Wild tribes of Africa reproduction. The most unusual tribes on Earth (34 photos)

Surprisingly, there are still the wildest tribes of the Amazon and Africa, who were still able to survive the onset of a ruthless civilization. It is we who are surfing the Internet here, struggling to conquer thermonuclear energy and flying farther and farther into space, and these few remnants of prehistoric times lead the same way of life that was familiar to them and our ancestors a hundred thousand years ago. In order to fully immerse yourself in the atmosphere of wildlife, it’s not enough just to read the article and look at the pictures, you need to go to Africa yourself, for example, by ordering a safari in Tanzania.

The wildest tribes of the Amazon

1. Piraha

The Piraha tribe lives on the banks of the Mayhe River. Approximately 300 natives are engaged in gathering and hunting. This tribe was discovered by the Catholic missionary Daniel Everett. He lived next to them for several years, after which he finally lost faith in God and became an atheist. His first contact with the feast took place in 1977. Trying to convey the word of God to the natives, he began to study their language and quickly achieved success in this. But the more he immersed himself in primitive culture, the more he was surprised.
Piraha has a very strange language: there is no indirect speech, words denoting colors and numerals (everything that is more than two is “a lot” for them). They did not create, as we do, myths about the creation of the world, they do not even have a calendar, but for all this, their intelligence is not weaker than ours. Piraha did not think of private property, they do not have stocks - they immediately eat the caught prey or harvested fruits, so they do not rack their brains over storage and planning for the future. To us, such views seem primitive, however, Everett came to a different conclusion. Living one day and what nature gives, feasts are freed from fears for the future and all sorts of worries with which we burden our souls. Therefore, they are happier than us, so why do they need gods?

2. Sinta larga

In Brazil, there is a wild Sinta Larga tribe of about 1,500 people. Once it lived in the jungle of rubber plants, but their massive felling led to the fact that Sinta larga switched to a nomadic life. They are engaged in hunting, fishing and collecting gifts of nature. Sinta larga are polygamous - men have several wives. During his life, a man gradually acquires several names that characterize either his qualities or the events that happened to him, there is also a secret name that only his mother and father know.
As soon as the tribe catches all the game near the village, and the depleted land ceases to bear fruit, then it is removed from the place and moves to a new place. During the move, the names of Sinta Largs also change, only the “secret” name remains unchanged. To the misfortune of this little tribe, civilized people found on their lands, occupying 21,000 sq. km, the richest reserves gold, diamonds and tin. Of course, they could not just leave these riches in the ground. However, the Sinta Largi turned out to be a warlike tribe, ready to defend themselves. So, in 2004, they killed 29 prospectors on their territory and did not suffer any punishment for this, except that they were driven into a reservation of 2.5 million hectares.

3. Korubo

Closer to the origins of the Amazon River lives a very warlike tribe of Korubo. They live mainly by hunting and raiding neighboring tribes. Both men and women participate in these raids, and their weapons are clubs and poisoned darts. There is evidence that the tribe sometimes comes to cannibalism.

4. Amondava

The Amondava tribe living in the jungle has no concept of time, there is no such word even in their language, as well as such concepts as “year”, “month”, etc. Linguists were discouraged by this phenomenon and are trying to understand whether it is not characteristic and other tribes from the Amazon basin. Amondava therefore does not mention ages, and when growing up or changing his status in the tribe, the aborigine simply takes on a new name. Also absent in the language of amondava and turns, which describe the process of the passage of time in spatial terms. For example, we say “before this” (meaning not space, but time), “this incident is left behind”, but in the Amondava language there are no such constructions.

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5. Kayapo

In Brazil, in the eastern part of the Amazon basin, there is a tributary of the Hengu, on the banks of which the Kayapo tribe lives. This is very mysterious tribe numbering approximately 3,000 people is engaged in the usual activities for the natives: fishing, hunting and gathering. Kayapo great specialists in the field of knowledge healing properties plants, some of them they use to heal fellow tribesmen, and others - for witchcraft. Shamans from the Kayapo tribe treat female infertility with herbs and improve potency in men.
However, most of all they interested researchers with their legends, which tell that in the distant past they were led by heavenly wanderers. The first chief of the Kayapo arrived in a kind of cocoon drawn by a whirlwind. Some attributes from modern rituals are consonant with these legends, for example, objects resembling aircrafts and space suits. Tradition says that the leader who descended from heaven lived with the tribe for several years, and then returned to heaven.

The wildest African tribes

6. Nuba

The African Nuba tribe has about 10,000 people. Nuba lands lie on the territory of Sudan. This is a separate community with its own language, which does not come into contact with the outside world, therefore, so far it has been protected from the influence of civilization. This tribe has a very remarkable make-up ritual. The women of the tribe scarify their bodies with intricate patterns, pierce their lower lip and insert quartz crystals into it.
Their marriage ritual associated with annual dances is also interesting. During them, the girls point to the favorites, putting their feet on their shoulders from behind. The happy chosen one does not see the girl's face, but can inhale the smell of her sweat. However, such an “affair” does not at all have to end in a wedding, it is only permission for the groom to sneak secretly from his parents at night into her parents’ house, where she lives. The presence of children is not grounds for recognizing the legality of marriage. A man must live with domestic animals until he builds his own hut. Only then will the couple be able to sleep together legally, but for another year after the housewarming, the spouses cannot eat from the same pot.

