Rasputin's works are known and loved by many. Rasputin Valentin Grigorievich - Russian writer, one of the most well-known representatives « village prose" in literature. The sharpness and drama of ethical problems, the desire to find support in the world of peasant folk morality reflected in his stories and stories dedicated to his contemporary rural life. In this article, we will talk about the main works created by this talented writer.
"Money for Mary"
This story was written in 1967. It was from her that Rasputin (his photo is presented above) entered literature as an original writer. The story "Money for Mary" brought the author wide fame. In this work, the main themes of his further work were identified: being and life, man among people. Valentin Grigorievich considers such moral categories as cruelty and mercy, material and spiritual, good and evil.
Rasputin raises the question of how other people are touched by someone else's grief. Is anyone capable of refusing a person who is in trouble and leaving him to perish without supporting him financially? How can these people, after rejection, be able to calm their conscience? Maria, the main character of the work, suffers not only from the shortage discovered, but, perhaps, to a greater extent from the indifference of people. After all, yesterday they were good friends.
The Tale of the Dying Old Woman
The main character of Rasputin's story " Deadline", established in 1970, - dying old woman Anna, who remembers her life. A woman feels that she is involved in the cycle of life. Anna experiences the mystery of death, feeling it as the main event in human life.
Four children are opposed to this heroine. They came to say goodbye to their mother, to see her off last way. Anna's children are forced to stay with her for 3 days. It was for this time that God delayed the departure of the old woman. The preoccupation of children with everyday worries, their vanity and fussiness are in sharp contrast to the spiritual work that takes place in the fading consciousness of the peasant woman. The narrative includes large layers of text, reflecting the experiences and thoughts of the characters in the work, and above all Anna.
Main themes
The topics that the author touches on are more multifaceted and deep than a cursory reading might seem. The attitude of children to parents, the relationship between various family members, old age, alcoholism, the concepts of honor and conscience - all these motives in the story "Deadline" are woven into a single whole. The main thing that interests the author is the problem of the meaning of human life.
The inner world of eighty-year-old Anna is filled with worries and worries about children. All of them have already parted for a long time and live separately from each other. The main character wants only last time see them. However, her children, already grown up, are busy and business representatives. modern civilization. Each of them has their own family. They all think about many different things. They have enough time and energy for everything except their mother. For some reason, they almost never remember her. And Anna only lives with thoughts about them.
When a woman feels the approach of death, she is ready to endure a few more days, just to see her family. However, the children find time and attention for the old woman only for the sake of decency. Valentin Rasputin shows their lives as if they even live on earth for the sake of decency. Anna's sons are mired in drunkenness, while the daughters are completely absorbed in their "important" affairs. All of them are insincere and ridiculous in their desire to give a little time to their dying mother. The author shows us their moral decline, selfishness, heartlessness, callousness, which took possession of their souls and lives. similar people? Their existence is gloomy and soulless.
At first glance, it seems that the deadline is the last days of Anna. However, in reality this last chance for her children to fix something, to hold their mother with dignity. Unfortunately, they were unable to use this chance.
The Tale of the Deserter and His Wife
The work analyzed above is an elegiac prologue to the tragedy captured in the story called “Live and Remember”, created in 1974. If the old woman Anna and her children gather under their father's roof in the last days of her life, then Andrei Guskov, who deserted from the army, is cut off from the world.
Note that the events described in the story “Live and Remember” take place at the end of the Great Patriotic War. The symbol of Andrei Guskov's hopeless loneliness, his moral savagery is a wolf hole located on an island in the middle of the Angara River. The hero hides in it from people and authorities.
The tragedy of Nastena
The name of this hero's wife is Nastena. This woman secretly visits her husband. Every time she has to swim across the river to meet him. It is no coincidence that Nastena overcomes a water barrier, because in myths she separates two worlds from each other - the living and the dead. Wall is authentic tragic heroine. Valentin Grigoryevich Rasputin confronts this woman with a difficult choice between love for her husband (Nastena and Andrei are married in the church) and the need to live among people, in the world. The heroine cannot find support or sympathy in any person.
The surrounding village life is no longer an integral peasant cosmos, harmonious and closed within its limits. The symbol of this cosmos, by the way, is Anna's hut from the work "Deadline". Nastena commits suicide, taking with her into the river the child Andrei, whom she wanted so much and whom she conceived with her husband in his wolf den. Their death becomes an atonement for the deserter, but she is unable to return this hero to human form.
