In domestic literary criticism, when characterizing the literary process, a number of concepts are used: artistic (creative) method, literary direction, literary trend, style (epochs, literary direction) and others. There is no unity in the interpretation of concepts by scientists; outside of special studies, the terms are often used as synonyms. Particularly ambiguous is the interpretation of the concept of "method". However, it is necessary to define this concept, since it is one of the the most important terms necessary to give an idea of ​​the centuries-old development of literature.

The concept of method was borrowed by literary critics from other areas public consciousness and activity, first from science, then from philosophy (method from the Greek methodos - the path of research).

At its core, the concept of method was a very important acquisition of science. It means the spiritual and practical experience of people, creatively applied by them for the further development of nature and social life. That's why method is a universal category of social consciousness and activity. It is concretized in relation to each special historically distinguished area of ​​spiritual-practical and actually spiritual activity of a person, as a result of which the corresponding scientific concepts are formed, which receive various terminological designations.

Art is one of the forms of active creative activity, the artistic development of life with a certain focus. And just like all other relatively independent areas social activities, art develops its own creative method, which differs from the methods of other areas both in its objective primary source, and in the specific features of the social function and purpose of art, and in the creative development of its own, that is, its own artistic heritage. In domestic literary criticism and art history, the definitions " creative' or, which is the same in meaning, ' art».

Method - category of aesthetics, which began to take shape in Russian literary criticism in the 20s of the XX century and was repeatedly rethought. “The most common modern definitions of the method: “a way of reflecting reality”, “the principle of its typification”; “the principle of development and comparison of images expressing the idea of ​​a work, the principle of resolving figurative situations”; "... the very principle of selection and evaluation by the writer of the phenomena of reality." It should be emphasized that the method is not an abstract logical “method” or “principle”. Method - general principle creative the relationship of the artist in cognizable reality, that is, its re-creation, and therefore he does not exist outside of his concrete-individual implementation ”(Literary Encyclopedic Dictionary - M., 1987, p. 218). Thus, the artistic method is a concept that is not related to the specific historical features of the work of specific writers, it is intended to point to some common similarities characteristic of their works.

The question of the typology of artistic methods is still debatable. We can talk about the existence of two main approaches to the differentiation of methods: polytomic and dichotomous. According to the first of them, justified by I.F. Volkov, “each artistic system has its own method: the literature of ancient classics, and the literature of the Renaissance, and classicism, and romanticism, and realism, and any other system in world literature” (Theory of Literature - 1995, p. 159). At the same time, most researchers (Timofeev L.I., Pospelov G.N., etc.) believe that it is necessary to single out two methods – realistic and romantic(or, according to more commonly used definitions today, realistic and unrealistic).

The basis for their differentiation is the attitude of the writers to the depicted reality, first of all, his approach to depicting the characters' characters. “If a writer, creating actions, relationships, experiences of his fictional characters, proceeds from the internal laws of their social characters, his works thereby acquire such a property, which is usually called realism. If the writer circumvents these internal historically concrete patterns of the characters of his characters in favor of the historically abstract ideological and emotional tendency of his intention, then his works turn out to be unrealistic”(Introduction to literary criticism. Edited by G.N. Pospelov - M., 1976, pp. 138 - 139).

The recreating and recreating principles in art appear in infinite variety. different forms ah and relationships, but one way or another, both of them always accompany the figurative reflection of reality. In some historically conditioned cases, they can even oppose each other, but in this opposition there is no exclusive, fundamental contradiction. At the same time, realistic and romantic beginnings can be in close interaction. “It is no coincidence that Gorky once noticed that in the work of each major artist both realistic and romantic elements are intertwined; elements of the reality reproduced and recreated by them ”(Timofeev L.I. Fundamentals of the theory of literature. Ed. 5th - M., 1976, p. 96).

