Story on Belarusian literature. The most famous Belarusian writers

What does an average citizen of our country know about Belarusian literature? Absolutely nothing. Perhaps a certain percentage of people will remember a couple of surnames that are imprinted in the names of the streets - Kupala, Kolas, Bogdanovich. Particularly advanced will call Bykov. That's all. It makes no sense to talk about the works themselves, since even at school a small number of conscious students read them. The rest read the summary on the Internet, which flies out of young heads after 2 days.
We decided to correct this situation and make a rating of the 10 best books of Belarusian literature. You can safely buy any book from the list as a gift. Let friends break away from cheap detectives and "50 shades of gray." Enjoying the masterpieces of native literature is waiting for you.

10th place. "Song of the Great Bison" - Mikola Gusovski.

You orgasm like Tolkien or eagerly devour J. Martin's Game of Thrones books. Then this piece is for you.
The history of the creation of the poem is unique. Its author, Nikolai Gusovsky, arrived as part of a delegation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to Pope Leo X. They wanted to present a gift to the head of the Vatican - a stuffed bison. Bison were extremely rare in Western Europe, and there were numerous legends about them. It was necessary to write an explanation for the stuffed animal about what the beast is. So Nikolai Gusovsky took up this business. So the poem was originally written in Latin specifically for Pope Leo X.

9th place. "Paleskіya rabinzony" - Yanka Maўr.

Yanka Mavr is often called the father of the Belarusian nursery fiction. He skillfully took over from other adventure writers (Daniel Defoe, Mine Reid, Fenimore Cooper) in creating captivating stories. His book "Paleskіya rabinzony" will make Bear Gryls cry with tenderness. According to the plot, two guys Victor and Miron, by the will of fate, were thrown out onto a piece of land surrounded by swamps.
Surviving on a desert island, searching for food, warmth, shelter, fighting dangerous opponents - fans of the Lost series must read this book.

8th place. “Shlyakhtsits Zavalnya, otherwise Belarus is in fantastic apocalypse” - Jan Barshcheuski.

This amazing collection of prose is often in the shadow of the reader's attention. But he can easily stir up your imagination when you read about a werewolf or the King of Adders.
In addition, Jan Borshchevsky did a colossal job of describing Belarus in the middle of the 19th century. In his works one can find descriptions of the beautiful landscapes of the northern lands, features of the national character of Belarus, interesting economic facts. Feel free to buy this book as a gift to people who are not indifferent to the history and culture of our Motherland.

7th place. "Roma Edze" - Raman Svechnikau.

According to statistics, about 70% of Belarusians have never left the country. Roman Svechnikov decided to win back for everyone at once, took a backpack, took $200, left the house and… And in 2 years he really traveled practically the whole world. Georgia, Armenia, Iran, Azerbaijan, Altai, Mongolia, China, Laos, Thailand, Los Angeles, Alaska, New York, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina and return to Belarus. The description of this journey is read in one breath, this amazing adventure is so addictive. The book, no doubt, in the future should enter the golden fund of Belarusian literature.

6. "Mova" - Viktar Martsinovich.

Viktor Martinovich is by far the most popular young Belarusian writer. And his dystopian novel Mova, which came out in 2014, deserves the most close attention.
There is no Belarus in the future. We live in the Russian-Chinese union. Chinatown is located in the center of Minsk, where about a million Chinese live. And our native language is banned, and you can get a huge prison term for its dissemination. But “mova” acts like a drug on the “tuteishy” (former Belarusians), who subconsciously cannot remain indifferent to their native language.
The novel "Mova" by Viktor Martinovich leaves few people indifferent. It will seem to you either garbage or magnificence. Read and be impressed.

5th place. "On the Rostans" - Yakub Kolas.

The main work of one of the pillars of Belarusian literature. novel in three books, which was written by Yakub Kolas throughout his life.
The events in the books take place from 1902 to 1911 and tell about the life of a teacher in the remote villages of Polissya. The main character Lobanovich, a teacher by profession, is looking for meaning and purpose in his life. In the novel, one can see both the political state of society and the complex of problems between different layers society, and magnificent descriptions of the nature of Belarus.
Therefore, lovers of large-scale, intelligent and fundamental novels, we recommend this book.

4. "People on Balots" - Ivan Melezh.

A lyrical novel about life in Polesie (yes, Polesie is our navel of the earth). Describes the changes in a remote village, which is cut off from the outside world by swamps. Events develop during the time of collectivization, so the background of the plot is the numerous problems of society and relations between peasants.
Nevertheless, the novel has a powerful lyrical component, the book tells us the love story between the young peasants Anna and Vasil, deeply revealing the characters' characters. The novel is also valuable detailed description life, traditions and culture of the Poleshuks, who still differ from other Belarusians in a number of features.

3rd place. "Tuteyshya" - Yanka Kupala.

With this play, Yanka Kupala, our literary genius, hits hard on the most problematic Belarusian issue - on the issue of national identity.
One of the main characters of the work, Nikita Znosak, is a classic opportunist. He does not care about principles, ideas, the Motherland and the people, if they all do not promise him any benefits. He is ready to be either a Pole or a Russian - anyone, if only to settle down with a government that will feed him.
"Tuteishya" became the most banned production in Belarus both during the BSSR and during the current regime.

2. "Alpine ballad" - Vasil Bykaў.

Vasil Bykov has many worthy stories. Basically, they reveal the whole truth about people who found themselves in the inferno of the Second World War.
But the most touching and penetrating story turned out to be about love. Alpine Ballad tells the story of Ivan and Julia, two escaped prisoners who were used as free labor by the Germans in their factory. A passionate and powerful feeling arises between the main characters, which adds strength to fight and survive.
This story, even years later, few people remain indifferent. And destroys the image of Vasil Bykov, who "wrote only about the war."

1. “Kalasy fell with your sarpom” - Uladzimir Karatkevich.

The most interesting and exciting work of Belarusian literature, which will make you fall out of reality for a while and, without looking up, eagerly swallow the pages.
The plot describes the events in Belarus that took place on the eve of Kalinouski's uprising in 1863. The main character is Ales Zagorsky, the heir to a wealthy gentry family, who grew up with a strong sense of love for the Belarusian people.
“Kalasi fall with your sternness” is worth reading not only because there is patriotism and Kalinovsky. It's just very interesting novel, which can easily become the basis for a great movie or series.

What are your top 10 Belarusian books of all time? Write in the comments.

