Critical realism in literature examples of works. History of the development of realism

The style, although it originated in Western Europe, is widely used in Russia. He was also admired under the Soviet Union, considering him the forerunner of social realism. This direction gave the world a lot of talents that have become legends of their time.

origins

Fed up with romantic moods, writers, artists and philosophers already in the Enlightenment began to increasingly turn to the realities of our time.

Outstanding representatives of the philosophical trend of that time, such as Diderot and Rousseau, look around and notice that poverty, filth, inappropriate working conditions and increased mortality reign all around. In this reality they draw their inspiration. New style starts to become popular.

The French writer Flaubert is no longer looking for romance in human essence, he shows only the very essence of life, without artistic embellishment.

nineteenth century

Critical realism began to take shape in literature in the twenties of the nineteenth century, and its heyday fell on the forties. From year to year to the list famous figures culture and art of this direction, new names were added. There were more and more fans.

Most prominent representatives critical realism People: Flaubert, Balzac, Stendhal, Bronte, Dickens, Heine, Dostoevsky, Chekhov.

After the sublime romance, the works of these geniuses sounded like a challenge to the whole society. And the population at first took it that way. Writers were scolded, they caused indignation. Many were persecuted and refused to be published.

The novelty of realism

Frank stories and pictures plunged into shock. What was previously closed eyes, surfaced.

The critical realism of the 19th century laid bare the human essence. He presented her as she really is, with all the flaws.

This style quickly mixed with psychology and became the basis for life-changing discoveries in this and other sciences.

Gone time

The pathos of the Renaissance faded into the background. However, enlightenment and romanticism influenced realism so much that all writers, poets, and artists of that time continued to believe that good would overcome evil, no matter what the framework, conditions and circumstances it was enclosed in.

During the revolution of 1789-1794, science rose above religious postulates. The bourgeoisie becomes the dominant stratum of the population. She wants change in society. She begins to open schools, read books, study languages ​​and the exact sciences.

With the flourishing of realism, the ideas of Marxism appear. He influences the style in his own way, bringing into it the spirit of revolution, rebellion. The worker class now becomes central.

Russia

Realism in this country immediately took root. He reached unprecedented heights in Russian Empire. The art of realism became not only a favorite in the state itself, but also indicative for everyone else. He was recognized all over the world. The classics of this direction from Russia were admired far beyond its borders.

Russian ideologists

This current has become various forms and famous followers. The main representative of realism, which was at its source, was Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. It was he who first began to write about the destinies of the peasants, the life of various classes.

Pushkin became a revolutionary. He transformed a once lagging literature. After Alexander Sergeevich there was Gogol, who combined mysticism and critical realism with great skill. Thanks to these two prominent literary figures, a whole trend called the “Natural School” appeared.

Art was closely connected with politics. When Chernyshevsky led the Democrats, it changed. Critical realism framed in new colors.

On the world stage two of the most famous representative this style. Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy, who glorified his name with acute social novels, and Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky with psychological dramas. Nietzsche admired the latter, creating a model of the "superman" under the impression of the work "The Brothers Karamazov".

Both writers emphasized the uniqueness human soul. They looked for the reasons for the actions of their own heroes, and portrayed them with special aestheticism.

Bunin and Kuprin can be called the last realists in Russia. After them, to replace them, came social realism. Has come new era. In the West, the style developed further. He was influenced by other currents, changed.

Realism in painting

The new style touched all facets of art. Painting did not stand aside either. Artists began to comprehend the depths of human essence, and then depict it on paper.

Since the main features of this style in Russia were the principles of the struggle for freedom and equality, they tried to draw poor people. Critical quickly became the favorite course of all the inhabitants of the country.

In 1863, the St. Petersburg Artel of Artists arose, and in 1970 it was renamed the Association of Travelers art exhibitions". The composition included 14 outstanding painters With common interests who left Imperial Academy art in protest.

They called themselves the Wanderers. These included Repin, Shishkin, Savrasov, Perov, Surikov, Serov, Levitan and many others. wonderful artists. Kramskoy was the ideological leader for many years.

They brought with them realism in painting, creating landscapes, historical paintings, portraits. In their work, they depicted the contemporary life of the working people of Russia.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, all the traditions of this style were finally strengthened. Then the artists Ivanov, Korovin, Serov worked.

