If you type “Lychakovskoye Cemetery” in Google, the search engine will return hundreds or even thousands of links to photos, videos, and just text with information about one of oldest cemeteries Europe. So I will not discover America and will not tell you some hitherto unknown facts, but will just show you a few tourist photos taken last summer during our trip to Lviv.
To be honest, I shot randomly. We randomly chose the direction of movement through the cemetery and sometimes stopped to take a picture at the most noticeable or unusual monument in our opinion. Already at home, I read a lot of interesting things about the famous Lviv necropolis and regretted that I had not prepared before the trip. Then our movements would be more meaningful and the most famous and famous "residents" of Lychakovsky would get into the frame. But what we have, we have.
The official date of foundation of Lychakovsky is 1786. The reason for the emergence of the cemetery was the decree of the Austrian Emperor Joseph II who considered it necessary to streamline the burials and avoid the unsanitary conditions that arose as a result of the burial of the bodies of the dead in dungeons near churches. In hot summer days the cadaverous smell was felt in the churches. Thanks to the emperor, four cemeteries were built around Lviv. Three of them ceased to operate during the days of Austrian domination. They laid through Paporovka railway line, on the site of the Gorodok cemetery there is the Railway Station Bazaar, and on the site of the Stryi cemetery there is a monument Soviet army and hotel. Only one survived- Lychakivske.
All this is known to Wikipedia and a bunch of other sources on the Internet, and all these sources are unanimous regarding the date and reasons for the emergence of the necropolis. But then small differences begin. They relate to the name of the district Lychakiv. According to one version of Lychakov- the distorted German Lutzenhof (courtyard of the Lutzes, German colonists who settled here at the end of the 16th century), according to another, Lychakov comes from the poor who wore bast shoes and settled in this area as early as the 15th century. There is also no unanimity regarding the status of the cemetery. It is believed that due to its proximity to the center of Lviv, the Lychakiv cemetery immediately became prestigious, rich residents of the "middle i stya". It is known that in the 15th century those who died as a result of epidemics, as well as suicides, were buried at Lychakovsky. So the "prestige" of the cemetery at the beginning of its existence is in question.
Boris Akunin in his graveyard stories He very accurately described the sensations that arise in modern existing cemeteries: “From the existing Moscow cemeteries, my soul turns up. They look like bleeding pieces of meat torn out alive. Buses with black stripes on the side drive up there, they speak too quietly and cry too loudly, and in In the crematory conveyor shop, a chorale prelude howls four times an hour, and a government lady in a mourning dress says in a trained voice: “We come one by one, we say goodbye.”
Thanks to the efforts of the botanist Karl Bauer in 1856, who developed the design and paths, Lychakiv is perceived rather as a huge park immersed in greenery and lined with many sculptures. Or like an open air museum-
history of Lviv since the times of Austria-
Hungarian Empire until the collapse of the USSR.
Polish family crypts. Some are several hundred years old. Most of them were looted with the advent of Soviet power. According to legend, a certain Polish family was buried in golden shoes. The revolutionary-minded marauders could not allow such misuse of the precious metal by the dead - the bourgeoisie, and carried out "expropriation" of the contents of the crypts at night. In the morning, the cemetery watchmen found the coffins with the remains right on the paths of the cemetery.
Many more monuments would have survived to this day if it were not for the wheel of history in the form of a stone crusher sent by the Lviv magistrate in the 19th century to destroy the burial places that have been left without care for more than twenty-five years. Three-hundred-year-old slabs were mercilessly ground into stone chips, which then covered the alleys of the cemetery.
Since 1991, the Lychakiv cemetery has had the status of a historical and cultural reserve. All new burials are carried out only with the permission of the mayor and in agreement with the chairman of the academic council. Subburials of direct relatives are allowed. Here are buried the inhabitants of Lviv who emigrated to America, but wished to be buried in their homeland. Modern sparkling Americanism against the backdrop of the gloomy, moss-covered stones of old Europe.
Female figures in mourning poses - mourners. There are a lot of them on Lychakovsky, in various variations. They say that the faces of some of them in the morning really roll "tears". But there is no mysticism in this. According to the stories, some sculptors made a system of inconspicuous grooves in the stone, in which the morning dew accumulated and flowed out of the holes in the eye area.
And of course, what an old cemetery without legends. The famous Lychakovsky "sleeping beauty". Regina Markovskaya. It is very well told about the story of the "sleeping beauty": "The life-size figure of a sleeping young girl is a beautiful serene face, her hair scattered in disorder over the pillow ... Several versions of her death are told. According to one of them, Regina was a budding young actress who is too strongly "entered the role" on stage, and died when, according to the script of the play, her heroine was supposed to die. According to another version, she, already a married lady, fell in love with a young womanizer, and took poison, unable to endure his constant betrayals. Third, and in my opinion humble opinion, the most plausible legend - the heart of a young woman simply could not bear the tragic loss - the death of her young sons. Both boys, seven and two years old, are buried with their mother. Previously, a stone figure of a weeping angel still stood at the head, and then disappeared somewhere. Mysticism, an act of vandalism? Don't know. But there are always fresh flowers on her grave - visitors are drawn here, as if by a magnet ... "
Grave of Armenian Bishop Samvel Kirill Stefanovich. Again, according to legend, at the age of 75, the bishop fell seriously ill and, anticipating his death, ordered a tombstone for himself. By the time the work was completed, the patient's condition had improved dramatically and the priest was on the mend. He lived another 28 years caring for his own image carved in stone.
