A story about Belarusian literature. Belarusian literature

Encyclopedic YouTube

1 / 5

✪ What is "children's literature" (concept and history of occurrence). (28.9.2016)

✪ Reasonable dacha 5th grade Belarusian folk read listen watch online

✪ Traditions of S. Marshak in children's literature

✪ Art illustration for kids / Kunst der Kinderbuchillustration

✪ Audio story. The girl and the dragon. Dmitry Golubev.

Subtitles

Formation of Belarusian children's literature through Belarusian children's folklore

The origins of Belarusian children's literature lie in oral folk art. Oral and poetic creativity in Belarus from ancient times contributed to the education of high social ideals, healthy moral principles and the artistic taste of the people. Children's folklore performed the same function. The term "children's folklore" appeared at the beginning of the twentieth century. His concept meant that part of oral poetic creativity that was accessible, interesting and useful in an instructive way for the children themselves, and corresponded to certain features of their age perception. But the roots of children's folklore lie much deeper, and its genres are often associated with incantatory poetry. In children's folklore, three main groups can be distinguished, which have developed historically and are entrenched in folklore:

Thus the term "children's folklore" is very broad. After all, it combines all types of oral folk poetry created by adults for children, as well as the creativity of the children themselves. This also includes those works that, although they were originally created for adults, over time, one way or another, moved into the category of creativity for children.

The history of collecting and studying children's folklore begins in the first half of the 19th century. The earliest records are Jan Chechot and Aleksandr Rypinsky. In their works one can find, if not numerous, but examples of Belarusian lullabies and children's songs. very valuable and sufficient complete collections children's folklore was left by P. V. Shein, E. R. Romanov, M. A. Fedorovsky, V. N. Dobrovolsky. P. V. Shein included in his collections "Belarusian Folk Songs" (1874) and "Materials for teaching the life and language of the Russian population of the North-Western Territory" (1887) lullabies, fun, teasers, children's songs of various content, as well as descriptions of games with their corresponding songs and rhymes. These works included over 100 samples of creativity for children.

Also, children's folklore by E. R. Romanov was widely presented in the I-II editions of the “Belarusian Collection” (1886), dedicated to folk songs. And in the VIII edition, he placed over 70 descriptions of Belarusian games and entertainment, which are accompanied by songs. M. A. Fedorovskiy in the V volume of his work “Lud białoruski” (1958) provided rich song material: lullabies, children's songs and ditties, in addition - teasers and fun. V. N. Dobrovolsky in the work "Smolensk ethnographic collection" (1903) placed lullabies, children's songs, teasers, descriptions of games, children's sentences, invocations (barkers). Of the most complete collections children's folklore should be noted records S. P. Sakharov. His collection "Folk Art of the Latgale and Iluksten Belarusians" (1940) contains many songs, descriptions of games, round dances and other genres of children's folklore.

The origin of Belarusian literature for children. 16th century

With the advent of Belarusian book printing, educational books also became widespread. The first such books were the "Psalter" by Francis Skaryna (1517, " For small children, the cob of every good science ...”), Simon Budny’s “Catechism” (1562, a book for adults and a textbook for children), Lawrence Zizania’s “The Science of Reading and Understanding Slovenian Writing” (1596) .

17th century

The first pages of Belarusian (and Russian) children's poetry are associated with the name of Simeon Polotsky. Her birth was facilitated by the active pedagogical activity of Simeon - after studying at the Kiev-Mohyla Academy, he received the title of "didaskala" (teacher), after which he worked as a teacher of the fraternal elementary school at the Epiphany Monastery of Polotsk. In case of public and church celebrations, he asked his students to compose poems. He himself composed recitations - panegyric verses that were intended for public performance by one or several students, for example - greeting verses for the arrival of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in Polotsk and Vitebsk were designed to be read by twelve "youths". Most of his poems are in Polish and Latin can be attributed to the so-called "school poetry", which was a presentation of the then university science in syllabic verses. During his stay in Moscow at the royal court, he founded the so-called "Upper (Court) Printing House"; among the first books printed in it was a textbook for children, A Primer of the Slavonic Language.

18th century

In the 18th century, such dramatic works appeared as school morality drama, interlude, comedy and nativity scene. Most school dramas were written in Polish or Church Slavonic, and did not have a strong influence on student perception. But thanks to them, interludes appeared, which were written mainly by the students themselves, who were familiar with local folklore and owned spoken language. The characters of such interludes were: a studiozus (student), a literary scholar, a fugitive student, a peasant, a Litvin, a gentry, a Muscovite, a Jew, a devil, a dragoon. Interludes were popular among young students and stimulated literary creativity in their native language. On the basis of the sideshow, a comedy arose, which took instructive religious content from the school drama, and satirical sound, humor, a fascinating plot, and the rapid development of the action from the sideshow and folk drama. All this was valuable material for the crib drama. One of the most popular crib productions was a scene about Matvey and the charlatan doctor, which was directly connected with the interlude "Matey and the charlatan doctor".

19th century

At the beginning of the 19th century, the appearance of each new work in Belarusian literature was a real social event. Therefore, the only one of the works of Pavlyuk Bagrim, who was lucky to reach us, is very valuable both for Belarusian literature in general and for children in particular. The only one of his poems "Play, play, little guy ..." has been preserved thanks to the publication in the book "The Tale of My Time" (London, 1854) by the Polish writer Ignaty Yatskovsky. The poem stands out for its poetry and deep civic content. The hero of the poem, a child, regrets that he cannot remain small forever and not see the suffering of his relatives and friends. In his poems, Pavel Bagrim raised the theme of a destitute childhood, and also used folklore motifs and national color. For example, in the poem, the poet recalls the belief that if a bat sits on a child's head, it will stop growing.

The idea of ​​the "sun of science" for children was expressed in the poem "Native Side" Janka Luchina. Acceptable for children's reading one can also consider the work of Jan Barshevsky. The most famous is his Polish-language prose collection of Belarusian folk stories and fairy tales in literary processing “Shlyakhtich Zavalnya, or Belarus in fantastic stories (Belarusian) Russian”, which was extremely popular in the 19th century. The Belarusian-language translation of the legend from the collection was published in the Vilna newspaper "Gomon". In the work, the author's craving for "terrible" fantasy and mysticism is very noticeable, which attracts a teenager greedy for fabulous miracles. IN modern conditions passion for the fantasy genre piece of art attracts Belarusian-speaking children with its mysterious mystery, a story about goblin, werewolves, sorcerers, mermaids. The writer's contemporaries were inclined to see in Barshchevsky's stories "Belarusian Hoffmannism" (named after the German storyteller Hoffmann), with its symbolic-fantastic form of showing the struggle between light and dark forces, nobility and greed.

The poetry of Jan Chechot also developed in a romantic direction, who was engaged in collecting folklore and personified folklore plots in artistic word. The linguist and folklorist of the 20th century Konstantin Tsvirko noted that the work of such figures of that time as Barshchevsky, Jan Chechot, Vincent Dunin-Martsinkevich became " A harbinger of our national rebirth and, accordingly, children's literature. And behind them walked such masters of the word as Frantisek Bogushevich, Adam Gurinovich, Yanka Luchina. In the second post-reform period, the conditions for the development of Belarusian literature, according to some researchers, deteriorated significantly. The reason for this, in their opinion, was state pressure after the Polish uprising 1863-64 . It is alleged that Belarusian book printing was banned. An associate of General Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky Ivan Kornilov, who at that time headed the Vilna educational district, and other representatives of the tsarist government put their main task Russification of the region. However, the government orders of that time referred only to the prohibition of the Latin alphabet, and not the Belarusian printing in general. Also, according to other historians, Russification was directed against Polish culture and, according to the ideas of that time about the three branches of the Russian people, included Belarusian culture, and was not opposed to it. At the end of the 19th century, a Belarusian poem resounded on Belarusian soil - a poem by the democratic poet and educator Francis Bogushevich, through whose efforts the Belarusian word was put on a par with others. European languages.