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Belarusians was formed under the direct influence of the ancient folklore traditions of the peoples Kievan Rus. Folklore is diverse in genres. The earliest layer is formed by the poetry of the calendar-agricultural and family-ritual cycles: carols, Shrovetide, Kupala, mash (from cleanup type of collective labor), wedding, christening and other songs. Non-ritual poetry includes lyrical songs ( Is it light, is it shining), historical, recruiting, Chumatsky, comic. A significant part of the historical ones are songs about the raids of the Tatars, chronologically related to the 15th-16th centuries. These songs usually do not describe specific historical events, but the experiences of the characters are conveyed against their background ( Oh, flew flew yes gray eagle). TO song genres belongs to the ballad. More than a hundred plots of ballads are known ( daughter bird; mother-in-law turns daughter-in-law into mountain ash; brothers brother and sister meeting). In these plots, there is a clear connection with the ballads of other Slavic peoples. Narrative genres represented by fairy tales, epics, legends, legends ( About Kryzhatsky graves), anecdotes. Distinctive feature Belarusian fairy tale epic fairy tales about heroic bogatyrs-assaulters (osolok strong man) defeating various monsters ( Blacksmith hero; widow's son; Vaska Popelyshka). The later ones include social fairy tales ( Ivanko Prostachok; panu science; Man and pan;envious pop). class relations, folk morality, life experience are reflected in small genres of oral poetry: proverbs, sayings, riddles ( Panama is sown, reaped and mowed, and they ask for their own bread; Pop and from the living and from the dead). Historical songs, epics, ballads were sung by domra to the accompaniment of domra. Tales, legends, legends were told by Bahari. Domrachei and bahari were indispensable participants in carols, mermaids and other folk rituals. Such dramatic elements oral and poetic creativity contributed to the formation of the folk theater.

History of Belarusian pre-October literature. Minsk, 1977
History of Belarusian Soviet Literature. Minsk, 1977
Ovcharenko A. Modern Belarusian novel. M., 1978
Maldis A. Formation of new Belarusian literature in its relationship with other Slavic literatures (XVII-XIX centuries). – Slavic literatures in the process of formation and development. M., 1987
Yaskevich A. The formation of the Belarusian artistic tradition . Minsk, 1987
Tychina M. “I am writing so that they know…”: Belarusian classics and modernity. Lit. review. M., 1989, No. 12
Grishkovets V. The Miracle of the Birth of Talent: The Third Renaissance of Belarusian Literature. Lit. newspaper. M., 1997, No. 50

Find " BELARUSIAN LITERATURE" on

The world of modern Belarusian literature remains a mystery for many of our fellow citizens - it seems to exist, but at the same time you can’t say that it’s in plain sight. Meanwhile, the literary process is seething, our authors, who work in various genres, are willingly published abroad, and we simply do not associate some of the Belarusian writers popular there with the local context.

The mobile film festival velcom Smartfilm, dedicated this year to book trailers (videos about books), on the eve of the country's first Night of Libraries, which will be held on January 22 in the Pushkin Library and the Scientific Library of BNTU, tries to figure out who is who among successful Belarusian writers.

Svetlana Aleksievich

Needs no introduction. The first Belarusian to receive Nobel Prize on literature. In many bookstores, Aleksievich's books were sold out within a couple of hours after the announcement of the name of the new laureate.

“War has no female face”, “Zinc Boys”, “Second Hand Time” are living documents of the Soviet and post-Soviet era. The wording with which the Nobel Committee presented the prize to Svetlana Alexandrovna was: "for many-voiced creativity - a monument to suffering and courage in our time."

Aleksievich's books have been translated into 20 languages ​​of the world, and the circulation of "Chernobyl Prayer" has overcome the bar of 4 million copies. In 2014, Second Hand Time was also published in Belarusian. The name Aleksievich has always evoked an ambiguous reaction from the Belarusian media: they say that he refers himself to Russian culture and writes in Russian. However, after the banquet speech at the Nobel ceremony, which Aleksievich finished in Belarusian, the claims subsided.

What does he write about? Chernobyl Afghan war, the phenomenon of the Soviet and post-Soviet "red man".

Natalia Batrakova

Ask any librarian whose books from Belarusian authors are put in the queue? Natalya Batrakova, the author of women's prose, they say, she herself did not expect that she, a girl with a diploma from the Institute of Railway Engineers, would suddenly become almost the most sought-after Belarusian writer, and her "Infinity Moment" - the best-selling book in Belarus in 2012.

Batrakova's novels do not come out very often, but then they endure several reprints. Fans of high prose have a lot of questions for the author, but that's why they are aesthetes. For the most part, the reader votes for Batrakova with a ruble, and her books continue to be reprinted.

What does he write about? About love: both prose and poetry. Loyal fans are still waiting for the continuation of the love story of a doctor and a journalist from the book "Moment of Infinity".

Algerd Bakharevich

One of the most popular writers country, last year was included in the anthology of the best European short prose Best European Fiction. But we love him not only for this. Author of 9 books of fiction, collections of essays (including a scandalous analysis of the Belarusian classical literature"Hamburg Rahunak"), translator, it exists simultaneously in the Belarusian realities and in the European literary tradition. Moreover, adjectives can be easily interchanged here. One of the best Belarusian stylists.

The novel "Shabany" has already received a theatrical incarnation twice (at the Belarusian Drama Theater and in "Kupalovsky"), and an essay about the late work of Yanka Kupala caused such a sharp reaction from readers and fellow writers that it's hard to remember when classical Belarusian literature was so heatedly discussed in last time.

The new novel "White Fly, Killer of Men" is one of the main book premieres of early 2016. By the way, Bakharevich played in the first professional domestic booktrailer - the work of Dmitry Vainovsky "Smalenne Vepruk" based on the work of Mikhas Streltsov.

What does he write about? About girls "without a king in their heads", the life of sleeping areas and "damned" guests of the capital.

Adam Globus

A master of short prose, a living classic of Belarusian literature. He works non-stop on new books of short stories, sketches, provocative notes and very specific urban tales. Take the cycle "Suchasnіki" and you will learn a lot of interesting things about our contemporaries, however, not always personal.

It is from the Globe that Belarusian erotic prose begins. The collection "Only not Gavars to my mother" still surprises unprepared readers who represent domestic literature solely on school curriculum.

We add that Globus is an artist, illustrator and outstanding poet. You definitely heard songs based on his poems: “New Heaven”, “Bond”, “Syabry” - classics Belarusian music end of the twentieth century.