Lychakiv Cemetery: Polish, Russian, Ukrainian September 19th, 2017
Returning from Transcarpathia, I stopped in Lviv for one more day to get to the Lychakiv cemetery - one of the oldest cemeteries in Ukraine and, probably, one of the most beautiful in the territory of the post-Soviet space. I will try to show the Lychakiv necropolis as fully as possible, including ancient graves of the 17th-18th centuries, and the beauty of tombstones of the 19th century, the cemetery of Polish rebels, the Russian-Soviet side of Lychakiv, and modern Ukrainian memorials where UPA fighters, soldiers of the SS division "Galicia" are buried ”, participants of the Maidan and the war in the Donbass.
The Lychakiv cemetery has existed since the 16th century, but as early as the 13th century, plague victims were buried here. It was officially opened in 1786, when the Austrian emperor Joseph II forbade the burial of the dead in cemeteries near city churches. Then four cemeteries were opened on the outskirts of Lvov, of which only the Lychakov necropolis has survived to this day. Now the entrance to the Lychakiv cemetery is located on Mechnikova Street.
2. Mechnikov street. A large bus on the left side - with the numbers of the Minsk region, brought sightseers from Belarus. This is one of two cars with Belarusian numbers that I saw during my two weeks of stay on Western Ukraine.
3. Main entrance at the cemetery.
4. I will start showing Lychakivske with its oldest surviving tombstones. On the left is a slab from a burial in 1675, on the right is 1789.
5. Tombstone of the grave of 1797 with an inscription in Latin. On Lychakiv one can also find inscriptions in Polish, Russian, Ukrainian, Romanian, Greek and other languages. This shows the ethnic diversity of old Lviv.
6. I present some burials of the 19th century without comment, simply as examples of memorial art. Basically, these are the graves of Lviv Poles.
8. Grave of the Lvov Archbishop of the Armenian Church Samuil Kirill Stefanovich (d. 1858).
10. In addition to ordinary graves and small crypts, there are several tomb chapels in the cemetery.
11. Franz Masoch (d. 1845), professor of medicine, rector of Lviv University, is buried here. His grandson Leopold, who was born in Lvov, became a famous Austrian writer. In his books, the theme of bullying by a despotic woman over a weak man who enjoyed it so often arose in his books that the writer's surname served as the name of a sexual deviation - masochism.
15. The grave of Julian Ordon (d. 1887) - one of famous members Polish uprising of 1831. So stubbornly he defended Warsaw from Russian troops that he became the hero of a poem by Adam Mickiewicz.
17. Cemetery of participants in the uprising of 1831.
18. The white eagle is a symbol of Poland.
19. The same type of metal crosses are on the graves. Hot patriotic youth usually participated in Polish uprisings, who then lived for many more years.
20. I saw a squirrel several times.
21. Memorial dedicated to another Polish uprising - 1863-64. It is located on a small artificial (?) hill in the depths of the cemetery, the so-called hill of the rebels of 1863. Central object with a sculpture of a rebel and memorial plaques. Behind him are graves with typical crosses.
22. On the slabs are the names of famous rebels (not only those buried here), the last one there is “Kalinowski Konstanty”. As you can see, the place is visited not only by Poles, but also by Lithuanians and Belarusian nationalists.
23. In general, everything here is saturated with the spirit of Poland, which is absolutely natural.
24. The largest and capital Polish memorial of the Lychakiv cemetery is the “Cemetery of the Lviv Eaglets”. Poles are buried here, sometimes teenagers who died in 1918 during the defense of Lviv from ... Ukrainians, more precisely, the West Ukrainian army people's republic(Ukrainian Galician army), as well as during the Soviet-Polish war of 1920.
25. The first memorial here was created in the 1920s, but destroyed Soviet authorities after World War II. That is, ours with Polish graves did about the same as the Poles with the Hill of Glory. Work on its restoration began in the 1990s, but progressed slowly due to conflicts with the Ukrainian authorities.
27. In addition to the Poles, the remains of volunteer pilots from the United States and military advisers from the French mission under the command of Charles de Gaulle, who fought as part of the Polish troops, are buried here.
28. After the “orange” Yushchenko came to power, the restoration of the memorial accelerated. And in 2005, with the participation of the Ukrainian and Polish presidents, two memorial complex: restored "cemetery of eagles" and a memorial to the opponents of the Poles - the soldiers of the Ukrainian Galician army. They are separated by such a reconciling wall. Here we turn to the inspection of Ukrainian burials.
29. Column with an angel of the UGA memorial.
31. Below is a large Ukrainian memorial dedicated to the memory of the "warriors" of others Ukrainian armies. By left hand- UPA and UNA, on the right - modern Armed Forces of Ukraine and volunteer battalions.
32. main monument memorial with the tomb of the unknown soldier in front of it.
