Biography of the writer Korolenko in the city. Biography of Korolenko

Prose writer, publicist

Born July 15, 1853 in Zhytomyr in the family of a county judge. Mother is the daughter of a Polish landowner. He spent his childhood in Zhytomyr, then in Rovno, where in 1871 he graduated from the gymnasium.

1871 - 74 - study at the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology.

1874 - 76 - study at the Petrovsky Agricultural Academy.

1876 ​​- expelled from the academy for participation in student unrest, exiled to the Vologda province, but returned on the way and settled under police supervision in Kronstadt.

1877 - admission to the St. Petersburg Mining Institute.

1879 - Korolenko was arrested on suspicion of having connections with revolutionary leaders. Until 1881 he was in prison and exile.

Korolenko began his literary activity in the late 70s, but he was not noticed by a large public. His first story, Episodes from the Life of a Seeker, was published in 1879. After 5 years of silence, interrupted only by short essays and correspondence, Korolenko makes her second debut in Russian Thought in 1885 with the story Makar's Dream.

1881-1884 - for the refusal of the oath Alexander III exiled to the Yakutsk region.

1885-96 - lives under police supervision in Nizhny Novgorod, where he actively participates in the liberal opposition, cooperates in liberal periodicals"Russian Vedomosti", "Northern Bulletin", "Nizhny Novgorod Vedomosti". At the same time Korolenko writes works of art: "The Blind Musician" (1887), "At Night" (1888), "In Bad Society", "The River Plays" (1891), etc.

1886 - Korolenko's 1st book "Essays and Stories" is published.

1893 - Korolenko's 2nd book is published.

1894 - Korolenko visits England and America. He expressed part of his impressions in the story "Without a language"

1896 - moves to St. Petersburg.

1895-1904 - Korolenko - one of the official publishers of the populist magazine "Russian Wealth".

1900 - The Academy of Sciences elects Korolenko an honorary academician in the category of fine literature. In 1902, together with A.P. Chekhov, Korolenko renounced his title in protest against the illegal cancellation of the election of M. Gorky to the Academy.

Since 1900 Korolenko has been living in Poltava.

1903 - Korolenko's 3rd book is published.

1904-1917 - Korolenko heads the magazine " Russian wealth". Here his essays "In the Year of the Hunger" (1892), "Pavlovsk Essays" (1890), articles "Sorochinsky tragedy" (1907), "Everyday phenomenon" (1910) and many others were published. total Korolenko is the author of about 700 articles, correspondence, essays, notes.

1906 - Korolenko begins to print in separate chapters the most extensive of his works: the autobiographical History of My Contemporary.

1914 - First World War finds Korolenko in France. Attitude towards her is reflected in the story "Prisoners" (1917). In the article "War, Fatherland and Humanity" (1917), Korolenko speaks in favor of continuing the war.

On February Revolution 1917, Korolenko responds with the article "The Fall of Tsarist Power. (Speech ordinary people about events in Russia)". In it, Korolenko points out that "there is no place for tsarist power" in future Russia, And Constituent Assembly like never before Zemsky Sobor, "will establish the future form of government of the Russian state", emphasizes that "a lot of wisdom is needed to stop disagreements within the country, dangerous disputes about power and internecine strife", "while the homeland is threatened by invasion and the death of its young freedom"

Calling himself a non-party socialist, Korolenko does not share the ideas of the Bolsheviks and the principles of the proletarian dictatorship. He calls "to put the interests of the entire population above the party struggle." In the article "The Triumph of the Winners", Korolenko, referring to A.V. Lunacharsky, writes: "You are celebrating a victory, but this victory is disastrous for the part of the people that won with you, disastrous, perhaps, for the entire Russian people as a whole," because " power based on a false idea is doomed to perish from its own arbitrariness" ("Russian Vedomosti", 1917, December 3).

1917 - deputies from the People's Socialist Party at the Congress of Peasants held in Poltava on April 17 offer Korolenko to nominate him as a deputy to the Constituent Assembly, he refuses, citing ill health. On November 22, Korolenko was elected honorary chairman of the Poltava Committee of the Political Red Cross.

During the occupation of Poltava by the troops of the Ukrainian Central Rada and A.I. Denikin, Korolenko opposes terror and revenge.

In 1919-21, unable to appear in the press, Korolenko addressed a series of letters to Lunacharsky, Kh.G. Rakovsky, the main content of which was a protest against the extrajudicial reprisals of the Cheka.