The story of the flood of the village
The themes of parting with whole generations of people who lived and worked on their land, the themes of farewell to the mother-ancestor are already heard in the "Deadline". In the story "Farewell to Matera", created in 1976, they are transformed into a myth about the death of the peasant world. This work tells about the flooding of a Siberian village located on an island, as a result of the creation of a "man-made sea". The island of Matera (from the word "mainland"), in contrast to the island depicted in "Live and Remember", is a symbol of the promised land. This is the last refuge for those who live in conscience, in harmony with nature and God.
The main characters of "Farewell to Matera"
Righteous Daria is at the head of the old women who live out their days here. These women refuse to leave the island, to move to a new village, symbolizing new world. The old women depicted by Valentin Grigoryevich Rasputin remain here until the very end, until the hour of death. They guard their shrines - the pagan Tree of Life (royal foliage) and a cemetery with crosses. Only one of the settlers (named Pavel) comes to visit Daria. He is driven by a vague hope to join the true meaning of being. This hero, in contrast to Nastya, floats into the world of the living from world of the dead, which is a mechanical civilization. However, the world of the living in the story "Farewell to Matera" dies. On the island at the end of the work, only its Owner remains - mythical character. His desperate cry, which is heard in the dead void, completes the story of Rasputin.
"Fire"
In 1985, nine years after the creation of Farewell to Matera, Valentin Grigoryevich decided to write again about the death of the communal world. This time he does not die in water, but in a fire. The fire covers the trading warehouses located in the timber industry village. In the work, a fire breaks out at the site of a previously flooded village, which has symbolic meaning. People are not ready for a joint struggle with trouble. Instead, one by one, competing with each other, they begin to take away the good snatched from the fire.
The image of Ivan Petrovich
Ivan Petrovich is the main character of this work by Rasputin. It is from the point of view this character working as a driver, the author describes everything that happens in the warehouses. Ivan Petrovich is no longer the righteous hero typical of Rasputin's work. He is in conflict with himself. Ivan Petrovich is looking for and cannot find "the simplicity of the meaning of life." Therefore, the author's vision of the world depicted by him is disharmonized and complicated. From this follows the aesthetic duality of the style of the work. In The Fire, the image of burning warehouses, captured by Rasputin in every detail, is adjacent to various symbolic and allegorical generalizations, as well as to journalistic sketches of the life of the timber industry.
Finally
We have considered only the main works of Rasputin. You can talk about the work of this author for a long time, but it still will not convey all the originality and artistic value his novels and short stories. Rasputin's works are definitely worth reading. They present the reader the whole world, full interesting discoveries. In addition to the works mentioned above, we recommend that you familiarize yourself with Rasputin's collection of stories "A Man from the Other World", published in 1965. The stories of Valentin Grigorievich are no less interesting than his stories.
Rasputin Valentin Grigorievich, whose biography will be described in this article, is certainly one of the pillars of Russian literature. His works are known and popular with Russian and foreign readers. Let's get acquainted with the life path of our great compatriot.
The writer was born in the village of Atalanka on the Angara in 1937. Valentin Grigorievich Rasputin, whose biography is very interesting and full of events, often recalls the war years and the famine, although he was still a child then. Despite this, he calls his childhood happy: he spent it in the village, he often went fishing with the guys and went to the taiga for mushrooms and berries.
In 1959, Valentin graduated from Irkutsk University, after which he began working as a journalist in the publications Soviet Youth and Krasnoyarsk Komsomolets.
Already in 1961, his first work was published - “I forgot to ask Leshka ...” The plot of the story is as follows: at a logging site, a fallen pine tree touches young Leshka, who is escorted to the hospital on foot by two friends, in whose arms he dies. Already in the first story of the writer there are character traits his work - nature as a character of the work, which sensitively reacts to what happened, and the hero's thoughts about justice and fate. Several more followed early stories: “Rudolfio”, “Bear skin for sale” and “Vasily and Vasilisa”.
