All over the world, people tell stories to entertain each other. Sometimes fairy tales help to understand what is bad in life and what is good. Fairy tales appeared long before the invention of books, and even writing.
Scholars have interpreted the story in different ways. A number of folklore researchers called everything that “affected” a fairy tale. The well-known fairy tale expert E. V. Pomerantseva accepted this point of view: “A folk tale is an epic oral piece of art, predominantly prosaic, magical or everyday in nature with an installation for fiction.
Tales about animals differ significantly from other types of fairy tales. The appearance of fairy tales about animals was preceded by stories directly related to beliefs about animals. The Russian fairy tale epic about animals is not very rich: according to N. P. Andreev (an ethnographer, art critic), there are 67 types of fairy tales about animals. They make up less than 10% of the entire Russian fairy tale repertoire, but at the same time this material is distinguished by great originality. In fairy tales about animals, animals implausibly argue, talk, quarrel, love, make friends, and quarrel: the cunning “fox is beautiful in conversation”, the stupid and greedy “wolf-wolf is a grabber from under a bush”, “a mouse-gnawing”, “cowardly bunny - bow-legged, lope up the hill. All this is unbelievable, fantastic.
The appearance of various characters in Russian fairy tales about animals was originally due to the circle of representatives of the animal world that is characteristic of our territory. Therefore, it is natural that in fairy tales about animals we meet with the inhabitants of forests, fields, steppe expanses (bear, wolf, fox, wild boar, hare, hedgehog, etc.). In fairy tales about animals, animals themselves are the main heroes - characters, and the relationship between them determines the nature of the fairy-tale conflict.
my goal research work- compare the images of wild animals from Russian folk tales with the habits of real animals.
Hypothesis - my hypothetical judgment that the images of wild animals, their characters correspond to the habits of their prototypes.
1. Characters in the animal epic.
By observing the composition of animals acting as acting characters in the animal epic, I note the predominance of wild, forest animals. These are a fox, a wolf, a bear, a hare, and birds: a crane, a heron, a thrush, a woodpecker, a crow. Domestic animals appear in conjunction with forest animals, and not as independent or leading characters. Examples: cat, rooster and fox; sheep, fox and wolf; dog and woodpecker and others. The leading characters, as a rule, are forest animals, while domestic animals play a supporting role.
Tales about animals are built on elementary actions. The tales are built on an ending unexpected for the partner, but expected by the listeners. Hence the comic character of animal tales and the need for a cunning and treacherous character, such as the fox, and stupid and foolish, such as the wolf is usually with us. So, fairy tales about animals will mean such fairy tales in which the animal is the main object. The characters are only one animal.
The fox became the favorite hero of Russian fairy tales: Lisa Patrikeevna, the Fox is a beauty, the fox is an oil lip, the gossip fox, Lisafya. Here she lies on the road with glazed eyes. She was dead, the man decided, he kicked her, she wouldn’t stir. The man was delighted, took the fox, put it in a cart with fish: “The old woman will have a collar on her fur coat” - and touched the horse, he himself went ahead. The fox threw out all the fish and left. When the fox began to dine, the wolf came running. Why would a fox feed a wolf! Let him catch it. The fox instantly overshadows: “You, kumanek, go to the river, lower your tail into the hole - the fish itself clings to the tail, sit and say: “Catch, fish”
The proposal is absurd, wild, and the stranger it is, the more readily one believes in it. But the wolf obeyed. The fox feels complete superiority over the gullible and stupid godfather. The image of the fox is completed by other fairy tales. Infinitely deceitful, she uses gullibility, plays on the weak strings of friends and enemies. A lot of tricks and pranks in the memory of the fox. She drives a hare out of a bast hut, carries away a rooster, luring him out with a song, by deceit she changes a rolling pin for a goose, a goose for a turkey, etc., up to a bull. The fox is a pretender, a thief, a deceiver, evil, flattering, dexterous, cunning, prudent. In fairy tales, she is everywhere true to these traits of her character. Her cunning is conveyed in the proverb: "When you look for a fox in front, it is behind." She is resourceful and lies recklessly until the time when it is no longer possible to lie, but even in this case she often indulges in the most incredible fiction. The fox thinks only of its own benefit.
If the deal does not promise her acquisitions, she will not give up anything of her own. The fox is vindictive and vindictive.
In fairy tales about animals, one of the main characters is the wolf. This is the exact opposite of the image of the fox. In fairy tales, the wolf is stupid, it is easy to deceive him. There seems to be no such trouble, no matter what this unlucky, eternally beaten beast got into. So, the fox advises the wolf to fish by dipping his tail into the hole. The goat offers the wolf to open its mouth and stand downhill so that it can jump into the mouth. The goat knocks over the wolf and runs away (the fairy tale "The Fool Wolf"). The image of a wolf in fairy tales is always hungry and lonely. He always finds himself in a ridiculous, ridiculous position.
In numerous fairy tales, a bear is also bred: “A man, a bear and a fox”, “A bear, a dog and a cat” and others. The image of the bear, remaining as before the main figure of the forest kingdom, appears before us as a slow, gullible loser, often stupid and clumsy, clubfoot. He constantly boasts of his exorbitant strength, although he can not always use it properly. He crushes everything that gets under his feet. The fragile teremok, a house in which a variety of forest animals lived peacefully, could not stand its weight either. In fairy tales, the bear is not smart, but stupid, he embodies a great, but not smart power.
Tales in which small animals act (hare, frog, mouse, hedgehog) are mostly humorous. The hare in fairy tales is quick on the foot, unintelligent, cowardly and timid. The hedgehog is slow, but reasonable, does not give in to the most ingenious tricks of his opponents.
Thought fairy tales about animals turns into proverbs. Fox with his fabulous features cheats, cunning rogues appeared in the proverbs: "The fox does not mess up the tail", "The fox was hired to protect the poultry yard from the kite, from the hawk." The stupid and greedy wolf also moved from fairy tales to proverbs: “Don’t put your finger in the wolf’s mouth”, “Be a wolf for your sheep’s simplicity.” And here are the proverbs about the bear: “The bear is strong, but it lies in the swamp”, “There is a lot of thought in the bear, but it won’t go out.” And here the bear is endowed with enormous, but unreasonable power.
In fairy tales, there is a constant struggle and rivalry between animals. The struggle, as a rule, ends with a cruel reprisal against the enemy or an evil mockery of him. The condemned animal often finds itself in a ridiculous, absurd position.
Prototypes of fairy tale characters.