Main works:

Stories from the "Siberian" cycle:

"Wonderful" (1880, distributed in lists, publ. 1905)

"Killer", "Son Makar", "Falconer" (all - 1885), "On the way" (1888, 2nd edition 1914)

"At-Davan" (1885, 2nd edition 1892)

Marusina Zaimka (1889, published 1899)

"Lights" (1901)

Stories:

"In Bad Company" (1885)

"The Forest Noises" (1886)

"The River Plays" (1892)

"No Tongue" (1894)

"Not terrible" (1903), etc.

The story "The Blind Musician" (1886, 2nd edition 1898).

Essays, including:

"In Desert Places" (1890, 2nd ed. 1914)

"Pavlovian Essays" (1890)

"In a hungry year" (1892-93)

"At the Cossacks" (1901)

"Ours on the Danube" (1909)

Journalism, including:

"Multan Sacrifice" (a series of essays, articles and notes, 1895-98)

"Celebrity of the End of the Century" (1898, Dreyfus Affair)

Literary career

Relation to the revolution

Aliases

Bibliography

Novels and stories

Publicism

Reviews

Publication of works

Screen versions of works

(July 15 (27), 1853, Zhitomir - December 25, 1921, Poltava) - Russian writer of Ukrainian-Polish origin, journalist, publicist, public figure, who deserved recognition for his human rights activities both during the years of the tsarist regime and during civil war and Soviet power. For their critical views Korolenko was subjected to repression by the tsarist government. A significant part of the writer's literary works is inspired by impressions of childhood spent in Ukraine and exile to Siberia.

Honorary Academician Imperial Academy Sciences in the category of fine literature (1900-1902).

Childhood and youth

Korolenko was born in Zhytomyr (Ukraine) in the family of a county judge. The writer's father came from a Cossack family. Severe and withdrawn, but at the same time incorruptible and fair, Galaktion Afanasyevich Korolenko (1810-1868) had a huge influence on the formation of his son's worldview. Subsequently, the image of the father was captured by the writer in his famous story " In a bad society". The writer's mother was Polish and Korolenko knew the Polish language from childhood.

Korolenko began to study at the Zhytomyr gymnasium, and after the death of his father completed his secondary education at the Rivne real school. In 1871 he entered the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology, but due to financial difficulties he was forced to leave it and in 1874 go on a scholarship to the Petrovsky Agricultural Academy in Moscow.

Revolutionary activity and exile

From an early age, Korolenko joined the revolutionary populist movement. In 1876, for participating in populist student circles, he was expelled from the academy and exiled to Kronstadt under police supervision.

In Kronstadt, the young man had to earn his living by his own labor. He was engaged in tutoring, was a proofreader in a printing house, tried a number of working professions.

At the end of his exile, Korolenko returned to St. Petersburg and in 1877 entered the Mining Institute. The beginning of literary activity of Korolenko belongs to this period. In July 1879, the first short story by the writer, Episodes from the Life of a Seeker, was published in the St. Petersburg magazine Slovo. This story Korolenko originally intended for the magazine " Domestic notes”, However, the first attempt at writing was unsuccessful - the editor of the journal M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin returned the manuscript to the young author with the words: “It would be nothing ... but green ... very green.” But back in the spring of 1879, on suspicion of revolutionary activity Korolenko was again expelled from the institute and exiled to Glazov in the Vyatka province.

On June 3, 1879, together with his brother Hilarion, the writer, accompanied by gendarmes, was taken to this county town. The writer remained in Glazov until October, when, as a result of two complaints from Korolenko about the actions of the Vyatka administration, his punishment was toughened. On October 25, 1879, Korolenko was sent as a police officer to the Biserovsky volost with the appointment of residence in Berezovsky repairs, where he stayed until the end of January 1880. From there, for unauthorized absence in the village of Afanasievskoye, the writer was sent first to the Vyatka prison, and then to the Vyshnevolotsk transit prison.

After refusing to sign a penitent, loyal petition to the new Tsar Alexander III in 1881, Korolenko was sent into exile in Siberia (he was serving deadline references in Yakutia in the Amginskaya Sloboda). However, the harsh living conditions did not break the will of the writer. The difficult six years of exile became a time of formation mature writer provided rich material for his future writings.

Literary career

In 1885, Korolenko was allowed to settle in Nizhny Novgorod. The Nizhny Novgorod decade (1885-1895) was the period of the most fruitful work of the writer Korolenko, a surge of his talent, after which the reading public of the whole Russian Empire. In 1886, his first book, Essays and short stories”, which included the Siberian short stories of the writer. In the same years, Korolenko published his "Pavlovsk Essays", which were the result of repeated visits to the village of Pavlova in the Gorbatovsky district. Nizhny Novgorod province. The work describes the plight of the metalworkers of the village, crushed by poverty.