As the writer recalls, he was capable student and loved to read. After completing four years of school in the village, he was recommended to continue his education. Rasputin Valentin Grigorievich, whose biography was partially reflected in one of his most popular stories - “French Lessons”, in the boy, the main character, described himself in many ways. The plot of the story: a boy of eleven is sent from the village to the city, where there is an eight-year school. He is gifted and the whole village hopes that he will become an educated person. However, the time after the war, hungry. The boy barely has enough money for a rare can of milk. He starts gambling, his teacher finds out about it French. Deciding to help her pupil, she plays with him for money at home, since the boy did not want to borrow them. This story was made into a feature film.
In the collections of works by the young writer “What to convey to the crow?” and “Live a century - love a century” included stories that tell about the life of people on Baikal and nature.
In the late 1960s, the young Rasputin Valentin Grigoryevich was admitted to the ranks of the Union of Writers of the USSR, whose biography is replenished with new works: “Money for Mary”, the story “Deadline” and many others. Distinctive features these and all subsequent creations of the author became the theme Siberian village, love description life common people, traditions and moral conflicts.
Rasputin writes about his grandparents in the story "Vasily and Vasilisa". As the writer admitted, the image of his grandmother lives in the old woman Anna in the work “Deadline”, and in the old Daria from “Farewell to Matera”. Rasputin Valentin Grigoryevich, whose biography began in the Russian village and was closely connected with it all his life, admits that almost all books contain the stories of the lives of his fellow villagers and his native village.
In 1974, the story “Live and Remember” was published, in which the writer reflects on how an ordinary village resident Andrei Guskov could desert and betray. Thanks to this work and the story "Fire", Rasputin twice becomes a laureate of the USSR State Prize.
In 2007, the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" 3rd degree for many years of creativity and active participation in the development Russian literature Rasputin Valentin Grigorievich was awarded.
A brief biography of him was presented here. To this day it is active civil position, advocating the protection of nature and Lake Baikal, he writes articles for newspapers and magazines.
Rasputin Valentin Grigorievich - Russian writer, born March 15, 1937 in the village of Ust-Uda, Irkutsk region in peasant family. The writer's childhood passed in the village of Atalanka on the banks of the Angara.
Rasputin's biography is in his work: both the writer's genealogy and the whole history of the Angarsk village where he was born are given here. Home and Peace. Natives from the Russian north, from the Murmansk regions, and another branch from the Arkhangelsk, founded two villages on the Angara, but now there is not one left, both have sunk to the bottom. Not every generation has to go through the destruction of the cradle in which its spiritual being was formed. Therefore, the pictures of nature in the works of Rasputin are filled with mystical meaning: "... What a huge heart can accommodate such a scale of national misfortune."
From there, from the banks of the Angara and the main characters of the writer. The paternal grandfather, in whom there was an admixture of the indigenous Siberian breed, a kind of Tunguska, and the grandmother with her purely Russian, gleeful face, dryish and elongated, is the story "Vasily and Vasilisa". Even grandmother Marya Gerasimovna is known to us under the names of the old women Anna and Daria. The unfair fate of his father, who suffered because of a bag with government money stolen from him. Great patience of a mother. All this is also in the books of Rasputin.
Was the boy's giftedness revealed in early childhood?
The boy's mother saw and understood this giftedness if she decided to teach her son further - with three children and fatherlessness.
Uncle Vanya, the driver who brought the boy to Ust-Uda district center, also saw: “... We are a guy, we will not let you go to waste.”
They also saw fellow countrymen in the villages through which the boy ran fifty kilometers home on vacation - they called out and vied with each other to drink tea.
After school, Rasputin entered the Faculty of History and Philology Irkutsk University. Already in student years became a freelance correspondent for a youth newspaper. One of his essays caught the attention of the editor. Later, this essay, under the title "I forgot to ask Leshka," was published in the Angara anthology in 1961.
After graduating from Rasputin University in 1959 - before becoming a professional writer - he worked as a journalist in the newspaper "Soviet Youth", an editor at the Irkutsk television studio, in the newspapers of Irkutsk and Krasnoyarsk; often visited the construction of the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station and the Abakan-Taishet highway. As a traveling correspondent, he traveled on foot and traveled the interfluve of the Yenisei, Angara and Lena. Essays and stories about what he saw were later included in his collections Campfire New Cities and The Land Near the Sky.
In 1965, Rasputin participated in the Chita seminar of young writers of Siberia, where he showed several new stories to V. Chivilikhin, who became " godfather»novice prose writer. In 1966, Rasputin went to professional literary work. In 1967 he joined the Writers' Union of the USSR.