20th century

Early 20th century

The beginning of the 20th century was marked by the Belarusian cultural and national revival, which spread after the revolution of 1905-1907. At this time they began to open national schools, the Belarusian press was legalized (newspapers such as Nasha Dolya and Nasha Niva began to appear). In 1906, the first book for teaching children in their native language "Belarusian" primer was published. (Belarusian) Russian" (author unknown) .

But at the same time, there was a shortage fiction in their native language, especially for children and teenagers. For this reason, Alexander Vlasov (former editor of Nasha Niva) turned to the Minsk governor with a petition " allow the publication of the Belarusian-language month for children and youth "Luchinka"» . The first issue of this literary and popular science publication was published in 1914 (editor Alexander Vlasov). And his first number opened with Aunt's poem "Luchinka". This author defined the purpose of the magazine in the appeal “To the Belarusian village youth”, published in the second issue: “ Luchinka will try to look into every corner of our Belarusian Storonka, find out all its diseases, show them to You, Youth, explain how to cure Native Storonka from these diseases» . Aloiza Pashkevich (Aunt) raised the problem of educating the young generation to love the native word. Her educational activities played a certain role in the formation of literature for children. In 1906, her book of poems "The First Reading for Belarusian Children" was published, in which she touched on the theme of life in the Belarusian village. She also paid attention to folklore topics (fairy tales, proverbs, riddles, ditties), touched upon poetic issues (the book "A hotel for young children", 1906). Auntie became the founder of scientific fiction for children (she wrote articles for the pages of the Bird Talk magazine: The Lark, Migratory Birds, etc.).

And such future classics of Belarusian literature as Yanka Kupala, Yakub Kolas, Maxim Bogdanovich come to literature. In 1909, Yakub Kolas wrote the textbook "Second Reading for the Children of Belarusians", in which he poeticized nature in verse and described village life. Lays the folklore basis of Kolos in his instructive tale "Grandfather and the Bear" (1918). The folklore fundamental principle was also laid in the ornithological cycle of poems by Kondrat Leika (“Magpie”, “Stork”, “Crane”, etc.) - the founder of the national dramaturgy for children. He wrote songs and lyric works for children, as well as fairy tales, Karus Kaganets (“The Crane and the Heron”, “The Top”, “Where the Cuckoo Came from”). great attention Vaclav Lastovsky paid attention to schooling issues (“Native Grains”, 1915; “Forget-Me-Not - the first book after the primer”, 1918; “The Sower - the second book after the primer”, 1918). In his works, folklore motifs were also traced ("Crow and Cancer", "About the Cuckoo", "Bunny", "Bottomless Wealth").

Maxim Bogdanovich also turned to folklore motifs, who taught children the basics of morality in his fairy tale "Green fly and mosquito - a big-nosed face" (1915).

20-40s of XX century

In the early 1920s, a children's periodical was launched. The first Russian-language publication for children after the revolution was the magazine "Zorki" (Russian "Stars"; 1921-1922). From December 1924, the “Belarusian Pioneer” (1924-29) replaced the Zorks; the newspaper “Pioneer Belarusi” is published (since 1929).

Expresses respect for the native language in the collection "Matchyna Mova" (Russian. "mother language"; 1918) Ales Garun. Mikhas Charot ("Swineherd", 1924), Anatol Volny ("Two", 1925) write their first youthful stories. Writers Andrey Alexandrovich, Anatol Volny and Ales Dudar together create an adventure novel "Wolves" (1925), in which they reflect the struggle young heroes for the freedom of his people. Dramatic works for children also appeared - the play "Shepherds" by Mikhas Charot (1921), "Beautiful Night" (1927) and "Father Frost's Christmas Tree" (1927) by Sergei Novik-Pyayun.

A periodical press appears on the territory of Western Belarus - the magazine "Zaranka" (Russian "Malinovka"; 1927-1931) begins its activity under the editorship of Zoska Veras, on the pages of which the native word Ales Harun, Constance Builo, Yakub Kolas, Mikhail Mashara and others are popularized . A little later, the Western Belarusian magazines "Praleska" (Russian "Snowdrop"; 1934-1935), "Snopok" (1937), "Belarusian Chronicle" (1933-1939) are published.

Young Belarusian writers are working on creating a new image of the young heroes of the then modern times - the stories "Victory" (1930), "The Extraordinary Bear" (1930) by Ales Yakimovich, "The Trap" (1935) by Simon Baranovs. In his article "Problems of Modern Belarusian Children's Literature" (1931), Alexander Yakimovich noted that the lack of literature for children at that time was in ignoring the needs of the child himself as a reader, since, in his opinion, many writers of that time looked at this literature in a very simplified way, they say, children are illegible, and therefore they will use everything. He focused on the problem of the specifics of children's literature in his speech at the First All-Belarusian Congress of Writers (June 1934), at which he emphasized that literature for children is an equal part of all Belarusian literature, but with its own specifics. And the specifics are not in simplification, but on the contrary - in the selection of the most important and interesting material for children, which should have a bright design, taking into account the age and psychological characteristics of children. Yakimovich also published the first alphabet (poetic) in Belarusian Soviet children's literature "Listen - remember" (in 1948). And only much later, starting from the 70s, dozens of alphabets were written by Belarusian authors, in which the authors showed ingenuity, imagination, the ability to include game effects, adventures in their cognitive information.

Yakub Kolas also drew attention to the importance of children's literature. He talked about the fact that children from childhood should be lured with a book, and arouse in them a steady interest in reading, that joining book culture already starts from kindergarten. In his Methodology of the Native Language (1926), he emphasized that the process of joining the book culture is activated in primary school. And Vasil Vitka wrote that from the first days through the game it is necessary to involve children in the words of their native language, which is actively promoted by the use of works of Belarusian children's literature in the classroom and extracurricular activities. Yakub Kolas edits folk tales (The Dudar, How the Cockerel Saved the Hen, Zaikin's Hut, etc.), and also creates poetic tales (The Mustache Cancer, 1926). In the youthful story "In the vastness of life" (1926), the author for the first time in Belarusian literature tried to develop the genre of youthful stories. His poem "Mikhasov's Adventures" (1934) impresses with the metaphorical language, its lyrical-epic beginning and description of nature. Yakub Kolas became a theorist of children's literature, and the traditions of his skill are also applied in modern literature for the young reader.

New big names Belarusian culture, enriching artistic experience children's literature with their works - Yanka Mavr ("Polesye Robinsons", 1930), Mikhail Lynkov ("Mikolka the Locomotive", 1936), Kuzma Chorny ("Nastenka", 1940). Poetry for children is created by Yanka Kupala (poem "Children's"), Yakub Kolas (poems "For Science", "Grandfather-Guest"), Zmitrok Byadulya (poem "Young Spring"). The genre of fairy tales in children's literature also begins to develop - in the works of Ales Yakimovich ("The Smith Vyarnidub", 1935), Mikhail Lynkov ("About the brave warrior Mishka and his glorious comrades", 1935), Z. Byaduli ("The Ant Palashka", 1939; "Silver Snuffbox", 1940).

On the pages of the Zorki magazine, poems for the children of Yanka Kupala are published (“Song and Fairy Tale”, “Frost”, “Son and Mother”, etc.). In addition to writing his own works, he is engaged in the translation of children's poetry (the poem "Christmas Tree" by Raisa Kudasheva, "Grandfather and Woman" by Jozef Krashevsky). In her poems, Kupala often uses folklore motifs (the poem "Children's"). Folklore basis Vitaly Volsky also laid it in his plays (“The Magnificent Pipe” and “Grandfather and the Crane”, 1939).

