Watercolor paints- one of the most beloved artists. First, watercolor has a mass various techniques, and secondly, it can be used to create beautiful drawing even if you can't draw at all.
These techniques will help beginners learn how to draw, and professionals can refresh their memory and find inspiration and ideas.
1. Painting with a flat brush
Step 1
Draw a square or rectangle to mark the beginning and end of the layer.
Choose more dark shade(easier to see) and starting at the top left corner, touch the paper with your brush and gently draw a straight line all the way to the top right corner.
But: left-handers should draw from the right corner to the left.
Step 2
Fill the brush again with paint.
Start the next stroke from the bottom edge of the first one, try to cover the buildup of paint that formed from the bottom of the first stroke.
Hint 1: If the buildup of paint in the first stroke has not flowed completely into the second, then increase the angle of your easel to help the paint flow freely.
Hint 2: By increasing the angle of inclination, you also increase the chances of getting uncontrolled flows of paint. Therefore, try to work faster or have something like a rag or sponge handy to quickly remove drops.
Step 3
Repeat the previous step, also trying to cover the accumulation of paint in the top stroke.
Hint 3: You can use the flat edge of the brush to "cut off" the beginning of the layer and make it even.
Hint 4: If you want to flatten the end edge of the layer, then at the end of the stroke, pause and brush up and then down as you would with the start edge.
Hint 5: If the stroke is broken, then immediately fill the brush with paint and re-swipe it.
Step 4
Repeat the previous steps until the very end. Try to stick to the same tone of paint.
Hint 6: You won't believe how different the behavior of brushes, paints and paper from different brands can be. Usually, the more expensive and popular brands make your job easier by providing high quality products.
Hint 7: If your strokes break even if the brush is full of paint, then you are using too thick paper, or the paper is too rough. If you come across such paper, then sprinkle water on it, blot it with a clean sponge and let it dry. This will make the surface more receptive to your paint.
Step 5
Rinse the brush and squeeze out any remaining water from it. Carefully pick up the blobs of paint left underneath the last stroke with the brush, but don't take too much paint or you will discolor your drawing.
To create more texture in your drawing, leave it to dry at an angle. So the paint will take on a more interesting look.
Gradient
Step 1
Draw a square or rectangle. Then dip your brush into the darker shade of paint (it's on the palette to mix) and gently stroke the brush.
Step 2
Dry the brush with a sponge or paper towel and dip it again in a lighter shade.
Then draw a new stroke, overlapping the bottom of the previous one. Notice that the left side of the layer has already merged with the previous stroke. Let gravity do its thing.
Step 3
Rinse the brush again and dry it. And then refill the brush with paint and make another stroke. Repeat this process until the very end.
Hint 1: If the stroke breaks or does not go as smoothly as you would like, quickly refill the brush with paint and repeat the layer.
Step 4
Rinse your brush clean water, wipe it off and pick up any paint residue.
Hint 2: Try this technique by working with different colors and creating interesting transitions.
watercolor glaze
Step 1
This technique requires improvisation and imagination. For example, we will draw an impromptu landscape.
First, paint the sky and the river with blue paint. We will separate the paint with a small amount of water, this will be a waterfall.
Step 2
Draw clouds dark pink and start drawing the mountain yellow. We will also mark the lower part of the figure in yellow.
The example uses light and transparent tones so you can see how the layers interact.
Step 3
By mixing cobalt blue and ultramarine blue, we will paint the horizon of the mountain and shade the small yellow slope.
Hint 1: let each layer dry. You can use a hair dryer to speed up this process. Keep it at least 25-30 cm away, turn on the cool setting and set the hair dryer to the lightest air flow. No steam or hot air!
Step 4
To shade and add interesting colors, use orange color. With it, we will create the coast in the foreground and shade the sky.
Hint 2: if you have drops of excess paint, rinse and dry the brush as you did in the previous techniques, and pick up drops with it.