Starting with taiga romance, with poeticization strong characters in their mysterious unity with nature, in the struggle with it, Rasputin moved on to works in which attention to spiritual world person.
Rasputin's first book of short stories, A Man From This World, was published in 1967 in Krasnoyarsk. In the same year, the story "Money for Mary" was published. But the writer's talent was revealed in full force in the story "Deadline", declaring the maturity and originality of the author. This was followed by the novels “Live and Remember” (1974) and “Farewell to Matyora” (1976), which put their author among the best contemporary Russian writers.
Rasputin is one of the most prominent representatives the so-called "village prose", which flourished in the 1970s. last century. The main setting of his works is the Angara region: Siberian villages and towns. In his work, Rasputin proceeds from the idea of the norm of life, which consists in the mutual consistency of the opposite principles of being. The key to such a holistic harmonious perception of the world is the life and work of a person on earth in accordance with his conscience, with himself and the life of nature.
In the second half of the 1970s, performances and films were staged based on his works. His books are published in the country and abroad. The writer is honored with high state awards and premiums. Member of the Board of the Union of Writers of the RSFSR.
After the release in 1980 of the story "Fire", which in 1989 was awarded State Prize USSR, the writer turns to journalism and stories. In Moscow, a collection of his stories "Live a century - love a century" is published. A book of essays "What's in the word, what's behind the word?" is published in Irkutsk.
In the 1990s, the writer did a lot of social and political work. Elected MP Supreme Council THE USSR. Member of the Presidential Council under Gorbachev. In Irkutsk, Rasputin contributes to the publication of the Orthodox-patriotic newspaper Literary Irkutsk. IN Lately essays, articles, stories appear in the capital's magazines, where the writer writes with pain about today's "troubled" time.
Even today the writer is full of creative forces, energy, lives with thoughts and pain for home country. Perestroika, which he once welcomed and took for granted, turned new tragedy for the people. Maybe he sensed its predatory essence before others and tried to warn us with his story "Fire"?
He recently released A new book"Ivan's mother, Ivan's daughter" about the fate of a Russian woman in modern Russia. And again his word sounded firmly, impartially. He touched on one of the most topical issues of our time. His new book has generated controversy, heated discussions. The writer again made us think about our people's fate.
The beginning of an independent creative work Valentin Grigoryevich Rasputin (b. 1937) considered the story "Money for Mary", which he wrote when he was already a member of the Writers' Union of the USSR. The story was published in 1968 separate edition. The plot of the story is simple: a saleswoman in a village shop, Maria, has a shortage of a thousand rubles. To save his wife from prison, her husband Kuzma goes to relatives and friends in search of money. Meetings with different people, Kuzma's reflections on life form the basis of the book.
Rasputin's wide popularity was brought by the story "The Last Term", published in 1970 in the magazine "Our Contemporary". The writer spoke about last days old woman Anna, in whose house her children gathered. IN Soviet literature it was not customary to write about the death of ordinary people, usually a heroic death was sung in the name of the party and the motherland. Rasputin in his book, starting from a specific episode, reflects on death, on the transition of the human soul to another world. The author raises the main questions of life in the story: about the meaning of life on earth, about the relationship between children and parents, about breaking with one's roots and, as a result, the loss of morality.
An event in Russian literature was the story "Live and Remember", which appeared in print in 1974 ("Our Contemporary"). Theme of the book: atonement for the sin of betrayal of an innocent soul. The action of the story takes place around the desertion of Andrei Guskov from the army to recent months Great Patriotic War. Rasputin in one of the conversations said: “I am interested in female characters. I know how a woman behaves, what is on her mind, what she will do in this or the next moment. So, "Live and Remember" is written about women. The true heroine of the story is Guskov's wife Nastena. She cannot survive the betrayal of her husband and is forced to commit suicide. Rushing into the Angara, the woman kills the unborn child as well. The story expresses the idea of responsibility for a loved one.
In the image of Nastena, the author emphasizes that one cannot push a person away, one must be able to sympathize with him. The story “Live and Remember” was greeted ambiguously: on the one hand, enthusiastic criticism, on the other hand, the ban in military units on the subscription to the magazine “Our Contemporary”, since it was in it that a work glorifying desertion was printed.