33. The Ukrainian National Army (UNA) was formed by the government Nazi Germany since March 1945 from ethnic Ukrainians (including prisoners of war). In connection with the defeat of Germany and the end of hostilities in Europe, the UNA ceased to exist in May 1945. The main unit of the UNA was the former SS division "Galicia", which consisted of 16 thousand people.
34. It is known that certain servicemen of the division are involved in war crimes against civilians, primarily Poles and Jews. However, Galicia's collective responsibility for such atrocities has not been proven by the Canadian War Criminals Commission. However, the SS troops, of which she was a member, were recognized as a criminal organization by the decision of the Nuremberg Tribunal.
36. On the other side of the memorial, behind a birch cross, participants in the war in the Donbass are buried.
37. On the monuments, in addition to placing the name and color photograph, the call sign of the deceased is often indicated.
38. The freshest graves.
39. The most "prestigious" Ukrainian memorial of the Lychakiv cemetery is the "Field of Honor", which is located immediately near the entrance to the necropolis.
40. “Heroes of the Heavenly Hundred”, participants in the war in the Donbass, UPA soldiers, participants in the battle of Kruty, “political ties” of the Soviet era are buried here.
41. Nearby is a black obelisk over the crypt of the relatives of UPA commander Roman Shukhevych. This is only a cenotaph, the burial place of the remains of Shukhevych is unknown. In 1950, he was liquidated by the MGB officers in a village near Lvov.
42. On this topic "Bandera" will complete. Grave of Ukrainian public and literary figure Volodymyr Barvinsky (d. 1883).
43. Barvinsky was one of the Ukrainophiles. The monument, erected in 1892, already mentions the term "Rus-Ukraine", created by Ukrainian figures to emphasize the continuity of Ukraine from Rus.
44. Nearby is the grave of Markian Shashkevich (died in 1843), one of the founders of the Russophile movement in Galicia, a Greek Catholic priest. For his Russophile activities, he was persecuted by the Austrian authorities. As one of the "active members of the Russian party" he was expelled from Lvov and deprived of his parish. He was a Slavophile, developed and Ukrainian language, for which it is now revered in the west of Ukraine.
45. The grave of Ivan Franko - one of the most famous Ukrainian writers and poets.
46. Monument on the grave of a famous opera singer Salome Krushelnitskaya (d. 1952). She performed in the best theaters peace.
47. Monuments on the graves of the Soviet era. Some already used the Ukrainian ornament. The cult of “vyshyvanka” arose among Ukrainians much earlier than in Belarus.
48. During the Second World War in Western Ukraine there were also underground fighters and partisans who fought against the Nazis and their minions.
49. Modern crypts are built of reinforced concrete and finished with granite.
50. Finally, we pass to the Russian side of the Lychakiv cemetery. One of the main burials is the "Common Grave of Russian Journalists", in which Galician Russophiles are buried.
51. Most prominent here is Osip Monchalovsky, one of the founders of the Russian People's Party, which professed the national and cultural unity of the entire Russian people (Little Russians, Great Russians, Belorussians). This tomb was originally his personal, then like-minded people began to be buried with him.
52. Illarion Eliasevich - organizer of the first Lviv fire brigade and ambulance.
53. Tomb of the Lepkikhs. Professor Onufriy Lepkiy is a philologist, publicist, and writer. He was a Uniate priest. He adhered to Russophile views, hence, apparently, the Russian language on these boards.
54. Monument at the grave of Lieutenant General Sovetnikov I. G. from the Ministry of Defense of the USSR.
55. Monument with a large Orthodox cross, despite Soviet time burials.
56. Monument to Colonel Korneev with a “yellow-black” ribbon.
57. Several guys who tragically died on the same day on May 17, 1974. How they died, I don't know.
58. The graves of the crew and passengers of the An-26 military transport, which collided on May 3, 1985 in the sky of the Lviv region with a passenger Tu-134A flying Tallinn-Lviv-Chisinau. There were 94 people in two planes, all died. The dispatcher was found guilty of a head-on collision.
59. Behind the fence of the cemetery, on its northern side, in 1974 the Field of Mars was created - the burial place of 3800 Soviet soldiers who died during the Great Patriotic War in battles with the Nazi invaders and until the mid-1950s - with the UPA units.
60. If you turn your head to the right, then at the cemetery fence we will see another Ukrainian memorial.
61. UPA figures and others are also buried here nationalist organizations. The memorial was clearly created recently and will be developed. On the Field of Mars itself, and behind it, there are also several graves of victims of Soviet repressions.
62. I got to the Field of Mars in Lvov on the eve of Victory Day - May 8th. Janitors in the distance are sweeping freshly cut grass from the gravestones of Soviet soldiers.
63. Ukrainian, Russian, Tatar, Armenian surnames… Flowers are also brought here and lamps are placed.
This concludes my story. Thank you for reading this rather lengthy post.
In the historical center of Lviv, in the Lychakovo district, there is one of the oldest cemeteries in Ukraine - the Lychakiv Cemetery. This is where many are buried. famous people Ukraine, Poland and other countries.