Step 5
Please note that the images show different brushes for painting. You can use the ones you have available.
Let's take the dark Blue colour and shade the top of the mountain with it, changing the pressure on the brush and turning it around to create an interesting texture.
Step 6
Using the same blue color, let's play with the waterfall by drawing some circles. Sometimes visual clichés become your friends.
Rinse the brush and pick up yellow, we will add visual details to our coasts.
Step 7
After the paint has dried, shade the bubbles in the waterfall with a shade of purple. So we will make them more interesting.
Step 8
We need to link some elements and add trees. In the example, we used round templates for crowns, but you can draw as you like.
Step 9
In brown we will depict tree trunks. Also with the help of blue we will shade the water and the sky a little more. Then, using pink, blue and green, paint the grass in the foreground.
Step 10
Use a mixture of pink and red to add the final details. Our trees are bearing fruit now, and there are several fruits under them.
If you look closely, you can see how each layer interacts with each other. A darker shade has more power, but when the colors overlap, they create an interesting and beautiful combination.
“Wet” technique
Step 1
Wet the paper with water
Step 2
Blot the paper with a clean sponge, removing excess water. Try to achieve an even distribution of moisture on the paper, you should get a satin effect.
If the paper is shiny, it means that it is too wet, blot it again.
Step 3
We will paint the landscape again. Let's start, of course, with the sky. Using this technique, it's easier to draw the background first, then moving on to the objects of the foreground.
Step 4
We continue to draw the sky until we start to like it. The strokes will blur, creating an interesting effect.
Step 5
Now let's move on to the grass in the foreground. Using green, make a few wide strokes, leaving room for the stones.
As the paper dries, the strokes become less and less blurry.
Step 6
Let's add forms. To do this, use different shades of green and draw trees on the horizon.
Step 7
After adding the trees, let's try to add texture to them. To do this, use a darker shade of green to set the accents.
Step 8
Add stones using grey colour. We filled in the gaps in the foreground with this color, leaving some gaps.
Try to use either dark or cold shades. Using both dark and cold shades will create visual dissonance.
Step 9
We will place accents to diversify the drawing. Using a crimson hue, we depict several floral elements in the foreground. Let the crimson flow as it wants. Then, using a dry brush, remove the color from the middle of the spots.
Step 10
Then, drip clean water into the center of these spots to allow them to blend into the grass.
The hardest part about this technique is knowing when to stop. If you overdo it with blurs and colors, you will end up with a messy drawing.
This technique gives a slightly strange, but interesting result. A drawing made in this technique has a hypnotizing effect.
Dry brush drawing
Step 1
We think the name of the technique speaks for itself. We will need to pick up paint on the brush, blot it from excess fluid paper towel or sponge, and only then paint.
Let's start with a pencil sketch. After that, roughly mark the sky, moving the brush over the surface of the paper.
Step 2
Let's draw green trees on the horizon line, outlining what will later become our lake.
Then, by mixing mauve with blue, draw the first layer of the tree trunk.
Step 3
Let the drawing dry and add some elements: the reflection of a tree in the lake and the flow of water.
Mixing green and blue, shade the coast on the background part of the image and let the painting dry again.
Step 4
Mix an intense blue with ultramarine and paint a layer on the trunk of the tree to create the shadows and texture of the bark.
Step 5
Then, using shades of orange, draw autumn landscape by painting the background trees.
Step 6
Having finished with the previous step, with a light orange tint, we will depict the reflection of the trees in the water.
Also, by mixing gray with blue, we will place dark accents on the trees.
We will also add trees on the other side of the horizon. Let's mark the shapes of the trees in orange.
Step 7
Let's take water. Use dark green and brown to achieve the desired color. And with wave-like movements we will draw water in the lake.
Step 8
When painting a lake, change the pressure on the brush to add texture.
Clue: if the brush is too wet, the paint will look flat. Dry the brush to intensify the colors.