The real triumph of Korolenko was the release in 1886-1887 of his best works - “ In a bad society" (1885) and " blind musician» (1886). In these stories Korolenko with profound knowledge human psychology takes a philosophical approach to resolving the problem of the relationship between man and society. The material for the writer was memories of childhood spent in Ukraine, enriched with philosophical and social implications a mature master who has passed hard years exile and repression. According to the writer, the fullness and harmony of life, happiness can be felt only by overcoming one's own egoism, taking the path of serving the people.

In the 1890s, Korolenko traveled a lot. He visits various parts of the Russian Empire (Crimea, Caucasus). In 1893, the writer is present at world exhibition in Chicago (USA). The result of this trip was the philosophical and allegorical story " No tongue» (1895). Korolenko is recognized not only in Russia, but also abroad. His works are published in foreign languages.

In 1895-1900 Korolenko lived in St. Petersburg. He edits a magazine Russian wealth". During this period, remarkable novels are published. Marusina Zaimka"(1899)," Instant» (1900).

In 1900, the writer settled in Poltava, where he lived until his death.

IN last years life (1906-1921) Korolenko worked on a large autobiographical novel « History of my contemporary”, which was supposed to summarize everything that he experienced, to systematize philosophical views writer. The novel was left unfinished. The writer died while working on the fourth volume of his work. Died of pneumonia.

Journalism and social activities

Korolenko's popularity was enormous, and the tsarist government was forced to reckon with his publicistic speeches. The writer drew public attention to the most acute, topical issues of our time. He exposed the famine of 1891-1892 (series of essays " In a hungry year”), drew attention to the “Multan case”, denounced the tsarist punishers who brutally cracked down on Ukrainian peasants fighting for their rights (“ Sorochinskaya tragedy”, 1906), the reactionary policy of the tsarist government after the suppression of the revolution of 1905 (“ household phenomenon", 1910). In 1911-1913, Korolenko actively opposed the reactionaries and chauvinists who fanned the falsified "Beilis case", he published more than ten articles in which he exposed the lies and falsifications of the Black Hundreds.

In 1900, Korolenko, along with Leo Tolstoy, Anton Chekhov, Vladimir Solovyov, Pyotr Boborykin and Maxim Gorky, was elected an honorary academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences in the category of fine literature, but in 1902 he left it in protest against the expulsion of Maxim Gorky from the ranks of academicians.

Relation to the revolution

In 1917, many asked who should be the first president Russian Republic, answered: Korolenko. After October revolution Korolenko openly condemned the methods by which the Bolsheviks carried out the construction of socialism. The position of Korolenko, a humanist, who condemned the atrocities of the civil war, who stood up to protect the individual from Bolshevik arbitrariness, is reflected in his " Letters to Lunacharsky" (1920) and " Letters from Poltava"(1921).

V. Lenin wrote to Maxim Gorky in 1919: “... The “intellectual forces” of the people were wrongly mixed with the “forces” of the bourgeois intellectuals. I'll take Korolenko as a model... After all, Korolenko is the best of the "near-Kadet" people, almost a Menshevik. ... A pathetic tradesman, captivated by bourgeois prejudices! .. No. It’s not a sin for such “talents” to spend three weeks in prison if this is to be done to prevent conspiracies (like Krasnaya Gorka) and the death of tens of thousands ... "

Aliases

Family

• He was married to Evdokia Semyonovna Ivanovskaya.
• Two children: Natalia and Sophia.
• The wife's sister P.S. Ivanovskaya and the wife's brother V.S. Ivanovsky were revolutionary members of the People's Volunteers.

