8. The main trends in the development of Russian literature in 1810-1830.
Characteristics of Russian literature of the 19th century.
The French Revolution of 1789-1794 is rightly considered the starting point of a new historical era. The new mentality gave rise to profound changes in the structure of Russian literature. The focus was on the inner world of a person and his complex relationship with the outside world: people, country, history, his destiny. An increased interest in human emotional experiences led to the emergence of the phenomenon of a lyrical hero, which radically changed the poetics of classicism, violated stable genres, mixed styles, deformed the boundaries between poetry and prose, literature and reality.
Literature has new challenges. Literature faced the need to develop poetic forms, "which would be traditional and national, on the one hand, and capable of expressing individual feelings on the other."
The main ideas of the spiritual quest of Russian literature of this period, according to Yu.M. Lotman, there were ideas of personality and nationality. The 19th century began with the realization of the individual and the people as two different and opposite, irreconcilable principles; a person's personal aspirations and his natural basis contradict each other.
Features of the development of Russian literature in the 1810-1830s.
Advanced Russian literature of the 10-30s of the XIX century developed in fight against serfdom and autocracy, continuing the liberation traditions of the great Radishchev.
With the development of the revolutionary movement of the Decembrists, with the advent of Pushkin, Russian literature entered a new period in its history, which Belinsky rightly called Pushkin's period. The patriotic and emancipatory ideas characteristic of the preceding advanced Russian literature were raised to a new, high level. The best Russian writers “following Radishchev” (Griboyedov, Pushkin) sang of freedom, patriotic devotion to the motherland and people, angrily denounced the despotism of the autocracy, boldly revealed the essence of the feudal system and advocated for its destruction.
The powerful rise of national self-consciousness, caused by 1812 and the development of the liberation movement, was an incentive for further democratization of literature. Along with images the best people from the nobility fiction began to appear more and more images of people from the social lower classes, embodying the remarkable features of the Russian national character. The pinnacle of this process is the creation by Pushkin in the 30s the image of the leader peasant uprising Emeliana Pugacheva.
The very process statements of realism in Russian literature of the 1920s and 1930s was very complex and proceeded in a struggle that took sharp forms. The beginning of the Pushkin period was marked by the emergence and development of progressive romanticism in literature, which was inspired by poets and writers of the Decembrist circle and headed by Pushkin. The principles of realism laid down in the work of Pushkin were developed by his great successors - Gogol and Lermontov, and then raised to an even higher level by revolutionary democrats and strengthened in the fight against all kinds of reactionary trends by a whole galaxy of progressive Russian writers.
The main directions of Russian literature of the first half of the XIHv.
For Russian literature of the first half of the XIX century. characterized by a rapid change in artistic directions. The dominant aesthetic principles managed to transform several times during the life of one generation. The final chord of development classicism a play appeared in Russian literature A. S. Griboedova "Woe from Wit"(1823), in which the traditions of the classical comedy of the XVIII century. combined, as in D. I. Fonvizin, with the features of emerging realism. At the beginning of the century in Europe and in Russia, a romanticism- a trend in literature and art, which is characterized by special interest to an extraordinary personality, a lonely Hero, who opposes himself, the world of his soul to the world around him. Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky is considered the founder of Russian romanticism.(1783–1852), a poet whose works full of melancholy, folk motives and mystical images (the ballads “Lyudmila” in 1808, “Svetlana” in 1812) became examples of the style of new literature. The early works of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin (1799–1837) and Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov (1814–1841) cannot be called anything other than romantic. Pushkin is one of those writers whose creative path was marked by an appeal to various artistic directions. As already mentioned, the early Pushkin is a romantic, in his works one can even detect some influence of sentimentalism. At the same time, he is considered the founder of Russian realism. In addition to "Onegin", outstanding examples of realism in the work of A. S. Pushkin are the historical drama "Boris Godunov", the novel " Captain's daughter”, “Dubrovsky”.