What does he write about? About the legends of Minsk and Vilnius (invented by the author), colleagues in literature and art, about sex.

Andrey Zhvalevsky

Who has not seen the sale of books from the series "Porry Gutter and ..."? It was this series, which at first was conceived as a parody of the books by JK Rowling, but then acquired its own storyline and its own face, that made the Belarusian writer Andrei Zhvalevsky popular. He has since firmly established himself as a popular science fiction writer and author of teen books. Sometimes Zhvalevsky is joined by fellow writers Igor Mytko and Yevgenia Pasternak (by the way, in the literary field, the figure is also very noticeable).

The list of awards received by Zhvalevsky would take a separate page. With recognition in neighboring countries Andrey is also doing well: from third place at the All-Russian Kniguru award and the Alice award (for the book Time is Always Good) to the title of Brand Person of the Year in the Culture nomination at the Brand of the Year 2012 competition. And considering that in his past Zhvalevsky is also a KVNschik (in good sense of this word), with a sense of humor in his fictional stories, everything is 9 plus.

What does he write about? fantasy stories from the life of characters creepy, but very funny.

Artur Klinov

concept artist, Chief Editor magazine pARTizan, screenwriter, photographer Artur Klinov "shot" with his first book - "A small padarogue book on Goradze Sonts", which was published first in Germany, and then in Belarus. The history of Minsk, which is also the history of a specific person, made a strong impression on German and Belarusian readers.

Klinov's next book, Shalom, was published first in Belarusian, and then in a Russian version (edited and abridged) by the cult Moscow publishing house Ad Marginem. Next novel Klinov's "Shklatara" made a splash even before the release - a reader familiar with Belarusian literature and artistic environment immediately recognizes most heroes, including philosopher Valentin Akudovich, director Andrei Kudinenko and many other characters in the world of Belarusian politics and art.

What does he write about? About Minsk as a utopia, about how a person can become an art object and what happens when a glass container collection point becomes a cultural platform.

Tamara Lissitskaya

TV presenter, director, screenwriter - you can list all the incarnations for a very long time. At the same time, Lisitskaya's books, which have been published for almost ten years now, are popular among a wide variety of readers. Based on the book "Quiet Center" in 2010, a television series was shot.

Disputes about the literary component of Tamara's books have also been going on for many years, but this does not make readers less - in the end, many people recognize themselves in Lisitskaya's characters: here's the life of three friends born in the 70s (the novel "Idiots" ), here is the story of the residents of a small apartment building in the center, and here is a novel-aid for pregnant women.

What does he write about? About how you can not be bored in Minsk, about the coexistence under one roof of people with different views and occupations.

Victor Martinovich

Journalist, teacher, writer. Ranked in Belarusian literature a niche somewhat similar to the one that Victor Pelevin occupied in Russia. Every new novel Martinovic becomes an event. It is noteworthy that almost at each of the presentations, Victor swears to slow down and finally take a break. But you can’t drink hard work - Martinovich, to the delight of his admirers, gives out one book a year, which is a rarity among Belarusian writers.

There are still disputes about Martinovich's first novel "Paranoia", was it banned in Belarus or not? The novel "Sphagnum", published in two languages ​​at once (the Russian-language original and the Belarusian translation), even before it appeared in printed form, was on the long list of the Russian National Bestseller award, it was compared with classic movie"Cards, money, two barrels." The next novel, Mova, recently went through its third reprint. In the spring, the Russian publishing house publishes new book Martinovich's "Lake of Joy", but for now in Vienna they are staging his play "The Best Place in the World". Victor's books have been translated into English (published in the USA) and other languages.

What does he write about? Gopniks are looking for treasures, the Belarusian language is sold as a drug, and lyrical hero No, no, yes, and commit suicide. Sometimes even triple.

Ludmila Rublevskaya

A large form - and we are talking about a whole adventure saga - is now rarely seen. And this applies not only to Belarusian literature. Rublevskaya, however, only in recent years has released several books for every taste: here you have mystical prose, gothic, and Belarusian history. The saga about the adventures of Prancis Vyrvich in three parts and the diverse collection Nights on the Plyabanska Mlyny - these and other books by Rublevskaya are literally asking for screens - the talented director has enough material for several box-office films.

What does he write about? Urban legends and secrets of old houses, iron turtles and runaway schoolboys-adventurers.

Andrey Khadanovich

It would seem that "poetry" and "popularity" are little compatible things since the 70s, but in reality this is not so. Against the background of how the general interest in poetry is growing (look at what venues visiting poets perform - Prime Hall, etc.), the name of Khadanovich, poet, translator, head of the Belarusian PEN Center, is mentioned in the media more and more often.

His children's book "Natatki tatki" in terms of sales in independent bookstores can only be compared with the books of Svetlana Aleksievich. New compilation of poems and translations (including songs by people like Leonard Cohen and Sting) “Chykaga-Tokyo Chicken”, the first in five years, came out at the end of 2015.

Andrei Khadanovich, of course, is not the only one from the cohort modern classics Belarusian poetry, but obviously the most successful.

What does he write about? Poetic game with the reader at the intersection of genres. Dig deeper and you will understand everything yourself.

On January 22, the event "Night of Libraries" ends the educational program of the festival. velcom Smartfilm Studio: at two venues ( Pushkin Library and Scientific Library of BNTU) famous Belarusians will read excerpts from favorite books of Belarusian authors and foreign literature translated into Belarusian.

We remind you that the velcom Smartfilm mobile film festival is being held for the fifth time. The theme of the work of novice filmmakers is book trailers. Under the terms of the competition, you need to shoot videos about books on a smartphone camera. This year, the Grand Prix winner of the velcom Smartfilm contest will receive 30 million rubles. The deadline for accepting works is January 31 inclusive.

Once again, we sum up the literary results of the year in Belarus. This year, many books have been published that have pleased lovers of national literature. But, unfortunately, there were no works that really shot like Gorvat's “Radziva Prudok” last year.

Traditionally, we sum up the results in the following categories: fiction, poetry, documentaries (including non-fiction), translations. Plus, there are several special nominations and a completely new one - “Tested by Time”.

And remember - everything written here is the subjective perception of the authors of the site. In addition, we did not manage to read and evaluate all the books last year. If you do not like the results of our choice - write your suggestions in the comments.