Bibliography

Novels and stories

Publicism

• 1884 - Adjutant of His Excellency (Commentary on a recent event)
• 1886 - Omollon
• 1890 - Pavlovsk essays
• 1890 - In desert places (From a trip to Vetluga and Kerzhents)
• 1891 - On the history of obsolete institutions
• 1894 - "God's town"
• 1895 - Echoes of political upheavals in the county town of the XVIII century
• 1895 - Multan sacrifice
• 1895 - To the report on the Multan sacrifice
• 1896 - Do the Votyaks make human sacrifices?
• 1896 - Rumors of the press about the Multan case
• 1896 - Death Factory (Sketch)
• 1896 - Ringlet (From archival files)
• 1898 - Celebrity of the end of the century
• 1901 - Pugachev's legend in the Urals
• 1903 - House number 13 (Feature article)
• 1904 - Sonya Marmeladova at a lecture by Ms. Lukhmanova
• 1904 - New objectors
• 1905 - Naval headquarters "at peace"
• 1905 - Chronicle inner life (January 9 in St. Petersburg)
• 1906 - The unity of the cabinet or secrets of the Ministry of the Interior
• 1906 - Return of General Kuropatkin
• 1906 - Cares of the good shepherd for the sinful flock
• 1907 - General Dumbadze, Governor-General of Yalta
• 1907 - From the notes of Pavel Andreevich Tentetnikov
• 1907 - Sorochinskaya tragedy (According to judicial investigation)
• 1907 - In a hungry year (Observations and notes from the diary)
• 1908 - On Latin Confidence
• 1909 - "Declaration" by V.S. Solovyov (On the history of the Jewish question in the Russian press)
• 1909 - Poltava festivities
• 1909 - Ours on the Danube
• 1910 - Features of military justice
• 1910 - Everyday phenomenon (Publicist's notes about death penalty)
• 1911 - Tormentor Orgy
• 1911 - About "Russia" and about the revolution
• 1911 - In a calm village (Pictures of true reality)
• 1912 - The process of the editor of "Russian wealth"
• 1913 - On the court, on the defense and on the press
• 1913 - "They judged the Multans..."
• 1913 - The Beilis Affair (Four articles written in 1913, during the Beilis trial)
• 1913 - The Third Element (In memory of Nikolai Fedorovich Annensky)
• 1913 - Nirvana. From a trip to the ashes of the Danube Sich (Excerpt)
• 1916 - Kotlyarevsky and Mazepa

Memoirs and literary notes

• 1887 - Two paintings (Reflections of a writer)
• 1889 - About Shchedrin
• 1890 - Memories of Chernyshevsky
• 1898 - In memory of Belinsky
• 1902 - About Gleb Ivanovich Uspensky
• 1904 - "Civil execution of Chernyshevsky" (According to an eyewitness)
• 1904 - Anton Pavlovich Chekhov
• 1908 - Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (Article One)
• 1908 - L. N. Tolstoy (Article two)
• 1908 - Angel Ivanovich Bogdanovich (Features from personal memories)
• 1909 - Stereotypical in the life of a Russian writer (To the obituary of Count E. A. Salias)
• 1909 - The tragedy of the great humorist (A few thoughts about Gogol)
• 1910 - The Great Pilgrim (Three meetings with Leo Tolstoy)
• 1910 - Died
• 1910 - Vsevolod Mikhailovich Garshin (Literary portrait)
• 1911 - In memory of a remarkable Russian man
• 1912 - My first encounter with Dickens
• 1912 - I. A. Goncharov and the "young generation" (To the 100th anniversary of birth)
• 1912 - Elder Fyodor Kuzmich (The hero of the story by L. N. Tolstoy)
• 1916 - Summist puzzles
• 1920 - On the tenth anniversary of the death of Leo Tolstoy
• 1922 - Conversation with Tolstoy (Maximalism and statehood)

Reviews

• 1896 - J. Kantorovich - Medieval witch trials
• 1897 - Everyday problem book for children - Mandryki
• 1901 - A. Serafimovich. - Essays and stories
• 1904 - V. P. Burenin - Theater (Volume one. St. Petersburg, 1904)
• 1904 - Stanislav Pshibyshevsky - Homo sapiens
• 1907 - Georgy Chulkov - "Taiga" (Drama. Publishing house "Ory". St. Petersburg. 1907)
• 1908 - Northern collections

Publication of works

• Collected works in 6 bindings. St. Petersburg, 1907-1912.
• Complete works in 9 volumes. Petrograd, Ed. t-va A. F. Marx, 1914.
• Collected works in 10 volumes. M., 1953-1956.
• Collected works in 5 volumes. M., 1960-1961.
• Collected works in 6 volumes. M., 1971.
• Collected works in 5 volumes. M., 1989-1991.
• History of my contemporary in 4 volumes. L., 1976.
• Russia would be alive. Unknown journalism 1917-1921 - M., 2002.

Screen versions of works

• Blind Musician (USSR, 1960, director Tatyana Lukashevich).
• Among the Gray Stones (USSR, 1983, directed by Kira Muratova).
• Polissya legend (USSR).

Quotes

• « Man was created for happiness, like a bird for flight, only happiness is not always created for him."("Paradox").
• « Violence feeds on obedience like fire feeds on straw."("The Tale of Flora, Agrippa and Menahem, the son of Yehuda").