Lermontov's early works are mostly love lyrics. However, over time, along with the theme of tragic, unhappy love, civil themes enter his poetry. Fame brought him the poem "On the Death of a Poet", dedicated to the death of A. S. Pushkin. It was followed by Rodina, Borodino. Like his great predecessor, M. Yu. Lermontov combined romanticism and realism in his work. The poetry of romantic loneliness and opposition to the world is reflected in the poems "Mtsyri" and "Demon". The pinnacle of Lermontov's realism is the novel A Hero of Our Time. The dramaturgy of M. Yu. Lermontov is represented by the play "Masquerade", written in 1835.
The further development of literature was associated with the strengthening positions of realism. An important milestone in this process was creativity Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol(1809–1852). He is considered the first writer of the so-called " natural school” in Russian literature, that is, of the current that is now commonly called “critical realism”. These are colorful sketches of the life of Little Russian landowners in the stories "Mirgorod", and filled with fantastic and fabulous motives of Ukrainian folklore "Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka", and mystical "Petersburg Tales" in which grotesque, fantasy ("Nose") are combined with a piercingly realistic image the life of a “little man” crushed by life (“The Overcoat”).
Of particular importance, which acquired in the first half of the XIX century. literature, led to the emergence literary criticism How independent genre. The highest achievements in this area are associated with the name Vissarion Grigorievich Belinsky(1811-1848), the significance of whose work goes far beyond narrow literary issues. Largely thanks to V. G. Belinsky, literary criticism in Russia became a space for ideological struggle, a forum where the most important issues of society were discussed, a platform from which advanced ideas went to the masses.
Literary movement 1800-1830s
Changes in public consciousness were significant: spiritual values were rapidly moving from the sphere of autocracy to the sphere of a particular private person. They ceased to act as abstract requirements outside of man, as was the case in the philosophy and literature of the 18th century, but became the property of the individual, who felt the interests of the state with his own interests. The abstract concept of the state, embodied in autocracy, was a thing of the past. The coloring of social concepts with personal feeling and the filling of the personal world with social emotions have become a sign of the times.
All this predetermined the victory of romantic moods in life and literature. At the same time, the ideas of the Enlightenment that had not disappeared from Russian reality were romantically comprehended.
Romanticism in Russia went through several stages of development:
1810s - the emergence and formation of a psychological current; leading poets Zhukovsky and Batyushkov;
1820s - the emergence and formation of a civil, or social, trend in the poetry of F.N. Glinka, P.A. Katenina, K.F. Ryleeva, V.K. Kuchelbeker, A. A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky; the maturity of psychological romanticism, in which the main figures were A.S. Pushkin, E.A. Baratynsky, P.A. Vyazemsky, N.M. languages;
1830s - the emergence of a philosophical trend in the poetry of Baratynsky, Lyubomudrov poets, Tyutchev, in the prose of V.F. Odoevsky; the penetration of romanticism into prose and its wide distribution in the genre of the story; the flourishing of romanticism in the work of Lermontov and signs of a crisis: the dominance of epigone (imitative) poetry, Benediktov's lyrics, "Caucasian" ("Eastern") stories by A.A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky;
1840s - the decline of romanticism, its displacement from the foreground of literature; from the acting subject of the literary process, romanticism is increasingly turning into its object, becoming the subject of artistic representation and analysis.
The division of romanticism into various currents occurred according to the following criteria:
To psychological flow Russian romanticism belongs to romantics who professed the ideas of self-education and self-improvement of the individual as the surest way to transform reality and man;
To the course of the civil or social, Romanticism includes romantics who believed that a person is brought up primarily in social, public life, and, therefore, it is intended for civilian activities;
To philosophical current Russian romanticism includes romantics who believed that a person’s place in the world is predetermined from above, his lot is predetermined in heaven and entirely depends on general laws of the universe, and not at all from social and psychological causes. Between these currents do not have impenetrable boundaries, and the differences are relative: poets of different currents not only argue, but also interact with each other.