History of the cemetery
The cemetery has been counting its history since 1786. It was in this year that, by order of the Emperor of Austria-Hungary Joseph II, a ban was imposed on burial within the city. In the place where the cemetery was supposed to be located, as early as the 16th century, the townspeople who died from the plague were buried. The proximity to the city made it possible to bury both ordinary citizens and wealthy people here. Now the tombstones of these persons are real historical values and monuments of art from different eras. Subsequently, the burial at the Lychakiv cemetery acquired a prestigious status, so ordinary citizens did not always have the opportunity to bury their loved ones here. During the Khrushchev era, a special permit was required for burial in the cemetery. Therefore, they buried then mainly statesmen in different areas. Monuments of the Soviet period brought an imbalance in the architectural ensemble of the cemetery. Rectangular tombstones and red stars did not harmonize with the former appearance at all.
Many burials were made in the second half of the 19th century. There are also those that have been preserved since the formation of the cemetery. In the 19th century it was fashionable to order monuments from famous sculptors. So, for example, in the necropolis there are monuments belonging to the chisel of Gertman Witwer, who is the author of sculptures in the form of four antique statues located on Rynok Square.
Notable citizens
Large crypts were erected for wealthy families. One of those that attracts the attention of visitors to the Lychakiv cemetery is the crypt of the Barczewski family. It was created at the end of the 19th century in pseudo-Byzantine style. The dome, made in the form of a bowl, was destroyed during the Second World War. Now a tree is growing from the dome. The crypt was created for the family last person from the Barchevsky family, but he never created a family and died at the age of 50. He spent one part of the funds on the construction of the crypt, and sent the rest to charity.
Another monument to Bishop Samuel Stefanovich was made and installed by his order during his serious illness. However, soon the disease passed. He lived for almost thirty more years and constantly looked after his monument.
Attractions of the cemetery
The Lychakiv cemetery is full of all kinds of legends and mystical places. For example, on the tombstone of the famous publicist J. Galan, a Christian cross appears after the rain. Of course, this is not mysticism. It's just that the tombstone was made of a stone that had previously been the tombstone of another person, and the master, apparently, did not rub the cross too carefully. In the depths of the cemetery there is a “Rebel Hill of 1863”. Participants of the Polish uprising of 1863 are buried here. Their monuments with steel crosses have original look. The Lychakiv cemetery has more than 500 sculptures and more than 300,000 graves. The "Memorial of the Lviv Eaglets" is very popular. Young militiamen who died in 1918-1919 during the Ukrainian-Polish war are buried here. Many were not even 16 years old. In the north of the Lychakiv cemetery is the famous Field of Mars. This is a military memorial with 3800 graves of Soviet soldiers, built in 1974.
An integral part of the history of the city, which is worth getting to know is the Golden Rose Synagogue, which has a very interesting history.
Lychakiv cemetery on the map of Lviv
In the historical center of Lviv, in the Lychakovo district, there is one of the oldest cemeteries in Ukraine - the Lychakiv Cemetery. It is here that many famous people of Ukraine, Poland and other countries are buried.
History of the cemetery
The cemetery has been counting its history since 1786. It was in this year that, by order of the Emperor of Austria-Hungary Joseph II, a ban was imposed on the burial..." />
Traveling is my favorite pastime. On the road, you not only relax, but also see a lot of interesting and memorable things. When in Once again got to Lviv, could not help but visit one special place – Lychakiv cemetery.
Thanks to the photo with the description, you will also have a desire to visit there.
Step into history
The historical part of Lviv will impress any guest, as well as local resident. Among the important sights of the city - Lychakiv cemetery: one of the oldest necropolises in Europe. Incidentally, it is included in List world heritage , compiled UNESCO, and this already definitely says that it is worth a visit.
The history of the first burials in this cemetery goes back to XVI century, and according to legend, people who died of the plague were buried here back in XIII century. However, the oldest tombstone is dated 1675 year.
Emperor of Austria-Hungary Joseph II V 1783 In the same year, he issued a decree according to which it was forbidden to bury the dead within the city. It turns out that this was not just an imperial whim. In the traditions of those times, people were buried either near church buildings or in the basements of churches and temples. This led to serious problems. In the warm season, during the services, a putrid smell was felt. Such unsanitary conditions often led to deadly infectious diseases. Therefore, it was necessary to take out the burials outside the city.
As a result, after some time, burying at the Lychakiv cemetery became very prestigious. This, in turn, influenced who exactly was buried there. Closer to the city, wealthier citizens were interred, who could afford beautiful tombstones.
IN 1856 year Lviv City of dead decided to turn into beautiful park for romantics with paths and alleys. Transformed the cemetery Karl Bauer, then a university botanist.
In the second half XX century, in order to bury a person at the Lychakiv cemetery, one had to get special permission from the authorities. It was issued without problems only For famous people . However, for a considerable bribe of 15 thousand rubles for those times, the coveted place in the cemetery was still provided to those who did not have special merits to society.
It stands out brightly at the Lychakiv cemetery Soviet period: a mass of the most common tombstones of gray stone with the stars inherent in the Soviets falling out of overall picture necropolis. True, only a third of such burials. Most of the monuments date back to the second half XIX century, although there are also crypts from the time of the foundation of the necropolis.
Since it was a luxury to bury loved ones here, well-known sculptors were engaged in the manufacture of tombstones. Among them - Paul Eutele, Hartmann Witwer, Paris Philippi, Leonard Marconi, siblings Johann and Anton Shimzer and others.