Their paintings became an intermediate stage from the critical to the socialist style. AT Soviet times realism received a new breath and became the most popular trend in art.

Russian literature

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Enlightenment and Romanticism experienced a crisis. Subjectivity quickly went out of fashion. Reality interested more and more the younger generation of representatives of art.

The new style took shape in unstable conditions of revolutions, fundamental changes in the worldview of peoples and countries, forming the main features of realism.

Only after the speech of the working class did the writers think about his life. They begin to criticize and deeply resent the laws of serfdom and at the same time praise the steadfastness of the human soul, which did not bend under the weight of life's burden.

The main characters become ordinary people from the lower social strata. They do not need to have only positive qualities. Realists admit that in a person there is not only virtue, but also vices.

The main themes of style

Literature began to interact closely with ordinary life. Many realists began to revel in the ugly, glorifying it.

The morals that prevailed at that time began to succumb to desperate criticism. On the surface is the terrible living conditions of serfs, beggars, summing up the main features of realism.

One of the main images characteristic of this style was a rich, jaded aristocrat. He always has everything he wants, and he gets it in any way.

Religious fanatics are also subject to sharp criticism. Scholastic education is thrown far back. Progress becomes the main idea, the main aspiration of the heroes.

The prominent representatives of the foreign literature of that time - Schiller and Goethe - support the ideas of the bourgeoisie in the struggle for own rights as well as nations for independence.

Feudal society itself is in decline, becoming a relic of the past.

Hero of that time

Realists describe everyday life in their works ordinary person. Saltykov-Shchedrin, Chekhov are not afraid to show how life can take a tragic turn, testing the main characters.

It was typical for the realists of the 19th century in Russia to show all the conflicts and contradictions of society. In the same way that reality was constantly moving and not constant, so did the heroes.

After flourishing during the period of romance, poetry began to fade into oblivion. In its place came dramaturgy and folk epos.

The genre of comedy ceased to belong to romance, but began to illuminate and social aspects. new life Gogol breathed into it with the novel The Inspector General. love theme it is practically not shown, but the absurdity of outdated social norms and rules becomes the main line. main topic- all the horror of the system of bribery and embezzlement common at that time.

Russian critical realism in the country of that time becomes popular. The intelligentsia fights for the rights and freedoms of the poor.

Now not physical, but moral beauty dominates. Hard work takes on a romantic connotation.

Critical realism in Russia

The founder of realism in Russia, Pushkin borrowed his ideas from the Decembrist movement. His heroes do not try to distance themselves from social and political events. They are directly connected with them, involved in the abyss of what is happening.

The poet worries about the oppression of other people. He sees everything that happens to the poor. Being a member of the highest circles of society, Pushkin remained true to the ideas of the equality of all people.

Alexander Sergeevich remained a humanist until the end of his life. Humanism came to him while writing Boris Godunov.

Pushkin's ideas were supported by Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol. Its main realistic work - « Dead Souls". He eagerly begins to criticize the reality of that time. Gogol tries to shake the rigid, dying and static foundations. With the help of the comedy genre, the writer ridicules the absurdities of a backward society.

Having himself started with romance, in the forties he criticized it mercilessly. The writer does not hide the fact that he was the same.

A new round in the development of realism is made by Turgenev with the book "Notes of a Hunter". He tries to focus on modern history, introducing subjective features into it.

The novel "Fathers and Sons" brings the conflict of generations to light. Almost everything in one book social classes, political positions the evils of society.

Dostoevsky deals with the fate of insignificant people. He describes the tragedy and hardship of the life of the poor. Dostoevsky turns and excites the public by describing the fate of people who are trying to be forgotten. The writer still hopes that in the future people will be able to become more moral. Good will surely triumph over evil.

Critical realism is similar in its main features anywhere in the world. The main characters are truth-tellers. They want to change the world. We face harsh reality every day. At the same time, do not lose optimism last breath. Often their fates are cut short enough tragically. Writers of this style tried to teach their readers something. Open your eyes to the world. Achieve changes in consciousness.

They succeeded. Critical realism gave rise to social movements, the struggle for freedom. Russian adherents of this style prepared the foundation for the duel for the rights of the working class.

What is realism in literature? It is one of the most common directions, reflecting in itself realistic image reality. The main task of this direction is reliable disclosure of phenomena encountered in life, with the help of a detailed description of the depicted characters and the situations that happen to them, through typing. Important is the lack of embellishment.