Initially, romanticism wins in the poetry of Zhukovsky and Batyushkov, which was due to:
Karamzin reform of the literary language;
Crossing the poetic principles of "sentimental" literature with the principles of "light poetry";
Discussions on the problems of the literary language, which opened and cleared the way for romanticism.
The nineteenth century in Russian literature is the most significant for Russia. In this century, A.S. began to show their creativity. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, N.V. Gogol, I.S. Turgenev, F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy, A.N. Ostrovsky. All their works are not like anything and carry great sense in itself. Even to this day, their works are held in schools.
All works are usually divided into two periods: the first half of the nineteenth century and the second. This is noticeable in the problems of the work and the visual means used.
What are the features of Russian literature in the nineteenth century?
The first is that A.N. Ostrovsky is considered to be a reformer who brought a lot of innovations to dramatic works. He was the first to touch on the most exciting topics of that time. Not afraid to write about the problems of the lower class. Also, A.N. Ostrovsky was the first to be able to show the moral state of the souls of the heroes.
Secondly, and I.S. Turgenev is known for his novel Fathers and Sons. He touched eternal themes love, compassion, friendship and the theme of the relationship between the old generation and the new.
And, of course, this is F.M. Dostoevsky. His themes in his works are extensive. Faith in God, the problem of small people in the world, the humanity of people - he touches on all this in his works.
Thanks to the writers of the nineteenth century, today's youth can learn kindness and the most sincere feelings through the works of great people. The world is lucky that in the nineteenth century these talented people which gave all mankind new food for thought, opened up new problematic topics, taught sympathy for the neighbor and pointed out the mistakes of people: their callousness, deceit, envy, renunciation of God, humiliation of another person and their selfish motives.
Some interesting essays
- Analysis of Platonov's work Love for the Motherland or Journey of the Sparrow
By genre, the work refers to a parable, an allegorical story that has the author's moralizing, the main theme of which is reflections on the true moral human principles.
- The image and characteristics of Pavlusha from the story Bezhin Meadow by Turgenev
Pavlusha stood out from the rest of the boys, both in appearance and character. The guys had blond hair, and he had black and disheveled. Strong and squat, with a large head, he attracted attention.
- The image and characteristics of the Devils in the story The Night Before Christmas by Gogol essay
One of the characters in Gogol's work The Night Before Christmas is Osip Nikiforovich, a rural clergyman. The author describes the appearance of Osip Nikiforovich as rather unsightly and not particularly outstanding.
- Analysis of the story Nosov's Living Hat
Soviet creativity children's writer N. N. Nosova is imbued with sincere love for children. The story "The Living Hat" was written in 1938, when the writer's career was just beginning.
- Analysis of the story Hamlet of the Shchigrovsky district of Turgenev
By genre, the work refers to a story that has autobiographical features, which is part of the prose collection of the writer "Notes of a Hunter", considering as the main theme
Russian national culture in the 19th century it reached in art, literature, in many areas of knowledge the heights defined by the word "classic". Russian literature of the 19th century is deservedly called the "golden age." Even an ignoramus of literature cannot object. She became a trendsetter in literary fashion, world literature. "Golden Age" gave us many famous masters. The 19th century is the time of the development of the Russian literary language, which took shape for the most part thanks to . It began with the flourishing of sentimentalism and the gradual emergence of romanticism, especially in poetry. During this period there are many poets, but the main figure of that time was Alexander Pushkin. As they would now call him a "star".