Two years later, Rasputin again shocked readers, this time it was the story "Farewell to Matera" ("Our Contemporary", 1976). The plot was based real events: during the construction of the Bratskaya HPP home village writer Atalinka was flooded. Ma-tera is an island and the name of a village that is subject to flooding. The old people are trying to defend the village, they are worried about the fate of the village cemetery. The story "Farewell to Matera" is the writer's thoughts about the fate of the Russian village. The island of Matera for Rasputin is a model of the peasant world with its patriarchal way of life, with its own moral laws. The writer believes that "civilization from some unspecified time took the wrong course, tempted by mechanical achievements and leaving human perfection on the tenth plane." material from the site
Rasputin is rightfully considered one of the the best representatives village prose. Last major work The writer was the philosophical and journalistic story "Fire" (1985). The fire in the small village of Sosnovka was a kind of punishment for people mired in profit, drunkenness, and unconsciousness.
IN last years the writer often turns to journalism. Among his recent works It is worth noting the story "Unexpectedly, unexpectedly" (1997), the novels "The Hut" and "Ivan's Daughter, Ivan's Mother". Rasputin, summing up some of his work, once said that he understood what wealth God had given him - the Russian language. With him, the direct road was to "village" literature, besides it, as a writer, he would hardly have succeeded.
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Valentin Grigoryevich Rasputin is one of the most prominent representatives of classical Soviet and Russian prose of the 20th century. He wrote such iconic stories as “Live and Remember”, “Farewell to Mother”, “Ivan's Daughter, Ivan's Mother”. He was a member of the Union of Writers of the USSR, a laureate of the highest state awards, an active public figure. He inspired directors to create brilliant films, and his readers to live with honor and conscience. Previously, we published a short biography, this is an option more complete biography.
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Village childhood and first creative steps
Valentin Rasputin was born on March 15, 1937 in the village of Ust-Uda (now the Irkutsk region). His parents were simple peasants, and he is the most ordinary peasant child, With early childhood who knew and saw labor, not accustomed to surpluses, perfectly feeling people's soul and Russian nature. IN elementary school he went to his native village, but there was no middle school there, so little Valentine had to move 50 km to visit educational institution. If you read his “French Lessons”, then you will immediately draw parallels. Almost all of Rasputin's stories are not fictional, they are lived by him or someone from his entourage.
Receive higher education future writer went to Irkutsk, where he entered the city university at the Faculty of History and Philology. Already in his student years, he began to show interest in writing and journalism. The local youth newspaper became a platform for pen trials. His essay “I forgot to ask Leshka” attracted the attention of the editor-in-chief. They paid attention to the young Rasputin, and he himself understood that he would write, he does it well.
After graduating from the university, the young man continues to work in the newspapers of Irkutsk and Krasnoyarsk and writes his first stories, but has not yet been published. In 1965, at a meeting of young writers in Chita, a well-known Soviet writer Vladimir Alekseevich Chivilikhin. He really liked the works of the novice writer and he decided to patronize them, becoming the “godfather” of Rasputin the writer.
The rise of Valentin Grigorievich happened rapidly - two years after the meeting with Chivilikhin, he became a member of the Writers' Union of the USSR, which was the official recognition of a writer at the state level.
Key works of the author
Rasputin's debut book was published in 1966 under the title The Edge Near the Sky. The following year, the story “Money for Mary” was published, which brought popularity to the new star of Soviet prose. In his work, the author tells the story of Maria and Kuzma, who live in a remote Siberian village. The couple has four children and a debt of seven hundred rubles, which they took on the collective farm to build a house. To improve financial situation family, Maria gets a job in the store. In front of her, several sellers have already been planted for embezzlement, so the woman is very worried. Later long time in the store they conduct an audit and discover a shortage of 1,000 rubles! Maria needs to collect this money within a week, otherwise she will be sent to prison. The amount is unbearable, but Kuzma and Maria decide to fight to the end, they begin to borrow money from their fellow villagers ... and here many with whom they lived shoulder to shoulder appear with new side.
Reference. Valentin Rasputin is called one of the significant representatives of the "village prose". This direction in Russian literature was formed by the mid-60s and united works depicting modern village life and traditional folk values. The flagships of village prose are Alexander Solzhenitsyn (“ Matrenin yard”), Vasily Shukshin (“Lubavins”), Viktor Astafiev (“Tsar-Fish”), Valentin Rasputin (“Farewell to Mother”, “Money for Mary”) and others.