Therefore, there is some truth in the attempts of a number of art critics to talk about realism. early art. Since it contains very bright and distinct forms of reproduction of certain aspects of the reality of that time. In this art, undoubtedly, the desire for individualization is extremely pronounced, the utmost accuracy in reproducing, for example, the contours, and then the poses of animals, etc. But since the ability of the primitive artist to generalize is extremely small, more precisely, it is expressed in a mythological form, since it is reduced to a straightforward expression of those desires that he associates with the image. On the body of the beast drawn by him, he marks the place where his spear should fall during the hunt. Thus, in essence, we have here a tendency towards realism, but in its most primitive, embryonic form. The striving for the truth of life appears in this case still in the form of a naturalistic reproduction of a fact in its individual details. And at the same time, we have before us the embryonic form of romanticism - the perception of a phenomenon with its emphatically subjective comprehension, the desire for its re-creation, which in this case takes on the most straightforward form, the form of a spell.

It is this interweaving of naturalistic and magical images at the same time that gives the phenomena of primitive art a character that simultaneously allows them to be interpreted as the original form of realistic art, highlighting their naturalistic side, and, conversely, to deny their realism, emphasizing their magical aspiration.

It is equally legitimate to assert that Chekhov's stories or Dostoevsky's novels cannot be directly correlated with the works of the era. rock art era Late Paleolithic because they represent completely different historically conditioned forms of art. That is why it is so difficult, or rather, impossible, to find some general formula for defining the realistic or romantic method, as a form in art that to a certain extent opposes it. They are not defined in any clearly defined features of content or form. artistic creativity, but only in its general direction, which in different historical situations acquire more and more new coloring. These are functional concepts inherent in art as a whole. With their help, not specific historical signs of a given phenomenon are determined, but only the general that it reveals in its various historical manifestations.

At present, the problem of the artistic method in literature is mostly developed on the basis of epic and dramatic works. The main concepts in which literary critics, as a rule, explore the creative method of a writer or a number of writers are characters and circumstances. At the same time, however, it must be borne in mind that real specificity is the source of all artistic content, in any kind of literature. In epic and drama, it appears primarily as integral characters and circumstances, in lyrics as a characteristic mood, experience, in general, the internal, subjective state of a person and society. Therefore, the creative method can be defined as the principles of an extended artistic and creative development of the real characteristics of life.

Approaching literary works from such positions, it should be noted that the originality of the realistic principle of reflecting life lies in the fact that all the main essential features and relationships of the depicted characters are reproduced in their conditionality by typical circumstances. Since such an interaction of characters and circumstances and characters is not emphasized, is not demonstrated openly by the writer, the idea arises that in realistic works there is a "self-development" of characters. In fact, the characters do not develop on their own, but under the influence of typical circumstances, although the latter may not be depicted in the work.

At the same time, the historically abstract nature of the portrayed characters does not allow the writer to give specific artistic motivations for the actions and relationships of the characters. The characters act not as a result of natural aspirations caused by specific social circumstances, but under the influence of the author's "obsessions".

Thus, there is no realism in those works where the author's abstract predestination plays a self-contained role, does not rely on the "self-development" of the depicted characters, which has vital, social impulses. In this case, the texts embody not so much the objective truth, the logic of life, as the subjective views of the writers, their perception of certain life phenomena. There is realism where the images of the characters are not an illustration of the abstract ideas of the writer, but embody the life patterns of a particular country and era. AT creative expression this internal regularity of the characters' characters is capable of overcoming the abstract intentions of the writer or entering into conflict with them if they do not coincide with such a regularity.

It must be emphasized that the method cannot be regarded as a purely subjective factor, depending only on the writer himself, his likes and dislikes. In the artistic method, along with its completely obvious subjective side, it is necessary to see its objective side, that is, in the broad sense of the word, social being, which determines the nature of the writer's artistic consciousness. Types of people around him social conflicts, in which their relationship and their essential features are revealed, the speech forms of their communication - all this does not depend on the arbitrariness of the writer, all this is given to him by the era. She, naturally. reserves for him the right to choose the most significant, from his point of view, life facts, events, etc. and one or another ideological illumination of them. But nevertheless, the main content of his work is due to the basic life processes inherent in his time.