The editor-in-chief of the Zorki magazine was Zmitrok Byadulya. His works for children were notable for their drama and at the same time for their simplicity and brevity of description, the sharpness of conflicts and deep psychologism (“Little woodcutters”, “Where is the end of the world?”). In addition, he wrote articles on the development of children's literature and periodicals ("The case of the aging of new school textbooks and the publication of a children's magazine", "On the children's press", etc.). He also turned to the motives of oral folk art (the fairy tales "Ivanushka the simpleton", "Treasure", etc.).

Janka Mavr was marked by the versatility of his talent. His first science-fiction story in the Belarusian language "A Man Walks" (1926) in Belarusian literature gave rise to the fantasy and adventure genres of Belarusian literature. He continued to develop the genre of adventure literature in his stories In the Land of the Bird of Paradise (1928), The Son of Water (1928), and the novel Amok (1929). He also addressed the national theme ("Polesye Robinsons", 1930), and the problem of education (the story "TVT", 1934). Janka Mavr emphasized that writers need to make sure that children, today's and tomorrow's small readers, can say when they grow up that they owe everything good to books.

Children's Belarusian literature of the war time is distinguished by a patriotic orientation inherent in all the fiction of the war period (verses by Yanka Kupala, Yakub Kolas, Maxim Tank, Arkady Kuleshov, Petrus Brovka, stories by Kuzma Chorny, Mikhas Lynkov). During this period, an organic rapprochement of literature for the adult reader and children was felt. Separately from the works for children written during the war, it should be noted Yanka Kupala's poem "A Boy and a Pilot in War", Alexander Yakimovich's story "Pioneer Genya", a collection of poems by Edi Fireflower "Mikhasek", as well as the libretto of the children's opera "Janat".

But even after the war one can trace military theme which dominates in the literature. In 1948, the book "We'll Never Forget" was published, which was compiled by Yanka Mavr together with Petr Runets based on letters-memoirs of children who directly survived those terrible years. In total, the authors of the book received about four hundred children's works. A number of works are published on the theme of "childhood and war" - the story "Andryusha" by Pavel Kovalev (1948), "The Youngest" by Ivan Sivtsov (1949), the poem "Song of the Pioneer Banner" (1949) by Eddie Fireflower .

50-70s of XX century

In the early 1950s, the war theme was also observed in the works of Belarusian writers. Poems by Kastus Kireenko (“Alenkin’s School”, 1951), Anton Belevich (“Go, my son”, 1953), Edi Ognetsvet (“Let’s be friends”, 1955), Anatol Astreiko (“The Adventures of Grandfather Mikhed”, 1956) are published.

At the same time, new works on a peaceful theme are also coming out. The school theme is being developed by Janka Bryl (“Summer in Kalinovka”, 1950; “Hello, School”, 1953), Alexander Yakimovich (“Moscow Speaks”, 1954), Pavel Kovalev (collection of stories “The Lost Diary”, 1954), Mikhail Danilenko ( "Loyalty to the word", 1956), Elena Vasilevich ("Tomorrow to school", 1956), etc.

The post-war children's prose was significantly enriched by the science fiction story of Yanka Mavr "The Phantommobile of Professor Tsylyakovsky" (1954), which became a continuation of his development fantasy genre.

At the beginning of his creative way Vladimir Korotkevich turned to the past and the riches of folklore, which was witnessed by his “Tales and Legends of My Motherland”, which he sent for evaluation to Yakub Kolas in the summer of 1952. Korotkevich well understood the great educational value of the fairy tale and its role in the formation of love for the motherland, for the Belarusian language. Patriotic in content was his fairy tale "The Swan Skete", which tells about the events of antiquity, when the Tatars plundered the Russian lands. At the end of the tale, the writer gives two versions about the origin of the name "White Rus'" - the white clothes of the people living in it became from the swan plumage, and it is also "white" because it was not under the Tatars. His fairy tale "The Dinner Queen" is also based on folklore, which tells about the tragic story of the beautiful Yalina and her husband, the dinner king. Korotkevich studied a lot, wrote down, and creatively used folklore, which he perceived as the spiritual treasure of the people.

Returns to literature after a long break Vladimir Dubovka. His collections of fairy tales "The Magnificent Find" (1960), "Milavitsa" (1962), "Flowers - Sun Children" (1963), "Golden Grains" (1975) are published, which are notable for their moral and ethical issues and philosophical content. In addition to Dubovka, writers Sergei Grokhovsky, Ales Palchevsky, Stanislav Shushkevich, Ales Zvonak, Yazep Puscha are returning to their homeland after Stalin's repressions.

Reveals images in his books of poetry native land Aleksey Pysin (“Moths-Butterflies”, 1962; “Rainbow over the Reach”, 1964), shows the beauty of nature Evdokia Moose (“Shoeed Christmas Tree”, 1961; “The Tale of Weasel”, 1963; “Vyaseliki”, 1964) .

Raises the theme of the Great Patriotic War, showing the horrors of the occupation through the eyes of children, Ivan Serkov, in the trilogy: “Sanka and I are behind enemy lines” (1968), “We are tenacious guys” (1970), “Sanka and I are gunners” (1989).

In 1971, the landmark historical story by Ales Yakimovich "Kastus Kalinovsky" was published, and in 1976 - "A Hard Year". Yakimovich also writes fairy tales based on folklore motifs (“About the brave Hedgehog”, “Sparrow guests”, etc.), and also translates into Belarusian the fairy tales of Alexander Pushkin, Samuil Marshak, Korney Chukovsky.

Turns to the scientific and educational genre with elements of journalism Vitaly Volsky, who publishes such local history books as "Journey through the country of Belarusians" (1968), "Polesie" (1971), as well as such a cycle of natural science essays as "Duncan's Fate" (1978), "Hello, Birch" (1984). Colorfully describes the nature of Belovezhskaya Pushcha in the essay of the same name by Vladimir Korotkevich (“Belovezhskaya Pushcha”, 1975), who, in addition, reveals his talent as an innovative storyteller through traditional images and motifs in his collection “Tales” (1975). In the same period, his emotionally upbeat story about Belarus "The Land Under White Wings" (1977) was published.

The beautiful world of childhood opens up in the stories of Vissarion Garbuk (collection "Inadvertently and on purpose", 1969; "There are no such flowers", 1971; "City without parrots", 1983) and Vladimir Yurevich ("Taraskovy cares", 1966; "Where the sun sleeps ", 1970; "Fearless fear", 1986). Cognitive and educational potential through stories about nature was shown by Pavel Misko (“Autumn Day”, “Forest Gifts”, etc.). He raises moral and ethical questions through the stories " Good man”, “Calendar of conscience”. In his humorous novel "New Settlers, or Truthful, sometimes funny, sometimes scary book about an unusual month in the life of Zhenya Goosebumps." It teaches children a sense of responsibility and teaches them to control their actions and behavior. He raises the problems of friendship and human relationships through the fantastic novels The Adventures of Bulbobs (1977) and The Grotto of the Bottlenose Dolphin (1985). In addition, he translates into Belarusian the poems of Nikolai Gogol “Dead Souls”, the fairy tales of Peter Ershov “The Little Humpbacked Horse”, individual works of Vladimir Tendryakov, Vladimir Lichutin, Yevgeny Nosov, Vasily Belov, Korney Chukovsky.

Dramaturgy does not stand aside either - heroic plays by Ales Makhnach "The Starling" (1963) and "Gavrosh of the Brest Fortress" (1969), Valentin Zub's "Marat Kazei" (1963) and "The Youth of a Knight" (1972) appear one after another.

