that frightens, and at the same time attracts, attracts to her. So who is she, this mysterious old woman? We wanted to know more, get to know her better.
Object of study - Baba Yaga in Slavic myths and fairy tales.
Subject of study - the role of Baba Yaga in Slavic myths and fairy tales.
Goal of the work - determination of the role of Baba Yaga in the life of a mythological and fairy-tale hero: good old woman or evil witch.
Achieving this goal involves solving the following tasks :
study literature and mythological encyclopedias, read magical Russian folk tales in which Baba Yaga is one of the characters.
To get acquainted with the features of the image of Baba Yaga in fairy tales.
To study the etymology of the name of the fairy-tale character Baba Yaga.
Compose frequency dictionary characteristics of the names of Baba Yaga.
Find out the age of Baba Yaga using the example of the interviewed adults and children.
Analyze and summarize the data obtained.
Our guess: we believe that Baba Yaga is an evil witch because:
she harms everyone;
creates difficulties on the way;
Baba Yaga kidnaps children;
can put it on a shovel and send it to the oven to eat it later;
she has a scary appearance, children are afraid of her.
Research methods:
analysis of literary and historical sources information;
comparison of descriptions of the image of Baba Yaga in different sources;
generalization of the received data.
The study was conducted on the basis scientific papers Afanasiev A.K., Ivanova V.V., Propp V.Ya., Dal V. and other domestic scientists, as well as Slavic myths and Russian folk tales.
The research work consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of references and an appendix.
Image of Baba Yaga
Baba Yaga - famous character Slavic fairy tales. Before becoming fairy tale character, Baba Yaga was a mythological creature.
As the researcher-storyteller A. Kafanasiev notes, the image of Baba Yaga in the legends of the Slavs was not initially negative, and the very concept of a witch did not exist in antiquity. In pagan times, Baba Yaga was a powerful goddess, the progenitor of the clan, the keeper of its living space, its customs and traditions, way of life, who at the same time looked after the younger generation, the mistress of the forest and animals. One of the most significant coastlines.
P 
according to Ivanov V.V., as Christianity was planted in Rus', Baba Yaga, as well as other gods of the pagan worldview, increasingly began to be attributed negative traits and intentions. From the coastline of the family, Baba Yaga turned into a malicious old woman tall on a bone leg, with a wooden stick, with a beak-shaped nose and teeth sticking out of his mouth, with disheveled shaggy hair. Sometimes she is depicted with her nose hanging right through the garden. (“Baba Yaga is sitting - a bone leg, legs from corner to corner, lips in the garden, and her nose has grown to the ceiling”).
The same opinion is shared by V.Ya Propp. He writes: “With the manifestation of agriculture and agricultural religion, the entire “forest” religion turns into a solid evil spirits, a great magician into an evil sorcerer, a mother and mistress of animals into a witch dragging children to not at all symbolic devouring”
V. Dal writes that the yaga is “a kind of witch or an evil spirit under the guise of an ugly old woman. Baba Yaga or Yaga Baba, a fabulous monster, a bolypuha over witches, Satan's handmaiden. “Her bones come out in places
out from under the body. "She is simple-haired and in one shirt without a belt." Baba Yaga can be blind in one eye, lame (she has a "bone leg"), black, shaggy, disheveled, etc.
Baba Yaga's one-legged, one-legged nature, associated with her and or snake-like appearance, attracts special attention. V. Ya. Propp notes that "Yaga, as a rule, does not walk, but flies, like a mythical snake, a dragon." According to K. D. Laushkin, who considers Baba Yaga the goddess of death, one-legged creatures in the mythologies of many peoples are somehow associated with the image of a snake. O. A. Cherepanova writes: “The all-Russian “snake” is not the original name of this reptile, but arose as a taboo in connection with the word “earth” - “crawling on the ground”.
I 
peasants of some regions of Russia called a goy-baba (Yegibova, Yegibitsa) a witch, a sorceress, in many respects similar to the Yaga in appearance and “occupations”. Baba Yaga and the witch have long, shaggy hair; a sorceress, a witch, like a yaga; like Baba Yaga, the witch is associated with the hearth, the stove, often conjures near the stove; she is endowed with the ability to turn into animals, she turns people herself, can spoil them, take their lives, etc.
Baba Yaga usually also moves like a witch or an unclean spirit: “She goes for human meat, kidnaps children, her mortar is iron, she is being driven by devils; there is a terrible storm under this train, everything groans, the cattle roar, there is pestilence and death; whoever sees a yaga becomes mute." Sometimes she can move from place to place, taking the form of a whirlwind or a storm; in general, she, like a witch, can turn into a snake, a mare, a tree, various objects, natural phenomena etc. The servants of Baba Yaga, as well as the servants of the witch, were reptiles (snakes, frogs, lizards, etc.), black cats, ravens and ravens; it was also believed that the devils and, in general, any devilry, as well as various fantasy creatures.