Step 9
Let's add some grass under the tree, using the same color as the grass in the background.
Step 10
Let's add some details to the foreground.
We will also darken the lake a bit by adding a blue tint. And also shade the sky with the same color.
We remove moisture
This technique will require several sponges. It is suitable for the image of clouds, soft light. And it can also control the behavior of colors.
Sponges
Makeup sponges are the best. They absorb well and give an interesting effect.
Avoid rubbing the paper with the sponge, and if you do, be very careful not to damage the paper.
Paper towels
With their help, you can create clearer highlights. But paper towels absorb a huge amount of paint very quickly. Therefore, they can absorb fresh paint completely.
Paper towels can come in handy if you make a mistake. Then you can quickly remove the paint.
Dry brush
You can use a dry brush to create a pattern using this technique. To do this, rinse thoroughly and wring out the brush. With it, you can create clear lines.
Other methods:
- You can spray water where you want to remove the paint and then soak it up with a sponge.
- Use different fabrics to add texture
- You can use fingers or other parts of the body. The skin can also absorb moisture.
Discoloration of dried paint
Brushes for watercolor paint
Use clean water and a cloth, wet the desired areas, gently rub the pattern and remove moisture with a dry brush. This method allows you to control the areas you lighten.
Brushes for oil or acrylic paint
Stiff bristles allow you to quickly scrape paint from the desired area. But it is worth noting that this method can damage the paper, so control yourself.
Here, just as in the first method, you must first moisten the area, and then process it with a brush.
Spray and towel
Take a spray bottle and spray on the desired area, and then apply to it paper towel. This method leaves large light spots and gives an interesting effect.
Sandpaper
Very rarely used, as it can damage the paper. It is best used at the end to add texture. You don't need water for this method, just rub the drawing in the right place.
Blades and knives
Can be used to highlight small areas and create crisp lines. This method is also very risky as it can damage the paper.
Sponges
You can also use sponges. Wet the desired area and dry it with a sponge.
In this article you will learn how to mix colors and how to create your palette.
In order to get pure colors in your work, you need to know which colors from your set mix well and which ones give dirt. For this we will create color palette. It takes a while, but it's a great tip for beginners and it will really help you figure out if how to get the color you want.
Here's the palette I got:
You will need the following materials:
- Large sheet of watercolor paper
- long ruler
- Pencil
- Watercolor paints
- tassel
- water container
Training: First you need to estimate how many different colors of watercolor paint you have. Using a pencil and ruler, you need to draw 1-inch squares, their number in length and height should match the number of colors you have. After that, you can start making a grid.
I have 13 colors, so I marked 13 squares along the top of the sheet and 13 along the left side.
- Horizontal row: the squares are numbered from left to right.
- Vertical row: the squares are numbered from top to bottom.
Don't forget to leave some white space on right side paper - to the right of the grid. You will use this space to list your colors.
I circled the first three numbers on the top and side of the picture below.
On the right side, assign each number a different color and list them all vertically. This is a legend for mixing colors.
The number of each color will match the numbers on the grid - on the top and left side.
Now let's get to the fun part…. to mixing! For this palette, we won't be mixing more than two colors at once. Its essence is to mix two colors in equal amounts to obtain all possible combinations.
Row 1
- Start with the color assigned to #1 on your list. In my case, it's cobalt violet. This color will go into the lettering square with #1 on the top and #1 on the left side. You don't need to mix it as it is the same color for both sides. Just apply this color in a square.
- On the square directly to the right of the first one - the one with #2 on the top side - you'll be mixing the second color from your list with color #1 - since it's on the same line (line #1 on the left). I mixed equal amounts of phthalocyanine blue and cobalt violet.
- Then we move even more to the right, to the square number 3. Mix your third color with the first, and further to the right, fill in each square in the correct combination according to the numbers on the grid. So your first row will be all variations of each color mixed with the first color.