Literature of antiquity and medieval times was largely unrealistic in its reflection of life. In the literature of subsequent eras, such a reflection of life also generally prevailed. Since the Renaissance, in fiction gradually emerged and formed realism. He reached his development and flourishing in literature European nations in the second half of the 19th century. At the same time, in various national literatures, in the work different writers it varied in depth and significance.

Writers' deviations from realism do not always deprive their works of artistic truthfulness. The development of literature occurs in such a way that in certain historical periods, works were often abstract in reflecting life, but at the same time contained the historical truthfulness of the content and reached a high degree of artistry. It depended on the level of artistic thinking of writers, on its correspondence with progressive historical trends national, social or moral development society.

Thus, many works of medieval literature are a significant fact of Russian culture. An example of literature created according to "normative" principles are the works of classicism (odes of Lomonosov, tragedies of Sumarokov, etc.). All these works, while not being realistic, are distinguished by great historical veracity of content. Romanticism, with its unrealistic depiction of a free, independent person, acting on his own moral laws, also (and often even more so than classicism) had its artistic and cognitive result a high degree ideological and psychological truthfulness. Thus, rebelliously rebelling against a society that does not recognize the freedom of the individual, romantic heroes D.G. Byron, M.Yu. Lermontov, despite their lack of positive social ideals, by virtue of their merciless denial of the established social order, were able to help the progress of historical knowledge and were therefore historically truthful.

artistic method is a way of mastering and displaying the world, a set of basic creative principles of figurative reflection of life. One can speak of the method as the structure of the writer's artistic thinking, which determines his approach to reality and its reconstruction in the light of a certain aesthetic ideal. Through the method, we comprehend those creative principles, thanks to which the writer reproduces reality: selection, evaluation, typification (generalization), artistic expression characters, phenomena of life in historical refraction. The method is manifested in the structure of thoughts and feelings of the heroes of a literary work, in the motivations for their behavior, actions, in the correlation of characters and events, in accordance with life path, the fate of the characters in the socio-historical circumstances of the era.

The artistic method is a system of principles for selecting life material, its evaluation, principles and prevailing forms of artistic generalization and rethinking. It characterizes a complex of factors: a holistic ideological, evaluative, individually unique, social attitude artist to reality, to consciously or spontaneously reflected needs, ideological and artistic traditions. The artistic method largely determines the specifics of the artistic image.

Art style- A system of linguistic means and ideas characteristic of a particular literary work, genre, author or literary movement (Gogol's style. Romantic style). In this style, it affects the reader's imagination and feelings, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, characterized by figurativeness, emotionality of speech. In a work of art, the word not only carries certain information, but also serves to aesthetically influence the reader with the help of artistic images. The brighter and more truthful the image, the stronger it affects the reader. In their works, writers use, when necessary, not only words and forms literary language, but also outdated dialect and vernacular words. The means of artistic expression are varied and numerous. These are tropes: comparisons, personifications, allegory, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, etc. And stylistic figures: epithet, hyperbole, litote, anaphora, epiphora, gradation, parallelism, rhetorical question, omission, etc. Trope(from other Greek τρόπος - turnover) - in a work of art, words and expressions used in figurative meaning in order to enhance the figurativeness of the language, the artistic expressiveness of speech.

Literary direction is a set of fundamental spiritual and aesthetic principles of many writers, as well as a number of groups and schools. There are following literary directions:

1. Baroque(port. perola barrocco - pearl of irregular shape).

Appears from ser. 16 - 17 centuries in the art of many European countries (especially in Italy and Spain). Most of all it is manifested in the manner of writing or pictorial image. The following important features of the Baroque stand out:

ornate,

Pomposity,

decorative,

tendency to allegorism, allegory,

complex metaphor,

Combination of comic and tragic

The abundance of stylistic ornaments in artistic speech.

P. Calderon was a prominent representative of the Baroque. In Russia, the features of this style appeared in the poetry of S. Polotsky, S. Medvedev, K. Istomin. The main baroque works: E. Tesauro "Aristotle's spyglass", B. Grasian "Wit, or the Art of a sophisticated mind".