And now we will consider the habits and lifestyle of real animals. I was guided by the book Animal Life by the German zoologist Alfred Brehm. Through vivid descriptions of the "way of life" and the "character" of animals, Brehm's work has become for many generations the best popular guide to zoology. So he denies the primary cunning of the fox and affirms the exceptional cunning of the wolf. Wolves do not hunt alone, but together. They usually roam in small flocks of 10-15 individuals. The pack has a strict hierarchy. The leader of the pack is almost always male (wolf-"alpha"). In the pack, it can be recognized by its raised tail. Among the females, there is also a she-wolf - "alpha", which usually goes ahead of the leader. In moments of danger or hunting, the leader becomes the head of the pack. Further on the hierarchical ladder are the adult members of the pack and solitary wolves. The lowest of all are the grown wolf cubs, which the pack accepts only for the second year. Adult wolves test the strength of the superior wolves all the time. As a result, young wolves, growing up, rise higher in the hierarchical ladder, and aging wolves fall lower and lower. Such a developed social structure significantly increases the efficiency of hunting. Wolves never lie in wait for prey, they drive it. Pursuing prey, wolves are divided into small groups. Prey is divided among members of the pack according to rank. Old wolves, unable to participate in a joint hunt, follow the pack at a distance and are content with the remnants of its prey. The wolf buries the remnants of food in the snow, and in the summer hides it in reserve in a secluded place, where it returns later to finish eating the uneaten food. Wolves have a very keen sense of smell, picking up the smell at a distance of 1.5 km. The wolf is a predatory, cunning, clever, resourceful, evil creature.
When I studied the material about the habits of the fox, I found some similarities with fairy fox. For example, a real fox, like a fabulous one, loves to visit the chicken coop. She avoids dense taiga forests, preferring forests in the area of agricultural land. And he is looking for a ready-made mink for himself. It can occupy the hole of a badger, arctic fox, marmot. The tail of the fox is also mentioned in fairy tales. Indeed, a fluffy tail can be considered its feature. The fox acts as a rudder, making sharp turns during pursuit. And she also hides with him, curling up in a ball during rest and sticking her nose into its base. It turns out that in this place there is a fragrant gland that emits the smell of violets. It is believed that this odorous organ favorably affects the charm of the fox, but its exact purpose remains unclear.
6 The mother fox guards the cubs and does not let anyone near. If, for example, a dog or a person appears near the hole, then the fox resorts to “cunning” - it tries to take them away from its home, enticing
But the heroes of fairy tales are the crane and the heron. About a non-fabulous, real gray or common crane in A. Brem's book "The Life of Animals" it is said: "The crane is very sensitive to affection and resentment - he can remember the offense for months and even years." The fairy-tale crane is endowed with the features of a real bird: he is bored, he is memory for insults. About the heron in the same book it is said that she is vicious and greedy. This explains why the heron in the folk tale thinks first of all about what the crane will feed her. She is angry, like a real, not a fairy-tale heron: she unkindly accepted the matchmaking, scolds the wooing groom: “Go away, lanky!”
In fairy tales, sayings say - "cowardly, like a hare." Meanwhile, hares are not so much cowardly as cautious. They need this caution, because it is their salvation. Natural instinct and the ability to quickly run away with large jumps, combined with the techniques of obfuscating their tracks, compensate for their defenselessness. However, the hare is able to fight back: if a feathered predator overtakes it, it lies on its back and fights off with strong kicks. The mother hare feeds not only her cubs, but in general all the discovered rabbits. When a person appears, the hare takes him away from the hare, pretending to be wounded, sick, trying to attract attention to herself, knocking her feet on the ground.
The bear in fairy tales appears to us as slow, clumsy. Meanwhile, the clumsy-looking bear runs exceptionally fast - at a speed of over 55 km / h, swims excellently and climbs trees well in youth (he does this reluctantly in old age). And it turns out that the bear is active throughout the day, but more often in the mornings and evenings. They have a well-developed sense of smell, and their eyesight and hearing are rather weak. In fairy tales, the bear embodies great strength and its prototype with one blow of its paw is able to break the back of a bull or a buffalo.
In studying animal tales, we must beware of the very common misconception that animal tales are really animal stories. Before researching this topic, I also adhered to this judgment. As a rule, they have very little in common with the actual life and habits of animals. True, to some extent, animals act according to their nature: the horse kicks, the rooster sings, the fox lives in a hole (however, not always), the bear is slow and sleepy, the hare is cowardly, etc. All this gives the fairy tales the character of realism.
The depiction of animals in fairy tales is sometimes so convincing that since childhood we have become accustomed to subconsciously determine the characters of animals from fairy tales. This includes the notion that the fox is an exceptionally cunning animal. However, every zoologist knows that this opinion is based on nothing. Each animal is cunning in its own way.
The animals enter into a commonwealth and lead a company that is impossible in nature.
But still, I want to note that in fairy tales there are many such details in the depiction of animals and birds that people spied from the life of real animals.
After reading the literature about fairy tales, about the life and behavior of animals and comparing the images and their prototypes, I came up with two versions. On the one hand, the images of animals are similar to their prototypes (an evil wolf, a clumsy bear, a fox that drags chickens, etc.). On the other hand, having studied the observations of zoologists, I can say that the images and their prototypes have little in common with the actual habits of animals.
The art of the folk tale consists in a subtle rethinking of the true habits of birds and animals.
And one more thing: having studied the history of fairy tales about animals, I came to the conclusion that fairy tales about animals most often take the form of stories about people disguised as animals. In the animal epic is widely reflected human life, with its passions, greed, greed, deceit, stupidity and cunning, and at the same time with friendship, fidelity, gratitude, that is, a wide range of human feelings and characters.
Tales about animals are the "encyclopedia of life" of the people. Animal tales are the childhood of humanity itself!
The gray wolf 200 years ago sowed almost the entire territory of Eurasia, the Arabian Peninsula and Indochina.
In addition, the animals lived in North America. But today these predators are no longer in the United States, and in Europe they are found only in Russia and northern Spain. In Asia, the gray wolf is also found, but far from everywhere: in Turkey, Mongolia, Central Asia and in China. But in Canada, Siberia and Alaska, there are quite a lot of these animals.
View " gray"Consists of 30 subspecies. Predators living in the northern regions are much larger than their southern counterparts. Canadian individuals grow to 140-160 centimeters, and in height they reach 85 centimeters. The length of the tail reaches 30-50 centimeters. They weigh at least 38 kilograms, the average weight is 55 kilograms. European counterparts weigh no more than 40 kilograms, and gray wolves living in Turkey weigh 25 kilograms, representatives living in Pakistan and Iran weigh even less - 13 kilograms. Males are larger than females by about 15%.
Appearance of a gray wolf
The gray wolf has fluffy and dense fur. From severe frosts predators are warmed by a short undercoat, which resembles fluff in its structure.
The coat is coarse and long, it also serves as protection from the cold, and besides, it does not get wet. The longest hair grows on the neck and in the front of the back. The length of the hair on these parts of the body reaches 110-130 millimeters. The ears are framed with short and elastic fur. The same fur cover is on the paws. The length of the hair on the back of the back and sides does not exceed 70 millimeters. The fur is so warm that these predators practically do not feel frost at 40 degrees.
When a gray wolf buries its muzzle in the ground, frost does not form on the hairs due to its warm breath. The fur of the southern inhabitants is much rarer and coarser than that of the northerners.
Color has a large number of shades. Gray wolves living in Alaska are light in color, sometimes dark beige. Taiga wolves have gray-brown skin.
Predators living in the Mongolian steppes and Central Asia have a light red color. In some areas, completely black or dark brown predators live. But the most common color is dark gray. Wolves with such fur are found in the south and in the north. There is no difference between the coloration of females and males.