His ascent to the Olympus of Literature began in 1820 with the poem Ruslan and Lyudmila. And "Eugene Onegin" - a novel in verse was called an encyclopedia of Russian life. The era of Russian romanticism was opened by his romantic poems " Bronze Horseman"," Bakhchisarai Fountain", "Gypsies". For most poets and writers, A. S. Pushkin was a teacher. Traditions laid down by him in the creation literary works many of them continued. Among them was. Russian poetry of that time was closely connected with the socio-political life of the country. In the works, the authors tried to comprehend and develop the idea of their special purpose. They urged the authorities to listen to their words. The poet of that time was considered a prophet, a conductor of divine truth. This can be seen in Pushkin's poem "The Prophet", in the ode "Liberty", "The Poet and the Crowd", in Lermontov's "On the Death of a Poet" and many others. In the 19th century, English historical novels had a huge impact on all world literature. Under their influence, A.S. Pushkin writes the story "The Captain's Daughter".
Throughout the 19th century, the main artistic types were the type " little man" and type " extra person».
From the 19th century, literature inherited a satirical character and publicism. This can be seen in "Dead Souls", "The Nose", in the comedy "The Inspector General", in M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin "History of one city", "Gentlemen Golovlev".
The formation of Russian realistic literature has been going on since the middle of the 19th century. She reacted sharply to the socio-political situation in Russia. Between Slavophiles and Westernizers there is a dispute about the ways historical development countries.
The development of the genre begins realistic novel. A special psychologism can be traced in the literature, philosophical, socio-political problems prevail. The development of poetry somewhat subsides, but, despite the general silence, the voice is not silent, which in the poem “Who is living well in Rus'?” illuminates the hard and hopeless life of the people. -
The end of the century gave us,. Pre-revolutionary moods run like a red thread in literature. The realistic tradition began to fade, replaced by decadent literature, with mysticism, religiosity, as well as a premonition of changes in the socio-political life of Russia. Then everything grew into symbolism. And in the history of Russian literature opened new page.
On the works of writers of that time, we learn humanity, patriotism, we study ours. More than one generation of people - Humans - has grown up on this "classic".
The 19th century is called the "Golden Age" of Russian poetry and the century of Russian literature on a global scale. It should not be forgotten that the literary leap that took place in the 19th century was prepared by the entire course of the literary process of the 17th and 18th centuries. The 19th century is the time of the formation of the Russian literary language, which took shape largely thanks to A.S. Pushkin.
But the 19th century began with the heyday of sentimentalism and the formation of romanticism. Specified literary trends found expression primarily in poetry. Poetic works of poets E. A. Baratynsky, K. N. Batyushkov, V. A. Zhukovsky, A. A. Fet, D. V. Davydov, N. M. Yazykov come to the fore. The work of F. I. Tyutchev completed the “Golden Age” of Russian poetry. Nevertheless, central figure of this time was Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin.
A. S. Pushkin began his ascent to the literary Olympus with the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila" in 1920. And his novel in verse "Eugene Onegin" was called an encyclopedia of Russian life. Romantic poems by A. S. Pushkin "The Bronze Horseman" (1833), "The Fountain of Bakhchisaray", "Gypsies" opened the era of Russian romanticism. Many poets and writers considered A. S. Pushkin their teacher and continued the traditions of creating literary works laid down by him. One of these poets was M. Yu. Lermontov.
Known for it romantic poem"Mtsyri", a poetic story "The Demon", many romantic poems. Interestingly, Russian poetry of the 19th century was closely connected with the social and political life of the country. Poets tried to comprehend the idea of their special purpose. The poet in Russia was considered a conductor of divine truth, a prophet. The poets urged the authorities to listen to their words. Vivid examples understanding the role of the poet and influence on political life countries are the poems of A. S. Pushkin "The Prophet", the ode "Liberty", "The Poet and the Crowd", the poem by M. Yu. Lermontov "On the Death of the Poet" and many others.