2.Classicism- (Latin classicus - exemplary) literary trend that has developed in European Literature XVII century, based on (according to S.P. Belokurova (3)):

1. Recognition ancient art the highest model, ideal, and works of antiquity - the artistic norm.

2. The principle of rationalism and "imitation of nature".

3. The cult of reason.

4. Active appeal to public, civil issues.

5. Emphasized objectivity of the narrative.

6. Strict hierarchy of genres

3.Sentimentalism- (from French sentiment - feeling, sensitivity) - the literary direction of the second half of XVIII in. - early 19th century (3). The main genres are a sentimental novel, a story, a diary, a journey, a letter, an elegy, a message.

In the works of this trend, the human personality was interpreted as responsive, capable of compassion, humane, kind, possessing high moral principles. The largest representatives in European literature - L. Stern ("Sentimental Journey through France and Italy"), J.-J. Rousseau ("Julia, or New Eloise"), S. Richardson ("Ppamela, or Rewarded Virtue", "Clarissa, or the Story of a Young Lady"), J.-W. Goethe ("The Suffering of Young Werther"), etc.; in Russian literature of the second half of the 18th century. - M. N. Muravyov, N. M. Karamzin, V. V. Kapnist, N. A. Lvov, A. N. Radishchev, early V. A. Zhukovsky.

Your syllable in an important way of mood, It used to be, fiery creator He showed us his hero As a model of perfection.

("Eugene Onegin" Ch.3 Stanza 11)

4. Romanticism(from French roman - a work in Romance languages). Romanticism refers to the first third of the 19th century. Germany became the birthplace of romanticism (brothers F. and A. Schlegel, L. Tieck, Novalis). Romanticism is characterized by "attention to the individual as a spiritual being with a sovereign inner world, independent of the conditions of existence and historical circumstances" (1).

5. Realism- "(from lat. realis - material) - an artistic method in literature and art, following which the writer depicts life in accordance with objective reality" (3). The focus of realism is facts, events, people and things, patterns that operate in life, the relationship between man and the environment, the hero and the time in which he lives. The writer does not break away from reality, selects the features inherent in life with the greatest accuracy and thereby enriches the reader with knowledge of life.

6. Symbolism"- (fr. symbolisme< от греч. symbolon - знак, опознавательная примета) - явление artistic culture the last third of the XIX - early. XX centuries, which opposed itself to realism and made the basis of its artistic system the philosophical concept of the fundamental unknowability of the world and man by means of scientific experience, logical analysis and realistic image"(3). As D.S. Merezhkovsky noted, the three main elements of symbolism are mystical content, symbols, expansion of artistic impressionability.

7. Modernism- (from French moderne - modern, latest). Modernism is characterized by "anti-historicism of thinking (history is replaced by a certain model of the world in which nothing changes, the mythologization of the past, present and future), interest in man in general, and not in man as a product of his era (the concrete historical situation in the works of modernism does not have meanings, for "a man, like a horse, always walks with eyes closed in the same circles "(D. Joyce)), lack of social typification" .

8. Postmodernism(from French post - after and moderne - modern, latest) - a direction in the literature of the 20th century. This direction is characterized by the perception of the world as chaos, the display of the unconscious, random in the behavior of the characters, the abundance of irony (Irony) and parody. A feature of the works of postmodernism is that they often consist of words, situations that the author presents to the reader in a parody. So, for example, these include the works of V. Pelevin, D. Prigov.

A literary trend is a set of creative personalities, which are characterized by ideological and artistic closeness and programmatic and aesthetic unity. Simply put, a literary movement is a type of literary movement. For example, in Russian romanticism there are such currents as “philosophical”, “psychological” and “civil”, and in Russian realism some distinguish between “psychological” and “sociological” currents, etc. etc...