Behavior and nutrition of the gray wolf
Gray wolves know how to dig holes, but they do not like this activity, so they often make a den in thickets or crevices between rocks. These predators live in the steppes and forest-steppe regions. They rarely enter the forest.
The diet mainly consists of ungulates: roe deer, saigas. In the southern regions, gray wolves prey on antelopes. Pets can also fall prey to these predators.
The gray wolf is a dangerous predator and a great hunter. Gray wolves attack people quite often. These animals are engaged in cannibalism. They also eat carrion. With pleasure they hunt foxes, foxes and rodents. Predators do not refuse wild fruits and berries. For 2 weeks, the gray wolf can be without food.
Listen to the voice of the gray wolf
These animals have excellent physical data. While running, they can accelerate up to 65 kilometers per hour. But at this pace, they can run no more than 20 minutes. In search of food, these hunters overcome up to 60 kilometers.
Gray wolves hunt large animals in packs, while some wait in ambush, while others drive prey into it. If the chase continues for a long time, then predators replace each other. This indicates that gray wolves have high intelligence.
Representatives of the family live in flocks, the number of which reaches 40 individuals. This society is run by a dominant couple. After the pair, on the hierarchical step are its close relatives, mostly young individuals who have not reached puberty. The next step is occupied by wolves who have joined the pack. Babies are at the lowest level.
Basically, the dominant female is engaged in the continuation of the genus. The young, upon reaching puberty, leave the flock and form their own family. Marriage unions are never formed between brothers and sisters. Gray wolves look for partners on the side.
Reproduction and lifespan
These animals are monogamous, they form pairs for life. There are fewer females than males, so it is easier for females to find a partner. Estrus in females occurs at the end of winter, and pregnancy lasts 2.5 months. The female gives birth to 5-6 babies, but there can be much more than 14-16 in the litter. Newborn puppies are deaf and blind, they weigh no more than 400-500 grams. 2 weeks after birth, their eyes open, and a month later teeth erupt.
At 1.5 months, wolf cubs stand confidently on their feet. The mother does not leave her puppies for 2 months. At this time, the male is engaged in the extraction of food. He makes a sacrifice, the female eats it, and regurgitates food for the babies. Puppies start eating solid food at the age of one month. The puppies grow rapidly and at the 5th month of life they catch up with their parents in size. In females, puberty occurs at 2 years, and in males 1 year later. The life expectancy of these predators is about 15 years.
Krendelev Anton
Tales about animals are not only entertaining and funny, but also instructive.
Man attributed to animals the ability to reason and speak, but the misconceptions of people were permeated with the desire to understand the life of animals, to master the means of taming them, protecting them from attack, and ways of hunting.
The most common characters in animal tales are the fox and the wolf. This is explained by the fact that, firstly, a person most often had to deal with them in economic activity; secondly, these beasts occupy the middle in the animal kingdom in size and strength; finally, thirdly, thanks to the previous two reasons, a person had the opportunity to get to know them very closely.
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IV regional youth "Philological readings"
MOU Mikhailovskaya secondary school
Krendelev Anton
MOU Mikhailovskaya secondary school, 5th grade, 11 years old
Genre "Research"
"Images of animals in Russian folk tales»
Teacher-mentor:
Yablokova Svetlana Vladimirovna
Teacher of Russian language and literature
n. Mikhailovsky, Yaroslavsky municipal area, 2010
1.Introduction 2 pages
2. Chapter "Images of animals in Russian folk tales"
1.1 The fox of the seven wolves will hold 5 str.
1.2. The wolf changes coat, but not character 7 page
1.3. A bear, though old, costs two foxes 9 page
1.4. Soft paws, and paws - tsap-scratches 11 page
3. Conclusion 12 p.
4. References 14 pages.
Introduction
What is a fairy tale? This is a beautiful world of magic and transformations in which we live in childhood, where reality ends and this world begins, amazing and incomprehensible. This is a world in which good triumphs over evil, which is probably why this genre is so loved by children.
And if he speaks a scientific language, a fairy tale is a type of narrative, mainly prose folklore. Her history goes back a long way. Word " fairy tale " recorded in written sources XVI century. From the word"say". Meaning: list, list, exact description. Modern meaning the word has been acquired since the 19th century. Until the 19th century, the word of the 11th century was used - blasphemer.
There are several types of Russian folk tales: fairy tales, household tales, fairy tales about animals.The purpose of my work is to reveal the features of the images of animals in folk tales. To achieve the goal, it is necessary to solve a number of tasks:
- identify the place and features of the image of animals in fairy tales in fairy tales;
- see if they are the main or secondary person;
- consider character traits;
For writing my work, I used several sources of folk tales.
This type of fairy tale is significantly different from other types of fairy tale genre. A fairy tale about animals is a work in which animals, birds, fish, as well as objects, plants and natural phenomena act as the main characters. The question of the original origins of fantasy in animal tales has been of concern to scientists for many decades. The beliefs of the Russian people and, in general, the beliefs of the East Slavic peoples allow us to assume with all confidence which animals were the heroes of mythical stories and legends of ancient fable. The peculiarity of these legends was that the animals were endowed with various human qualities, but they saw animals in animals. Not all stories and traditions of this kind have disappeared from the memory of the people. Their traces are preserved in fairy tales, whichtraditionally acceptedsome of its essential features from an ancient fable. Such is the tale of the bear on the lime foot. This fairy tale is unknown in Western Europe. Its origin is purely East Slavic. The system of characters in Russian folk tales about animals is represented, as a rule, by images of wild and domestic animals. The images of wild animals clearly predominate over the images of domestic animals: these are the fox, wolf, bear, hare, and among birds - the crane, heron, thrush, woodpecker, sparrow, raven, etc. Domestic animals are much less common, and do not appear as independent or leading characters, but only in conjunction with the forest: it is a dog, a cat, a goat, a ram, a horse, a pig, an ox, and from domestic birds - a goose, a duck and a rooster. There are no fairy tales only about domestic animals in Russian folklore.
In fairy tales about animals, animals implausibly argue, talk, quarrel, love, make friends, and quarrel: the cunning “fox is beautiful in conversation”, the stupid and greedy “wolf-wolf-hugger from under the bush”, the cowardly hare-bow-legged, the skok ".
The fox of the seven wolves will lead
The favorite hero of Russian fairy tales about animals, as, indeed, of all East Slavic fairy tales, has become a fox.
The image of the fox is stable. She is portrayed as a deceitful, cunning liar: she deceives a peasant by pretending to be dead (“A fox steals fish from a sleigh”); deceives the wolf ("The Fox and the Wolf"); deceives the rooster ("Cat, rooster and fox"); kicks a hare out of a bast hut (“The Fox and the Hare”); exchanges a goose for a sheep, a sheep for a bull, steals honey (“The Bear and the Fox”). In all fairy tales, she is flattering, vindictive, cunning, prudent.Lisa Patrikeevna, beautiful fox, fox-butter lip, gossip fox, Lisafya. Here she lies on the road with glazed eyes. She was dead, the man decided, he kicked her, she wouldn’t stir. The peasant was delighted, took the fox, put it in a cart with fish, covered it with matting: “The old woman will have a collar on her fur coat” - and he moved the horse from its place, he himself went ahead. The fox threw all the fish off the cart and left. The peasant realized that the fox was not dead, but it was already too late. There is nothing to do.