Best Fiction Books

In the last months of the year, two rather voluminous books were published, which we could not properly evaluate, because we did not have time. These are “Belarusalim” by Paval Sevyarynets and “Dogs of Europe” by Algerd Bakharevich. We cannot unequivocally whether they would have entered our list of the best or not, but it was impossible not to mention them. We will return to the evaluation of these books at the end of 2018.

Best Poetry Books

As in previous years, we will not write our comments on the best books of poetry. Still, this type of art, in our opinion, is quite subjective for perception. Therefore, we will simply offer one poem from each book for the reader to judge.

Volga Gapeeva “Gramatyka to the snow”

There, jo shonya fall out the snow,
Don't worry me.
There, dze maўchanne, try the test,
Intentions of strangers do not understand.
I can look at the adbitak at the school for a long time,
Uyaўlyuchy short haircut,
Instead of your darlings,
Ale, so I didn’t know how to cut.
So I'm going there, dze naradzhayetstsa snow,
Skin zen, havayuchy nedaskanalast bystsia.
Geta snow is a humanist, he doesn’t say anything to anyone,
Young was simple, naradzhaўsya and pamiraў.
Yon could zatsyarushyts jo zagodna,
Ў Armenia, cі Kaktebeli,
Navalitsa to all the kings of premusovasts,
І part with the getak zhutka,
Passing the baton, like a baton,
Kab pasture zdzіўlyatstsa, why may I have such cold hands and heels,
І try to adhukat fingers.
The senseless has such an occupation,
I and my snow will make gadzins and a spoon,
So, if you are not healthy, you should know hellishly,
At your adzinotse

Bliskavitsy: An Anthology of the Belarusian Janochai Paesia of the Middle Ages Periyadu

Don't be afraid that I'm gloomy tsemnay
So for a long time I hang over the earth,
What is so vain in the forest,
Yak ў your share of the garotna.

I am eternal and tsemray and zhakham
I will abnіmatsya tsyabe;
I am eternal and speak, and fears
I will sleep on earth.

Yak pryidze vyasna-enchantress,
Yak skin my black dress
І zbudzіtsa matzі-zamlіtsa,
Adkliknetsa voiced boron -

Uzenu ya new shaty
From the open spaces are clear,
I belt green, rich,
I golden, and vigilant, and dreams ...

I z tsikhim and easy sigh
I will step on the steps,
І negіya words kahannya
Navyavatsya on sleeping people.

Kali is not dajdzhesh and dies,
I hide in the black earth,
And it's a pity and nudu here you pack,
Kab skardzitsa eternal muggle, -

I ў tsme, imperceptible hand,
I'm sorry, and I'm bored all the way,
І wound the eyes of the city
Yes, God, I know the sky.

Hanna Dusheўskaya

Valzhyna Mort “Epidemiya ruzhaў”

Belarusian language

beyond your borders, my country,
pachynaetsca vyalizny dzitsyachy house.
And you take us there, Belarus.
maybe, we got better by the legs,
maybe we pray to these bugs,
maybe, tabe hell is a mountain for us,
Maybe we are incurable ailments.
maybe, nyama taba chym karmіts us,
ale qi f nya
maybe you never hated us,
ale and we are on the cobweb
I didn't know how to love.

your language is so small
what yashche y razmaўlyatsya ўmee.
and you, Belarus, at the guest house,
tabe everything is here,
what midwives did the twists.
why tabe at once carmіts someone else's dzіtsya,
svaіm malak paіts mov someone else's?
Movu, that lie blue on the paddock,
qi mova geta, qi sheran flying,
cі sheran geta, cі only hell ukryzhavannya value,
qi value geta, qi is simple nothing.

geta nya mova,
bo nyama ў her nіyakay systems.
Yana, like seven, rapt and indistinct,
like seven, hell like a non-magchy pamertsi,
like seven, hell, what kind of dead men are waking up.

mova, dzelya like a dzyatse put on patelnі,
mova, dzelya what a brother kills a brother
mova, what hell is not for anyone,
mova, what narajae ўrodaў-maleў,
naradjae zhanchyn-zhabracak,
naradjae of halal-free lives,
naradjae toads with chalavechy galas.

getai language is not clear,
yana navat nya mae systems.
sing her nemagchyma,
yana adrazu b’e ў muzzle,
nawat for saints.
you won’t spread this language on the city,
I can't jump or fireworks,
ani neon.

I put it on that system
mine
A K A R D E O N.

and my accordion
yon yak rastsyagne myakhi -
yak mountain peaks -
this is my accordion.
yon hedgehog byare with hands,
yon lie i, yak dzіtsya,
I’m sorry for my maіh kalen.
ale, kali treba, yon
Show your trawl!

Espinosa Ruis Angela “Pomme de ciel”

Pakul do not spoil Saturn for us,
Pakul winged day does not fade,
Pakul vocalized the greens are not dry,
Pakul soul, I don’t know black urns,

Pakul kroў lays niby rain, without pain,
Pakul blue evening tanned,
Pakul yasnovy honeys your whole
Shche smell, dy May mar solly,

Pakul svyatla hapae on earth,
Pakul shche mayuts sens empty words,
Pakul nya scihla recha our language,
Pakul I’ll sleep at the given forgetfulness,

Pakul zmyaya did not stop our paradise,
Datul meane you, eternal, kahay.

Best Non-Fiction

Best translations

In this nomination, we evaluated only translations of world classics into Belarusian. Moreover, not only the quality of the translation was evaluated, but also the significance of the book for world literature.

Special nominations

For the modern incarnation of Belarusian literature - the graphic novel "Svayaki" by Yan Zhvirbl based on the story of the same name by Vasil Bykov

The graphic novel genre has long filled the shelves of bookstores in Western America and the United States. Do not confuse it with comics. The graphic novel takes on much more serious issues and is delivered in a much better quality. For example, in 1992, the graphic novel Maus by Art Spiegelman even won the Pulitzer Prize.

True, the latest trends in the book market reach Belarus with a terrible delay. But, nevertheless, it's still nice that this year the first graphic novel in the history of Belarusian literature, based on the work of Vasil Bykov, was released. Of course, the quality of illustrations and the publication itself leaves much to be desired. As well as its volume - only 32 pages. But most importantly, it's a start!

For the popularization of history - “Aichyna: a small history. Hell of Ragneda and Kastsyushki” by Uladzimir Arlov and Pavel Tatarnikava

To instill in children a love for their country and history, it is not enough to tell interesting and exciting stories. Have you ever noticed how children choose their books in stores? Of course, from the pictures. That is why the book "Aichyna", created by the joint efforts of the writer Vladimir Orlov and the artist, is so important. Especially for the younger generation.