From the point of view of literary criticism“Style is an individually delineated and closed purposeful system of means of verbal and aesthetic expression and embodiment artistic reality. A broad literary definition of the artist's style as "the main ideological and artistic features inherent in his work (ideological positions, the range of characters and plots, the originality of the language). According to the views of G.N. Pospelov, the style includes three main elements: language, composition, details of the subject language is the most obvious, tangible element of style.This includes rhythm, intonation, vocabulary and tropes . In terms of linguistic understanding: Style is a kind of language, fixed in a given society by tradition for one of the most common areas of social life and partially different from other varieties of the same language in all basic parameters - vocabulary, grammar, phonetics;

Similar information.

What does the concept of "artistic method" mean in literature? What are its distinguishing characteristics? What method have your favorite writers followed or follow? Do you want to distinguish symbolism from acmeism? This article is for you! It sets out the base that will help you feel confident in a vast literary space.

What is an artistic method?

This is one of the most important concepts in art. Means set overall ratings, visions of the world and perceptions of certain things by writers. Thus, various trends in the literature have arisen. The nature of the vision of the surrounding reality depends on which method the creator adheres to.

Adherents of a certain artistic (creative) method are united by the idea of ​​ideals, human life, good and evil, and about art in general. They target different target audience, so the existence of a variety of literary methods is extremely important, as they satisfy the spiritual needs of people with different mindsets.

Distinctive characteristics

The main feature of the artistic method is the variety of its forms. In literature, there are a huge number of directions and their "mixtures", with the help of which we can look differently at an object and phenomenon. Classicism, romanticism, realism, sentimentalism, naturalism, modernism, symbolism, acmeism, futurism, impressionism, expressionism, existentialism, postmodernism are the main trends that have their own individual strength and character.

What artistic methods exist in literature?

Every writer has his own individual style expressions of thought, unlike anyone else, but it is intertwined with one specific direction, which is close to itself.

Let's move from the general to the particular and understand the main artistic methods in literature, from the 17th century to the end of the 20th.

Classical trends of the 17th - 18th centuries

Classicism is the first to emerge in the 17th century. It is characterized by educational morality, simplicity of presentation, a clear division into positive and bad guys, "three unities" - place, time and action. Worked in this direction famous writers, as J. Racine, M. Lomonosov, G. Derzhavin. You can find the main features of classicism in "Ode on the Capture of Khotyn".

In the next literary direction - sentimentalism - in the 18th century, J. Rousseau, I. Goethe, N. Karamzin wrote. In this direction, it is important to depict the state of the character's inner world, his mental anguish and sincere emotions. You can get to know this direction better by reading "Poor Lisa".

Romanticism appeared at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. Love, feelings, desires, suffering, escape from oppressive reality - all this is incredibly beautifully described in their works by D. Byron, V. Hugo, M. Lermontov. "Demon" is bright work, which will give you a complete picture of this direction.

19th century routine

Realism, which emerged in the 19th century, describes typical hero in a typical situation for the average person through colloquial vocabulary. This direction was subtly felt by C. Dickens, O. de Balzac, L. Tolstoy, F. Dostoevsky, A. Chekhov, I. Turgenev. "Fathers and Sons" is a demonstrative novel that, without falsehood and pretense, tells about the difference between generations and their perception, this is the essence of realism.

Naturalism is an artistic method that arose at the end of the 19th century. distinguishes an accurate and objective depiction of fate, life, everyday life, character of a person. Representatives of this trend, such as M. Saltykov-Shchedrin, N. Nekrasov, believed that there are no unworthy topics for presentation, even typical human experiences are real art. "To whom in Rus' it is good to live" - ​​a poem about realities peasant life and difficult fate - an undeniable representative of naturalism.

Catchy and unusual methods of presenting thoughts of the 19th - early 20th centuries

Modernism - common name for such movements as symbolism, impressionism, acmeism, futurism, expressionism. To have an idea of ​​modernism, let's characterize all the above directions.