The fox is true to herself everywhere in fairy tales. Her cunning is conveyed in the proverb: "When you look for a fox in front, then it is behind." She is resourceful and lies recklessly until the time when it is no longer possible to lie, but even in this case she often indulges in the most incredible fiction. The fox thinks only of its own benefit. If the deal does not promise her acquisitions, she will not give up anything of her own. The fox is vindictive and vindictive.
The fox's triumph is often depicted in the tale. She revels in revenge, feels complete superiority over gullible heroes. How much resourcefulness and how much vindictive feeling in her! Both are so often found in people with a practical, quirky mind, overwhelmed by petty passions .. Infinitely deceitful, she uses gullibility, plays on the weak strings of friends and enemies.
Many tricks and mischief in memoryfoxes. She drives a hare out of a bast hut (“The Fox and the Hare”), changes the rolling pin for a goose, the goose for a sheep, the sheep for a bull, threatens the thrush to eat the chicks, makes him water, feed, even make himself laugh (“The Fox and the Thrush”) . The fox marries the voivode cat with the expectation of seizing power in the entire forest district (“The Cat and the Fox”), learns to fly (“How the fox learned to fly”), tells the wolf to go to the oath to make sure that his words are correct: indeed whether a wolf caftan is on a sheep. The wolf foolishly stuck himself in a trap and got caught (“Sheep, Fox and Wolf”). The fox steals the stored honey ("The Bear and the Fox").
The fox is a pretender, a thief, a deceiver, evil, unfaithful, flattering, vindictive, dexterous, vengeful, cunning, selfish, prudent, cruel. In fairy tales, she is everywhere true to these traits of her character.
The wolf changes coat, but not character
Another hero that the fox often encounters is the wolf. He is stupid, which is expressed in the attitude of the people towards him, devours kids (“Wolf and Goat”), is going to tear a sheep (“Sheep, Fox and Wolf”), fattens a hungry dog to eat it, remains without a tail (“Fox and wolf").More often than other animals, the fox deceives the wolf and laughs cruelly at him. Whom do the people understand in this image? In fairy tales, the wolf is infinitely stupid.Phenomenal stupidity denigrates the wolf. Such an image expressed not so much the real features of the human type that the wolf personifies as an attitude towards him.
Let's think about why the wolf takes blows from angry women who came to the river for water, why, having barely survived one misfortune, the wolf falls into another. The story ends with the death of the wolf. The wolf dies a cruel death in order to new fairy tale come to life and again accept an evil death. What indestructible evil is driven out, executed by the people?
An insatiable thirst for blood, a trait of a rapist who recognizes one right - the right of the strong, the right of teeth - without this trait, a wolf is not a wolf. The social prototype of this fairy-tale character becomes clear. The people knew a lot of villains and criminals, from whom it had a hard time.
Tales about the wolf do not hide who they mean... The irony of fiction lies in the play on folk custom.
The tale of how a wolf slaughtered a pig (“The Pig and the Wolf”) depicts a cruel and implacable master in the image of a wolf, who exacted from the peasants for injury. There lived an old man and an old woman with him. They only have livestock, like a pig. Damn her, but in a strange lane - in oats. A wolf ran there, "he grabbed the pig by the bristle, dragged it by the stamens and tore it."
In such fairy tales there is that sharp social allegory that made the fairy tale interesting for adults as well. Fantastic narratives speak of social class relations. This meaning cannot be ignored if we do not want to see in fairy tales only fun.
Fantastic fiction in these tales is also associated with their ideological design. Boyar, the master is cruel, like a wolf, you can’t expect mercy from him, you can only deal with him as the proverb advises: “Believe the wolf in the tori”, that is, the killed one. The fairy tale conveys, as it were, the essence of the wolf's law, according to which the weak becomes a victim of the strong. The prince, the boyar, did not have to be cunning. His right is the right of a cruel and strong master. Such is the fairy tale wolf. The storytellers took revenge on the oppressors, denounced their moral rudeness, lack of intelligence: the system of social oppression, resorting to the power of the fist, the rod and weapons, did not require mental effort from its founders and defenders.
A bear, though old, is worth two foxes
Another hero of fairy tales about animals is a bear. He personifies brute force, has power over other animals. In fairy tales, he is often called "everyone's fawn." The bear is also stupid. Persuading the peasant to harvest, each time he is left with nothing ("The Man and the Bear").
The human type embodied in the bear is somewhat similar to that reproduced in the image of the wolf. No wonder the wolf often replaces the bear in the fairy tale. Such are the numerous versions of fairy tales: “A man, a bear and a fox”, “A bear, a dog and a cat”, etc. At the same time, the similarity of the images is only partial. In the mind of any person familiar with fairy tales, the bear is an animal of the highest rank. He is the strongest forest animal. When in fairy tales one animal replaces another, the bear is in the position of the strongest. Such is the tale about the tower, about the animals in the pit, and other tales. One must think that this position of the bear in the animal hierarchy is explained in its own way by the connection with those traditional prefab mythological legends in which the bear occupied the most important place forest land owner. Perhaps, over time, the bear began to be seen as the embodiment of the sovereign, the lord of the district. In fairy tales, the huge power of the bear was constantly emphasized. He crushes everything that gets under his feet.
The stupidity of a bear is the strife of wolf stupidity. The wolf is slow-witted, not stupid. The stupidity of a bear is the stupidity of a person with power. The bear does not use its power wisely. There is an assumption that the bear is a person invested with power.
The bear is the owner of the forest, has great strength and a rich fur coat, which is obviously why he was assigned the role of a landowner. These tales describe the life of captivity of the Russian people, the period of serfdom. Then the peasants paid dues (half of the field of wheat, which for some reason was called a tithe) and worked out the corvée (they worked in the bear's house, sometimes it lasted for 6 days). The bear decided when to let Masha go and how much to charge the peasant. Through such a prism, it becomes clear not only hard life, once the free Russian people, but also why they constantly tried to outwit the bear, and even hunt it down with dogs. It is worth noting that in Russian fairy tales the landowner is always dumber than the peasant, the image of the landowner is endowed with the same mind - a bear. Behind these images is the thought: “maybe you are a gentleman and strong, but I am smart and will stay with my own!”
There are fairy tales where the bear gives Masha gifts and punishes her lazy sister. Here the image of a bear carries the image of nature, good and evil fate. If a person works honestly, then nature rewards him with her gifts, and whoever is lazy does not have water flowing.