In contact with

Among other areas, only in the realist special attention is paid to the correct artistic image life, and not the emerging reaction to certain life events, for example, as in romanticism and classicism. The heroes of realist writers appear before readers exactly as they were presented to the author's gaze, and not as the writer would like to see them.

Realism, as one of the most widespread trends in literature, settled closer to the middle of the 19th century after its predecessor, romanticism. The 19th century was subsequently designated as the era of realistic works, but romanticism did not cease to exist, it only slowed down in development, gradually turning into neo-romanticism.

Important! The definition of this term was first introduced into literary criticism by D.I. Pisarev.

The main features of this direction are as follows:

1. Full compliance with reality depicted in any work of the picture.
2. True specific typing of all the details in the images of the characters.
3. The basis is the conflict situation between the individual and society.
4. Image in the work deep conflict situations the drama of life.
5. The author pays special attention to the description of all phenomena environment.
6. A significant feature of this literary trend is the writer's considerable attention to inner world man, his state of mind.

Main genres

In any of the areas of literature, including the realistic, a certain system of genres is being formed. It was the prose genres realism, due to the fact that more than others were suitable for a more correct artistic description new realities, their reflection in literature. The works of this direction are divided into the following genres.

1. A social novel that describes way of life and a certain type of characters inherent in this way of life. good example social genre was "Anna Karenina".
2. A socio-psychological novel, in the description of which you can see a full detailed disclosure human personality, his personality and inner world.
3. The realistic novel in verse is a special kind of novel. a wonderful example this genre is "", written by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin.
4. A realistic philosophical novel contains age-old reflections on topics such as: the meaning of human existence, opposition of good and evil sides, a certain purpose human life. an example of realistic philosophical novel is "", the author of which is Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov.
5. Story.
6. Tale.

In Russia, its development began in the 1830s and became a consequence of the conflict situation in various fields society, contradictions higher ranks and ordinary people. Writers began to turn to topical issues of his time.

Thus begins the rapid development of a new genre - realistic novel, which, as a rule, described the hard life common people, their hardships and problems.

The initial stage of development realistic direction in Russian literature is the "natural school". During the period " natural school»Literary works to a greater extent sought to describe the position of the hero in society, his belonging to any kind of profession. Among all genres leading place occupied physiological essay.

In the 1850s and 1900s, realism began to be called critical, as main goal became a criticism of what is happening, the relationship between certain person and areas of society. Questions such as: the measure of society's influence on life individual person; actions that can change a person and the world around him; reason for the lack of happiness in human life.

Given literary direction became extremely popular in domestic literature, since Russian writers were able to make the world genre system richer. There were works from in-depth questions of philosophy and morality.

I.S. Turgenev created the ideological type of heroes, character, personality and internal state which directly depended on the author's assessment of the worldview, finding certain meaning in their philosophy. Such heroes are subject to ideas that are followed to the very end, developing them as much as possible.

In the works of L.N. Tolstoy, the system of ideas that develops during the life of a character determines the form of his interaction with the surrounding reality, depends on the morality and personal characteristics of the heroes of the work.

Founder of realism

The title of the initiator of this direction in Russian literature was rightfully awarded to Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. He is a generally recognized founder of realism in Russia. "Boris Godunov" and "Eugene Onegin" are considered a prime example realism in the domestic literature of those times. Also distinguishing examples were such works by Alexander Sergeevich as Belkin's Tales and Captain's daughter».

AT creative works Pushkin gradually begins to develop classical realism. The depiction of the personality of each character of the writer is comprehensive in an effort to describe the complexity of his inner world and state of mind which unfold very harmoniously. Recreation of the experiences of a certain person, her moral character helps Pushkin to overcome the willfulness of describing passions inherent in irrationalism.

Heroes A.S. Pushkin appear before readers with the open sides of their being. The writer pays special attention to the description of the sides of the human inner world, depicts the hero in the process of development and formation of his personality, which are influenced by the reality of society and the environment. This was served by his awareness of the need to depict a specific historical and national identity in the features of the people.

Attention! Reality in the image of Pushkin collects in itself an accurate concrete image of the details of not only the inner world of a certain character, but also the world that surrounds him, including his detailed generalization.