Celebrity Crypts
It seems that there can be interesting things in the cemetery? For me, as a tourist, it is important who is buried there, because this is what makes the Lychakiv cemetery in Lviv so popular.
Among the 300 thousand graves, about 2 thousand crypts and a little more 500 sculptures- many graves of famous personalities, including Lviv residents.
According to me, one of interesting monuments is Crypt of the Barczewski family. It dates back to the mid 80s. XIX century. impresses him pseudo-Byzantine style in the form of a bowl-shaped dome, from which a tree symbolically grows. It was built on the finances of the last of Barczewski dynasty, who never created own family and died at the age of 50. His fortune, which there was no one to transfer, made it possible not only to build a luxurious tomb, but also to make large investments in charity. The crypt was partially destroyed during World War II.
It was interesting to hear the story of the appearance of the crypt of the Armenian bishop Samuel Stefanovich. Feeling in old age a serious ailment, he ordered a monument for himself, because he did not want to burden his relatives after death. However, shortly after completing the order, Stefanovich felt better, and he lived for about 28 more years. All this time he regularly looked after his future grave.
Among the interesting monuments is the grave of a young artist, popular in Poland Arthur Grottger. premature death at the age of 30, she did not allow him to legally marry a Lviv beauty Wanda Monnet. Bride selling everything heirlooms, transported the ashes of her beloved to Lviv, and a friend of the artist, famous sculptor Paris Philippi, created a crypt for him for free.
I was especially struck by a small grave: a mound sown with grass, on a simple cross - a wreath of thorns and a photo of a famous composer Igor Bilozir.
It is impossible not to notice also the mausoleums of famous families: Adamsky, Sukhodolsky, Kshecinovic, Morovsky, Kiselkov And Lyudinsky.
The sculpture of Kamenyar attracts attention - Ivan Franko. It is worth visiting the graves of the author of "Chervona Ruta" Vladimir Ivasyuk, "Waker of Rus'" Markian Shashkevich, "Ukrainian nightingale" Salome Krushelnytska, composers Kos Anatolian And Stanislav Lyudkevich.
Ivan Franko
Vladimir Ivasyuk
Buried in the same cemetery Ivan Kripyakevich, Anton Manastyrsky, Maria Konopnitskaya, Carl Shainoha, Ivan Trush, Stanislav Shchepanovsky, Irina Vilde, Stefan Banach, Bronislaw Komorowski and many others.
A special place of worship for believers and students - burial place of Nicholas Czarnetsky Blessed Bishop of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church. During the exams, the earth on the bishop’s grave has to be filled up: students believe that the martyr, whose remains were reburied at the Lychakiv cemetery in 1960s, be sure to help them, and the soil itself has miraculous properties. Some patients also hope for Czarniecki's care and help.
How to get to the Lychakiv cemetery?
Lychakiv cemetery is located in the historical part of Lviv, the address is easy to remember: Mechnikov street, 33.
There are several options for how to get to it:
- with your car– enter the address or GPS coordinates 49°50’2.76’’N 24°3’4.68’’E into the navigator,
- public transport– by shuttle bus along Lychakivska street to get to the Church of Saints Peter and Paul; from the railway station - tram number 10 or bus number 29; from the center (from the monument to Ivan Fedorov) - by tram number 7 to a stop on Pekarskaya street.
Opening hours of the Lychakiv cemetery
You can visit the historical museum daily: in the summer (April-September) -
Lychakiv cemetery is located at the street. I. Mechnikov, its territory occupies the Lychakiv Plateau and its surroundings. Today it is the oldest surviving cemetery in Lviv, which was officially opened in 1786. This is one of the most famous European necropolises, which contains a large number of artistic monuments, recognized as a monument of history, archeology and art national importance. Here are the graves of many prominent personalities, military burials of the times of the First and Second World Wars and the like.
Lychakiv cemetery. Story
Lychakiv cemetery is the oldest suburban cemetery in Lviv, which has survived to this day. Its location was popularly referred to as "the sands". The first laconic references to this cemetery date back to around 1567, when plague victims were buried here. However, the oldest surviving monuments date back to the end. XVIII century.
Officially, the Lychakiv cemetery was opened at the end of 1786 after cemeteries at churches were abolished in accordance with imperial decrees. It was then outside the city and was intended for the city center and the Lychakiv area. Wealthy Lviv residents were buried there, while the poor were buried at Stryisky and then at Yanovsky cemeteries.
At first, the Lychakiv cemetery occupied a much smaller area than today. In the first years of its official foundation, it was located on a hilltop where in the 18th century. there was a wooden arbor (it existed as early as the beginning of the 20th century). Then the cemetery occupied the space of the current cemetery fields No. 7, 9, 10, 14, where you can now see several old tombstones.
Due to the remoteness from regular urban development, the territory of the Lychakiv cemetery could expand. In 1804 and 1808, several adjacent land plots were purchased to increase the territory. The cemetery at the beginning was not properly seen. However, during the subsequent expansion in 1856, university botanist Karl Bauer was invited to compile it, who, in cooperation with the head of the cemetery, Tit Tkhurzhevsky, streamlined the territory, designed alleys and paths and provided the territory of the cemetery with the character of a park zone.