Soft paws, and in the paws - tsap-scratches
Of domestic animals and birds, a cat is a positive hero in fairy tales. In a Russian folk tale, a cat (it's a cat, not a cat) is often found in the form of a savior from various misfortunes. For example, take the cycle of fairy tales" cat, rooster and fox, which A.N. Afanasiev go under the numbers. These stories are very similar, but essentially the same. They only change some of the characters. He acts as a brave defender of the rooster. Moreover, the cat has excellent hearing, he is smart and caring. That is, in these fairy tales, the cat acts as positive hero. Summing up the conversation about the cat, we can note common features. Firstly, everywhere animals are afraid of a cat. Secondly, the cat always has a name, and with a patronymic. The cat is disinterested in friendship. The warlike rooster is ready to come to the aid of anyone offended. However, the positivity of these characters is highly arbitrary. The tale of how the rooster drove the fox out of the hare hut (“The Fox, the Hare and the Rooster”) is basically a cheerful humoresque. The irony is that a rooster - a fox's prey - managed to scare a lover of white chicken meat. The fairy tale “The Cat in the Voivodeship” is ironic - it makes a lover of hut heat, a baked dweller a hero by coincidence: the wolf, hiding in a pile of leaves, stirred; the cat thought that there was a mouse, jumped, the wolf jumped to the side, and a general commotion began - the flight of animals. Only in the fairy tale "The Cat, the Rooster and the Fox" is the cat really a hero. Probably, this fairy tale was created for children from the very beginning.
It should be concluded that in all the Russian fairy tales viewed, the cat is shown as dexterous, cunning. In a number of fairy tales, he is a warrior, comes to the aid of friends. He likes to warm himself on the stove and enjoy sour cream or a fresh mouse. Maybe he will arrange a "battle", or he can come to terms with death. Features of fairy tales certainly depend on the characteristics of the people of a particular region. After all, despite the fact that the people are one - Russian, people are still different.
Conclusion
In the course of working on this topic, we conducted a survey among students in grades 3-6. The following questions were asked:
- How many animal stories have you read?
- What animals are found in fairy tales more often?
- What traits are present?
- What do animal stories teach?
The survey gave the following results:
1 question: 1 fairy tale-6%
2 fairy tales -18%
Several - 76%
Question 2: wolf - 7%
Bear-18%
Fox - 75%
Question 3: Fox - cunning
Bear - stupidity
Wolf - anger
- question: Kindness
love
Don't hurt little ones.
Summing up all of the above, it should be noted: fairy tales about animals are not only entertaining and funny, but also instructive.
Man attributed to animals the ability to reason and speak, but the misconceptions of people were permeated with the desire to understand the life of animals, to master the means of taming them, protecting them from attack, and ways of hunting.
The most common characters in animal tales are the fox and the wolf. This is explained by the fact that, firstly, a person most often had to deal with them in economic activity; secondly, these beasts occupy the middle in the animal kingdom in size and strength; finally, thirdly, thanks to the previous two reasons, a person had the opportunity to get to know them very closely.
The wolf, like the bear, in folk beliefs appears as an animal, in whose honor holidays were held. They did not call him by his real name, fearing that by doing so they would call him himself. A hostile and dangerous creature, the wolf evoked respect and fear.
From experience, people knew that the wolf is a predatory, cunning, smart, resourceful, evil creature. Meanwhile, in fairy tales, the wolf is stupid, it is easy to deceive him. There seems to be no such misfortune, no matter what this unlucky, eternally hungry, eternally beaten beast got into.
The respectful attitude towards the fox expressed in the beliefs also contradicts the frank mockery with which the fairy tales tell about its frequent mistakes and failures. The beliefs of the Russian people and, in general, the beliefs of the East Slavic peoples allow us to assume with all confidence which animals were the heroes of mythical stories and legends of ancient fable.
References
- Anikin V.P. Russian folk tale M., "Enlightenment", 1977
- Afanasiev. A.N. Folk Russian Tales / Ed. Georgian. - Ed. 3rd. - 1897.
- Vedernikova N .M. Russian folk tale M., "Science"
4) Fokeev A.L. " An inexhaustible source. Oral folk art, ed. "Lyceum"
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Department of Education of the Administration of the Yustinskiy District municipality
Municipal state educational institution
"Harbin middle comprehensive school»
District correspondence competition "My small homeland: nature, culture, ethnos»
Nomination "Humanitarian and environmental research"
The image of the wolf in Kalmyk and Russian folk tales.
Angarikov Angrik Alekseevich,
7th grade student of MKOU "Harbin secondary school" of Yustinsky district
Supervisor: Angarikova Bayn Anatolyevna, teacher of Russian language and literature, MKOU "Harbin secondary school" of the Yustinsky district
Harba, 2015.
Content:
Introduction. 2.
1.1. Relevance of the topic.
1.2. Area of study, object of study.
1.3. Goals and objectives of the study.
1.4. Research stages. Research methods.
1.5. Literature review
Main part. 4.
2. Theoretical research. Tales about animals. 4.
3. Practical research:
3.1. The image of the wolf in fairy tales about animals. 8.
3.2. Comparative analysis the image of a wolf in Kalmyk and Russian folk tales about animals 10.
Conclusion 12.
Bibliography. 13.
Introduction
“The tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it! Good fellows lesson.
A.S. Pushkin. "The Tale of the Golden Cockerel"
Fairy tale - wonderful world, where real and fictional events, characters are intricately intertwined , there is its own unusual poetics, the beauty of the language, and there is certainly a moral, hidden or explicitly sounding in a fairy tale.
Getting acquainted with fairy tales, we notice that Kalmyk and Russian fairy tales are very similar. What do fairy tales have in common different peoples? And how do they differ? I had questions that I wanted to find answers to.
The study is devoted to the analysis and comparison of the image of the wolf in fairy tales about animals - Russian folk tales and Kalmyk folk tales. The fulfillment of the set goal began with an acquaintance with the history of fairy tales: the definition of the genre, the collection and study of fairy tales, with their classification.
I did the research purpose which was a comparison of the image of a wolf in Russian folk and Kalmyk folk tales about animals
Object of study- the image of a wolf in folk tales about animals.
Subject of study- general and distinctive features images of the wolf in Russian folk and Kalmyk folk tales about animals.
Research objectives:
Get to know the history of folk tales.
Analyze the features of folk tales about animals.
Establish common and distinctive features of the image of the wolf in Russian and Kalmyk folk tales about animals.
Working methods:
The study of literary sources on the problem.
search method.
Comparison of two fairy tales (analogy, opposition, generalization).
Analysis of results.
Project work plan:
Choosing a topic, drawing up a work plan
Work with literature, search for information on the issue
Reading fairy tales.
Comparison of the plot, composition and language features of the Russian folk tale "The Beasts in the Pit" and the Kalmyk folk tale " Leopard, wolf, fox and camel»
Comparison and analysis of results, description.
Literature review:
In textbooks for schools Moiseeva A.I., Moiseeva N.I. "History and culture of the Kalmyk people (XVII - XVIII centuries)" and V.T. Sarangov "Kalmyk Folk poetic creativity: Tales" reveals the form of existence, the structure of the Kalmyk fairy tale
The book by V. Ya. Propp (1895-1970), the greatest folklorist of the 20th century, "Russian Fairy Tale" is a kind of manual on fairy tales, a popular encyclopedia of fairy tales. The final work on the fairy tale includes a collection of information about the collection, study, structure and development, the form of existence of all types of Russian fairy tales.
For comparison, a Russian folk tale "Beasts in the Pit" from the collection "Russian folk tales" (compilation and introductory article by Anikin V.P.) and a Kalmyk folk tale “ Leopard, wolf, fox and camel ” from book Kalmyk fairy tales about animals. Mouse and camel. Translation from Kalmyk” (compiled by V.D. Badmaeva)
Practical value works: the results of the study can be used in the study of Russian and Kalmyk folklore.