The book not only tells Belarusian history in a simple and plain language. But on every page there are still very beautiful pictures with the image of historical events or sights of our country. No wonder there were long queues at the autograph session for the authors. And there were not always enough books for everyone. And this is despite the “biting” price.

time tested

And finally, the last nomination. We sum up the literary results for the 5th time. That is why we decided to remember which books we are and choose one that is still well known to readers, which they have not forgotten and read. In other words, it has passed the 5-year test of time.

There's a lot to be said for each of these books. good words. However, we went by the method of elimination. For example, “Sphagnum” by Martinovich is rarely remembered today, thanks to his own novels “Mova” and “Lake of Joy”.

Borodulin’s book “Vushatsky slovazbor”, which we eventually even named the best book of 2013, is a work, although significant for the Belarusian language, but rather niche.

“Tales for the Talented” and “Spakushenne” were forgotten, just as almost any collection of works is forgotten (do not believe it - try to remember the name of at least two collections of stories from a world famous writer).

“Usyaslav Charadzey's blog” was a rather interesting, funny and original project, but with the last entry in this very blog, readers stopped remembering it.

Klinov's "Shklatara" was distinguished by excellent language, but nevertheless it was written for people "in the subject", and not for a wide range of readers.

And the book “Going to Magadan” by Olinevich was devoted to certain political events in our country and to people who are connected with these very events, and therefore we can conclude that over time, the significance this work will only decrease.

Thus, now, as in the beginning of 2014, Svetlana Aleksievich’s book “Second Hand Time”, which became the final one in the cycle of the writer “Voices of Utopia”, continues to enjoy popularity. Moreover, the fame of Aleksievich herself, and hence her works, only increased, both in our country and far beyond its borders, thanks to the Nobel Prize received.

Belarusians was formed under the direct influence of the ancient folklore traditions of the peoples of Kievan Rus. Folklore is diverse in genres. The earliest layer is formed by the poetry of the calendar-agricultural and family-ritual cycles: carols, Shrovetide, Kupala, mash (from cleanup- a type of collective labor), wedding, christening and other songs. Non-ritual poetry includes lyrical songs ( Is it light, is it shining), historical, recruiting, Chumatsky, comic. A significant part of the historical ones are songs about the raids of the Tatars, chronologically related to the 15th-16th centuries. These songs usually do not describe specific historical events, but the experiences of the characters are conveyed against their background ( Oh, flew - flew yes gray eagle). The ballad belongs to the song genres. More than a hundred plots of ballads are known ( daughter is a bird; mother-in-law turns daughter-in-law into mountain ash; brothers- brother and sister meeting In these plots, there is a clear connection with the ballads of other Slavic peoples. Narrative genres are represented by fairy tales, epics, legends, legends ( About Kryzhatsky graves), anecdotes. A distinctive feature of the Belarusian fairy tale epos is the tales of the heroic bogatyr-bogatyrs (osolok - strongman), defeating various monsters ( Blacksmith - hero; widow's son; Vaska Popelyshka). The later ones include social fairy tales ( Ivanko Prostachok; panu science; Man and pan;envious pop). Class relations, folk morality, life experience are reflected in small genres of oral poetry: proverbs, sayings, riddles ( Panama is sown, reaped and mowed, and they ask for their own bread; Pop and from the living and from the dead). Historical songs, epics, ballads were sung by domra to the accompaniment of domra. Tales, legends, legends were told by Bahari. Domrachei and bahari were indispensable participants in carols, mermaids and other folk rituals. Such dramatic elements of oral and poetic creativity contributed to the formation of the folk theater.

written literature

on the territory of Belarus arose at the end of the 10th century. Like all Eastern Slavs, the beginning literary development Belarusian people associated with the adoption of Christianity and a high level of oral folk art. Being carriers of the culture of Kievan Rus, Belarusians developed their national literature on its basis. The complex process of formation of the Belarusian language and Belarusian literature was basically completed in the 16th century.

Initially, in the writing of the Eastern Slavs, the main place was occupied by translated literature of religious content. In the 10th-13th centuries. Old Russian literature organically included translations into Old Slavonic from Byzantium of the main Christian works: the Bible, hagiographic () writings and apocrypha. This is evidenced, for example, by the Turov Gospel (11th century), translated lives of the Christian martyrs Anthony the Great, Alexei, the man of God, etc., apocryphal Walking of the Virgin through torment, works of the Church Fathers and many other translations that were widely distributed on the territory of Belarus. Greco-Byzantine chronicles came from Byzantium to Rus', introducing the Eastern Slavs to the events of world history: History of the Jewish War Joseph Flavius, the chronicles of John Malala, George Sinkell, George Amartol.

These and other translations accelerated the development of original Old Russian literature. The first writers of Rus' successfully assimilated the genres of European literature, reworking them in a peculiar way. The authors whose activities were connected with the lands of present-day Belarus include the scribes and orators Kliment Smolyatich (d. after 1164) and Cyril of Turovsky (c. 1130 - c. 1182). The ancient Russian church writer Kliment Smolyatich defended in his writings the independence of the Russian Church from Constantinople. The only surviving work of Kliment Smolyatich Epistle to the Smolensk presbyter Thomas is an important document testifying to the origin of free-thinking in ancient Russian church writing. Special fame in Rus' and in other Slavic lands acquired by Kirill Turovsky - a master of solemn eloquence. His works were distinguished by the harmony of composition, developed methods of oratory, figurative rhythmic speech. They wrote eight words on various church holidays, Epistle to Vasily Abbot of the Caves and many other writings. The work of Kirill Turovsky is distinguished by its special poetry, because he skillfully used the motifs of folklore.

In the 12th-13th centuries. hagiography is developing intensively. At the end of the 12th - beginning of the 13th centuries. was drawn up Life of Euphrosyne of Polotsk. Its author writes about Princess Predslava (1100–1173), who was widely known under the name of Abbess Euphrosyne in the second half of the 12th century. in Belarusian lands. She founded two monasteries, which became sources of enlightenment in the Polotsk region. Euphrosyne was highly educated and loved books, which she herself translated from Greek and copied in one of the monasteries she founded. monuments ancient Russian hagiography are also Life of Cyril of Turov(13th century), the only known biography of the writer, and Life of Abraham Smolensky(c. 1240), where Abraham is characterized as an excellent orator, scribe and artist.