Today the Lychakiv Cemetery is one of the most famous necropolises in Europe. On July 10, 1990, by the decision of the Lviv city council, the territory of the Lychakiv cemetery became a historical and cultural reserve of local importance. In 1991, the Hill of Glory military cemetery was included in its structure.
Lychakiv Cemetery is the burial place of many prominent personalities.
In the north-eastern part of the cemetery, on field No. 45, the deputy chairman of the Ukrainian Central Rada, professor of the Lviv Polytechnic Nikolai Shrag is buried, on field No. 64 is the grave of the Hornets of the USS and UGA, historian, writer Elena Stepanovna; Church historians Fr. Avrelian Andrukhovych, Fr. R. Lukan and Fr. T. Kostruba. On the field number 82, the only grave from the burials in the destroyed military cemetery of the Austro-Hungarian army has been preserved. Volodymyr Grebenyak, an archaeologist, anthropologist, full member of the NOSH, is buried in it. Biochemist Stepan Gzhitsky, mathematician Miron Zaritsky, artist Alexei Novakovsky, ethnographer Vladimir Shukhevych are buried in the northwestern part of the cemetery on field No. 59, writer Vasily Lukich (Levitsky) and director of the academic gymnasium Ilya Kokorudza are buried on field No. 60a. The artist Stefania Gebus-Baranetskaya is buried nearby on field No. 61.
To the left of the main entrance is field No. 1, which is from the end. 19th century was considered the pantheon of honored Lviv residents. Here, in the tomb of the Svachinsky family, there was the initial burial place of Ivan Franko - after 5 years, the coffin with his ashes was transferred to a separate grave, on which a monument to him was built in 1933. Ukrainian writers Andrey Voloshchak, Volodymyr Gzhitsky, Vasyl Pachovsky, Hryhoriy Tyutyunnik, Petro Karmansky, Petr Kozlanyuk, Petr Ingulsky, Mikhail Yatskov, Stepan-Yuriy Maslyak, artists Ivan Trush, Osip Kurylas, V. Savin, sculptor Ivan Severa are buried on field No. 1 , public and political figures Emelyan Ogonovsky, A. Markov, Roman Sushko, Olga Tsypanovska, Nikolai Golubets, academician Mikhail Voznyak, Professor Stepan Shchurat, architects Ivan Bagensky, Adam Kurillo, Henryk of Sweden-Vinetsky. On the adjacent field No. 59 there are the graves of the historian Ivan Kripyakevich and the writer Irina Vilde.
Below the monument to Juliusz Ordon, the founder of the Sokol youth sports and educational organization Anthony Dursky, the pioneer of the oil industry in Galicia Stanislav Shchepanovsky, the presidents of Lviv Michal Michalsky, Tadeusz Rutovsky and Godzimir Malakhovsky are buried. Nearby are the graves of figures of Polish culture, art and public life. Buried here Polish writer Maria Konopnitskaya and Gabriela Zapolskaya, poets Vladislav Belza and Severin Goshchinsky, architect Zygmunt Gorgolewsky, historian A.Cholovsky, professor of the Lviv Polytechnic Karol Skibinsky and many others.
In the post-war period, publicist-writer Yaroslav Galan and other Soviet figures were buried on field No. 1: Kuzma Pelekhaty, Semyon Stefanyk, Nikolai Gnidyuk, B. Dudikevich, Yuri Melnichuk, rector of the Lviv Polytechnic and Leningrad State University. I. Franko Nikolai Maksimovich with his wife Maria Kikh, orthopedist I. Zaichenko, generals Vasily Bisyarin and Nikolai Abashin and others.
Nearby, on field No. 3, there is a tomb and burial places of the Barvinsky family, among which Alexander Barvinsky, an outstanding teacher and writer, historian, member of the Austrian parliament and his son, is buried here - famous composer, Gulag political prisoner Vasily Barvinsky. To the right of the Barvinsky crypt, Yaroslav Kulachkovsky, the founder and director of the Mutual Obligations Society and the Dniester Bank, is buried. In the depths of the field is the grave of an outstanding figure of Ukrainian culture, Ivan Verkhratsky. The foreman of the UGA E. Aleksey, composers Stanislav Lyudkevich and Anatoly Kos-Anatolsky are also buried on the same field.
Nearby, on field number 4, there are the graves of Olga s Khoruzhinskiye, wife of Ivan Franko, famous singer Solomiya Krushelnitskaya and members of her family, actors Vasily Yaremenko, Ivan Rubchak, musician T. Shukhevych, writer Ivan Beley, physicist Vasily Miliyanchuk, artists Leopold Levitsky, S. Maslyak, Abel Maria Perrier. The same field also contains two neo-Gothic tombstones of the Armenian archbishops Isaac Issakovich and Samuel Stefanovich.
On the field number 5 are the burial places of honored Ukrainians. Here are buried a member of the "Russian Trinity" Ivan Vagilevich, directors of the "People's Trade" A. Nechay and Vasily Nagorny, the leader of the Ukrainian student movement Adam Kotsko, the head of the "Enlightenment" Ivan Kivelyuk, writers Masha Pidgiryanka and Konstantin Malitskaya, doctor Maryan Panchishin, academician Volodymyr Hnatyuk , historian Anton Petrushevich, artist Anton Manastyrsky and others. Outstanding figures of Polish culture are also buried here: the artist Artur Grottger, the sculptor Julian Markowski. On the same field is the grave of the philanthropist, the guardian of the Armenian orphans Yuzef Torosevich, the tombstone for which was made by the sculptor Edmund Yaskulsky. Anton and Johann Shimzer are buried nearby on field No. 11.