The work consists of an introduction, the main part, a conclusion and a list of references. In the introduction, the goals and objectives of the study are indicated, the relevance of the chosen topic is substantiated. The main part examines the image of the wolf in the tales of the peoples of the world as a whole, considers the images of the wolf in Russian and Kalmyk folk tales, identifies similar features and characteristics of the wolf in the tales of different peoples. In conclusion, conclusions are given on the basis of the studied material.
Main part.
2. Features of fairy tales about animals.
In the "Big Explanatory Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language" D.N. Ushakov fairy tale defined as a narrative work of oral folk art about fictitious events. We have loved fairy tales since childhood, they warm the heart, awaken the mind and imagination. Fairy tales are filled with incredible events, fantastic adventures, in fairy tales animals and birds speak and act like people, they reason, deceive, quarrel and make friends. A fairy tale is the soul of the people, embodied in the word, the richest source of folk wisdom.
modern science distinguishes the following genres of fairy tales:
1) about animals;
2) magical;
3) short stories;
4) legendary;
5) fairy tales-parodies;
6) children's fairy tales.
In Kalmyk folklore, researchers note four main fairy tale genres: a) magical, b) heroic, c) everyday life, d) fairy tales about animals.
V.Ya. Propp gives the following definition of animal tales: “Animal tales will mean those tales in which the animal is the main object or subject of the story. On this basis, fairy tales about animals can be distinguished from others, where animals play only an auxiliary role and are not the heroes of the story.
Animal tales called those in which the characters are wild animals, less often - domestic animals. These tales arose in an era when the main occupations forced a person to often encounter animals, i.e. in the era of hunting and cattle breeding. In this era, the fight against animals was very dangerous, due to the poor armament of man; man seemed to himself weak in comparison with a number of predatory animals; on the contrary, many animals must have appeared to him unusually powerful. Under the influence of the animistic worldview, a person attributed human properties to animals, even in exaggerated sizes: the cry of an animal or a bird was incomprehensible to a person, but human speech was understandable to animals and birds; beast and bird know more than man and understand man's aspirations. In this era, there was a belief in the possibility of turning into a beast and back. The growth of human power was to gradually weaken these views and beliefs, and this was to be reflected in the content of fairy tales about animals.
At first they formed simple stories about animals and birds and fish, about their relationship with each other and with man. Later, with the development artistic thinking stories turned into fairy tales. The genre was formed long time, enriched with plots, types of characters, developing certain structural features.
The identification of similar features in animals and humans (speech - cry, behavior - habits) served as the basis for combining their qualities in the images of animals with the qualities of a person: animals speak and behave like people. V.Ya. Propp wrote: "Strength artistic realism so great that we do not notice that, despite the subtly noticed properties of animals, animals in a fairy tale often do not act like animals at all and their actions are not consistent with their nature. In the animal epic, human life is widely reflected, with its passions, greed, greed, deceit, stupidity and cunning, and at the same time with friendship, fidelity, gratitude, i.e. a wide range of human feelings and characters, as well as realistic image human, in particular, peasant life. This combination led to the typification of the characters of animals, which became the embodiment of certain qualities: the fox - cunning, the wolf - stupidity and greed, the bear - gullibility, the hare - cowardice. So fairy tales acquired an allegorical meaning: animals began to be understood as people of certain characters. But there is hardly any reason to believe that in all fairy tales animals are depicted in the form of animals. human features. The peculiarity of the image of an animal in fairy tales lies precisely in the fact that the human features in it never completely crowd out the features of the animal.
In animal tales, animal figures are realistic; they are very different from the fantastic firebird fairy tales: there is no such bird in reality, but the fox, wolf, bear, hare, crane are taken from real life.
However, it should be emphasized that the main semantic aspect of fairy tales about animals is moral. IN morally two main ideas of animal tales can be distinguished: the glorification of camaraderie, thanks to which the weak defeat the evil and strong, and the glorification of victory itself, which brings moral satisfaction to the listeners.
The structure of animal tales is quite simple. The most remarkable feature of the structure of this type of fairy tales is the stringing of episodes. The meeting of animals with each other is very characteristic of the development of the action. Perhaps, only in fairy tales about animals the composition is distinguished by such a pronounced functionality. All links of the plot are built in such a way as to reveal the essence of phenomena with the utmost speed in a short episode, to convey the nature of the relationship between the characters.
Each hero has his own individual character and only him inherent traits. Characteristics of animals in a fairy tale includes several pronounced characters, personifying strength and cunning, malice and brute force.
National traits fairy tales are determined by the folklore traditions of the people. In fairy tales, animals are reflected and vegetable world the country where these tales originated. Animals - the heroes of fairy tales - resemble in their speech and behavior the people of the country where these fairy tales exist. And it cannot be otherwise, since the fairy tale has always been a reflection of people's life, a mirror of people's consciousness.
2.1. Russian fairy tales about animals
Animal Tales- one of ancient species Russian fairy tales. The world of animals in fairy tales is perceived as an allegorical image of the human. Animals personify the real carriers of human vices in everyday life (greed, stupidity, cowardice, boasting, cheating, cruelty, flattery, hypocrisy, etc.).
V.Ya. Propp in his book "Russian Fairy Tale" (chapter 6 "Tales about animals") distinguishes six groups of fairy tales about animals:
1) fairy tales about wild animals;
2) fairy tales about wild and domestic animals;
3) fairy tales about man and wild animals;
4) fairy tales about domestic animals;
5) fairy tales about birds, fish, etc.;
6) fairy tales about other animals, plants, etc.
An allegory is manifested in the characterization of the characters: the depiction of the habits of animals, the peculiarities of their behavior resembles the depiction of human behavior and introduces critical principles into the narrative, which are expressed in the use of various methods of satirical and humorous depiction of reality.
The humor is based on the reproduction of the ridiculous situations that the characters find themselves in (the wolf lowers its tail into the hole and believes that it will catch the fish).
The language of fairy tales is figurative, reproduces everyday speech, some fairy tales consist entirely of dialogues ("The Fox and the Grouse", " bean seed"). In them, dialogues prevail over the narrative. They move the action, reveal situations, show the state of the characters. The text includes small songs ("Gingerbread Man", "Goat Dereza"). Fairy tales about animals are characterized by bright optimism: the weak always come out of difficult positions.
The composition of fairy tales is simple, based on the repetition of situations. The plot of fairy tales unfolds rapidly ("The Bean Seed", "The Beasts in the Pit"). Tales about animals are highly artistic, their images are expressive.
2.2. Kalmyk fairy tales about animals.
Kalmyk fairy tales about animals are simple in plot, uncomplicated in composition and small in volume. Wild beasts and animals act in them - wolves, foxes, leopards, lions, elephants, hares; domestic animals - sheep, camels, goats; birds - sparrows, crows, peacocks, roosters, owls; rodents - gophers, mice; of insects, the mosquito appears most often.