• Symbolism arose in the 1870s, it differs from other areas in figurative vision, secret meaning objects and phenomena, using words with multiple meanings. For example, Z. Gippus, V. Bryusov, K. Balmont, A. Blok wrote in this interesting and unusual direction. "Pharmacy, street, lantern" is a poem worth reading or refreshing in order to understand the essence of symbolism.
• Acmeism is an artistic method that was followed only by our compatriots, for example, O. Mandelstam, A. Akhmatova, N. Gumilyov. There is no ambiguity in this direction, words have exact value, and the images are clearly seen; by force artistic word writers rethought life processes that have flaws. "The Gray-eyed King" - you need to immerse yourself in this poem in order to understand the logic of the poets of this direction.

• Futurism is the direction in which Russian and Italian creators worked. This catchy direction appeared at the beginning of the 20th century. Outrageous, bold decisions and non-standard construction of the poem, for example, a ladder, like the bright representative of this direction V. Mayakovsky. In addition to him, in this direction they created and broke the idea of classical art I. Severyanin, V. Khlebnikov, D. Burliuk. "And you could?" - an extravagant, unusual, inspiring, absolutely futuristic poem.

• Impressionism in literature appeared at the end of the 19th century, writers in this direction described in detail feelings, experiences and emotions, turned moments of life into art. The brightest representatives this direction can be considered G. de Maupassant, M. Proust. "Dear friend" is an emotional and light work, after reading which you will certainly become a fan of impressionism.
• At the beginning of the 20th century, gloomy expressionism became widespread in Germany. The main themes of this direction are death, destruction, loss, ugliness of the surrounding reality. F. Kafka and E. Zamyatin were most clearly able to convey the essence of this direction. "We" is the strongest anti-utopia of our compatriot, which does not give rise to a feeling of depression, but fully reveals all the above themes of expressionism.

Modern views on literature since the middle of the 20th century

At the heart of existentialism, which appeared in the middle of the 20th century in France, are the ideas of loneliness and the tragedy of being, the insignificance of human ideals. J. P. Sartre, A. Camus were able to most confidently and clearly state this on paper. The Fall is a book where you won't find any sharp twists in the plot, but the subtle and intelligent dialogues will make you fall in love with existentialism.

Most modern direction- postmodernism - appeared in the second half of the 20th century, it is distinguished by the maximalism of performance, irony and a satirical attitude to what is happening. H. Murakami, V. Nabokov, K. Vonnegut saw the world through a satirical prism. The work "Slaughterhouse number 5" is written in the best traditions of postmodernism, it will immerse you in deep reflections on the value of life and views on it.

The significance of literary movements for modern man

The power of a word can make a person look at certain things differently. Reading the works of writers who adhere to different artistic methods will make you a multifaceted personality who can critically and different parties look at any situation.

Literature Grade 8. Textbook-reader for schools with in-depth study Literature Team of authors

About what is a creative method, artistic system and literary direction

The question of the laws of creation artistic world literary work is one of the most difficult in the art of the word. You already know well that artistic reality is conditional and does not coincide with reality, but at the same time, the source of the creation of the artistic world is always personal experience writer, that is, his ideas about the real world.

How does the idea of ​​real life turn into the artistic world of a literary work? Many generations of artists and scientists have been looking for an answer to this question. The result of their reflections was the concept of a creative method.

creative method- these are the main artistic principles for evaluating, selecting and reproducing reality in a work.

What does it mean? Think about it, because in order to create artistic reality based on one of the types of conventions, you must first imagine what reality is. In other words, before depicting nature and man, the writer should be aware of what he calls nature and how he imagines man. First of all, he has to determine his view of the world around him, create his own concept of the world and man (you already know this concept).

So, first of all, the writer makes an assessment of reality on the basis of the scientific data at his disposal and in accordance with his worldview. The concept of the world and man created by him serves as the source material for building the artistic world of a literary work.

However, you already know that it is impossible to mechanically transfer everything known about the earthly world in which a person lives to the pages of a book. The writer inevitably has to select what seems to him the most important. In this he is helped by the principles of typing.