Thus, in Slavic mythology, Baba Yaga is usually depicted as a vile, vicious, cruel old woman. Perhaps it has always felt that this is only a mask, and not true essence.
Refer to the expression "Baba Yaga" itself. Baba Yaga, Yaga Baba as an ancient stable concept consists of two words. Baba is a woman, grandmother, great-grandmother, ancestor, ancestor, and also a god, that is, the word “woman” goes back to the divine ancestors descended from God. In many provinces of Russia, the midwife who helped with childbirth, looked after the woman in labor and the child for the first time after his birth, was traditionally called a grandmother, grandmother and was revered, honored as a person endowed with special skills, strength, wisdom.
The word "yaga" in Old Russian meant: a skin of a lamb or a fur coat from a skin of a lamb with fur outside. This is the ritual clothing of an ancient sorcerer, with the help of which, as a rule, any eldest woman in the family was determined.
Duality mythological image Baba Yaga was reflected in fairy tales.
So, in many fairy tales, Baba Yaga looks like a witch.
“Maryushka went into the hut and sees: Baba is sitting there - a yaga - a bone leg, legs from corner to corner, lips in the garden, and her nose has grown to the ceiling. She herself is black, and one fang sticks out in her mouth "("Finist-clear falcon").
He rides in an iron mortar, chasing it with a pestle and covering his tracks with a broomstick. The servants of Baba Yaga are reptiles (snakes, frogs, lizards), black cats or crows. She is subordinate to devils and any other evil spirits (for example, a fabulous cat Baiyun, endowed with a voice heard seven miles away, and with its purring, it induces a witching dream, almost indistinguishable from death).
She has an unusual most often - a bone leg.
“Good fellows enter the hut - Baba Yaga lies on the stove with a bone leg”("Ivan - Bykovich").
“How long, how short - flies to the hut, enters - Baba - Yaga sits in the hut, a bone leg, old, toothless"("The Enchanted Queen").
Like any deity, Baba Yaga is sometimes evil, sometimes good, but still, a lot of wisdom comes from her. Frogs, black cats, Cat Bayun, crows, snakes - all creatures in which threat and wisdom coexist.
Despite her evil intentions, the promise and desire to put a person who came to her on a shovel, push him into a hotly heated oven and fry for dinner, she shows hospitality to both Ivan Tsarevich and Ivan - peasant son: and in the bath it will evaporate, and feed, and put to bed, and give a guiding ball. Baba Yaga will tell the fairy-tale hero where and how to find the enchanted heroic weapon, how to defeat Kashchei the Immortal and free the beauty from his captivity. Children who have fallen to this terrible sorceress always come out victorious from the most seemingly hopeless situations. All her evil deceit goes to dust, and from a kidnapper she turns into a giver. And she never eats anyone, that is, in the interpretation of the image of Baba Yaga that developed after the adoption of Christianity, the influence of previous ideas about Baba the Coast was preserved.
The language of the ancestors is forgotten, polluted, but the ethnic identity remains. Baba Yaga addresses him uncomplicated in children, young people. Is this why her image, although distorted by the layers of later times, is preserved in fairy tales for children.
conclusions
the image of Baba Yaga in the legends of the Slavs was not initially negative;
as Christianity was planted in Rus', Baba Yaga, like other gods of the pagan worldview, increasingly began to be attributed to negative traits and intentions;
the duality of the mythological image of Baba Yaga was reflected in fairy tales: she can be good and evil.
The main types of Baba Yaga in fairy tales
A fairy tale knows several images of Baba Yaga:
1. Yaga warrior ;
I 
ga is a warrior who fights with heroes and defeats many of them. In many fairy tales, Yaga herself rides a horse and fights like a hero. Her "army is an immeasurable force." Yaga-warrior, having flown into the hut and found in it stranger, beats him half to death: "... Baba - Yaga attacked the dogs, the gate, the birch, and the worker, let's scold and beat everyone"("Baba Yaga").