Neorealism in literature

New philosophical, aesthetic and everyday realities at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries contributed to a change in direction. Implemented twice, this modification acquired the name neorealism, which gained popularity during the 20th century.

Neorealism in literature consists of a variety of currents, since its representatives had a different artistic approach to depicting reality, which includes the characteristic features of a realistic direction. It is based on recourse to tradition classical realism XIX century, as well as to problems in the social, moral, philosophical and aesthetic spheres of reality. A good example containing all these features is the work of G.N. Vladimov "The General and his army", written in 1994.

Realism is usually called a direction in art and literature, whose representatives strove for a realistic and truthful reproduction of reality. In other words, the world was portrayed as typical and simple, with all its advantages and disadvantages.

General features of realism

Realism in literature is distinguished by a number of common features. First, life was portrayed in images that corresponded to reality. Secondly, the reality for the representatives of this trend has become a means of knowing themselves and the world around them. Thirdly, the images on the pages of literary works were distinguished by the truthfulness of details, specificity and typification. It is interesting that the art of the realists, with their life-affirming positions, strove to consider reality in development. Realists discovered new social and psychological relations.

The emergence of realism

Realism in literature as a form artistic creation originated in the Renaissance, developed during the Enlightenment and proved to be independent direction only in the 30s of the 19th century. The first realists in Russia include the great Russian poet A.S. Pushkin (he is sometimes even called the ancestor of this trend) and no less outstanding writer N.V. Gogol with his novel Dead Souls. Concerning literary criticism, then within its limits the term "realism" appeared thanks to D. Pisarev. It was he who introduced the term into journalism and criticism. Realism in 19th century literature hallmark of that time, having its own characteristics and characteristics.

Features of literary realism

Representatives of realism in literature are numerous. The most famous and outstanding writers include Stendhal, C. Dickens, O. Balzac, L.N. Tolstoy, G. Flaubert, M. Twain, F.M. Dostoevsky, T. Mann, M. Twain, W. Faulkner and many others. All of them worked on the development creative method realism and embodied in their works its most striking features in inseparable connection with their own unique features.

To the question Literature first half of XIX in. given by the author European the best answer is In the first half of the XIX century. Literature occupied a dominant position in the system of spiritual culture. It was the main and, perhaps, the only area where it was possible to express the demands and aspirations of the people. The process of development and change artistic directions took place in the conditions of the decomposition of the feudal-serf system and the revival of social thought. These trends were: classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism. Realism has come to an end. At the end of his work, the poet G. R. Derzhavin came to classicism. the most prominent representative sentimentalism was the writer and historian N. M. Karamzin (story " Poor Lisa"," Natalya is the daughter of a boyar"). Russian sentimentalism did not last long. "The heroic events of the war of 1812 contributed to the emergence of romanticism. One of the founders of Russian romanticism was V. A. Zhukovsky (1783-1852). His poetry is imbued with melancholic dreams, romantically rethought images of folk fiction (ballads" Lyudmila ", "Sveta - fret". Another direction - civil, revolutionary romanticism manifested itself in the work of K. F. Ryleev (1795-1826). His lyrics, historical "Dumas", poems "Voinarovsky", "Nalivaiko" are saturated with political associations. Odes, the poems of K. Kuchelbecker (1797-1846) called for a fight against autocratic-serfdom.
Romanticism also influenced early work A. S. Pushkin and M. Yu. Lermontov.
The founder of Russian realism is the brilliant A. S. Pushkin (1799-1837). It is with his work that the beginning of the golden age in literature is connected. Pushkin was the founder new literature, responding to questions that worried society, and reflecting Russian reality in unsurpassed artistic images. He created wonderful works of various genres, both in verse and in prose: the novel in verse "Eugene Onegin", the first works classical prose Belkin's Tales, the historical drama Boris Godunov, the chronicle of the impoverishment of the serf village The History of the Goryukhin Village, historical story"The Captain's Daughter", a study of philosophical and moral problems humanity - the tragedy "Mozart and Salieri", a brilliant embodiment of the image of Russia as a rearing horseman, holding her with an iron bridle of the autocrat - the poem " Bronze Horseman”, lyrical poems are examples of lyrics illuminated by the ideas of freedom, love, patriotism.
He was the first to come to the conclusion that true nationality is not a description of a Russian sundress, but life's authenticity, the truth about the relationship between people, the individual and society. A. S. Pushkin turned to treasures folk art and imbued with a deep understanding of the soul, psychology and character of the Russian people. His genius soberly assessed the past Russian history, its present and predicted some pages of the future of Russia. N.V. Gogol wrote: “With the name of Pushkin, the thought of a Russian national poet immediately dawns. Indeed, none of our poets is superior to him and can no longer be called national; this right definitely belongs to him... He has Russian nature, Russian language, Russian character. »
A. S. Pushkin contributed to the creation of scientific historiography, proving the need to rely on an objective analysis of facts and phenomena, a conscientious study of life, argued that a person is a full-fledged actor big human history. The value of A. S. Pushkin's work is enormous, he is among the greatest and unique phenomena of world culture. In his work and views, he belongs not only to the 19th century. , not only Russia. At the end of the XX century. he comes to people different countries as a contemporary and educator of noble feelings.
A. S. Pushkin passed away, having an heiress and successor to his social and literary work - M. Yu. Lermontov (1814-1841), a wonderful poet and artist who, at the age of 16, announced his mighty talent. In full force, he spoke in 1837 with a poem "On the Death of a Poet", in which he sharply denounced the autocracy and the mores of the court nobility.