These tales are allegorical: khans, noyons, zaisangs are bred under the guise of predators. In the form of a leopard, a lion, a wolf, stupid, ruthless people are depicted, in the form of a fox - deceivers, cunning people, liars, in the form of an elephant and a camel - strong, but lazy and not loving to work. It is quite clear that these tales condemn bad, unjust deeds and incompatible with folk morality negative actions of the representatives of the exploiting class. In the image of birds, apparently, innocent people are bred, who, due to their naivety, fell into the net of deceivers, oppressors, and various oppressors in the class society of that time.
Fairy tales written in Kalmyk language provide an opportunity to get acquainted with the traditions, culture and oral art. For example, Buryat fairy tales, in which animals are the main characters, teach the reader to distinguish between a good, bright beginning and an evil one, to empathize and help the weak, to believe in justice. Wait for the happy completion of the test.
The whole plot of the fairy tale is built on the constant clash of good and evil. The power of evil is softened by humor, which occupies a significant place in fairy tales. Evil heroes are constantly ridiculed and often find themselves in ridiculous, comic situations. Usually the fairy tale ends with the victory of good. Evil is punishable.
The peoples of the world live on the same planet, develop according to the general laws of history. Each nation has its own path and its own destiny, its own language and living conditions. It is in the similarity of the historical folk life that one should seek the answer to the question of what are the reasons for the similarity and closeness of the tales of peoples living on different continents.
Speaking of fairy tales of different peoples with similar plots, three cases should be noted:
1. Fairy tales are formed among some people, and then moved to other countries, but they are affected by their own folk traditions(beginnings, motives), adapt to local customs.
2. There are similar tales that arise independently of each other in different countries due to the commonality of life, psychology, conditions and laws, socially - historical development peoples.
3. Fairy tales can also be transmitted through a book.
3. The image of the wolf in folk tales
Who is cold in winter b will give birth in the forest evil, hungry?
The wolf is a predatory animal common in the northern hemisphere of the planet Earth. The appearance of the wolf is quite ferocious and intimidating. The wolf is a traditional hero of folk tales and epics of most peoples of the world. In our minds, the image of a wolf is endowed for the most part with negative characteristics:
You are cold snow beasts.
Your losses are incalculable...
A terrible cry will break the night.
Everyone, no one can help me.
A mad howl will freeze under the windows -
It's the snow wolves that came for me.
V. Butusov "Snow Wolves"
IN " Etymological Dictionary schoolchild" G.N. Sycheva the word "wolf" is defined as a common Slavic, Indo-European character. There is an opinion that the name "wolf" is derived from the verb drag, i.e. "drag". The wolf is a predatory animal, he often drags away, drags away livestock. Therefore, literally - "carrying" (livestock).
The word "wolf" is widely used in direct and figurative meaning, for example: do not go into the mouth of a wolf - when communicating with someone, put yourself in danger, trouble. But nevertheless, the wolf symbolizes freedom, independence in the animal world, fearlessness. In nature, a wolf is a dangerous, predatory, intelligent, resourceful animal, causing fear and respect.
3.1.1. The image of the wolf in Russian fairy tales about animals.
In Russian fairy tales there is an image of a wise wolf, a wolf assistant to the heroes of fairy tales. In such fairy tales, the wolf appears as an unknown force, a kind of sorcerer (gives advice to Ivan Tsarevich), a healer (heals from diseases), for example, in the fairy tale "Ivan Tsarevich and the Gray Wolf". The wolf personifies the mysterious, endowed with great knowledge of power.
Wolf in fairy tales about animals already appears with evil features: he is angry, greedy, gluttonous, but stupid and slow-witted. In ancient cultures, the image of a wolf was associated with death, therefore, in fairy tales, this animal character often eats someone (“The wolf and seven kids”) or disturbs the calm life of animals (“”). But in the end
A. Pushkin wrote: "The tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it." The social prototype of the wolf is pretty clear. The people knew a lot of villains and criminals, from whom it had a hard time. The tale of how a wolf slaughtered a pig (“The Pig and the Wolf”) depicts a cruel and implacable master in the image of a wolf, who exacted from the peasants for injury.
Kind fairy tale characters In Russian fairy tales, the wolf is always deceived or defeated: the wolf devours the goats and dies (“The Wolf and the Goat”), feeds the hungry dog in order to eat it, remains without a tail (“The Fool Wolf”).
More often than other animals, the wolf is deceived and cruelly laughed at him by the fox.ButVIn a Russian fairy tale, we can feel sympathy and sympathy expressed towards the wolf, even if he “remained in the cold” (“The Tale of the Little Fox and the Wolf”, “How the Fox Sewed a Fur Coat for the Wolf”, “For the Lapotok - a Chicken, for a Chicken - Goose", "Midwife Fox", "Animals in the Pit"). The way the Fox deceives the Wolf, in fact, only speaks in favor of the latter - yes, he is too naive and simple-hearted (although this is not the case in nature), because he believes the Lisa-cheater at his word. Neither give nor take - a simple village peasant.
3.1.2. Wolf in Kalmyk fairy tales.
The wolf among many Mongolian peoples was considered ancient and one of the main totems. The Kalmyks have an ethnic division "chonos" ("wolves"): "iki chonos" (large wolves) and "baga chonos" (small wolves). A legend has been preserved among the people about the origin of this clan, the action of which takes place “in pre-Chingish Khan Mongolia, when tribes and clans lived separately.” The plot of this legend is not new. Romulus and Remus from Roman mythology were also suckled by she-wolf milk. The legend about the origin of the Chonos clan was literary processed and used in the novel by the people's writer of Kalmykia Alexei Badmaev "Zulturgan - steppe grass", written in the Soviet years.
In fairy tales about animals the wolf is strong, but stupid, narrow-minded and often fooled.
An evil, greedy, gluttonous wolf in the fairy tale "Mouse Brothers", but the mice in the fairy tale were able to defeat the terrible beast. stupid and unthinking. In the fairy tale "The Elephant and the Wolf", the wolf tries to deceive the rustic and cowardly elephant, but in the end he himself dies.
Often the wolf is depicted as stupid, slow-witted. The fox makes fun of the wolf and leads him away, but the wolf is again given to her as a deception: “Wolf and fox”, “Cunning fox”, “Fox, wolf and bear”, “Wolf, fox and hare”, “Leopard, wolf, fox and camel.
Tales about animals were created not only for the edification of the little ones. Many of them, with the help of funny fiction, jokes, make fun of vices. The wolf is often the epitome of stupidity. His stupidity is the stupidity of a cruel and greedy beast.
From the tales discussed above, you can make conclusion, that the wolf is often stupid, but this is not its main feature: it is cruel, ferocious, angry, greedy - these are its main qualities. But such qualities are never encouraged in fairy tales, so the wolf always gets what he deserves.
3.2. Comparison of Russian and Kalmyk folk tales
Our task is to compare Russian folk and Kalmyk folk tales . For example, let's compare the Russian folk tale "Beasts in the Pit" and Kalmyk folk tale “ Leopard, wolf, fox and camel ” .
Comparison of Russian and Kalmyk folk tales.
fairy tale elements
Russian folk tale "The Beasts in the Pit"
Kalmyk folk tale "Leopard, wolf, fox and camel"
Scene
Animals fell into the pit.