80-90s of the XX century

Those socio-political changes in society that took place in the 80-90s of the 20th century influenced not only the development of Belarusian children's literature of this period, but also the principles for selecting works for reading in preschool educational institutions and schools. Works that lost their relevance under the new conditions, those that were determined by obsessive didacticism, simplification and whose literary qualities were far from art, were excluded from the recommended lists for children's reading. But the works for the children of Andrei Alexandrovich, Zmitrok Byaduli, Ales Yakimovich, Vladimir Dubovka, Yanka Mavr, Mikhas Lynkov, Kuzma Chorny, Vitaly Volsky, Vasyl Vitka, Stanislav Shushkevich and others have remained relevant to this day. Children's literature of the Soviet period has become an important part of the national literature, and its best achievements- precious treasure Belarusian people. At this time, Belarusian children's literature reached wider thematic limits, and the theme of the Motherland sounded fuller and deeper.

The works of Vasily Zhukovich (collection “The Hoot of Spring”, 1992), Vladimir Karizna “Play, flute, do not be silent”, 1998), Leonid Pronchak (“Girl-Belarusian”, 1993) stand out as a national feature.

Artur Volsky, one of the founders of the Vyaselka magazine, writes entertainingly for children, co-author of textbooks on literary reading for the Buslyanka elementary school. During the years 1980-1990, he wrote quite a few books for children ("The sun is very close", 1984; "I'll get to heaven", 1984; "From A to Z - my profession", 1987, etc.). For the book "Carousel" (1996), the writer in 1997 was awarded the title of laureate of the Yankee Moor Literary Prize. It is also impossible not to mention another writer closely associated with Vyaselkay - Vladimir Lipsky, also a laureate of the Yanka Mavra Prize. His work is distinguished by the originality of the plot, fabulousness, and adventure elements ("Blot-wax and Yanka from Divngorsk", 1982; "About Andreika Dobrik and the devil Duronic", 1993; "Queen of White Princesses", 2000).

They interestingly and successfully combine the fantastic with the real in their works by Raisa Borovikova (“Galenchina “I”, or the Planet of Curious Boys”, 1990) and Alexander Savitsky (“Joys and Sorrows of the Golden Carp Bagel”, 1993).

The poetry of Rygor Borodulin stands out for its genre diversity, who masterfully played with words and punned (“Indykala-kudykala”, 1986; “Cobra in a bag”, 1990; “Trishka, Mishka and Shchipai rode a boat”, 1996). Its alphabets are also distinguished by their originality (“The alphabet is not a toy”, 1985; “The alphabet is a cheerful beehive”, 1994).

In the 1990s, the Belarusian-language religious Catholic magazine for children “Little Knight Bezzagannay” (Belarusian) was published. "Little Knight Immaculate"), an addition to the Catholic publication "Ave Maria", founded by the Minsk-Mogilev archdiocese. Main character in the magazine - a boy, "The Little Immaculate Knight".

In the early 1990s, popular science essays about the ancient Belarusian history Sergei Tarasov, Vladimir Orlov, Konstantin Tarasov, Vitovt Charopka. In addition, books are published on this topic, which are adapted to the perception of younger students.

What does an average citizen of our country know about Belarusian literature? Absolutely nothing. Perhaps a certain percentage of people will remember a couple of surnames that are imprinted in the names of the streets - Kupala, Kolas, Bogdanovich. Particularly advanced will call Bykov. That's all. It makes no sense to talk about the works themselves, since even at school a small number of conscious students read them. The rest are reading summary on the Internet, which flies out of young heads after 2 days.
We decided to correct this situation and make a rating of 10 best books Belarusian literature. You can safely buy any book from the list as a gift. Let friends break away from cheap detectives and "50 shades of gray." Enjoying the masterpieces of native literature is waiting for you.

10th place. "Song of the Great Bison" - Mikola Gusovski.

You orgasm like Tolkien or eagerly swallow J. Martin's Game of Thrones books. Then this work for you.
The history of the creation of the poem is unique. Its author, Nikolai Gusovsky, arrived as part of a delegation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to Pope Leo X. They wanted to present a gift to the head of the Vatican - a stuffed bison. Bison were extremely rare in Western Europe, and there were numerous legends about them. It was necessary to write an explanation for the stuffed animal about what the beast is. So Nikolai Gusovsky took up this business. So the poem was originally written in Latin specifically for Pope Leo X.

9th place. "Paleskіya rabinzony" - Yanka Maўr.

Yanka Mavr is often called the father of Belarusian children's fiction. He skillfully took over from other adventure writers (Daniel Defoe, Mine Reid, Fenimore Cooper) in creating fascinating stories. His book "Paleskіya rabinzony" will make Bear Gryls cry with tenderness. According to the plot, two guys Victor and Miron, by the will of fate, were thrown out onto a piece of land surrounded by swamps.
Surviving on a desert island, searching for food, warmth, shelter, fighting dangerous opponents - fans of the Lost series must read this book.

8th place. “Shlyakhtsits Zavalnya, otherwise Belarus is in fantastic apocalypse” - Jan Barshcheuski.

This amazing collection of prose is often in the shadow of the reader's attention. But he can easily stir up your imagination when you read about a werewolf or the King of Adders.
In addition, Jan Borshchevsky did a colossal job of describing Belarus in the middle of the 19th century. In his works one can find descriptions of the beautiful landscapes of the northern lands, features of the national character of Belarus, interesting economic facts. Feel free to buy this book as a gift to people who are not indifferent to the history and culture of our Motherland.

7th place. "Roma Edze" - Raman Svechnikau.

According to statistics, about 70% of Belarusians have never left the country. Roman Svechnikov decided to win back for everyone at once, took a backpack, took $200, left the house and… And in 2 years he really traveled practically the whole world. Georgia, Armenia, Iran, Azerbaijan, Altai, Mongolia, China, Laos, Thailand, Los Angeles, Alaska, New York, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina and return to Belarus. The description of this journey is read in one breath, it is so addictive amazing adventure. The book, no doubt, in the future should enter the golden fund of Belarusian literature.

6. "Mova" - Viktar Martsinovich.

Viktor Martinovich is by far the most popular young Belarusian writer. And his dystopian novel "Mova", which was released in 2014, deserves the closest attention.
There is no Belarus in the future. We live in the Russian-Chinese union. Chinatown is located in the center of Minsk, where about a million Chinese live. And our native language is banned, and you can get a huge prison term for its dissemination. But “mova” acts like a drug on the “tuteishy” (former Belarusians), who subconsciously cannot remain indifferent to their native language.
The novel "Mova" by Viktor Martinovich leaves few people indifferent. It will seem to you either garbage or splendor. Read and be impressed.

5th place. "On the Rostans" - Yakub Kolas.

The main work of one of the pillars of Belarusian literature. novel in three books, which was written by Yakub Kolas throughout his life.
The events in the books take place from 1902 to 1911 and tell about the life of a teacher in the remote villages of Polissya. The main character Lobanovich, a teacher by profession, is looking for meaning and purpose in his life. In the novel, you can see the political state of society, and the complex of problems between different strata of society, and magnificent descriptions of the nature of Belarus.
Therefore, lovers of large-scale, intelligent and fundamental novels, we recommend this book.

4. "People on Balots" - Ivan Melezh.

A lyrical novel about life in Polesie (yes, Polesie is our navel of the earth). Describes the changes in a remote village, which is cut off from the outside world by swamps. Events develop during the time of collectivization, so the background of the plot is the numerous problems of society and relations between peasants.
Nevertheless, the novel has a powerful lyrical component, the book tells us the love story between the young peasants Anna and Vasil, deeply revealing the characters' characters. The novel is also valuable detailed description life, traditions and culture of the Poleshuks, who still differ from other Belarusians in a number of features.

3rd place. "Tuteyshya" - Yanka Kupala.