Figures of Ukrainian culture also rest on the fields of ancient burials. Of these, it is worth highlighting the grave of Anton Pavetsky, editor of the first Ukrainian newspaper Zorya Galitskaya (field No. 7), actor Joseph Stadnik, director of the Russian Conversation Theater (field No. 8), A. Partitsky, teacher, editor of the Zarya magazine, Y. Medvetsky, rector of the Lviv Polytechnic (field No. 19), architect I. Bazarnik (field No. 7).
In the southern part of the cemetery along the main alley and in the adjacent fields (No. 13, 21, 22, 51, 52, 53, 54, 69, 71, 72, 73, 76, 78) there are burial places of honored Lviv residents. Writers Osip Turyansky, Anton Lototsky, Julian Opilsky, Mikhail Pavlik, Mikhail Rudnitsky, Milena Lysyak-Rudnitskaya are buried here; scientists Maxim Muzyka, Illarion Sventsitsky, Vasily Levitsky, Vladimir Okhrimovich, Julian Tselevich, Filaret Kolessa; architects Ivan Levinsky, Yulian Zakharievich; historians Denis Zubritsky, Isidor Sharanevich, Miron Korduba; composers Anatol Vakhnyanin, Vladimir Ivasyuk; artists Elena Kulchitskaya, Yaroslav Muzyka, Pavel Kovzhun.
On the field number 23 there is a symbolic grave of the writer Anton Krushelnitsky and his children, who were destroyed by the Bolshevik regime in 1934-1937. On the field number 59 you can see a memorial plaque to the lawyer Vladimir Starosolsky and his wife Daria. Nearby is the tomb of the Levitsky family, where Lev Levitsky, a lawyer, public figure, his daughter Galina, a talented pianist, wife of Ivan Krushelnitsky, and Yulian-Yuri Dorosh, one of the first filmmakers of Galicia, are buried.
Famous sculptors Anton Popiel and Leonard Marconi are buried on field No. 57, on field No. 13 - Franciszek Yavorsky and Bogdan Janusz, Lviv researchers.
Architecture of the Lychakiv cemetery
The area of the cemetery is more than 42 hectares, about 300 thousand graves are located on its 86 fields. More than 2 thousand tombs are located in the cemetery, about 500 sculptures and reliefs are installed on the graves.
The oldest surviving gravestones date back to 1787 and 1797. The oldest burials Lychakov, which have survived to this day, located on fields No. 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14. In particular, on field No. 6 is restored in the end. 1990s chapel of the Dunin-Borkovski family, decorated with sculptures by Hartmann Witwer. The works of the sculptor also include monuments located on field No. 10 on the graves of Juliana Zivitlich-Schragner, Josef Schabinger and on field No. 7: M. Poninskaya-Kalinovskaya, S. Novitsky.
The main entrance to the cemetery is located from the street. Mechnikov. Here in 1875 and in 1901. neogothic gates were erected. The right ones led to a small rondo, around which were located the burial places of the most deserving Lviv citizens. Patriotic demonstrations were held at this place. At the large rondo of the Lychakivsky cemetery there is a chapel of the Bachevskys, as well as five related chapels that belonged to the Lviv philistine families: Kshechunovichiv and Sukhodolsky, Kyselkiv, Molendzinsky, Adamsky, Morovsky and Lodinsky. In total, there are 21 chapels of Lviv aristocratic families at the Lychakiv cemetery. The twenty-second - Counts Didushitsky (in field No. 73) - was destroyed by an artillery shot in July 1944.
The authors of the valuable monuments of the Lychakiv necropolis were a whole galaxy of sculptors and architects. These included: Hartmann Witwer, Anthony, Johann and Leopold Schimser, Paul Oitele, Abel Maria Perrier, Cyprian Godebsky, Paris Filippi, Julian Markowski, Anthony Kuzhava, Tadeusz Baroncz, Tomasz Dikas, Stanislav Lewandowski, Leonard Marconi, Grigory Kuznevich, Tadeusz Blotnitsky , Witold Ravsky, Edmund Jaskulsky, Stanislav Kazimir Ostrovsky, Luna Drexler. The work of these masters left monuments in the styles of classicism, empire, eclecticism, secession and art deco on Lychakovo.
The works of Anton Shimzer include three-figure sculptural compositions on the grave of Braer, Trenkley, Weigl and Julianne s Schabinger Nefater (field No. 10), the figure of the angel of death on the grave of Maria Catherine Chaudouard on field No. 2, the sarcophagus of Joanna Baggofvund (field No. 14) and the Gausner family (field No. 8), a monument to the governor Galicia Franz von Hauer on the field number 7. The tombstone “Leos” (field No. 2) is made in the features characteristic of the manner of Anton Shimzer. His brother Johann Shimzer made monuments on the graves of M. Bauer and M. Shock (field No. 5), Manugevich (field No. 14), A. Stransky, E. Ilsky (field No. 15) and many others.