Museums

• The house-museum "Dacha Korolenko" is located in the village of Dzhankhot, 20 kilometers southeast of Gelendzhik. The main building was built in 1902 according to the drawings of the writer, and utility rooms and buildings were completed over several years. The writer lived in this residence in 1904, 1908, 1912 and 1915.
• In Nizhny Novgorod, on the basis of school No. 14, there is a museum that contains materials on the Nizhny Novgorod period of the writer's life.
• Museum in the city of Rivne on the site of the Rivne Men's Gymnasium.
• In the homeland of the writer, in the city of Zhitomir, in 1973 the house-museum of the writer was opened.
• In the city of Poltava there is a Museum-estate of V. G. Korolenko - the house in which the writer lived for the last 18 years of his life.

Memory

• In 1977, the minor planet 3835 was named Korolenko.
• In 1973, a monument was erected in the homeland of the writer in Zhytomyr (sculptor V. Vinaykin, architect N. Ivanchuk).
• The name Korolenko was given to Poltava pedagogical institute, Kharkiv State scientific library, Chernihiv regional library, schools in Poltava and Zhitomir, Glazov State Pedagogical Institute.
• In 1990, the Union of Writers of Ukraine established literary prize named after Korolenko for the best Russian-speaking literary work Ukraine.
• Row of streets in many cities former USSR named after Korolenko. There is also Korolenko Street in Tel Aviv.

Was born future writer in Zhytomyr in the family of a judge. In 1871 he entered the Institute of Technology, but due to lack of money he was forced to come to the Petrovsky Agricultural Academy in Moscow for a scholarship. A sense of justice prompted him to join the ranks of the revolutionary populist movement. And for his active work he was expelled from the academy and was exiled to the Russian port city of Krondstadt.

After the end of the exile, he again enters the institute. During this period, Korolenko was actively engaged in social activities and literature. For the first time, his short story was published in the Slovo magazine. But soon he was again expelled from the institute and exiled to the northernmost city of Glazov. After that, he is transferred to another locality, to serve his sentence, but due to unauthorized absence, Korolenko is sent to prison. But soon after the consideration of his case by the higher commission, he was released. He didn’t run out of tests for this one more time, he was forced to visit Siberia. All this did not break, but rather helped to form a rich inner world writer. Often his works reflected the problems of that time. He boldly expressed his point of view and was not afraid to stand in defense of the oppressed.

Thanks to his work, his admirers were both in his homeland and abroad. "Makar's Dream", "In Bad Society", "The Blind Musician" - all these works of his brought unprecedented fame.

Seeing how successful Korolenko is enjoying, the authorities have become more tolerant of him. social activities. Korolenko travels a lot Crimea, the Caucasus, Chicago.

In 1990, he fell in love with the city of Poltava in Ukraine, and settled here to live, but soon fell ill and died. So died great writer, a brave public figure, but his memory is not forgotten. Four of his novels have been made into films. Many libraries, schools and other buildings bearing his name, museums were created. Many cities have Korolenka street.

Biography of Vladimir Korolen about the main thing

V. G. Korolenko (1853 -1921) - a famous Russian writer. He devoted his entire conscious life to social activities.

At royal rule, during the Civil War, during the formation Soviet power engaged in human rights activities. Many works were written by him, based on personal memories of childhood and youth passed in Ukraine, about his hardships during the times of exile and repression.

Father, Galaktion Afanasyevich, served as a judge, was a stern and uncommunicative person. His mother, Evelina Iosifovna.

Little Volodya began his studies with a boarding house in Poland, then there were years of study in Zhytomyr. When his father, on duty, was transferred to Rovno, Volodya went to study here at the school. As a very young boy, he became interested in literature and dreamed of becoming a lawyer.

In 1871, A.G. Korolenko entered the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology, but soon the training had to be abandoned due to the difficult financial situation. In 1874 he moved to Moscow. Here the future writer entered the academy. During his studies, he actively takes part in the student life of the academy, opposes the administration, and is fond of populist ideas. Soon, they were also expelled from the academy and sent under police supervision to Kronstadt.

After serving his sentence, the writer returns to St. Petersburg. In 1877, he again entered the same institute, from where, for revolutionary views, in the spring of 1879, the writer was expelled. The next six years (1878 - 1884) he spent on stages, in prisons or exile. In exile, the writer was engaged in hard peasant labor, got acquainted with their way of life, made sketches for his future stories.