2. Yaga the kidnapper
- the most common type and is characteristic of the northern image of Yaga, carrying away the children she is trying to fry (followed by flight and salvation). E 
then the image is connected, possibly connected with two rites. So, in many places there was a ritual of “baking a child” performed on sick or weak children: the child was symbolically destroyed so that he would be reborn again as a different person. It is possible that the tales of "Yaga the kidnapper" arose on the basis of an ancient witchcraft rite, initiation of young men into hunters, introducing them to a certain age group. The rite usually consisted in the fact that boys of 10-12 years old were taken away from the village for some time and subjected to various tests, conducting a kind of exam in all practical hunting skills; at the same time, the young men seemed to “die” for the tribe, so that men, warriors and hunters would be “born” instead of them. The "examination of maturity", which all the young men had to "pass", was presided over, apparently, by a man, a hunter.
3. Yaga-giver . She begs for a guest and gives objects that have Magic power: “It is difficult, beauty, you will find him, but I will help you. Here is a silver bottom, a golden spindle, take it in your hands, it will spin itself, the thread will be pulled not simple, but golden.(“Finist is a clear falcon”).
4. Yaga-adviser
(Yaga herself does nothing for the hero, but indicates who to turn to for help or advises what needs to be done): “Listen, go down the path. And when you reach the pond, hide behind a tree and bide your time."("Vasilisa the Wise").
5. Lady Yaga forces of nature and the animal world (Yaga commands morning, evening, night; wind and forest animals):
“... Baba Yaga came out and said to her worker:
- Go, heat the bath, and wash your niece, but look, it’s good"Baba Yaga".
6. Guardian Yaga (patron), following with the help of her magical assistants (owls, saucers, etc.) the adventures of the hero.
In fairy tales, where Baba Yaga and Koschei the Immortal appear simultaneously, Yaga acts as a patroness and giver, and Koschey as a warrior and kidnapper.
7. Yaga progenitor (mother-grandmother for several of her daughters, granddaughters-yagishn, mistress of forest animals (analogous to the goblin), aunt (the fairy tale "Baba Yaga").
Sometimes the functions of the Yagi are performed by its female counterparts-analogues (a witch or a grandmother), and sometimes by men (Kashchei, a sorcerer, goblin).
Modern Baba Yaga often comes to the aid of the hero, helping him out of difficult situations. So, in the cycle of works "The Secret Investigation of Tsar Peas" by Andrei Belyanin, Baba Yaga occupies one of the central places in the role
goodie, namely, a forensic expert of a secret investigation at the court of Tsar Peas.
Thus:
1. Baba Yaga knows fate:
gives a ball (guiding thread);
gives advice that helps to achieve the goal;
"Feels with the heart";
testing people.
2. Baba Yaga is associated with the air and fire elements:
raises the wind with a broom, whistle;
flies on a mortar;
is on the stove.
3. Associated with death and the underworld:
associated with night and darkness;
always old (bone leg);
blind, does not see, but smells with her nose (“it smells of the Russian spirit”);
lives in a hut without windows and doors (house);
there is a fence of skulls around her house (12 +1);
the fire given by her can kill;
kidnaps children;
Yaga - to sting, to torment.
Conclusions:
in fairy tales, several images of Baba Yaga are described: Yaga the warrior, Yaga the kidnapper, Yaga the giver, Yaga the adviser, Yaga the sovereign, Yaga the guardian, Yaga the progenitor;
the image of Baba Yaga can be both positive and negative;
V modern fairy tales Baba Yaga is most often a positive hero;
Fairy tales remind us that good and evil live side by side in this life, but good always wins.
Characteristics of the image of Baba Yaga
The external characteristic of Baba Yaga tells us that most often in providing the reader - negative character.
Let us pay attention to the description of the portrait of Baba Yaga.
... enters - in the hut sits a baba-yaga, a bone leg, an old, toothless one. ("The Enchanted Princess")
... a gray-haired old woman is sitting on a bench, spinning a tow.
("Go there - I don't know where, bring that - I don't know what")
... Baba Yaga is sitting there - a bone leg, legs from corner to corner, lips in the garden, and her nose has grown to the ceiling. ("Finist is a clear falcon")
As we can see, in the description of the portrait of this heroine, negative vocabulary is most often used: a toothless, bone leg, a hooked nose. Already from this the reader develops the image of a negative character.
There is a hut on chicken legs, on ram horns in the forest behind a high tyn. ("Baba Yaga")
... there is a hut on a chicken leg, about one window, turning around itself. ("Swan geese")
... went out into the clearing, where the hut of the yaga-baba stood; a fence around the hut made of human bones, human skulls with eyes stick out on the fence; instead of doors at the gate - human legs, instead of locks - hands, instead of a lock - a mouth with sharp teeth. ("Vasilisa the Beautiful")
There is a house of Baba Yaga, around the house there are twelve poles, on eleven poles on a human head, only one is unoccupied.