- Be sure to mix equal amounts of each color with equal amounts of water for each square. Also let each square dry for a while so they don't bump into each other. Use a hair dryer if you're impatient.
Row 2
As soon as your first row is ready, we begin to fill in the second. You don't need to mix color #1 with color #2 because you already did that on the first row. Therefore, start with the second field - in my case it was blue phthalocyanine.
Mix blue phthalocyanine with the appropriate color for each square.
Thus, fill each square with the appropriate colors for each row until your palette is ready! The first squares of each row repeat the mixture from the previous one, so leave them empty.
You will end up with a triangle - like in my palette below. It is very exciting to look at all the shades and compare them. So many flowers! This palette even looks like a work of abstract art!
This color palette shows:
- Transparency, translucency or opacity of colors;
- What color is obtained by mixing the other two;
- Colors that become muddy or dull when mixed.
I hope this complex palette is of use to you in the future. If you have any questions, ask them in the comments! See you soon!
Nikitina Uliana
Target:
Make watercolors from natural ingredients at home.
Tasks:
1. Study the composition and properties of watercolors.
2. Find out the functional significance of the paint components.
3. Consider the main stages of paint production.
4. Prepare the basis of watercolor paints from vegetable raw materials and
get VEGETABLE PIGMENTS.
Hypothesis:
Working only with plant material, it is possible to obtain watercolors based on natural pigments even at home.
Research methods:
Study and analysis of scientific and popular science literature on the research problem
Experiment: methods for obtaining plant pigments and paints based on them
Processing and analysis of experimental data
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Annotation to the work “Watercolor paints. Their composition and production
Target:
Make watercolors from natural ingredients at home.
Tasks:
1. Study the composition and properties of watercolors.
2. Find out the functional significance of the paint components.
3. Consider the main stages of paint production.
4. Prepare the basis of watercolor paints from vegetable raw materials and
get VEGETABLE PIGMENTS.
Hypothesis:
Working only with plant material, it is possible to obtain watercolors based on natural pigments even at home.
Research methods:
Study and analysis of scientific and popular science literature on the research problem
Experiment: methods for obtaining plant pigments and paints based on them
Processing and analysis of experimental data
Introduction.
Watercolor (fr. aquarelle - watery;italian. acquarello) is a painting technique using special watercolor paints.Watercolors are usually applied to paper, which is often pre-moistened with water to achievea special blurred brushstroke.
Watercolor painting came into use later than other types of painting. However, despite its late appearance, it a short time has made such progress that it can compete with oil painting.
Watercolor is one of the poetic types of painting. Watercolor can convey the serene blue of the sky, the lace of clouds, the veil of fog. It allows you to capture the phenomena of nature.
A sheet of white grainy paper, a box of paints, a soft, obedient brush, water in a small vessel - that's all the artist needs. You can write on wet or dry paper immediately, in full color strength. But in any case, it is impossible or almost impossible to fix the damaged place: watercolor does not tolerate the addition or correction of color.
In Russia of the century before last, there were many outstanding watercolorists. P.A. Fedotov, I.N. Kramskoy, N.A. Yaroshenko, V.D. Polenov, I.E. Repin, V.A. Serov, M.A. Vrubel, V.I. Surikov ... each of them made a rich contribution to the Russian watercolor school.
Often, artists use watercolor in combination with other materials: gouache, charcoal.
The purpose of our work is the manufacture of watercolors at home from natural ingredients.
Theoretical part.
Composition and properties of paints.
Watercolor paints are prepared mainly on glues of vegetable origin, which is why they are called water-based paints. Paints for watercolor painting must have the following qualities.
1.Great transparency.
2. Good to take with a wet brush and easy to blur.
3.Watercolor paint should lie flat on the paper and not form spots or dots.
4. After drying, give a durable, non-cracking layer.
5. Do not penetrate reverse side paper.
The main components of watercolor paint are dye and water. Further, viscous substances are needed, they will prevent the paint from spreading over the paper, making it lie in an even layer; honey, molasses, glycerin are good for this.