In 1879, the first story "Episodes from the Life of a Seeker" was published, it was published in a St. Petersburg magazine. severe life tests that fell to the lot of VG Korolenko did not break his will and character. The years spent in exile and prisons only strengthened his consciousness, formed an adult writer from a young man, and became a source for future creations.

In 1885, VG Korolenko was allowed to live in Nizhny Novgorod. From 1885 to 1895, the flourishing of the writer's work begins, he is actively involved in public life: collects food for children, creates colonies and orphanages. This decade can rightly be called a surge of talent.

In 1886, VG Korolenko and Evdokia Semyonovna, after a long acquaintance, decide to get married, they had two children, she was with him until the end of her days.

"Essays and Stories" is the first published book of the writer, published in 1886. The book includes stories written in exile: "In Bad Society", "Makar's Dream", "The Blind Musician". Soon the "Pavlovian Essays" were published, where the author describes the beggarly, hungry life of handicraftsmen.

In the period from 1895 to 1900, the writer lives and works in St. Petersburg, edits. At the same time, the short stories "Marusina Zaimka" and "Instant" were published.

In 1900, for health reasons, the writer was forced to leave to live in Ukraine, where he spent the rest of his life.

Dreaming of creating an artistic chronicle of his generation, in the period from 1906 to 1921, the writer was working on the creation of a large novel, The History of My Contemporary, but the novel was not completed. A.G. Korolenko died while working on the next volume.

The popularity of A.G. Korolenko was huge not only in the country. With his talented and topical works, his vigorous activity aimed at the benefit of man attracted people's attention to the most acute, exciting aspects of reality.

Interesting Facts and dates from life

Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko (1853-1921) had a long literary fate covering cultural and historical epochs far from each other. In 1879, he took his first story, "Episodes from the Life of a 'Searcher'," to Domestic Notes. Approved by N.K. Mikhailovsky, the manuscript was rejected by Shchedrin: "It would be nothing ... Yes, green ... Green Very". Most Korolenko wrote his main book, The History of My Contemporary, begun in 1905, in 1918-1921. The autobiographical hero remained the same “seeker”, but the scale and tone of the narrative changed: the writer moved from a lyrically colored “episode” to an epic canvas about his generation.

Korolenko grew up in a large and friendly family, where two nationalities coexisted peacefully (Ukrainian - father and Polish - mother), two faiths (Orthodox and Catholic) and three languages ​​(Russian, Polish and Ukrainian). The family was noble, religious, with strict rules. They lived first in Zhytomyr, then in Rivne; father served as a county judge. When the future writer was 15 years old, his father died, leaving the family without funds. Passion for Russian literature, especially Turgenev and Nekrasov, gave rise to youthful dream about the profession of a lawyer, defender of the disadvantaged. But the Rovno real gymnasium did not give the right to enter the university, but Korolenko could not spend a year on passing the necessary exams as an external student - the family was in poverty. In 1871 he entered the St. Petersburg Institute of Technology, although the mathematical sciences seemed to him dry and abstract. At the beginning of 1874, Korolenko moved to Moscow and entered the Petrovsky Agricultural Academy, the forest department. At this time, Korolenko already dreamed of writing and made his first attempts. Livelihood had to be obtained by proofreading, drafting and cheap translations.

The Petrovsky student "rebellion" of 1876, fanned by the police, pushed Korolenko into the category of "harmful troublemakers" exiled "by the highest command" (that is, without trial or investigation). At the end of his life, he writes: “And until my very old age I was carried away by the same reputation as a dangerous agitator and revolutionary, although all my life I did nothing but appeal to the rule of law and the right for everyone”2. Korolenko attributed the rest to the genre of "autocratic insanity" and "gendarme fantasies", which cost him 7 years in prison, stages and exile.

In the second half of 1880, the “administrative order” softened somewhat, and Korolenko was returned from the Siberian stage and left in Perm, where he found service on railway. The writer's work was also successful (the third story appeared in the capital's magazine). But on March 1, 1881, Alexander II was killed, and an oath to the new emperor was required. Korolenko twice passed the general oath ceremony, but as an exile he was required to take an individual oath. Referring to two years of extrajudicial persecution, Korolenko gave written refusal and by this he committed a "crime" that was not foreseen by the code of Russian laws.

In the autumn of 1884, when the term of the Yakut exile ended, Korolenko made a decision: if they demand the oath again, do not give it. Fortunately, they didn't. After Siberia, Korolenko settled in Nizhny Novgorod, where the brightest decade of his life passed: the first book "Essays and Stories" (M., 1886) was published, Vladimir Galaktionovich happily married, daughters were born. At first, I had to take any job: a cashier at the pier, an agent of the Society of Dramatic Writers, an employee of the Nizhny Novgorod Archival Commission. However, these services soon gave way to the work of the journalist and writer.