Time of action
Winter came
Characters fairy tales
cockerel and hen, hare, wolf, fox and bear
Leopard, wolf, fox and camel
Animal actions
They talk, they think.
They think, they talk.
Problems that heroes solve
Everyone wants to get out of the hole and need to satisfy hunger
The food supply has run out and need to satisfy hunger
Zachin
There lived a cockerel and a hen.
That was a long time ago. Four brothers lived: a leopard, a wolf, a fox and a camel.
tie
Here comes the city. The hen was frightened, the cockerel and the hen ran.
climax
The fox ate someone with others by deceit.
The fox ate some of the camel meat and blamed the wolf for everything. Bars killed him, but he himself died
denouement
The fox ate everyone and with the help of the bird got out of the pit.
The fox ate camel meat, deceived all the animals and lived happily ever after.
Dialogue driving action.
Animals talk to each other. The fox sings songs that lead to the death of someone
Animals talk to each other. The fox is always the first to start a conversation, deceiving others.
Repeat situations and words
1) Run, run. To meet them - a hare:
- Where, cockerel, are you running?
- Ay, don't ask me, ask the chicken!
2) And the fox sang:
- Bear-bear - a good name ...
Kura-okurava is a bad name!
They ate chicken here.
The fox ate the tripe.
What are you doing? The leopard will check and kill, - the wolf shouted at us.
The camel was stupid, but the stupid scar (omentum) does not happen.
Artistic media language: suffixation
Cockerel, hen, imechko, bear, titmouse bird.
Conclusions.
The wolf is widely represented in fairy tales of different peoples.
In fairy tales, the wolf can play both the main and minor role, but the image of the wolf does not change from this.
In the traditions of both peoples, the wolf is shown as a cruel but stupid animal.
Most often, in the tales of both peoples, the wolf is deceived by the fox.
In Kalmyk fairy tales, there is practically no clash between wild and domestic animals.
The Russian fairy tale, despite the external similarity of the plot and characters with the Kalmyk fairy tale, is more lively, bright, and imaginative. It has more epithets, onomatopoeia, songs. This is due to the ancient tradition of telling a fairy tale to music and its theatricalization.
Conclusion
Fairy tales are the most ancient creations of the human spirit. The fairy tale is one of the most popular and beloved genres in folklore and literature.
We did not know how to walk yet, but we already heard fairy tales from our mothers and grandmothers. As adults, we will read and study them for a long time. And while reading, we always plunge into their fantastic, magical and at the same time so alive and real world. Every fabulous image comes to life vividly. And this is no coincidence, a fairy tale is a perfect work. folk spirit, honed over centuries or even millennia.
Everyone understands the story. It freely crosses all linguistic boundaries, from one people to another, and remains alive for thousands of years.
The form of a fairy tale, compact, capacious, and the manner of presenting a fairy tale, unedifying, seemingly so unpretentious, usually illuminated by the narrator's soft smile, allows us to convey not only the most characteristic qualities of a person, but also to grab the deepest, most hidden features of him and in a publicly accessible form for anyone. listener or reader to show what is good and what is bad. A fairy tale is the soul of the people, eternally seeking truth and justice, love and happiness, embodied in the word.
The studied material shows that the goals and objectives set before us were solved, we received answers to all our questions. In our work, we compared Russian folk and Kalmyk folk tales about animals and saw that they have a lot in common, since the peoples of the world live on the same planet, develop according to the general laws of history. But fairy tales at the same time demonstrate the national identity of the folklore of each people. And animals - the heroes of fairy tales - remind both their speech and the behavior of the people of the country where these fairy tales exist. It cannot be otherwise, since a fairy tale has always been a reflection of folk life.
As long as humanity exists, it needs a dream, and, therefore, it cannot do without a fairy tale that inspires, gives hope, amuses and consoles.
Literature:
History and culture of the Kalmyk people (XVII - XVIII centuries): a textbook for educational institutions. / Moiseev A.I., Moiseeva N.I. - Elista: Kalmyk book publishing house, - 2002. S. 151-163.
Kalmyk folk poetry: Fairy tales: Textbook / V.T. Sarangov; Kalm. State. University; Elista, -1998. pp. 3-11.
3. Mouse and camel. Kalmyk fairy tales about animals. Translation from Kalm.: collection. Comp.
V.D. Badmaeva. - Elista: AU RK "Publishing House" Gerel ", - 2012.
Propp V.Ya. Russian fairy tale.
Russian folk tales. Compilation and introductory article by Anikin V.P. - Moscow: Pravda Publishing House, 1990
The wolf in Russian folk tales in most cases is a negative character. He is a strong and dangerous opponent, but at the same time he is a naive and not very intelligent hero. Often gets into trouble because of his stupidity, malice, excessive trust in the Fox and other more intelligent characters. In rare stories, the wolf nevertheless becomes a true friend and protector.
Wolf in Russian folk tales
The positive and negative role of the wolf in fairy tales: its origins
The ambiguous image of the character is associated with the same fuzzy attitude towards the animal among the people. In fairy tales, he often becomes a collective image, endowed with strength and stupidity at the same time. By using instructive stories it is demonstrated that the physical strength of the opponent is not yet the main quality for winning the fight. Successfully complements this character with the proverb “There is power - you don’t need mind!”. But at the same time, when in a fairy tale the cunning Fox mocks the wolf, we empathize with him. His innocence is closer to us than the insidiousness of a red-haired cheat.
The image of a simple-hearted wolf is refuted in some fairy tales. For example, in the story about Ivan Tsarevich, the wolf hero, on the contrary, demonstrates wisdom, unexpectedly takes the side of good, plays the role of an adviser and assistant. But this is more the exception than the rule.
In picture fairy wolf people have moved far away from the real qualities of the animal. If the quality of cunning given to the fox, and cowardice to the hare, seem quite logical, then it is completely incomprehensible why stupidity was attributed to such a dangerous predator. In nature, the wolf is an excellent hunter. He even brings some benefit as a forest nurse. The quality of straightforwardness attributed to him can only be connected with the fact that he is able to face danger eye to eye. His manner of hunting also speaks of ingenuity: the wolf does not chase the victim for a long time, attacks more often in a flock and only on the weakest individuals from the herd.
The character of the wolf in folk tales
First of all, the wolf is a villain character. But in some fairy tales, he is a threat to other heroes, while in others he is harmless and even useful.
- "How the wolf was taught the mind"- the wolf character in this story is stupid and lazy. He displays a straightforwardness that could be regarded as positive trait, if it were not associated with stupidity.
- "Wolf and Goat"- here he is a malicious deceiver, ruthless and greedy, but still not without naivety.
- "Sister Fox and the Wolf"- the wolf hero is displayed as a stupid and naive character who, despite his evil disguise, suffers from the tricks of the Gossip-Fox.
- "Ivan Tsarevich and the Grey Wolf"- portrayed as a conscientious villain who decided to repay his crime good deed and help a person with advice and deed. Here he is revealed as a kind and disinterested character.
- "Wolf, cat and dog"- here the character demonstrates unsophisticated tricks, this is one of the few stories where his ability to deceive is shown. Not as skillful as Lisa's, but still capable of causing harm.
As you can see, the gray wolf is the most instructive, both in a positive and negative form.