The traditions laid down in Old Russian writing, developed in the Belarusian literature of the period of its formation (14-16 centuries). By this time, the Mongol-Tatar invasion led to the collapse of Kievan Rus. The Western Russian principalities, one after another, became dependent on the Lithuanian princes. By the end of the 14th century All Belarusian lands were part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. On the basis of the Western Russian tribes, isolated from their kindred East Slavic ones, the Belarusian nationality was formed. From the same period, the formation of the Belarusian culture proper began, the formation independent language and literature.

Belarusians, being the heirs of the ancient Russian tradition, for a long time played a significant role in cultural life Lithuanian state. Since Lithuanian writing and the Lithuanian literary language did not yet exist at that time, the Western Russian language that had developed on the basis of Old Russian was recognized as state language principality of Lithuania. The official recognition of the nationwide status contributed to the further development and improvement of the Old Belarusian language, from which the modern Belarusian language was subsequently formed.

In the 14th-15th centuries. Literature developed in the traditional system of types and genres. The books of the Bible were actively copied. Known, for example, are the Lavrishev, Orsha, Polotsk, Drutsk, Mstizh Gospels, the Smolensk Psalter of 1395. the most important monuments secular Western European literature ( Alexandria).

At the same time, Belarusian literature itself is developing. Under the influence of the traditions of East Slavic chronicle writing, the genre of Belarusian chronicles is being formed. Early Belarusian chronicles begin with translations Tales of Bygone Years. The main sources for the Belarusian and Belarusian-Lithuanian chronicles were other Old Russian historical writings, for example, the Kiev and Galicia-Volyn chronicles. The most famous works of this genre are , Belarusian-Lithuanian chronicle of 1446, Annals of Abraham, 1495. Chronicler of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania, which arose approx. 1428–1430, and Belarusian-Lithuanian Chronicle 1446 G. They are permeated with an apology for the activities of the Grand Dukes, aimed at protecting the state and political interests of their principality.

A different look at the fate of the Belarusian people is Annals of Abraham. It was compiled on behalf of the Bishop of Smolensk Joseph by a certain Abraham, information about which has not been preserved. It uses Russian chronicles, supplemented by a description of the events of local history. IN Annals of Abraham the idea of ​​the unity of the Russian land is carried out, the desire of the population of the Belarusian and Russian territories that fell under the rule of Lithuania to unite with the Russian state is emphasized.

The chroniclers developed a peculiar artistic style - concise and expressive. Therefore, chronicles were of great importance not only for Belarusian historiography, but also for early Belarusian fiction.

In the 14th-15th centuries. the development of other genres characteristic of Old Russian writing continues. At the end of the 14th century one of the outstanding works Slavic pilgrimage literature - Walking Ignatius Smolyanin. A prominent representative of church eloquence was a native of Bulgaria, Metropolitan Gregory Tsamblak (c. 1365 - c. 1419). His solemn Words, written in figurative language and refined style, continued the tradition of Cyril of Turov. In the 15th century panegyric genres develop. Are being created praise distinguished individuals for their heroic deeds and deeds. For example, Praise to Vitovt, Praise to Hetman Ostrozhsky and etc.

Gradually traditional views and genres of writing give way to new ones. Literature is becoming more and more secular and democratic, it shows significant Renaissance and reformist influences. At the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th centuries. a new humanitarian culture. A prominent figure in the East Slavic Renaissance of the early 16th century. was Francis (George) Skaryna (1490-1541). As a writer Skaryna is known for his Forewords, which he wrote to the books of the Bible translated and published by him. By translating the Bible into Belarusian, Skaryna sought to spread literacy among the broad strata of the people. He wrote in his Forewords that the Bible is the primary means of education, a treasure trove of knowledge and worldly wisdom. His ideas had a great influence on the scribes of the 16th-17th centuries: Symon Budny (1530-1593), Vasil Tyapinsky (c. 1540-1603), Meletiy Smotrytsky (1577-1634). Following Francis Skaryna, they defended the aesthetic value of their native language as a fundamental means of self-expression of the people, preserving its history and culture.

The main feature of the Belarusian culture of this period is its polylinguistic character. Arising at the intersection of East Slavic and West European traditions and developing under the influence of the Orthodox and Catholic denominations, this culture is characterized by the interaction of the Belarusian, Old Slavonic, Lithuanian, Polish and Latin cultural layers. Belarus 15 - early 16 centuries. was basically bilingual. Church Slavonic was used as the language of religious writing and worship, Belarusian - in business writing and secular literature. As a result of the penetration of Catholicism from the 16th century. spread of Latin. A common monument of the Belarusian, Polish, Lithuanian cultures of the 16th century. can be considered the legacy of the Latin poets, authors of epic poems by Jan Wislicki (c. 1485–1490 - after 1516) ( Prussian war, 1515) and Nikolai Gusovsky (c. 1480 - after 1533) ( The Bison Song, 1523).

In the second half of the 16th - early 17th centuries. polemical literature is developing intensively. This phenomenon is directly related to the Polonization and strengthening of the influence of the Catholic Church, which followed after the Union of Lublin in 1569, which united the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland into a single state of the Commonwealth, and after the Union of Brest in 1596, which united the Orthodox and catholic church. Prominent ideologists of the Uniate movement were Piotr Skarga of Pavensky (1536–1612) and Ipatiy Potey (1541–1613). The anti-Uniate trend is represented by the works of Martyn Bronevsky, Melety Smotrytsky, Zakhary Kopystensky, Leonty Karpovich, Afanasy Filippovich (1597–1648). One of the first writings in defense of the union was a treatise by P. Skarga Pavensky On the Unity of God's Church, 1577. The idea of ​​association was defended in the books of I. Potey Union, 1595 and heresy, 1607. The main works of Orthodox polemicists were directed against the Uniate books: Apocrisis, 1597 M. Bronevsky; Verse on the apostates, 1598, Antigraphs, 1608 and Phrynos, 1610 M. Smotrytsky; Polynodia, 1619–1922 Z. Kopystensky; Diariush A. Filippovich.

To the polemical writings of the first half of XVII V. also applies to an anonymous satirical poem Meleshka's speech(Pramov Ivan Myaleshki, castellan of Smolensk). According to its content, it is a parody of Sejm speeches, a sharp pamphlet, the unknown author of which opposes foreign domination.