("Marya Morevna")
The reader's attention is immediately attracted by the unusualness of the house - on chicken legs.
If we turn to research, we can find that such houses were built for dead people. (In ancient times, the dead were buried in domovins - houses located above the ground on very high stumps with roots looking out from under the ground, similar to chicken legs. Domovins were placed in such a way that the hole in them was turned in the opposite direction from the settlement, towards the forest. People believed that the dead were flying on coffins.The dead were buried with their feet towards the exit, and if you looked into the domino, you could see only their feet - hence the expression "Baba Yaga is a bone leg".)
modern reader it is not so much the house itself that frightens, but the fence around the house built of human bones or stakes with human skulls.
We immediately imagine that the mistress of such a house must be very angry and bloodthirsty.
Baba Yaga's unusual vehicle is an iron mortar., in which she can fly in search of her favorite food: small children, which the evil witch roasts in her oven, and then eats with appetite.
... Baba Yaga left the forest - she rides in a mortar, drives with a pestle, sweeps with a broom. ("Vasilisa the Beautiful")
... He jumps at full speed on an iron mortar, drives with a pestle, sweeps the trail with a broom. ("Marya Morevna")
Yaga - the woman grabbed the fat man, sat in the mortar, drove off; he rides in a mortar, they will force him with a pestle, and cover his tracks with a broom. ("Baba Yaga and Zhikhar")
The attitude of those around her towards Baba Yaga also turns out to be negative.
... The girl gave her porridge, the mouse told her:
Baba Yaga went to heat the bathhouse. She will wash you, boil you, put you in the oven, fry and eat you, she will ride on your bones. ("Swan geese")
... And the cat answered her:
I have been serving you for so many years, you didn’t throw a gnawed bone at me, but she gave me meat! ("Baba Yaga")
Thus, according to external characteristic Baba Yaga, we can conclude that Baba Yaga is a negative character.
The question then arises: why did researchers of oral folk art characterize for the most part Baba Yaga as positive heroine.
In the description of any literary hero be sure to evaluate the actions of the character and his speech, since they can be used to draw a conclusion about the character and his inner world.
Let us turn to the actions of Baba Yaga.
In the fairy tales "Geese - Swans", "Baba Yaga and Zamoryshek" - Baba Yaga does evil deeds: he steals his brother Ivanushka ("Geese are Swans"), tries to kill the brothers ("Baba Yaga and Zamoryshek").
But in most fairy tales, Baba Yaga does good deeds. She helps the soldier find the princess (“The Enchanted Princess”), Andrey to find Marya the princess (“Go there - I don’t know where, bring it - I don’t know what”), Maryushka - Finist - the clear falcon (“ Finist - the clear falcon”).
The evil character of the heroine is also betrayed by her speech, which contains threats.
... Here I will roast you in the oven and eat you and ride on the bones. ("Go there - I don't know where, bring that - I don't know what")
...-Hey you, my faithful servants! Hack uninvited guests wild heads. ("Baba Yaga and Zamoryshek")
In the speech of this character, we hear expressions that characterize her as good man close to folk culture. She affectionately addresses those who came to her house: “good fellows” (“Baba Yaga and Zamoryshek”), “red maiden” (“Finist - a clear falcon”), “maiden” (“Geese - swans”), “darling” ("The Enchanted Princess").
The heroes of fairy tales treat her with the same caress: Ivan Tsarevich, Vasilisa the Beautiful, a soldier - they call her “grandmother”.
Questionnaire
The survey was conducted in 2 stages:
Stage 1- a survey of children;
Stage 2- survey of adults.
The total number of respondents was 20 people.
Age of respondents:
1 group– children from 6 to 8 years old;
2 group- Adults aged 22 to 63.
Survey results
Average age Baba - Yagi in the perception of adults is 1000 years old, and in the perception of children - 176 years.
Conclusion
Russian fairy tales have preserved an extremely vivid and memorable image of Baba Yaga. Is there another character in Russian fairy tale mythology about whom there would be as much debate as about Baba Yaga? In most stories, she is presented in the guise of a witch - an old and evil old witch who tries to harm the hero in every possible way. But through this “negative” her completely different qualities also shine through: she foreshadows the wanderer that she expects him ahead, helps him with wise advice, gives a heroic horse, a ball, etc. Taking into account this contradiction, the topic of the research work was chosen.
The object of research is Baba Yaga in Slavic myths and fairy tales.
The subject of the research is the role of Baba Yaga in Slavic myths and fairy tales.
The goals and objectives of the study have been fulfilled.