In November 1892, Korolenko participated in the transformation of the journal "Russian wealth", which passed to N.K. Mikhailovsky; in 1894 he became a shareholder and a member of the literary and editorial committee of this journal; in June 1895 - its official publisher; at the beginning of 1896 he moved to St. Petersburg to take a direct part in the work of the editorial board. After Mikhailovsky's death in 1904, he became the editor-in-chief and spiritual center of Russkoyebogatstvo ('Every magazine is a portrait of its editor,' A.G. Gornfeld wrote to Vladimir Galaktionovich on December 20, 1920).

Since 1893, all new collections of Korolenko's works have been published in the publication "Russian wealth". Before the revolution, the Narodnik Democracy magazine endured censorship storms, suspensions, terminations, forced renaming, lawsuits, and so on. In 1918, according to Korolenko, it was destroyed, along with all the free Russian press.

Since 1900, Korolenko lived in Poltava, which during the years of the civil war changed hands about ten times, and every time robberies, pogroms, mass searches, arrests, executions broke out. And every time I had to fuss about some side.

He signed the last mercy petition nine days before his death. He refused to go abroad for treatment. In 1918, during the celebration in Petrograd of the 65-year-old Korolenko (in his absence), Gornfeld - paradoxically and unexpectedly - called Vladimir Galaktionovich a superman, seeing the superhuman in the "moral inevitability" of Korolenko's actions, his readiness to do what "seems impossible timid mind and sluggish will.

MAIN DATES OF LIFE, CREATIVITY AND PUBLIC ACTIVITIES OF V. G. KOROLENKO 5

1853 July 15 (27)- Vladimir Galaktionovich Korolenko was born in the city of Zhytomyr, Volyn province.

1864 - Goes to high school.

1871 - With a silver medal, he graduated from the gymnasium and entered the Technological Institute in St. Petersburg.

1873 - Leaving the institute. Corrective work.

1874 - Admitted to the Petrovsky Agricultural and Forestry Academy.

1876 - Expelled from the academy for submitting a collective application. Settlement in Kronstadt under open police supervision. Drawing work.

1877 - Enters the Mining Institute in St. Petersburg. Correction work in the newspaper "News". Participation in the funeral of Nekrasov.

1878 - Studying shoemaking, intending to take part in "going to the people."

Korolenko brothers, Vladimir and Julian, translated the book of J. Michelet "Bird". The first appearance in the press - a note in the Novosti newspaper - "A fight at Apraksin's yard (Letter to the editor)".

1879 - Arrest and deportation to the city of Glazov, Vyatka province. Shoe work. The Slovo magazine published "Episodes from the Life of a "Seeker". Exiled to Berezovsky Pochinki.

1880 - Arrest and transfer to the Vyshnevolotsk political prison. The story "Wonderful" is written. Korolenko was sent into exile in Siberia. On the prisoner's barge, the essay "The Fake City" was written. Returned from the road and settled under police supervision in the city of Perm. In the "Word" printed "Fake City". Service as a timekeeper and clerk on the railway.

1881 - The story “Temporary inhabitants of the “under investigation department” was printed. Renunciation of an oath. Exiled to the Amga settlement of the Yakutsk region.

1882–1884 - Farming and shoemaking. The stories “Killer”, “The Dream of Makar”, work on the stories “Sokolinets”, “In Bad Society”, “Vagabond Marriage” (“Marusina Zaimka”), “Machinists” (“Tsar's Coachmen”), etc. were written.

1885 - Settlement in Nizhny Novgorod. Cooperation in the newspapers "Volzhsky Vestnik" and "Russian Vedomosti". Printed stories "In the night under Holy holiday”, “Old ringer”, “Wilderness”, “Son of Makar”, essay “On the machine”. Participation in the journals "Russian Thought", "Severny Vestnik". The stories "Killer", "Falconer" appeared.

1886 - Published "The forest is noisy." Marriage to A. S. Ivanovskaya. Visited Leo Tolstoy. The story “The Blind Musician”, the stories “The Tale of Flora the Roman”, “The Sea”, the essay “Containing” were printed. The 1st volume of Essays and Stories has been published.

1887 - "Prokhor and students." Acquaintance with A.P. Chekhov and G.I. Uspensky. "At the factory". Entered the editorial office of the Northern Bulletin. Printed "Behind the Icon", "On the Eclipse". standalone edition"Blind Musician" Work in the Nizhny Novgorod Archival Commission.