The best works of polemical journalism, both from the side of defenders and opponents of Uniatism, are saturated with deep socio-political content and are written in a bright, emotional, expressive language. They are the cultural heritage of the Belarusian people, whose spiritual values ​​were created by representatives of various faiths.

The secular literature of this period is marked by the emergence of syllabic versification. The most widespread genre of syllabic poetry was the genre of epigrams (a kind of panegyric poems). Among panegyric poets, Andrei Rymsha (c. 1550–after 1595) is especially famous (epic poem Deketeros Akroama, or Ten-Year Tale of the Military Affairs of Prince K. Radziwill, 1582).

The polylinguistic character is also clearly manifested in the literature of the 17th and 18th centuries. Most of the authors wrote in Polish, Latin and Old Church Slavonic. Bilingual works also appeared: Belarusian-Ukrainian, Belarusian-Russian, Belarusian-Polish. For example, the work of Simeon Polotsky (1629–1680) and Andrei Belobotsky belongs to several Slavic literatures. Being representatives of Belarusian and Russian culture, both writers were greatly influenced by the traditions of Polish literature.

With Polish and Ukrainian mediation in the literature of the second half of the 17th - first half of the 18th centuries. the Baroque style spread, especially characteristic of poetry and dramaturgy. Baroque tendencies manifested themselves in both spiritual and secular poetry. In collections of didactic and panegyric poems by Simeon of Polotsk Rhymologion And Vertograd multicolor, 1678, in a philosophical and religious poem inspired by Western European mysticism Pentateugum(after 1681) Andrei Belobotsky, in anonymous works of song-intimate lyrics (poem Lament (lament) on the death of L. Karnovich, 1620) the most typical features of baroque works were reflected: allegorical and metaphorical beginning, ornamentality, paradoxicality, complexity of rhythm and strophic, refinement of rhetorical figures.

The birth of Belarusian dramaturgy is associated with the activities of the Jesuits, namely, with dramatic performances widely used in the teaching practice of the Jesuit colleges. Latin and Polish morality dramas staged in school theaters, were accompanied by choir and ballet performances, as well as interludes written in Belarusian-Polish or Belarusian-Ukrainian. The main character of such interludes was a Belarusian peasant - the bearer of folk wisdom and virtue. The most artistically interesting are the interludes from the so-called Kovno collection, 1731: Peasant and student, The Peasant and the Runaway Disciple, A game fortune. They are written in a living language, filled with relevant content, they show a connection with real life and folk art. On an intermedia basis, the first Belarusian-Polish Comedy, 1787 by K. Marashevsky, in which baroque and classicist tendencies were already synthesized in a peculiar way.

A feature of the classic literature of the Enlightenment in the second half of the 18th century. was that Belarusian works occupied an even smaller place in it than in baroque times. The reason for this was the normative aesthetics of classicism, which allowed Belarusian vernacular only in "low" genres, such as, for example, burlesque poetry, parodying biblical stories. Majority literary works written in Polish, Latin, Old Slavonic, and from the end of the 18th century, when Belarus became part of Russia, Russian-language literature developed intensively. Genres connecting the professional artistic creativity and folklore (interludes, satirical works, lyrical songs).

This trend continued into the early 19th century. On the basis of folklore, semi-anonymous parodic-satirical poems arose Aeneid inside out, the authorship of which is attributed to V.P. Rovinsky (1786–1855), and Taras on Parnassus(not earlier than 1837). National in language, in features of humor, in depicting realistic pictures of peasant life, lively and witty, these poems had a great influence on the development of the subsequent literary process.

The most significant figure in the Belarusian literature of the mid-19th century. was Vincent (Vintsuk) Dunin-Martsinkevich (1807–1884). He wrote his compositions in Belarusian, Polish and Russian. In the Belarusian language he created poems in 1855–1857 Vechernitsy, Gapon, Kupala, Bylitsy, Naum's stories as well as comedy Pinsk nobility, 1866. He is the author of the libretto for the first Belarusian comic opera Idyll (Selyanka), 1846 and plays Matchmaking, 1870, written in a mixed Polish-Belarusian language. His works are poetic, full of folk songs, proverbs and sayings.

to the authors whose creative activity accounted for this period include Jan Barshchevsky (1794–1851) (collection of stories Shlyakhtich Zavalnya, 1844–1846), poet and folklorist Jan Chechot (1796–1847), Artem Veriga-Darevsky (1816–1884) (poems To the Litvin brothers, Ohulga, drama Pride), author of patriotic poems Vincent Korotynsky (1831–1891) ( Longing on a foreign side), Belarusian-Polish poets Vladislav Syrokomlya (Ludwig Kondratovich, 1823–1862) ( good news; Already the birds are singing everywhere) and Alexander Rypinsky (c. 1810 - c. 1900) (ballad Unclean, 1853).

At the end of the 19th century a powerful movement for national revival is emerging in Belarusian literature. Franciszek Bogushevich (1840–1900) acted as a poetic herald and a kind of ideologist of the movement. The main works of Bogushevich were included in the collections Belarusian pipe, 1891 and Smyk Belarusian, 1894. Both of them went abroad under the pseudonym Matei Burachok. In the preface to Belarusian pipe there was a passionate call for the revival of national dignity, identity, lost as a result of the centuries-old practice of Polish-Russian assimilation. Defending the rights of the Belarusian language, Bogushevich completes Foreword a penetrating prophetic warning, in which he says that a people who have abandoned their native word are doomed to extinction. Bogushevich's contemporaries were the poet Janka Luchina (Ivan Neslukhovsky, 1851–1897), who wrote in Belarusian, Russian and Polish (poem Not for glory or calculation, 1886), Adam Gurinovich (1869–1894) (poetry What a mournful sound was heard; What are you sleeping man), memoirist and author of fables ( foreman; wolfhound) Algerd Abukhovich (1840–1898).

Thanks to F. Bogushevich and his associates, the national revival idea becomes the main creative motive in the further development of Belarusian literature. At the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. the problem of national self-knowledge became decisive in the works of Yanka Kupala (I.D. Lutsevich, 1882–1942), Yakub Kolas (K.M. .I. Levitsky, 1868–1922), Maxim Bogdanovich (1891–1917), Zmitrok Byaduli (S.E. Plavnik, 1886–1941), Ales Harun (A.V. Prushinsky, 1887–1920), Maxim Goretsky (1893 –1939). Their creativity opened to the world the multifaceted life of the Belarusian people, their dreams and thoughts, their difficult fate and awakening consciousness.