With this play, Yanka Kupala, our literary genius, hits hard on the most problematic Belarusian issue - on the issue of national identity.
One of the main characters of the work, Nikita Znosak, is a classic opportunist. He does not care about principles, ideas, the Motherland and the people, if they all do not promise him any benefits. He is ready to be either a Pole or a Russian - anyone, if only to settle down with a government that will feed him.
"Tuteishya" became the most banned production in Belarus both during the BSSR and during the current regime.

2. "Alpine ballad" - Vasil Bykaў.

Vasil Bykov has many worthy stories. Basically, they reveal the whole truth about people who found themselves in the inferno of the Second World War.
But the most touching and penetrating story turned out to be about love. "Alpine Ballad" tells the story of Ivan and Julia, two escaped prisoners who were used as free money by the Germans. work force at your factory. A passionate and powerful feeling arises between the main characters, which adds strength to fight and survive.
This story, even years later, few people remain indifferent. And destroys the image of Vasil Bykov, who "wrote only about the war."

1. “Kalasy fall with your sarpom” - Uladzimir Karatkevich.

The most interesting and exciting work of Belarusian literature, which will make you fall out of reality for a while and, without looking up, eagerly swallow the pages.
The plot describes the events in Belarus that took place on the eve of Kalinouski's uprising in 1863. The main character is Ales Zagorsky, the heir to a wealthy gentry family, who grew up with a strong sense of love for the Belarusian people.
“Kalasi fall with your sternness” is worth reading not only because there is patriotism and Kalinovsky. It's just a very interesting novel that could easily become the basis for a great movie or series.

What are your top 10 Belarusian books of all time? Write in the comments.

In contact with

Belarusians was formed under the direct influence of the ancient folk traditions peoples of Kievan Rus. Folklore is diverse in genres. The earliest layer is formed by the poetry of the calendar-agricultural and family-ritual cycles: carols, Shrovetide, Kupala, mash (from cleanup type of collective labor), wedding, christening and other songs. Non-ritual poetry includes lyrical songs ( Is it light, is it shining), historical, recruiting, Chumatsky, comic. A significant part of the historical ones are songs about the raids of the Tatars, chronologically related to the 15th-16th centuries. These songs usually do not describe specific historical events, but the experiences of the characters are conveyed against their background ( Oh, flew flew yes gray eagle). TO song genres belongs to the ballad. More than a hundred plots of ballads are known ( daughter bird; mother-in-law turns daughter-in-law into mountain ash; brothers brother and sister meeting). In these plots, there is a clear connection with the ballads of other Slavic peoples. Narrative genres represented by fairy tales, epics, legends, legends ( About Kryzhatsky graves), anecdotes. Distinctive feature Belarusian fairy tale epic fairy tales about heroic bogatyrs-assaulters (osolok strong man) defeating various monsters ( Blacksmith hero; widow's son; Vaska Popelyshka). The later ones include social fairy tales ( Ivanko Prostachok; panu science; Man and pan;envious pop). class relations, folk morality, life experience are reflected in small genres of oral poetry: proverbs, sayings, riddles ( Panama is sown, reaped and mowed, and they ask for their own bread; Pop and from the living and from the dead). Historical songs, epics, ballads were sung by domra to the accompaniment of domra. Tales, legends, legends were told by Bahari. Domrachei and bahari were indispensable participants in carols, mermaids and other folk rituals. Such dramatic elements oral and poetic creativity contributed to the formation of the folk theater.

History of Belarusian pre-October literature. Minsk, 1977
History of Belarusian Soviet Literature. Minsk, 1977
Ovcharenko A. Modern Belarusian novel. M., 1978
Maldis A. Formation of new Belarusian literature in its relationship with other Slavic literatures (XVII-XIX centuries). – Slavic literatures in the process of formation and development. M., 1987
Yaskevich A. The formation of the Belarusian artistic tradition . Minsk, 1987
Tychina M. “I am writing so that they know…”: Belarusian classics and modernity. Lit. review. M., 1989, No. 12
Grishkovets V. The Miracle of the Birth of Talent: The Third Renaissance of Belarusian Literature. Lit. newspaper. M., 1997, No. 50

Find " BELARUSIAN LITERATURE" on

Belarusians was formed under the direct influence of the ancient folklore traditions of the peoples of Kievan Rus. Folklore is diverse in genres. The earliest layer is formed by the poetry of the calendar-agricultural and family-ritual cycles: carols, Shrovetide, Kupala, mash (from cleanup- a type of collective labor), wedding, christening and other songs. Non-ritual poetry includes lyrical songs ( Is it light, is it shining), historical, recruiting, Chumatsky, comic. A significant part of the historical ones are songs about the raids of the Tatars, chronologically related to the 15th-16th centuries. These songs usually do not describe specific historical events, but the experiences of the characters are conveyed against their background ( Oh, flew - flew yes gray eagle). The ballad belongs to the song genres. More than a hundred plots of ballads are known ( daughter is a bird; mother-in-law turns daughter-in-law into mountain ash; brothers- brother and sister meeting In these plots, there is a clear connection with the ballads of other Slavic peoples. Narrative genres are represented by fairy tales, epics, legends, legends ( About Kryzhatsky graves), anecdotes. A distinctive feature of the Belarusian fairy tale epos is the tales of the heroic bogatyr-bogatyrs (osolok - strongman) defeating various monsters ( Blacksmith - hero; widow's son; Vaska Popelyshka). The later ones include social fairy tales ( Ivanko Prostachok; panu science; Man and pan;envious pop). Class relations, folk morality, life experience are reflected in small genres of oral poetry: proverbs, sayings, riddles ( Panama is sown, reaped and mowed, and they ask for their own bread; Pop and from the living and from the dead). Historical songs, epics, ballads were sung by domra to the accompaniment of domra. Tales, legends, legends were told by Bahari. Domrachei and bahari were indispensable participants in carols, mermaids and other folk rituals. Such dramatic elements of oral and poetic creativity contributed to the formation of the folk theater.

written literature

on the territory of Belarus arose at the end of the 10th century. Like all Eastern Slavs, the beginning literary development Belarusian people is associated with the adoption of Christianity and high level oral folk art. Being carriers of the culture of Kievan Rus, Belarusians developed their national literature on its basis. The complex process of formation of the Belarusian language and Belarusian literature was basically completed in the 16th century.

Initially, in the writing of the Eastern Slavs, the main place was occupied by translated literature of religious content. In the 10th-13th centuries. Old Russian literature organically included translations into Old Slavonic from Byzantium of the main Christian works: the Bible, hagiographic () writings and apocrypha. This is evidenced, for example, by the Turov Gospel (11th century), translated lives of the Christian martyrs Anthony the Great, Alexei, the man of God, etc., apocryphal Walking of the Virgin through torment, works of the Church Fathers and many other translations that were widely distributed on the territory of Belarus. Greco-Byzantine chronicles came from Byzantium to Rus', introducing the Eastern Slavs to the events of world history: History of the Jewish War Joseph Flavius, the chronicles of John Malala, George Sinkell, George Amartol.

These and other translations accelerated the development of original Old Russian literature. The first writers of Rus' successfully assimilated the genres of European literature, reworking them in a peculiar way. The authors whose activities were connected with the lands of present-day Belarus include the scribes and orators Kliment Smolyatich (d. after 1164) and Cyril of Turovsky (c. 1130 - c. 1182). The ancient Russian church writer Kliment Smolyatich defended in his writings the independence of the Russian Church from Constantinople. The only surviving work of Kliment Smolyatich Epistle to the Smolensk presbyter Thomas is an important document testifying to the origin of free-thinking in ancient Russian church writing. Special fame in Rus' and in other Slavic lands acquired by Kirill Turovsky - a master of solemn eloquence. His works were distinguished by the harmony of composition, developed methods of oratory, figurative rhythmic speech. They wrote eight words for various church holidays, Epistle to Vasily Abbot of the Caves and many other writings. The work of Kirill Turovsky is distinguished by its special poetry, because he skillfully used the motifs of folklore.