In the course of this work, a study was made of myths and fairy tales related to the chosen topic. During the work, I had to get to know her so closely that this made it possible to better understand and accept the object of study - Baba Yaga.
The study partially confirms the hypothesis that Baba Yaga is an evil witch:
Baba Yaga is not always an evil witch in Russian folk tales;
it can be different - both good and evil;
often she helps the hero, saves him;
Baba Yaga can be cheerful and funny, and sometimes even beautiful.
But still, Baba Yaga - villain helping at times fairy tale hero.
In the situation with Baba Yaga, this paradox is resolved quite simply. The idea of her was formed in that distant era, when there were no gods or priests yet, and women were the dominant sex. Gradually, this image became more and more complicated, a divine essence and ritual necessity were attributed to it. With the advent of Christianity, the negative traits overshadowed the positive ones and became leading ones. Gradually, Baba Yaga was transferred to the rank of lower beings.
But even now one cannot but agree that some charm in the guise of a “forest old woman” has been preserved, otherwise, how else to explain its popularity among young readers of Russia? Many more generations of children will grow up on Russian fairy tales, where Baba - Yaga is evil and insidious, but at the same time funny, funny, kind. Fairy tales once again remind that good and evil live side by side in this life, but good always wins.
Practical significance research: this material can be used in the classroom literary reading, during class hours and quizzes. This research helped me get used to the image of Baba Yaga and successfully play the role of my favorite heroine.
"Baba Yaga" Ivan Bunin
A booming noise in the forest makes you sleepy -
By night, a damp fog fell on the sea.
Surrounded on all four sides
Buyan island in dark autumn.And even darker - my cold log house,
Wherever you blow a fire, you dare to drown it,
And only a brown oak looks out the window,
Under which Koschey buried death.I got old, got sick all -
If there was a fire in the light, I would warm myself,
If there was firewood in the oven, I would have a sip,Yes, fire is a message to the sailor in the seas,
Yes, for many miles you can hear the smoke from the bast ...
Analysis of Bunin's poem "Baba Yaga"
I. A. Bunin entered Russian poetry as a talented landscape poet. His poems were surprisingly colorful, in which native and overseas nature was captured, portraits of the people he met were displayed. No less vivid came out of Ivan Alekseevich and plots on a fairy-tale theme. An example of this is the work "Baba Yaga".
"Baba Yaga" was first published in the collection "Poems of 1907". The work has a simple composition, it consists of four stanzas-quatrains. Cross rhyme (abab). Poetic size unusual: there are five stops in a line, the first three fit into a trochee, then a pause follows, often in the form of a dash. In the last two feet, the stress falls on the second syllable, which corresponds to iambic. Thanks to this unusual combination of sizes, the poems become like an epic.
The poem is spoken in the first person. Baba Yaga herself speaks to the readers, but in her image we do not recognize that sinister sorceress, which is known to us from folk tales. Before readers emerges the image of a lonely old woman, cut off from the rest of the world by the cruel whim of more powerful forces. As we get to know the lyrical heroine, we can even feel some sympathy and pity for her.
Here is what Baba Yaga tells about her lot: her modest gloomy dwelling is located on the gloomy island of Buyan. The reader remembers this place from the work of A. S. Pushkin "The Tale of Tsar Saltan." It is deserted and scary here, even the most desperate travelers rarely get here. To enhance the bleakness of the landscape, the poet uses the following epithets: “boomy noise”, “damp fog”, “dark autumn”, “cold log house”.
We understand that the heroine is not at all sweet to live in such a place. Baba Yaga complains about her fate, explaining that she is keeping her here:
I got old, got sick all -
Ten hundred years I have been keeping the casket!
So, Baba Yaga is the keeper of the casket with the death of Koshchei. But she herself is not happy with this appointment. Very realistically, the heroine reproaches herself either for the greed that pushed her to take up this work, or for the gullibility, thanks to which the witch was imprisoned on the island:
The devil told you to go to hell as a servant,
You stupid old fool!
The poet uses anaphoras (“Be fire ... Be firewood ...”, “Yes, fire ... Yes, a lot ...”), giving Baba Yaga's speech a resemblance to a spell. The fact that the heroine is precisely the Russian sorceress, the reader understands thanks to such colloquial expressions as “warmed up”, “she drank a buff”.
It is interesting that this poem was created within 2 years - from 1906 to 1908. There is no exact data that would explain how the poet wrote "Baba Yaga". Perhaps at first Ivan Alekseevich formulated plot outline and then adding details. Or the lines were born immediately, but from time to time the author corrected them. In any case, given how complete and believable the image of poor Baba Yaga turned out, we can say that the work was worth so many years of work.