The golden era of Rasputin's work was the 70s. In this decade, his most recognizable works were written - the story “French Lessons”, the novels “Live and Remember”, “Farewell to Matera”. In each work, the central characters were simple people and their difficult fates.
So, in "French Lessons" the main character is 11-year-old Leshka, a smart guy from the village. Not in his homeland high school, so my mother collects money to send her son to study in the district center. It is not easy for a boy in the city - if there were hungry days in the village, then they are almost always here, because food in the city is much more difficult to get, everything has to be bought. Because of the milk flow, the boy needs to buy milk every day for a ruble, often it becomes his only “food” for the whole day. The older boys showed Leshka how to make quick money by playing chika. Every time he won his coveted ruble and left, but one day the excitement prevailed over the principle ...
In the story “Live and Remember”, the problem of desertion is sharply raised. The Soviet reader is accustomed to seeing the deserter exclusively in dark color is a person without moral principles, vicious, cowardly, capable of betraying and hiding behind the backs of others. But what if such a black and white division is unfair? Main character Rasputin, Andrey once in 1944 did not return to the army, he simply wanted to look at home for a day, to his beloved wife Nastya, and then there was no return and the caustic brand “deserter” gaped on him.
The story “Farewell to Matera” shows the life of an entire Siberian village of Matera. Locals are forced to leave their homes because hydroelectric power stations will be built in their place. The settlement will soon be flooded, and the inhabitants will be sent to the cities. Everyone takes this news differently. Young people mostly rejoice, for them the city is incredible adventure and new opportunities. Adults are skeptical, gritting their hearts, parting with an established life and realizing that no one is waiting for them in the city. The hardest thing is for the elderly, for whom Matera is their whole life and they cannot imagine another. Exactly older generation become central character lead, her spirit, pain and soul.
In the 80s and 90s, Rasputin continued to work hard, from his pen came the story “Fire”, the stories “Natasha”, “What to tell the crow?”, “Live for a century - love a century” and much more. Rasputin took the perestroika and the forced oblivion of “village prose” and village life painfully. But he did not stop writing. The work “Ivan's Daughter, Ivan's Mother”, published in 2003, had a great resonance. It reflected the decadent mood of the writer associated with the collapse big country, morality, values. the main character story, a young teenage girl is raped by a company of scumbags. For several days they do not let her out of the men's hostel, and then all beaten, intimidated, morally broken, they are thrown out into the street. She and her mother go to the investigator, but justice is in no hurry to punish the rapists. Having lost hope, the mother decides to lynch. She makes a cut and waits for the offenders in the entrance.
The last book Rasputin was created in tandem with the publicist Viktor Kozhemyako and represents a kind of autobiography in conversations and memoirs. The work was published in 2013 under the title “These Twenty Killing Years”.
Ideology and socio-political activity
It is unfair to talk about the life of Valentin Rasputin without mentioning his active social and political activities. He did this not for profit, but only because he was not a silent man and could not observe the life of his beloved country and people from the outside.
The news of "perestroika" upset Valentin Grigorievich very much. With the support of like-minded people, Rasputin wrote collective anti-perestroika letters, hoping to preserve “ great country". In the future, he became less critical, but finally new system and could not accept the new government. And he never bowed to the authorities, despite the generous gifts from her.
“It has always seemed self-evident, laid down in the foundation of human life, that the world is balanced… Now this saving shore has disappeared somewhere, floated away like a mirage, receded into endless distances. And people now live not in the expectation of salvation, but in the expectation of a catastrophe”
Rasputin paid much attention to environmental issues. The writer saw the saving of the people not only in providing them with work and a living wage, but also in preserving their moral and spiritual character, the heart of which is mother nature. He was especially worried about the issue of Baikal, on this occasion Rasputin even met with Russian President Vladimir Putin.
Death and memory
Valentin Rasputin passed away on March 14, 2015, the day before his 78th birthday. At this point, he had already buried his wife and daughter, the latter was a successful organist and died in a plane crash. The day after the death of the great writer, mourning was declared throughout the Irkutsk region.
Biography of Valentin Rasputin: milestones of life, key works and public position
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