In the 12th-13th centuries. hagiography is developing intensively. At the end of the 12th - beginning of the 13th centuries. was drawn up Life of Euphrosyne of Polotsk. Its author writes about Princess Predslava (1100–1173), who was widely known under the name of Abbess Euphrosyne in the second half of the 12th century. in Belarusian lands. She founded two monasteries, which became sources of enlightenment in the Polotsk region. Euphrosyne was highly educated and loved books, which she herself translated from Greek and copied in one of the monasteries she founded. Monuments of ancient Russian hagiography are also Life of Cyril of Turov(13th century), the only notable biography writer, and Life of Abraham Smolensky(c. 1240), where Abraham is characterized as an excellent orator, scribe and artist.

The traditions laid down in Old Russian writing developed in the Belarusian literature of the period of its formation (14th-16th centuries). By this time, the Mongol-Tatar invasion led to the collapse of Kievan Rus. The Western Russian principalities, one after another, became dependent on the Lithuanian princes. By the end of the 14th century all Belarusian lands were part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. On the basis of the Western Russian tribes, isolated from their kindred East Slavic ones, the Belarusian nationality was formed. From the same period, the formation of the Belarusian culture proper, the formation of an independent language and literature began.

Belarusians, being the heirs of the ancient Russian tradition, played a significant role in the cultural life of the Lithuanian state for a long time. Since Lithuanian writing and the Lithuanian literary language did not yet exist at that time, the Western Russian language that had developed on the Old Russian basis was recognized as the state language of the Principality of Lithuania. The official recognition of the nationwide status contributed to the further development and improvement of the Old Belarusian language, from which the modern Belarusian language was subsequently formed.

In the 14th-15th centuries. Literature developed in the traditional system of types and genres. The books of the Bible were actively copied. Known, for example, are the Lavrishev, Orsha, Polotsk, Drutsk, Mstizh Gospels, the Smolensk Psalter of 1395. the most important monuments secular Western European literature (Alexandria).

At the same time, Belarusian literature itself is developing. Under the influence of the traditions of East Slavic chronicle writing, the genre of Belarusian chronicles is being formed. Early Belarusian chronicles begin with translations Tale of Bygone Years. The main sources for the Belarusian and Belarusian-Lithuanian chronicles were other ancient Russian historical works, for example, the Kiev and Galicia-Volyn chronicles. The most famous works of this genre are , Belarusian-Lithuanian chronicle of 1446, Annals of Abraham, 1495. Chronicler of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania, which arose approx. 1428–1430, and Belarusian-Lithuanian Chronicle 1446 G. They are permeated with an apology for the activities of the Grand Dukes, aimed at protecting the state and political interests of their principality.

A different look at the fate of the Belarusian people is Annals of Abraham. It was compiled on behalf of the Bishop of Smolensk Joseph by a certain Abraham, information about which has not been preserved. It uses Russian chronicles, supplemented by a description of the events of local history. IN Annals of Abraham the idea of ​​the unity of the Russian land is carried out, the desire of the population of the Belarusian and Russian territories that fell under the rule of Lithuania to unite with the Russian state is emphasized.

The chroniclers developed a peculiar artistic style - concise and expressive. Therefore, chronicles were of great importance not only for Belarusian historiography, but also for early Belarusian fiction.

In the 14th-15th centuries. the development of other genres characteristic of Old Russian writing continues. At the end of the 14th century one of the outstanding works of Slavic pilgrimage literature was created - Walking Ignatius Smolyanin. A prominent representative of church eloquence was a native of Bulgaria, Metropolitan Gregory Tsamblak (c. 1365 - c. 1419). His solemn Words, written figurative language and exquisite style, continued the tradition of Cyril of Turov. In the 15th century panegyric genres develop. Are being created praise distinguished individuals for their heroic deeds and deeds. For example, Praise to Vitovt, Praise to Hetman Ostrozhsky and etc.

Gradually, traditional types and genres of writing give way to new ones. Literature is becoming more secular and democratic, it shows significant Renaissance and reformist influences. At the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th centuries. a new humanitarian culture is emerging. A prominent figure in the East Slavic Renaissance of the early 16th century. was Francis (George) Skaryna (1490-1541). As a writer Skaryna is known for his Forewords, which he wrote to the books of the Bible translated and published by him. By translating the Bible into Belarusian, Skaryna sought to spread literacy among the broad strata of the people. He wrote in his Forewords that the Bible is the primary means of education, a treasure trove of knowledge and worldly wisdom. His ideas had a great influence on the scribes of the 16th-17th centuries: Symon Budny (1530-1593), Vasil Tyapinsky (c. 1540-1603), Meletiy Smotrytsky (1577-1634). Following Francis Skaryna, they defended the aesthetic value of their native language as a fundamental means of self-expression of the people, preserving its history and culture.

The main feature of the Belarusian culture of this period is its polylinguistic character. Arising at the intersection of East Slavic and Western European traditions and developing under the influence of the Orthodox and Catholic denominations, this culture is characterized by the interaction of the Belarusian, Old Slavonic, Lithuanian, Polish and Latin cultural layers. Belarus 15 - early 16 centuries. was basically bilingual. Church Slavonic was used as the language of religious writing and worship, Belarusian - in business writing and secular literature. As a result of the penetration of Catholicism from the 16th century. spread of Latin. common monument Belarusian, Polish, Lithuanian cultures of the 16th century. can be considered the legacy of the Latin poets, authors of epic poems by Jan Wislicki (c. 1485–1490 - after 1516) ( Prussian war, 1515) and Nikolai Gusovsky (c. 1480 - after 1533) ( The Bison Song, 1523).

In the second half of the 16th - early 17th centuries. polemical literature is developing intensively. This phenomenon is directly related to the Polonization and strengthening of the influence of the Catholic Church, which followed after the Union of Lublin in 1569, which united the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland into a single state of the Commonwealth, and after the Union of Brest in 1596, which united the Orthodox and Catholic Churches. Prominent ideologists of the Uniate movement were Piotr Skarga of Pavensky (1536–1612) and Ipatiy Potey (1541–1613). The anti-Uniate trend is represented by the works of Martyn Bronevsky, Melety Smotrytsky, Zakhary Kopystensky, Leonty Karpovich, Afanasy Filippovich (1597–1648). One of the first writings in defense of the union was a treatise by P. Skarga Pavensky On the Unity of God's Church, 1577. The idea of ​​association was defended in the books of I. Potey Union, 1595 and heresy, 1607. The main works of Orthodox polemicists were directed against the Uniate books: Apocrisis, 1597 M. Bronevsky; Verse on the apostates, 1598, Antigraphs, 1608 and Phrynos, 1610 M. Smotrytsky; Polynodia, 1619–1922 Z. Kopystensky; Diariush A. Filippovich.

To the polemical writings of the first half of the 17th century. also applies to an anonymous satirical poem Meleshka's speech(Pramov Ivan Myaleshki, castellan of Smolensk). According to its content, it is a parody of Sejm speeches, a sharp pamphlet, the unknown author of which opposes foreign domination.

The best works of polemical journalism, both from the side of defenders and opponents of Uniatism, are saturated with deep socio-political content and are written in a bright, emotional, expressive language. They are cultural heritage Belarusian people, whose spiritual values ​​were created by representatives of various confessions.

The secular literature of this period is marked by the emergence of syllabic versification. The most widespread genre of syllabic poetry was the genre of epigrams (a kind of panegyric poems). Among panegyric poets, Andrei Rymsha (c. 1550–after 1595) is especially famous (epic poem Deketeros Akroama, or Ten-Year Tale of the Military Affairs of Prince K. Radziwill, 1582).