Heroic-romantic tendencies are clearly manifested in the literature, which allows us to speak of romanticism as a national aesthetic phenomenon, closely connected with the formation of the Belarusian nation. The romantic beginning is clearly visible in the works of Y. Kupala (poems And who goes there, 1907; Young Belarus, 1913; poems eternal song, 1910, Mound, 1910, Bondarovna, 1913, lion's grave, 1913), E. Pashkevich (Aunts) (poems from Sat. Baptism to freedom And Belarusian violin, 1906), M. Bogdanovich (sat. Wreath, 1913 and cycle Poems of the Belarusian warehouse, 1915–1917), J. Kolas (sat. Songs of sorrow, 1910 and native images, 1914).

Events following October Revolution: the civil war, the Polish occupation (1919–1920), the division of Belarus into western and eastern parts (1921) negatively affected the literary process, significantly slowing it down. A period of intensive development begins in the 1920s. Numerous literary associations. The most significant - Maladnyak(Young growth), 1923–1928; Uzvyshsha(High ground), 1926–1931; Polymya(Flame), 1927–1932. A large group of young writers came to literature: Mikhas Charot (M.S. Kudelka, 1896–1938) (collection of poems Snowstorm, 1922; poems Barefoot in the conflagration, 1921 and Belarus bastard, 1924); Kuzma Chorny (N.K. Romanovsky, 1900–1944) (novels Sister, 1927–1928; Earth, 1928); Mikhas Zaretsky (M.E. Kosenkov, 1901–1941) (novel naked beast, 1926; novel Track stitches, 1927), Vladimir Dubovka, 1900–1976 (sat. Rapids, 1923; Cane, 1925; Credo, 1926), Kondrat Krapiva (K.K.Atrahovich, 1896–?) ( stories, 1926). The active creative activity of writers of the older generation continues (poems Belarus, 1921, In Yasnye Krushny, 1921, story Nightingale Z. Byaduli; comedy Tuteishya(Local), 1922, poem Nameless, 1924 Y. Kupala; poems new earth , 1923 Simon the musician, 1917–1925, stories In the forest wilderness, 1923, In the depths of Polissya, 1927 by Y. Kolas; Sat. Songs of labor and struggle, 1922; celebration, 1924 T. Gartny).

In the 1930s, the novel develops - that genre in Belarusian literature, which until that time did not have rich traditions ( Komarov Chronicle , 1930–1937, Vilna Communards, 1931–1932 M. Goretsky; Yazep Krushinsky, 1932 Z. Byaduli; Go go, 1930,third generation, 1935K. Chorny; Vyazmo, 1932 M. Zaretsky; Pereguda, 1935 T. Gartny; Medvedici, 1932 K.Krapiva.

In the literature of Western Belarus, which was part of Poland in 1921-1939, there is a perceptible continuity romantic tradition early 20th century The main place is occupied by the expressive, romantically colored, intellectualized poetry of Leopold Rodzevich (sat. Belarus, 1922), Vladimir Zhilka (poem Imagination, 1923), Kazimir Svoyak (sat. My lyre, 1 floor 1920s), Mikhas Vasilka (sat. Upland noise, 1929), Mikhas Mashary (sat. Images, 1928). The best works of Maxim Tank (E.I. Skurko) were written in the 1930s (sat. At the stages, 1935, Zhuravinovy color, 1937, under the mast, 1938).

During the years of the Great Patriotic War Belarusian literature was replenished with significant works. The authors especially actively used the genre of the epic poem, traditional for Belarusians ( Belarus, 1943, P. Brovki; Eden, 1944, Z. Astapenko; Yanuca Seliba, 1943 M. Tank; Retribution Ya. Kolas, 1945; Cymbals, 1944, A. Kuleshova). In prose, novels and stories by K. Chorny became a noticeable phenomenon. Skipevsky forest, 1941–1944, Looking for the future, 1943, great day, 1941–1944, Milky Way, 1944.

IN post-war years Ivan Shamyakin, Ivan Melezh, Vasil Bykov, Ales Adamovich, Ivan Naumenko, Andrey Makayonok came to literature. Literature developed especially intensively in 1960–1980. Biggest successes seen in prose. These are military stories by V. Bykov ( Third rocket, 1962; Alpine ballad, 1964; Sotnikov, 1970; Wolf Pack, 1974; sign of trouble, 1983; Career, 1985) and A. Adamovich ( Khatyn story, 1972; Punishers, 1980), novels by I. Melezh ( people in the swamp, 1961, Thunderstorm breath,1964–1965; Blizzards, December, 1976), I. Shamyakina ( Heart in the palm of your hand, 1963; Atlanteans and Caryatids, 1974; I'll take your pain, 1978), I. Naumenko ( Pine along the road 1962; Wind in the pines, 1967; Forty third, 1973), Ya. Bryl (Birds and nests, 1963). During this period, historical novels and stories by V. Korotkevich were written ( Ears under your sickle, 1966; wild Hunt King Stakh, 1964; Black Castle Olshansky, 1979), documentary books by S. Aleksievich ( War has no woman's face,1984; Last Witnesses, 1985), poems by R. Borodulin ( mother's hut, 1963, The day was born, 1975), plays by A. Makaenka ( Stuffed Apostle, 1966; Tribunal, 1970).

Literature of the last decades of the 20th century. Distinguished by a penchant for historical and social analysis. It is represented by prose writers: Khristina Lyalko, Adam Globus, Vladimir Orlov, Vladimir Butromeev. Poets: Leonid Golubovich, Leonid Dranko-Maysyuk, Ales Pismenkov.

Ludmila Tsarkova

Literature:

History of Belarusian pre-October literature. Minsk, 1977
History of Belarusian Soviet Literature. Minsk, 1977
Ovcharenko A. Modern Belarusian novel. M., 1978
Maldis A. Formation of new Belarusian literature in its relationship with other Slavic literatures (XVII-XIX centuries).- Slavic literature in the process of formation and development. M., 1987
Yaskevich A. The formation of the Belarusian artistic tradition. Minsk, 1987
Tychina M. “I am writing so that they know…”: Belarusian classics and modernity. Lit. review. M., 1989, No. 12
Grishkovets V. The Miracle of the Birth of Talent: The Third Renaissance of Belarusian Literature. - Lit. newspaper. M., 1997, No. 50