Paint production.
Watercolor paints are available in porcelain cups and tubes. Production technique:
1) mixing with pigment;
2) grinding the mixture;
3) drying;
4) filling cups or tubes with paint;
5) packing.
Features of watercolors.
Watercolor painting is transparent, pure and bright in tone, which is difficult to achieve with oil paints. Watercolor paints are also used in underpainting for oil painting.
Strong dilution of paints with water when thinly applied to paper reduces the amount of paint, and the paint loses its tone and becomes less durable. When applying several layers of watercolor paint to one place, spots appear.
Practical part.
After analyzing the literature, articles on the Internet, you can describe how paints are prepared.
First they look for raw materials. It can be coal, chalk, clay, lapis lazuli, malachite. Raw materials must be cleaned of foreign impurities. The materials must then be ground to a powder.
Coal, chalk and clay can be ground at home, but malachite and lapis lazuli are very hard stones, special tools are needed to grind them. vintage artists ground the powder in a mortar and pestle. The resulting powder is the pigment.
Then the pigment must be mixed with a binder. As a binder, you can use: egg, oil, water, glue, honey. The paint must be mixed well so that there are no lumps. The resulting paint can be used for painting.
In old books, the names of exotic dyes are often found: red sandalwood, carmine, sepia, logwood ... Some of these dyes are still used today, but in very small quantities, mainly for cooking artistic paints. Still, you can try to prepare paints using mineral substances - pigments, which may be in the school laboratory or in the household.
Hypothesis: I assumed that watercolor paints can be made independently at home, but they will be different from the store ones.
To conduct experiments, I had to get natural pigments and binders.
At my disposal was clay, coal, chalk, onion peel, potassium permanganate, stationery glue, honey and a chicken egg.
I made a plan of 5 experiments.
Plan of the 1st experiment:
1) Clean the coal from impurities.
2) Grind coal into powder.
3) Sift the powder.
4) Mix coal with water.
Plan of the 2nd experiment:
1) Clean the clay from impurities.
2) Grind clay into powder.
3) Sift the powder.
4) Mix clay with stationery glue.
Plan of the 3rd experiment:
1) Clean the chalk from impurities.
2) Grind the chalk into powder.
3) Sift the powder.
4) Mix chalk with egg white.
Plan of the 4th experiment:
1) Make a thick decoction onion peel.
2) Cool the broth.
3) Mix the decoction with honey.
Plan of the 5th experiment
1) Grind potassium permanganate into a fine powder.
2) Sift the powder.
3) Mix potassium permanganate with water.
During the experiments, I received black, brown, white, beige, yellow paints.
Our paints turned out to be not solid, which are sold in stores. However, artists use similar semi-liquid watercolors in tubes. After experimenting, I wanted to try other raw materials, as well as paint my drawing with new paints.
Experimental results.
Now I know what watercolor paints are made of. You can prepare some paints at home. The resulting paints differ in consistency and quality from store-bought ones.
So, charcoal with water gave the paint a metallic hue, it was easily picked up on a brush and left a bright mark on the paper, quickly drying up.
Clay with glue gave a dirty brown paint, did not mix well with glue, left a greasy mark on paper and dried for a long time.
Chalk with egg white white paint, which was easily typed on a brush, left a thick mark on paper, dried for a long time, but turned out to be the most durable.
Decoction of onion peel with honey yellow paint, it was well typed on a brush, left an intense mark on the paper and dried quickly.
Potassium permanganate with water formed a light brown paint, it was easily picked up on a brush and left a pale mark on paper, quickly drying.
The resulting paints have advantages and disadvantages: environmentally friendly, free, have a natural color, but labor-intensive in production, it is inconvenient to store them, and there are no saturated colors among the resulting solutions.
Conclusion.