Typing- this is the selection and artistic comprehension of the characteristic features, phenomena and properties of reality in the process of creating artistic images and building the artistic world of a literary work. Simply put, it is a reflection of the general, characteristic features of life in specific artistic images.

Typification is one of the main properties of any art. To create an artistic world, the author must rely on own experience, select from facts real life, from the variety of human characters, those that, being transferred to a work of art, will create in it the illusion of living life. In single, unique artistic images are reflected characteristic properties everyday reality. Remember the collisions of "Dubrovsky". A. S. Pushkin created two wonderful, unique artistic nature- Andrey Dubrovsky and Kirila Troekurov. But they captured the features of many Russian landowners: the pride of the impoverished nobility, the arrogance of wealthy aristocrats, the concept of honor characteristic of Russian officers. And in the scene of the court, as in a drop of water, the dependence of officials on local rich people, the nature of the consideration of litigations, was reflected. In the exclusivity, singularity of the quarrel between Andrei Dubrovsky and Kirila Troekurov, numerous conflicts of the local nobility were displayed.

Not only ordinary, habitual features are typified Everyday life. The writer's ability to feel the emergence of new trends of the time, new people and bring them out in his creation is also associated with typification. This is a reflection in a specific image of ideal or just emerging new phenomena. Here, for example, is the image of Govin from The Mule Without a Bridle: it reflects the dream of an ideal knight, a real defender of the weak and offended. And V. S. Pikul in the essay “Horse artillery - march-march!” managed to show features in the image of a real Russian officer epic heroes- here you have the embodiment of the dreams of ancestors in the specific appearance of their descendant ...

Typification exists in art as long as art itself exists. Since ancient times, artists have created their images, in which other people recognize the world they are used to. But as mankind developed, art changed, the principles of typification also changed, since they depend on how a person sees the world, what place he takes in it for himself. Typification reflects the level of human ideas that is inherent in a particular historical period development of society.

You see what a difficult job the author has to do in order to translate his life experience into the creation of the artistic world of the work! But that's not all. It is not enough to select the necessary material, it is necessary for the invented world to live its own independent life, to become full-blooded and natural in the perception of the reader, it is necessary to feel the possibilities artistic convention, to know the laws of literature as an art form (poetics). Exactly poetics and defines the principles of reproduction of reality in a literary work. The writer chooses the form of conventionality, genre, techniques and means of artistic expression... However, these components of poetics were not immediately discovered by artists, they historically changed, enriched and developed. The variability of the principles of evaluation, selection and reproduction of reality was the objective reason for the change in creative methods throughout the development of the literary process.

Some creative methods arose on the basis of the dominant ideology and existed long time, changing under the influence of new historical conditions. Such creative methods called productive. These include classicism, romanticism, realism. They formed in the literary process whole art systems(the totality of all literary works created on the basis of one productive creative method).

Since the productive creative method existed for a long time, experiencing certain modifications, within the artistic system appeared literary trends, that is, concrete historical manifestations of the creative method.

But there were unproductive creative methods(baroque, sentimentalism, naturalism), which appeared as a result of the creative polemics of writers with representatives of productive methods. Unproductive methods existed for a relatively short time, and on their basis there was no art systems, although they created their own literary trends.

Since each national literature relies on its own original national tradition and uses its own language, national manifestations of the creative method have their own characteristics and are called literary trend.

The first of the creative methods known to us in the literary process of European civilization was classicism, which arose in the Renaissance.

Here you can rightly ask: how did the literature of the Middle Ages exist without creative methods? The fact is that medieval literature has not yet separated from other types of human creative activity: hagiography (hagiographic literature), chronicles, scientific reasoning. The writers did not feel the need to understand the ways of constructing the artistic world.

At the same time in medieval literature quite often synthesized mythological, journalistic and artistic beginning. Genre independence was absolute, and the interaction of genres (a phenomenon common to subsequent eras) began in medieval art comparatively late.

Simply put, the role of the method at that time was performed by separate genres. I hope you remember that in the Middle Ages there were no clear boundaries between literature and folklore, and the method is a characteristic feature of literary creativity.