The polylinguistic character is also clearly manifested in the literature of the 17th and 18th centuries. Most of the authors wrote in Polish, Latin and Old Church Slavonic. Bilingual works also appeared: Belarusian-Ukrainian, Belarusian-Russian, Belarusian-Polish. For example, the work of Simeon Polotsky (1629–1680) and Andrei Belobotsky belongs to several Slavic literatures. Being representatives of Belarusian and Russian culture, both writers were greatly influenced by the traditions of Polish literature.

With Polish and Ukrainian mediation in the literature of the second half of the 17th - first half of the 18th centuries. the Baroque style spread, especially characteristic of poetry and dramaturgy. Baroque tendencies manifested themselves in both spiritual and secular poetry. In collections of didactic and panegyric poems by Simeon of Polotsk Rhymologion And Vertograd multicolor, 1678, in a philosophical and religious poem inspired by Western European mysticism Pentateugum(after 1681) Andrei Belobotsky, in anonymous compositions of song-intimate lyrics (poem Lament (lament) on the death of L. Karnovich, 1620) the most typical features of baroque works were reflected: allegorical and metaphorical beginning, ornamentality, paradoxicality, complexity of rhythm and strophic, refinement of rhetorical figures.

The birth of Belarusian dramaturgy is associated with the activities of the Jesuits, namely, with dramatic performances widely used in the teaching practice of the Jesuit colleges. Latin and Polish morality dramas staged in school theaters, were accompanied by choir and ballet performances, as well as interludes written in Belarusian-Polish or Belarusian-Ukrainian. The main character of such interludes was a Belarusian peasant - the bearer of folk wisdom and virtue. The most artistically interesting are the interludes from the so-called Kovno collection, 1731: Peasant and student, The Peasant and the Runaway Disciple, A game fortune. They are written in a living language, filled with relevant content, they show a connection with real life and folk art. On an intermedia basis, the first Belarusian-Polish Comedy, 1787 by K. Marashevsky, in which baroque and classicist tendencies were already synthesized in a peculiar way.

A feature of the classic literature of the Enlightenment in the second half of the 18th century. was that Belarusian works occupied an even smaller place in it than in baroque times. The reason for this was the normative aesthetics of classicism, which allowed Belarusian vernacular only in “low” genres, such as, for example, burlesque poetry parodying biblical stories. Most literary works were written in Polish, Latin, Old Slavonic, and since the end of the 18th century, when Belarus became part of Russia, Russian-language literature has developed intensively. Genres combining professional art and folklore (interludes, satirical works, lyrical songs) dominated in Belarusian literature itself.

This trend continued into the early 19th century. On the basis of folklore, semi-anonymous parodic-satirical poems arose Aeneid inside out, the authorship of which is attributed to V.P. Rovinsky (1786–1855), and Taras on Parnassus(not earlier than 1837). National in language, in features of humor, in depicting realistic pictures of peasant life, lively and witty, these poems had a great influence on the development of the subsequent literary process.

The most significant figure in the Belarusian literature of the mid-19th century. was Vincent (Vintsuk) Dunin-Martsinkevich (1807–1884). He wrote his compositions in Belarusian, Polish and Russian. In the Belarusian language he created poems in 1855–1857 Vechernitsy, Gapon, Kupala, Bylitsy, Naum's stories as well as comedy Pinsk nobility, 1866. He is the author of the libretto for the first Belarusian comic opera Idyll (Selyanka), 1846 and plays Matchmaking, 1870, written in a mixed Polish-Belarusian language. His works are poetic, full of folk songs, proverbs and sayings.

The authors whose creative activity fell on this period include Jan Barshchevsky (1794–1851) (collection of stories Shlyakhtich Zavalnya, 1844–1846), poet and folklorist Jan Chechot (1796–1847), Artem Veriga-Darevsky (1816–1884) (poems To the Litvin brothers, Ohulga, drama Pride), author of patriotic poems Vincent Korotynsky (1831–1891) ( Longing on a foreign side), Belarusian-Polish poets Vladislav Syrokomlya (Ludwig Kondratovich, 1823–1862) ( good news; Already the birds are singing everywhere) and Alexander Rypinsky (c. 1810 - c. 1900) (ballad Unclean, 1853).

At the end of the 19th century a powerful movement for national revival is emerging in Belarusian literature. Franciszek Bogushevich (1840–1900) acted as a poetic herald and a kind of ideologist of the movement. The main works of Bogushevich were included in the collections Belarusian pipe, 1891 and Smyk Belarusian, 1894. Both of them went abroad under the pseudonym Matei Burachok. In the preface to Belarusian pipe there was a passionate call for the revival of national dignity, identity, lost as a result of the centuries-old practice of Polish-Russian assimilation. Defending the rights of the Belarusian language, Bogushevich completes Foreword a penetrating prophetic warning, in which he says that a people who have abandoned their native word doomed to extinction. Bogushevich's contemporaries were the poet Janka Luchina (Ivan Neslukhovsky, 1851–1897), who wrote in Belarusian, Russian and Polish (poem Not for glory or calculation, 1886), Adam Gurinovich (1869–1894) (poetry What a mournful sound was heard; What are you sleeping man), memoirist and author of fables ( foreman; wolfhound) Algerd Abukhovich (1840–1898).

Thanks to F. Bogushevich and his associates, the national revival idea becomes the main creative motive in further development Belarusian literature. At the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. the problem of national self-knowledge became decisive in the works of Yanka Kupala (I.D. Lutsevich, 1882–1942), Yakub Kolas (K.M. .I. Levitsky, 1868–1922), Maxim Bogdanovich (1891–1917), Zmitrok Byaduli (S.E. Plavnik, 1886–1941), Ales Harun (A.V. Prushinsky, 1887–1920), Maxim Goretsky (1893 –1939). Their creativity opened to the world the multifaceted life of the Belarusian people, their dreams and thoughts, their difficult fate and awakening consciousness.

Heroic-romantic tendencies are clearly manifested in the literature, which allows us to speak of romanticism as a national aesthetic phenomenon, closely connected with the formation of the Belarusian nation. The romantic beginning is clearly visible in the works of Y. Kupala (poems And who goes there, 1907; Young Belarus, 1913; poems eternal song, 1910, Mound, 1910, Bondarovna, 1913, lion's grave, 1913), E. Pashkevich (Aunts) (poems from Sat. Baptism to freedom And Belarusian violin, 1906), M. Bogdanovich (sat. Wreath, 1913 and cycle Poems of the Belarusian warehouse, 1915–1917), J. Kolas (sat. Songs of sorrow, 1910 and native images, 1914).

Events following October Revolution: Civil War, Polish occupation (1919–1920), division of Belarus into western and eastern parts (1921) had a negative impact on literary process, slowing it down considerably. A period of intensive development begins in the 1920s. Numerous literary associations are being created in Soviet Belorussia. The most significant - Maladnyak(Young growth), 1923–1928; Uzvyshsha(High ground), 1926–1931; Polymya(Flame), 1927–1932. A large group of young writers came to literature: Mikhas Charot (M.S. Kudelka, 1896–1938) (collection of poems Snowstorm, 1922; poems Barefoot in the conflagration, 1921 and Belarus bastard, 1924); Kuzma Chorny (N.K. Romanovsky, 1900–1944) (novels Sister, 1927–1928; Earth, 1928); Mikhas Zaretsky (M.E. Kosenkov, 1901–1941) (novel naked beast, 1926; novel Track stitches, 1927), Vladimir Dubovka, 1900–1976 (sat. Rapids, 1923; Cane, 1925; Credo, 1926), Kondrat Krapiva (K.K.Atrahovich, 1896–?) ( stories, 1926). The active creative activity of writers of the older generation continues (poems Belarus, 1921, In Yasnye Krushny, 1921, story Nightingale Z. Byaduli; comedy Tuteishya(Local), 1922, poem Nameless, 1924 Y. Kupala; poems new earth, 1923 Simon the musician, 1917–1925, stories In the forest wilderness, 1923, In the depths of Polissya, 1927 by Y. Kolas; Sat. Songs of labor and struggle, 1922; celebration, 1924 T. Gartny).