The heritage of Paul Oitele on Lychakovo includes 60 works. The best of them include the monument to Anton Shimzer, the grave of the Ivanovich family (field No. 2), the grave of the Oblochinsky sisters (field No. 50), the monument to Anton Tarnovsky (field No. 14), the gravestone of the Saravelli spouses (field No. 7).
In 1896, in field No. 1, the firm of Julian Markovsky, designed by Tadeusz Baroncz, erected a monument to Juliusz Ordogno, a Polish insurgent, hero of the defense of Warsaw in 1831. The construction of this monument provided the field with the character of the pantheon. This field also contains one of best tombstones interwar period - the crypt of the Zakreis and Trushkovsky families (sculptors Jan Nalborczyk and Bronislav Soltis).
Between the chapels of Adamsky and Bachevsky one of the main alleys of the cemetery begins, which covers the entire territory of the cemetery and returns to the entrance at the monument to Severin Goshchinsky. At its beginning in the twentieth century. on the fields No. 3, 4 and 5 and adjacent to them, the Ukrainian memorial of Lychakov was formed. In 1933, a monument was erected here Ukrainian writer Ivan Franko (sculptor Sergei Litvinenko). Opposite is a monument to Markiyan Shashkevich, the founder of the new Ukrainian literature in Galicia, a member of the "Russian Trinity" (workshop of Henrik Perrier) and Vladimir Barvinsky, a writer and publicist, public figure(sculptor Stanislav Lewandovsky).
To the left of field No. 11, at the beginning of the main alley, there is a monument to Presbyter Gabriel Kostelnik and the tomb of the Svyatoyurskaya capitula, where metropolitans Spiridon Litvinovich, Grigory Yakhimovich, Julian Sas-Kuilovsky rest among others.
The poetic tombstone of Jozefa Markowska in the form of a sleeping woman, made by sculptor Julian Markowski in 1887, adorns field no. 69. The monumental “Tomb of Russian Journalists”, in which Galician-Russian writers and journalists of the Muscovite direction are buried, is located on field No. 72. The commemorative “Thalerhof Cross”, a symbolic grave of the victims of the Austrian repressions of 1914-1918, who went through Talerhof, the world's first concentration camp for civilians, is located on field No. 60.
At the beginning of field No. 82 until the 1990s. stood modest nameless commemorative sign- three crosses mass grave and the inscription "Eternal memory to them." In this mass grave, the executed prisoners of prison No. 1 on the street are buried. Lontsky. In 1995 installed here new monument(project author Grigory Lupiy) and a memorial plaque. Slightly below field No. 82 stands the Sagittarius Cross stylized as a birch. Approximately at this place there were once burials of shooters and foremen of the Ukrainian Galician Army who died during the Ukrainian-Polish war of 1918-1919. The cross was erected on the initiative of the Lviv “Memorial” in 1989. Shot in prison No. 2 on the street. Zamarstynovskaya were buried in a grave in her yard. In the post-war period, they razed to the ground. In 1990 the remains of tortured prisoners were exhumed, and in 1994. reburied in the free space of the war memorial on the street. Mechnikov.
In July 1944, in the northern part of the Lychakiv cemetery, on the site of the so-called “Cities of Bondar”, a Soviet military cemetery was built for the soldiers of the Red Army and NKVD units who died in the battles for Lviv during punitive expeditions against the UPA or died of wounds in military hospitals . In general, here for the period 1944-1950. 3491 people are buried. In 1974, the military cemetery, according to the reconstruction project (architect Andrey Shulyar, V.Kamenshchik, sculptor V.Boiko), was adapted for the Memorial to the soldiers of the armed forces of the USSR. Then individual burials were exhumed, and the remains of the dead were placed along the main alley under slabs of red and black granite. On the plates are inscriptions with surnames, without dates.
The Lychakiv cemetery includes two more small military cemeteries, which arose when Lviv belonged to Austria. This is a cemetery of veterans of the armed anti-Russian offensive of Polish patriots in 1830-1831, located on field No. 71, occupying a plot of 5 ares. In 1881-1916. 47 participants of the uprising were buried here. At the Lychakiv cemetery different places about 146 of their associates were buried. After the defeat of the January Uprising of 1863-1864. against tsarist Russia veterans created a number of organizations that dealt with its participants. In particular, on the initiative of the Society for Mutual Assistance to the Participants of the Polish Uprising of 1863-1864. in the second half. 1890s on the top of Lychakiv Hill, the city authorities of Lviv allocated a place for the burial of insurgents (field No. 40). 230 veterans of this uprising are buried here.
In the southeastern part of the Lychakiv cemetery there is a memorial - Polish military burials of 1918-1920. The memorial was built according to the project of the assistant of the Lviv Polytechnic Rudolf Indrukh. The cemetery suffered significant damage during the Second World War and was finally liquidated in the 1970s. The restoration of the cemetery began in the 1990s.
A memorial to the liberation struggle of the Ukrainian people is being erected nearby on field No. 76. The project was completed by a group of authors consisting of sculptors Nikolai Posikira, Dmitry Krvavich, architect. I. Gavrishkevich.
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