Along with poetry, prose began to develop. Prose writers of the beginning of the century were influenced by English historical novels W. Scott, whose translations were very popular. The development of Russian prose of the 19th century began with prose works A. S. Pushkin and N. V. Gogol. Pushkin, under the influence of English historical novels, creates the story "The Captain's Daughter", where the action takes place against the backdrop of grandiose historical events: at the time Pugachev rebellion. A. S. Pushkin did a colossal job exploring this historical period. This work was largely political in nature and was directed to those in power.
A. S. Pushkin and N. V. Gogol outlined the main artistic types that would be developed by writers throughout the 19th century. This artistic type"superfluous man", the model of which is Eugene Onegin in the novel by A. S. Pushkin, and the so-called type of "little man", which is shown by N. V. Gogol in his story "The Overcoat", as well as A. S. Pushkin in the story " Stationmaster» .
Literature inherited its publicism and satirical character from the 18th century. In the prose poem by N. V. Gogol "Dead Souls", the writer in a sharp satirical manner shows a swindler who buys dead Souls, various types of landowners who are the embodiment of various human vices(the influence of classicism affects). In the same plan, the comedy The Inspector General is sustained. are full satirical images and works by A. S. Pushkin. Literature continues to satirically depict Russian reality. The trend of depicting vices and shortcomings Russian society – characteristic all Russian classical literature. It can be traced in the works of almost all writers of the 19th century.
Since the middle of the 19th century, the formation of Russian realistic literature has been taking place, which is created against the backdrop of a tense socio-political situation that developed in Russia during the reign of Nicholas I. A crisis in the serf system is brewing, contradictions between the authorities and common people. There is a need to create a realistic literature that reacts sharply to the socio-political situation in the country. literary critic V. G. Belinsky denotes a new realistic trend in literature. His position is developed by N. A. Dobrolyubov, N. G. Chernyshevsky. A dispute arises between Westernizers and Slavophiles about the paths of Russia's historical development.
Writers turn to the socio-political problems of Russian reality. The genre of the realistic novel is developing. I. S. Turgenev, F. M. Dostoevsky, L. N. Tolstoy, I. A. Goncharov create their own works. The socio-political prevails philosophical problems. Literature is distinguished by a special psychologism. The development of poetry somewhat subsides. It is worth noting poetic works Nekrasov, who was the first to introduce into poetry social issues. Known for his poem “Who in Rus' to live well? ”, as well as many poems, where the difficult and hopeless life of the people is comprehended.
Literature as an art form.
Literature is not just academic subject, which gives a certain amount of knowledge, but, above all, literature is an art form.
Literature (from the Latin litera - letter, writing) is an art form in which the main means of figurative reflection of life is the word.
Fiction is a kind of art capable of revealing the phenomena of life in the most multifaceted and broad way, showing them in motion and development.
How the art of the word fiction originated in the oral folk art. Songs, folk epic tales became its sources. The word is an inexhaustible source of knowledge and an amazing means for creating artistic images. In words, in the language of any nation, its history, its character, the nature of the Motherland are imprinted, the wisdom of centuries is concentrated. living word rich and lavish. It has many shades. It can be formidable and affectionate, inspire horror and give hope. No wonder the poet Vadim Shefner said this about the word:
Words can kill, words can save
In a word, you can lead the shelves behind you.
In a word, you can sell and betray and buy,
The word can be poured into smashing lead.
Fiction- a type of art in which the word is the main means of figurative reflection of life. The basic concept of literature is image; with the help of images, fiction recreates entire eras in the diversity of their past, present and future: ups and downs antiquity we learn in tragedies Sophocles And Euripides, epoch Renaissance- at Shakespeare And Lope de Vega; in novels L. Tolstoy And I. Turgenev we are faced with the moral quest of the nobles early XIX V.