1888 - Printed "On the way". "From notebook"(the first edition of" Circassian "). "On both sides." Exit from the editorial office of the Northern Bulletin. Story at night.

1889 - Meetings with N. G. Chernyshevsky in Saratov. Visiting Korolenko A. M. Gorky.

1890 - Essays "In Desert Places", "Pavlovsky Essays" were published.

1892 - Work on hunger. Articles "On the Nizhny Novgorod region".

The stories “The river plays”, “At-Davan” appeared in print. Cooperation in "Russian wealth".

1893 - Articles "In the hungry year" in "Russian wealth". Foreign travel.

1894 - Printed "Paradox", "God's town", "Fight in the House". Entered the editorial office of Russian Wealth.

1895 - The story "Without language" was published in "Russian wealth". The essay "In the fight against the devil" appeared. Secondary trial of the Multan case. Articles in defense of the multans.

1896 - Moving to St. Petersburg. "Death Factory", "On a Cloudy Day". Work on the story "Artist Alymov". Acting as a defender in the Multan case.

1897 - A trip to Romania. "Over the firth".

1899 - The essay "At the Dacha" ("Humble") was printed. Written satirical tale"Stop, sun, and don't move, moon!" Work on the story "The Runaway Tsar". The story "Marusya" ("Marusina Zaimka") was published.

1900 - Elected an honorary academician. Editorial work. "Lights". Trip to Uralsk. Moving to Poltava. The story "Instant" is published.

1901 - The stories "Frost", "The Last Ray", essays "At the Cossacks" were printed.

1902 - A trip to the city of Sumy for the process of Pavlovian sectarians. "Memories of G. I. Uspensky". Renunciation of the title of honorary academician.

1903 - The articles "Autocratic helplessness" and "Substitutes for publicity for the highest use" were published. The story is not terrible. Trip to Chisinau. The essay “House No. 13” was written (not passed by the censors). Celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of Korolenko.

1904 - Korolenko - editor-publisher of "Russian wealth".

Memoirs "In memory of A.P. Chekhov". "Memories of Chernyshevsky" printed. The story "Feudal lords" was published.

1905 - The article "January 9 in St. Petersburg." The beginning of work on the "History of my contemporary". Participation in the newspaper "Poltavshchina" (later "Chernozem"). The fight against the rioters in Poltava. Appeals to the population of the city with anti-pogrom appeals. The prohibition of "Russian wealth" for printing the "Manifesto" of the St. Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies. The essay “House No. 13” was printed. About 60 articles on socio-political topics.

1906 - "An open letter to the State Councilor Filonov." Persecution of the writer by the Black Hundreds. The History of My Contemporary began to be printed. The article “Words of the Minister. Affairs of governors. About 40 articles during the year.

1907 - The article "Sorochinsky tragedy", "From stories about people you meet" were published.

1909 - Essay "Ours on the Danube".

1910 - Articles "Everyday phenomenon", "Features of military justice". Meeting with Leo Tolstoy. Participation in the funeral of Tolstoy.

1911 - The articles “In a Calm Village”, “To the Features of Military Justice”, “Tormentor Orgy”, “Liquidation of the Pskov Hunger Strike”, etc. were published.

1913 - An article about Korolenko in the "Working Truth" "Writer-humanist". At the Beilis trial in Kyiv. Articles "Gentlemen of the Jury".

1914 - Travel abroad for treatment. Preparing for publication complete collection compositions. Within a year, nine volumes of complete works were published by the publishing house of the t-va A. F. Marx.

1915 - Article "Won back position". Return to Russia. "Mr. Jackson's Opinion on Jewish question". Work on the story "The Brothers Mendel".

1916 - Editorial and journalistic activity. The articles "Old Traditions and a New Organ", "On the Mariampol Treason", etc. were published. Work on "The History of My Contemporary".

1918 - Work on the "History of my contemporary". Article "To help Russian children."

1919 - Work in the Children's Rescue League. Protests against robberies and pogroms of Denikin. Six "Letters from Poltava". The 2nd volume of "The History of My Contemporary" has been published.

1920 - A visit to A. V. Lunacharsky. Work on the 3rd volume of "History of my contemporary". Letters to Lunacharsky about current events.

1921 - Sharp deterioration in a state of health. The 4th volume of "The History of My Contemporary" has been completed. December 25 Korolenko died. 27th of December at session IX All-Russian Congress Soviet delegates honored the memory of the writer. December 28th- mourning in Poltava, civil funeral of VG Korolenko.