In the 1930s, the novel develops - that genre in Belarusian literature, which until that time did not have rich traditions ( Komarov Chronicle , 1930–1937, Vilna Communards, 1931–1932 M. Goretsky; Yazep Krushinsky, 1932 Z. Byaduli; Go go, 1930,third generation, 1935K. Chorny; Vyazmo, 1932 M. Zaretsky; Pereguda, 1935 T. Gartny; Medvedici, 1932 K.Krapiva.

In the literature of Western Belarus, which was part of Poland in 1921-1939, there is a perceptible continuity romantic tradition early 20th century The main place is occupied by the expressive, romantically colored, intellectualized poetry of Leopold Rodzevich (sat. Belarus, 1922), Vladimir Zhilka (poem Imagination, 1923), Kazimir Svoyak (sat. My lyre, 1 floor 1920s), Mikhas Vasilka (sat. Upland noise, 1929), Mikhas Mashary (sat. Images, 1928). The best works of Maxim Tank (E.I. Skurko) were written in the 1930s (sat. At the stages, 1935, Zhuravinovy color, 1937, under the mast, 1938).

During the Great Patriotic War, Belarusian literature was replenished with significant works. The authors especially actively used the genre of the epic poem, traditional for Belarusians ( Belarus, 1943, P. Brovki; Eden, 1944, Z. Astapenko; Yanuca Seliba, 1943 M. Tank; Retribution Ya. Kolas, 1945; Cymbals, 1944, A. Kuleshova). In prose, novels and stories by K. Chorny became a noticeable phenomenon. Skipevsky forest, 1941–1944, Looking for the future, 1943, great day, 1941–1944, Milky Way, 1944.

IN post-war years Ivan Shamyakin, Ivan Melezh, Vasil Bykov, Ales Adamovich, Ivan Naumenko, Andrey Makayonok came to literature. Literature developed especially intensively in 1960–1980. Biggest successes seen in prose. These are military stories by V. Bykov ( Third rocket, 1962; Alpine ballad, 1964; Sotnikov, 1970; Wolf Pack, 1974; sign of trouble, 1983; Career, 1985) and A. Adamovich ( Khatyn story, 1972; Punishers, 1980), novels by I. Melezh ( people in the swamp, 1961, Thunderstorm breath,1964–1965; Blizzards, December, 1976), I. Shamyakina ( Heart in the palm of your hand, 1963; Atlanteans and Caryatids, 1974; I'll take your pain, 1978), I. Naumenko ( Pine along the road 1962; Wind in the pines, 1967; Forty third, 1973), Ya. Bryl (Birds and nests, 1963). During this period, written historical novels and stories by V. Korotkevich ( Ears under your sickle, 1966; wild Hunt King Stakh, 1964; Black Castle Olshansky, 1979), documentary books by S. Aleksievich ( War has no woman's face,1984; Last Witnesses, 1985), poems by R. Borodulin ( mother's hut, 1963, The day was born, 1975), plays by A. Makaenka ( Stuffed Apostle, 1966; Tribunal, 1970).

Literature recent decades 20th century Distinguished by a penchant for historical and social analysis. It is represented by prose writers: Khristina Lyalko, Adam Globus, Vladimir Orlov, Vladimir Butromeev. Poets: Leonid Golubovich, Leonid Dranko-Maysyuk, Ales Pismenkov.

Ludmila Tsarkova

Literature:

History of Belarusian pre-October literature. Minsk, 1977
History of Belarusian Soviet Literature. Minsk, 1977
Ovcharenko A. Modern Belarusian novel. M., 1978
Maldis A. Formation of new Belarusian literature in its relationship with other Slavic literatures (XVII-XIX centuries).- Slavic literature in the process of formation and development. M., 1987
Yaskevich A. The formation of the Belarusian artistic tradition. Minsk, 1987
Tychina M. “I am writing so that they know…”: Belarusian classics and modernity. Lit. review. M., 1989, No. 12
Grishkovets V. The Miracle of the Birth of Talent: The Third Renaissance of Belarusian Literature. - Lit. newspaper. M., 1997, No. 50

The topic of this material is Belarusian writers. Many authors write in Belarusian. We will talk about the most famous of them today. Further, both classics and modern authors will be given.

Nina Abramchik

Speaking about the topic "Belarusian writers", one cannot pass by this author. She was also a public and political figure. Nina Abramchik studied at the Vilna Belarusian gymnasium. Received higher education c Participated in the Belarusian Student Union. She has been a teacher since 1939. Since 1941 she lived in Berlin.

Akudovich Valentin Vasilievich

If you are interested in modern Belarusian writers, pay attention to this author, who is also a philosopher. This is Akudovich Valentin Vasilyevich. Studied at Literary Institute A. M. Gorky. He worked as a freight forwarder at a bakery, an engineer and a turner. Served in the ranks of the Soviet army. Led a tourist circle in the House of Pioneers.

Dmitry Emelyanovich Astapenko

Belarusian writers also worked in the fantasy genre. In particular, they include Dmitry Emelyanovich Astapenko, who was also a translator and poet. He comes from a teacher's family. Entered the Mstislav Pedagogical College. Later he transferred to Minsk. There he became a student of the Belarusian Pedagogical College.

Various authors

There are other Belarusian writers, which should be told in more detail. Algerd Ivanovich Bakharevich is the author of prose works. He translated the fairy tale “Frozen” by Wilhelm Hauff into his native Belarusian language. Wrote a novel afterword to this work. Selected works the author were translated into Russian, Slovenian, Bulgarian, Ukrainian, Czech and German languages. In 2008, a collection of selected works by the author was published in Poland.

Belarusian writers are often poets at the same time. In particular, this applies to Igor Mikhailovich Bobkov, who is also a philosopher. He studied at the Department of Philosophy of the Faculty of History at the Belarusian State University. Graduated from graduate school. He did an internship at the London School of Economics. He is a candidate of philosophical sciences.

Our next hero is Vital Voronov, a Belarusian writer, publisher, and translator. He is a co-founder of the cultural and educational center in Poznań. Created the publishing house Bela Krumkach. IN early years emigrated to Poland. There he received his secondary education. He also became the owner of an international diploma from the First Private Lyceum in Poznań.

Our next hero is Adam Globus, a Belarusian prose writer, artist, publisher, poet, and essayist. Born in the Minsk region, in the city of Dzerzhinsk. Comes from the family of Vyacheslav Adamchik, also a Belarusian writer. Lives in Minsk. Studied at the pedagogical department of Minsk art school A. K. Glebova. Worked as a draftsman.

Our next hero is Alexander Karlovich Yelsky, a Belarusian publicist, literary critic, local historian, and historian. He was one of the first collectors of manuscripts. Also known as a historian of Belarusian literature. Used various pseudonyms. Comes from the Catholic family Yelsky. He belonged to the nobility of the Principality of Lithuania. Born within the walls of the Dudichi estate.

Our next hero is Viktor Vyacheslavovich Zhibul, a Belarusian poet, literary critic, and performer. He studied at the Faculty of Philology, and then at the graduate school of the Belarusian State University. He defended his PhD thesis. Actively participated in the life of the capital as a performer. This author collaborated with a large literary community called Boom-Bam-Lit.