The main means of literature, as we have already said, is the word. Through the images created by the word, the author tries to captivate the reader, “turn on” him into action, make his presence in time and space of the work “real”. Such "participation" is necessary for a complete and deeper understanding of what is written: for example, the reader worries about Tatyana in "Eugene Onegin", tries to understand the reasons for Katerina's actions in "Thunderstorm" and the complex spiritual world Natasha Rostova in "War and Peace", the tragedy of Grigory Melekhov in " Quiet Don". It is our ("reader's") perception and deep experience of the fate of the heroes that testifies that literature is an art, the art of the word.
special emotional reaction poetry evokes in the human soul. Poetry is voluminous and multifaceted in relation to thematic plan: poetry does not mean "poems about love", these are works on different topics- And dark, philosophical, military and others. The reader is not left indifferent by the sincere and confessional lines of A. Akhmatova, M. Tsvetaeva, the immortal words of A. Tvardovsky, philosophical reflections B. Pasternak and O. Mandelstam and others.
Fiction can be considered the most versatile art form: for example, wonderful picture V. Surikov "Morning archery execution" needs to historical commentary, but A. Tolstoy's novel "Peter I" does not: it conveys the breath of the era in the details of everyday life and human relations.
Fundamental drama theater is literature. National theaters were created on the basis of the works of Shakespeare, Ostrovsky, Gogol, Chekhov, Ibsen, Shaw, etc. literary text served to create operatic art: greatest geniuses Tchaikovsky and Mussorgsky, when creating their operas, turned to Pushkin's texts ("Eugene Onegin", " Queen of Spades", "Boris Godunov").
On the basis of the text - the script - films are created. Many of them are screen adaptations. works of art(“The Master and Margarita” and “The Idiot” by V. Bortko, “War and Peace” by S. Bondarchuk).
Fiction is closely connected with society, with its movement towards the humanistic ideal. Literature is the focus of socio-historical experience and the experience of the individual in mastering the surrounding world. It helps to establish a connection between generations, to form, develop and strengthen the scale of values.
Literature in society performs several functions: cognitive(study of the surrounding world), aesthetic(cultivating a sense of beauty), heuristic("discovery of the world"), communicative(dialogue "author-reader"), etc.
As you can see, literature is deservedly named the leader among other art forms due to its importance for the development of both individual person, and of all mankind - both in a specific era, and in a global sense.
Thus, words in human speech and in fiction do not live separately. They are united and coordinated by the thought, the idea of the work and animated by human speech. A simple familiar human word. But by the power of his talent, as magic wand, a writer or poet turns the word to us with an unexpected side, forcing us to feel, think, empathize.
Art is a great magician and a kind of time machine. Any writer, observing, studying life, embodies with the help of words, everything that he saw, felt, understood. Literature has a special power of education in human beings. It enriches us with very special knowledge - knowledge about people, about their inner world. Literature as the art of the word has an amazing ability to influence the minds and hearts of people, helps to reveal the true beauty of the human soul.
general characteristics literature XIX century.
The 19th century is called the "Golden Age" of Russian poetry and the century of Russian literature on a global scale. It should not be forgotten that the literary leap that took place in the 19th century was prepared by the entire course of the literary process of the 17th and 18th centuries. The 19th century is the time of the formation of the Russian literary language, which took shape largely thanks to A.S. Pushkin.
But the 19th century began with the heyday of sentimentalism and the formation of romanticism. These literary trends found expression primarily in poetry. Poetic works of poets E.A. Baratynsky, K.N. Batyushkova, V.A. Zhukovsky, A.A. Feta, D.V. Davydova, N.M. Yazykov. Creativity F.I. Tyutchev's "Golden Age" of Russian poetry was completed. However, the central figure of this time was Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin.