Watercolor is one of the most poetic types of painting. It allows you to capture short-term natural phenomena. But she also has access to capital, graphic and pictorial, chamber and monumental works, landscapes and still lifes, portraits and complex compositions.
Conclusions that can be drawn from the work:
1. The history of colors began with the advent of man. They were known long before there were written reports about them. Initially, this painting was mainly found in albums “for memory” and souvenirs, then it entered the albums of artists and appeared in art galleries and at art exhibitions.
2. The technique of watercolor painting is very diverse both in its techniques and in the way the paints are used. It differs from other techniques in its consistency, its result. Painted in watercolor in different ways. Some painters prefer to work gradually - one layer of paint is placed on another, dried up. Then the details are carefully handed over. Many take the paint at full strength and write in one layer. It is difficult to accurately show both the shape and color of objects at once.
3. Paints consist of a pigment and a binder. Namely, watercolor paints - from dry dye and glue. They may also contain a certain amount of sugar and, when used, are rubbed with water on saucers, or directly (honey paints) are taken with a brush moistened with water from tiles or cups.
4. In the course of experiments at home, I managed to get watercolor paints of different colors and shades, compare their quality with store-bought paints, and analyze the advantages and disadvantages.
5. If watercolor has a future? We can confidently answer this question. Watercolor has a future!
World without watercolor artistic painting will be boring and monotonous!
Bibliography:
1. Kukushkin Yu.N. - Chemistry around us - Bustard, 2003
2. Petrov V. - The world of art. Art Association 20th century.-M.: Aurora, 2009
Municipal Autonomous educational institution"Average comprehensive school No. 107, Perm
Section: natural and mathematical sciences.
Making watercolors at home from natural ingredients.
Student: 6-b
Nikitina Uliana
Teacher:
It is now impossible to say exactly when a person first used paint. Initially, the choice of colors was quite small, because our distant ancestors had to use only what they could find in the surrounding nature. Coal and chalk, yellow and red clay - this, perhaps, is the entire color palette of ancient artists. We are much more fortunate in this regard. A huge number of paints of various colors and shades, made on different basis, can be found on the shelves of modern stores. Let's talk in more detail about what substances underlie the production of all paints.
What and how paints are made from
Despite their great variety, all paints are made according to the same principle. The basis of their production is mixing in certain proportions of the three main components - pigment, solvent and binder.
The basis of each finished paint is a pigment. This is the substance on which the color of the coating obtained after applying paint to the surface to be painted depends. The binders in paints are usually adhesives of vegetable or animal origin, or polymer resins. They are found in paints in emulsified or dissolved form, and when the solvent dries, they harden and form a solid film that firmly holds the coloring pigment.
The solvent is necessary to give the paint a liquid form, since in this form it is much easier to apply it to the surface to be painted. Oil, alcohol, acetone, water or complex hydrocarbons are used as such a solvent. What kind of paints are not made in our time: watercolor and gouache, oil, acrylic, enamel paints, hair dyes and fabric paints - you can list their types for a very long time. Let's talk briefly about how the most common of them are made.
Watercolor paints
Watercolor paints are produced mainly on the basis of mineral pigments with the use of any vegetable glue as a binder - dextrin, gum arabic, cherry glue. Sometimes they are replaced with glue of animal origin - fish glue or gelatin. In watercolors highest quality natural honey is added.
As a preservative for all organic matter Phenol is added to watercolors. The pigment is crushed to a state of powder, mixed with the rest of the components, a little water is added, and paint briquettes are formed from the resulting “dough”, which, after drying, are laid out in boxes.
Oil paints
Oil paints are obtained by mixing ground inorganic pigments with synthetic or combined drying oil. Such paints are suitable for painting metal and wood. Oil paints for artists are kneaded in refined linseed oil and applied to a primed canvas.
Pigment production
Let's talk about how pigments are obtained, on the basis of which all paints are produced. All pigments, depending on their origin, can be divided into two main groups - mineral and biological, obtained from living organisms.
mineral pigments
Mineral pigments primarily include: titanium and zinc white, lead and iron minium, ocher, soot, umber, ultramarine and Prussian blue.