Realism is a trend in literature and art that truly and realistically reflects typical features reality, in which there are no various distortions and exaggerations. This direction followed romanticism, and was the forerunner of symbolism.

This trend originated in the 30s of the 19th century and reached its peak by the middle of it. His followers strongly denied the use of literary works any sophisticated tricks, mystical trends and idealization of characters. The main feature of this trend in the literature is artistic display real life with the help of ordinary and well-known readers of images that for them are part of their Everyday life(relatives, neighbors or acquaintances).

(Alexey Yakovlevich Voloskov "At the tea table")

The works of realist writers are distinguished by a life-affirming beginning, even if their plot is characterized by tragic conflict. One of the main features of this genre is the authors' attempt to consider surrounding reality in its development, to discover and describe new psychological, social and social relations.

Replaced romanticism, realism has characteristics art, striving to find truth and justice, wishing to change the world in better side. The main characters in the works of realist authors make their discoveries and conclusions after much thought and deep introspection.

(Zhuravlev Firs Sergeevich "Before the wedding")

Critical realism is developing almost simultaneously in Russia and Europe (approximately 30-40s of the 19th century) and soon emerges as the leading trend in literature and art throughout the world.

In France literary realism, first of all, is associated with the names of Balzac and Stendhal, in Russia with Pushkin and Gogol, in Germany with the names of Heine and Buchner. All of them are experiencing in their literary creativity the inevitable influence of romanticism, but gradually move away from it, abandon the idealization of reality and move on to depicting a wider social background, where the life of the main characters takes place.

Realism in Russian literature of the 19th century

The main founder of Russian realism in the 19th century is Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. In his works " captain's daughter”,“ Eugene Onegin ”,“ Tales of Belkin ”,“ Boris Godunov ”,“ The Bronze Horseman ”, he subtly captures and masterfully conveys the very essence of all important events in the life of Russian society, represented by his talented pen in all its diversity, colorfulness and inconsistency. Following Pushkin, many writers of that time came to the genre of realism, deepening the analysis of the emotional experiences of their heroes and depicting their complex inner world (Lermontov's Hero of Our Time, Gogol's The Inspector General and Dead Souls).

(Pavel Fedotov "The Picky Bride")

The tense socio-political situation in Russia during the reign of Nicholas I aroused a keen interest in the life and fate of the common people among progressive public figures that time. This is noted in later works Pushkin, Lermontov and Gogol, as well as in the poetic lines of Alexei Koltsov and the works of the authors of the so-called "natural school": I.S. Turgenev (a cycle of stories "Notes of a Hunter", stories "Fathers and Sons", "Rudin", "Asya"), F.M. Dostoevsky ("Poor People", "Crime and Punishment"), A.I. Herzen (“The Thieving Magpie”, “Who is to blame?”), I.A. Goncharova (" ordinary story”, “Oblomov”), A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit", L.N. Tolstoy ("War and Peace", "Anna Karenina"), A.P. Chekhov (stories and plays " The Cherry Orchard”,“ Three sisters ”,“ Uncle Vanya ”).