A.S. Pushkin began his ascent to the literary Olympus with the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila" in 1920. And his novel in verse "Eugene Onegin" was called an encyclopedia of Russian life. Romantic poems by A.S. Pushkin's "The Bronze Horseman" (1833), "The Fountain of Bakhchisaray", "Gypsies" opened the era of Russian romanticism. Many poets and writers considered A. S. Pushkin their teacher and continued the traditions of creating literary works laid down by him. One of these poets was M.Yu. Lermontov. His romantic poem "Mtsyri", the poetic story "Demon", many romantic poems are known. Interestingly, Russian poetry of the 19th century was closely connected with the social and political life of the country. Poets tried to comprehend the idea of their special purpose. The poet in Russia was considered a conductor of divine truth, a prophet. The poets urged the authorities to listen to their words. Vivid examples of understanding the role of the poet and influence on the political life of the country are the poems of A.S. Pushkin "Prophet", ode "Liberty", "The Poet and the Crowd", a poem by M.Yu. Lermontov "On the Death of a Poet" and many others.
Along with poetry, prose began to develop. The prose writers of the beginning of the century were influenced by the English historical novels of W. Scott, whose translations were very popular. The development of Russian prose of the 19th century began with the prose works of A.S. Pushkin and N.V. Gogol. Pushkin, under the influence of English historical novels, creates the story "The Captain's Daughter", where the action takes place against the backdrop of grandiose historical events: during the Pugachev rebellion. A.S. Pushkin did a tremendous job exploring this historical period. This work was largely political in nature and was directed to those in power.
A.S. Pushkin and N.V. Gogol identified the main artistic types that would be developed by writers throughout the 19th century. This is the artistic type of the “superfluous person”, an example of which is Eugene Onegin in the novel by A.S. Pushkin, and the so-called type of "little man", which is shown by N.V. Gogol in his story "The Overcoat", as well as A.S. Pushkin in the story "The Stationmaster".
Literature inherited its publicism and satirical character from the 18th century. In the prose poem N.V. Gogol's "Dead Souls", the writer in a sharp satirical manner shows a swindler who buys up dead souls, various types of landowners who are the embodiment of various human vices (the influence of classicism affects). In the same plan, the comedy "The Inspector General" is sustained. The works of A. S. Pushkin are also full of satirical images. Literature continues to satirically depict Russian reality. The tendency to depict the vices and shortcomings of Russian society is a characteristic feature of all Russian classical literature. It can be traced in the works of almost all writers of the 19th century. At the same time, many writers implement the satirical trend in a grotesque form. Examples of grotesque satire are the works of N.V. Gogol "The Nose", M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin "Gentlemen Golovlevs", "History of one city".
Since the middle of the 19th century, the formation of Russian realistic literature has been taking place, which is being created against the backdrop of a tense socio-political situation that developed in Russia during the reign of Nicholas I. A crisis in the serf system is brewing, contradictions between the authorities and the common people are strong. There is a need to create a realistic literature that sharply reacts to the socio-political situation in the country. Literary critic V.G. Belinsky marks a new realistic trend in literature. His position is being developed by N.A. Dobrolyubov, N.G. Chernyshevsky. A dispute arises between Westernizers and Slavophiles about the paths of Russia's historical development.
Writers turn to the socio-political problems of Russian reality. The genre of the realistic novel is developing. Their works are created by I.S. Turgenev, F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy, I.A. Goncharov. Socio-political and philosophical problems prevail. Literature is distinguished by a special psychologism.
The development of poetry somewhat subsides. It is worth noting the poetic works of Nekrasov, who was the first to introduce social issues into poetry. Known for his poem “Who in Rus' to live well? ”, as well as many poems, where the hard and hopeless life of the people is comprehended.
literary process At the end of the 19th century, he discovered the names of N.S. Leskov, A.N. Ostrovsky A.P. Chekhov. The latter proved to be a master of the small literary genre- a story, and also an excellent playwright. Competitor A.P. Chekhov was Maxim Gorky.
The end of the 19th century was marked by the formation of pre-revolutionary sentiments. The realist tradition was beginning to fade. It was replaced by the so-called decadent literature, hallmarks which were mysticism, religiosity, as well as a premonition of changes in the socio-political life of the country. Subsequently, decadence grew into symbolism. This opens a new page in the history of Russian literature.
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