- Titanium white in its own way chemical formula are titanium dioxide, they are made from ilmenite - a natural mineral containing titanium.
- Soot is obtained by incomplete combustion of conventional natural gas in special burners.
- Minium iron, also known as iron oxide, is obtained by calcining iron salts in oxygen.
- Umbra is made from clay dyed Brown color salts of manganese and iron.
- Ochre is a natural coloring pigment, mainly consisting of a mixture of iron oxide hydrate and clay.
biological pigments
The group of biological dyes includes carmine, saffron, indigo and alizarin.
- Alizarin has a very bright orange-red color. Get it from the roots of madder dye.
- Saffron - dye orange color produced from the pollen of saffron flowers. Due to its high cost, saffron is used exclusively in Food Industry, for coloring confectionery.
- Indigo is perhaps the most famous dye of natural origin. Now they have learned how to synthesize it artificially, while earlier indigo was extracted from the leaves of indigo - a plant that grows in India. A dye derived from indigo was used to dye denim a deep blue.
- Carmine is an extract obtained from a powder made from dried female cochineals, small insects that live on cacti. Previously, carmine was used to dye woolen fabrics red, but now it is most often used in the food industry.
annotation
The history of colors probably began with the advent of man. Until our time, preserved primitive drawings made with charcoal and sanguine (clay). The cave dwellers painted on the stones what surrounded them: running animals and hunters with spears. medieval artists They also prepared paints themselves, mixing pigment powders and fats. Such paints could not be stored for more than one day, as they oxidized and hardened when exposed to air.
For 3 years I have been painting at the art studio with different colors: watercolor, gouache, oil paints, pastels. These paints can be purchased at any office supply store. And contemporary artists that's how they do it. But a long time ago, when there were no shops and paints were not made in factories, where did the artists get their paints? Currently paints are made from chemical elements. Is it possible to make environmentally friendly paints?
Purpose of the study:
Find out what substances paints consist of, determine the advantages and disadvantages of “home-made” paints.
Research objectives:
1. Familiarize yourself with popular science, educational literature and periodicals on the research topic;
2. Study what substances paints consist of.
3. Conduct an experiment: make your own paints at home.
4. Compare paints made at home and bought in a store.
5. Draw a picture from the received paints.
Hypothesis: I assume that the paints can be made independently at home, but they will be different from the store.
THEORETICAL PART
Composition of paints
Paint is a material used to impart color.
Paints are made up of a pigment and a binder.
The pigment is a dry dye.
The world around us is colorful.
Ancient artists looked for material for paints right under their feet. From red and yellow clay, finely rubbed, you can get a red and yellow dye, or, as the artists say, a pigment. Pigment black gives coal, white - chalk, azure - blue or green gives malachite and lapis lazuli. Metal oxides also give a green pigment.
First blue paint from lapis lazuli was sold 1 kg for 600 francs. Paints from natural pigments were not only of various shades, but also of amazing durability. The Pskov icon of Dmitry Solu has survived to our time. This icon is over 600 years old and is still in good condition. The Pskov master himself made these paints. Still known: Pskov greens, red cinnabar and yellow Pskov.
Currently, almost all paints are made in laboratories and factories from chemical elements. Therefore, some paints are even poisonous, for example, red cinnabar from mercury. purple paint can be made from peach pits or grape skins.
Dry dye cannot stick to the canvas, so you need a binder that sticks together, binds particles of dry dye into a single colored paint-mass. Artists took what was at hand: oil, honey, egg, glue, wax. How closer friend to the other particles of pigment, the thicker the paint. The density of the paint can be determined by looking at how a drop of honey, an egg, spreads on a long-drying drop of oil, which does not even combine with water, and leaves a greasy mark when it dries.
Various binders give different colors with different names.