Literary realism of the second half of the 19th century was called critical, main task his works were to highlight existing problems, touch upon the issues of interaction between a person and the society in which he lives.

Realism in Russian Literature of the 20th Century

(Nikolai Petrovich Bogdanov-Belsky "Evening")

The turning point in the fate of Russian realism was the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, when this trend was in crisis and a new phenomenon in culture, symbolism, loudly declared itself. Then a new updated aesthetics of Russian realism arose, in which the main environment that forms the personality of a person was now considered History itself and its global processes. The realism of the early 20th century revealed the complexity of the formation of a person's personality, it was formed under the influence of not only social factors, the story itself acted as the creator of typical circumstances, under the aggressive influence of which the protagonist fell.

(Boris Kustodiev "Portrait of D.F. Bogoslovsky")

There are four main currents in the realism of the early twentieth century:

• Critical: continues the tradition of classical realism of the mid-19th century. The works focus on the social nature of phenomena (creativity of A.P. Chekhov and L.N. Tolstoy);
• Socialist: displaying the historical and revolutionary development of real life, conducting an analysis of conflicts in the conditions of the class struggle, revealing the essence of the characters of the main characters and their actions committed for the benefit of others. (M. Gorky "Mother", "The Life of Klim Samgin", most of the works of Soviet authors).
• Mythological: display and rethinking of real life events through the prism of plots famous myths and legends (L.N. Andreev "Judas Iscariot");
• Naturalism: an extremely truthful, often unsightly, detailed depiction of reality (A.I. Kuprin "The Pit", V.V. Veresaev "Notes of a Doctor").

Realism in foreign literature of the 19th-20th centuries

The initial stage of the formation of critical realism in Europe in the middle of the 19th century is associated with the works of Balzac, Stendhal, Beranger, Flaubert, Maupassant. Merimee in France, Dickens, Thackeray, Brontë, Gaskell in England, the poetry of Heine and other revolutionary poets in Germany. In these countries, in the 30s of the 19th century, tension was growing between two irreconcilable class enemies: the bourgeoisie and the labor movement, there was a period of upsurge in various spheres of bourgeois culture, a number of discoveries were made in natural science and biology. In countries where a pre-revolutionary situation has developed (France, Germany, Hungary), the doctrine of scientific socialism of Marx and Engels arises and develops.

(Julien Dupre "Return from the fields")

As a result of a complex creative and theoretical debate with the followers of romanticism, critical realists took for themselves the best progressive ideas and traditions: interesting historical themes, democracy, trends folklore, progressive critical pathos and humanistic ideals.

Realism of the early 20th century that survived the struggle the best representatives"classics" of critical realism (Flaubert, Maupassant, France, Shaw, Rolland) with the trends of new unrealistic trends in literature and art (decadence, impressionism, naturalism, aestheticism, etc.) acquires new characteristic features. He refers to social phenomena real life, describes the social motivation of the human character, reveals the psychology of the individual, the fate of art. The basis of the simulation artistic reality lie down philosophical ideas, the author's attitude is given, first of all, to the intellectually active perception of the work when reading it, and then to the emotional one. The classic example of an intellectual realistic novel is the works German writer Thomas Mann's "Magic Mountain" and "Confession of the Adventurer Felix Krul", dramaturgy by Bertolt Brecht.

(Robert Kohler "Strike")

In the works of the author-realists of the twentieth century, the dramatic line intensifies and deepens, there is more tragedy (creativity American writer Scott Fitzgerald's "The Great Gatsby", "Tender is the Night"), appears special interest to the inner world of man. Attempts to depict the conscious and unconscious life moments of a person lead to the emergence of a new literary device, close to modernism called the "stream of consciousness" (works by Anna Zegers, W. Koeppen, Y. O'Neill). Naturalistic elements appear in the work of American realist writers such as Theodore Dreiser and John Steinbeck.

The realism of the twentieth century has a bright life-affirming color, faith in man and his strength, this is noticeable in the works of American realist writers William Faulkner, Ernest Hemingway, Jack London, Mark Twain. The works of Romain Rolland, John Galsworthy, Bernard Shaw, Erich Maria Remarque enjoyed great popularity in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Realism continues to exist as a trend in contemporary literature and is one of the most important forms democratic culture.