Glue is part of the watercolor and gouache. watercolor light, a translucent paint that requires dilution with water. The name itself says it.
Oil is included oil paints, they are the most durable and fall on paper with bold strokes. They are stored in tubes and diluted with a solvent, kerosene or turpentine.
One of the ancient painting techniques- tempera. These are egg paints, sometimes referred to as "egg paints". More than two thousand years ago, tempera was obtained by mixing pigment with egg yolk, and eight hundred or five hundred years ago with egg white, to which fig juice, honey, or other substances unknown to us were added at the same time.
There was another paint, very resistant, but the recipe for its preparation has been lost. This is encaustic - paint mixed with wax. Figure 1 shows the Fayum portrait. This painting is about two thousand years old, it was found in a grave, we see an expressive and bright look.
At present, it has not been possible to prepare a wax-based paint.
So, I found out that paints consist of a pigment and a binder.
The process of making paints.
After analyzing the literature and articles on the Internet, it is possible to describe how paints are prepared. First, they look for raw materials. It can be coal, chalk, clay, lapis lazuli, malachite. Raw materials must be cleaned of foreign impurities. The materials must then be ground to a powder.
Coal, chalk and clay can be ground at home, but malachite and lapis lazuli are very hard stones, special tools are needed to grind them. Ancient artists ground the powder in a mortar with a pestle. The resulting powder is the pigment.
Then the pigment must be mixed with a binder. As a binder, you can use: egg, oil, water, wax, glue, honey. The paint must be mixed well so that there are no lumps. The resulting paint can be used for painting.
After finding out the composition of paints, learning about the process of making paints, I realized that I could make some paints myself.
PRACTICAL PART
Description of experiments
To conduct experiments, I had to get natural pigments and binders. At my disposal were clay, chalk and coal. I made a plan of three experiments.
Experiment plan 1
1. Purify coal from impurities.
2. Grind coal into powder.
3. Sift the powder.
4. Mix coal with water.
Experiment plan 2
1. Clean the clay from impurities.
2. Grind clay into powder.
3. Sift the powder.
4. Mix clay with oil.
Experiment Plan 3
1. Clean the chalk from impurities.
2. Grind the chalk into powder.
3. Sift the powder.
4. Mix the chalk with the egg.
All experiments were successful, and I received black, brown and white paint. brown paint I drew a drawing.
After conducting these experiments, I wanted to try other raw materials, so I conducted a few more experiments. I mixed each type of raw material with water, oil and egg, resulting in paints of different colors and consistency.
Experimental results
Now I know what paints are made of. You can prepare some paints at home.
The resulting paints differed in consistency and quality:
Charcoal with water gave the paint a metallic hue, it was easy to pick up on a brush and left a bright mark on the paper, it dried quickly
Clay with oil gave a dirty brown paint, did not mix well with oil, was difficult to pick up on a brush, left a greasy mark on paper and dried for a long time.
Chalk with an egg gave white paint, which was easily picked up on a brush, left a thick mark on paper, dried for a long time, but turned out to be the most durable
The results of other experiments can be seen in the table.
The resulting paints have advantages and disadvantages: environmentally friendly, free, have natural colors but laborious, no bright colors and difficult to store.
In addition, I drew a drawing with my own paints.
So, to prepare the paint, you need to mix the pigment (chalk, coal, clay, malachite, lapis lazuli) with a binder (oil, egg, water).
conclusions
* The history of colors began with the advent of man.
* Paints for drawing consist of a pigment and a binder.
* Initially, earth, clay, coal, chalk, malachite, lapis lazuli were used as pigments.
* Eggs, oil, water, wax were used as a binder.
* Now paints are made in laboratories and factories from chemical elements.
* During the experiments, I managed to get paints of different colors and shades, draw a picture.
Supervisor: Tarasova Natalia Gennadievna
MOU “Primary comprehensive school No. 5”
Russia, Nefteyugansk