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7. Mursi

For women from the Mursi tribe, an exotic lower lip has become a visiting card. It is cut even in childhood for girls, pieces of wood are inserted into the cut with time of increasing size. Finally, on the wedding day, a debi is inserted into the sagging lip - a plate made of baked clay, the diameter of which can reach up to 30 cm.
Mursi easily become an inveterate drunkard and constantly carry batons or Kalashnikovs with them, which they are not averse to using. When battles for supremacy take place within a tribe, they often end in the death of the losing side. The bodies of Mursi women usually look sickly and flabby, with saggy breasts and stooped backs. They are almost devoid of hair on their heads, hiding this shortcoming with incredibly magnificent headdresses, the material for which can be anything that comes to hand: dried fruits, branches, pieces of rough skin, someone's tails, swamp mollusks, dead insects and other carrion. It is difficult for Europeans to be near the Mursi because of their unbearable smell.

8. Hamer (hamar)

On the eastern side of the African Omo Valley, the Hamer or Hamar people live, numbering approximately 35,000 - 50,000 people. Along the banks of the river stand their villages, made up of huts with gabled roofs covered with thatch or grass. The entire household is placed inside the hut: a bed, a hearth, a granary and a goat pen. But only two or three wives with children live in the huts, and the head of the family all the time either grazes cattle or protects the tribe's possessions from the raids of other tribes.
Meetings with wives are very rare, and in these rare moments, the conception of children occurs. But even after returning to the family for a short while, the men, having beaten their wives with long rods, are satisfied with this, and go to sleep in pits resembling graves, and even sprinkle themselves with earth to the point of slight asphyxia. Apparently, they like such a semi-conscious state more than intimacy with their wives, and even they, in truth, are not happy with the “caresses” of their husband and prefer to please each other. As soon as a girl develops external sexual characteristics (at about 12 years old), she is considered ready for marriage. On the wedding day, the newly-made husband, having beaten the bride hard with a reed rod (the more scars remain on her body, the more he loves), puts a silver collar around her neck, which she will wear all her life.

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9. Bushmen

There is a group of tribes in South Africa collectively called the Bushmen. These are people of short stature, broad cheekbones, with a narrow slit of the eyes and swollen eyelids. Their skin color is difficult to determine, since it is not customary in the Kalahari to waste water on washing, but they are definitely lighter than neighboring tribes. Leading a wandering, half-starved life, the Bushmen believe in afterlife. They have neither a tribal leader nor a shaman, in general there is not even a hint of a social hierarchy. But the elder of the tribe enjoys authority, although he does not have privileges and material advantages.
Bushmen surprise with their cuisine, especially "Bushman rice" - ant larvae. Young Bushwomen are considered the most beautiful in Africa. But as soon as they reach puberty and give birth, their appearance changes dramatically: the buttocks and hips spread sharply, and the stomach remains swollen. All this is not a consequence of diet food. To distinguish a pregnant Bushwoman from other belly-bellied females, she is coated with ocher or ash. Yes, and the men of the Bushmen at 35 already look like 80-year-old old men - their skin sags everywhere and becomes covered with deep wrinkles.

10. Masai

The Maasai people are slender, tall, they cleverly braid their hair. They differ from other African tribes in their manner of holding on. While most tribes easily come into contact with strangers, the Maasai, who have an innate sense of dignity, keep their distance. But nowadays they have become much more sociable, they even agree to video and photography.
There are about 670,000 Masai, they live in Tanzania and Kenya in East Africa, where they are engaged in cattle breeding. According to their beliefs, the gods entrusted the Maasai with the care and custody of all the cows in the world. Maasai childhood, which is the most carefree period in their lives, ends at the age of 14, culminating in an initiation ritual. And it is in both boys and girls. The initiation of girls comes down to the terrible custom for Europeans of circumcision of the clitoris, but without it they cannot marry and do housework. After such a procedure, they do not feel the pleasure of intimacy, so they will be faithful wives.
After initiation, the boys turn into Morans - young warriors. Their hair is coated with ocher, and covered with a bandage, they give out a sharp spear, and a kind of sword is hung on their belt. In this form, the moran should pass with a proudly raised head for several months.

In our society, the transition from the state of a child to the state of adulthood is not specifically marked in any way. However, among many peoples of the world, a boy becomes a man, and a girl a woman, only if they endure a series of severe trials.

For boys, this is initiation, the most important part of which for many peoples was circumcision. At the same time, naturally, it was not done at all in infancy, as among modern Jews. Most often, boys aged 13-15 were subjected to it. In the Kipsigi African tribe of Kenya, boys are brought one at a time to an elder who marks the spot on the foreskin where the incision will be made.

The boys then sit down on the ground. In front of each stands a father or older brother with a stick in his hand and demands that the boy look straight ahead. The ceremony is performed by an elder, he cuts off the foreskin in the marked place.

During the entire operation, the boy has no right not only to cry out, but also to show in general that he is in pain. It is very important. Indeed, before the ceremony, he received a special amulet from the girl with whom he was engaged. If now he screams in pain or winces, he will have to throw this amulet into the bushes - not a single girl will go for such a person. For the rest of his life, he will be a laughingstock in his village, because everyone will consider him a coward.

Among the Australian Aborigines, circumcision is a complex, multi-stage operation. First, a classical circumcision is performed - the initiate lies on his back, after which one of the elderly people pulls his foreskin as far as possible, while the other cuts off excess skin with a quick sweep of a sharp flint knife. When the boy recovers, the next, main operation takes place.

It is usually held at sunset. At the same time, the boy is not dedicated to the details of what will happen now. The boy is placed on a kind of table made up of the backs of two adult men. Then one of those who performs the operation pulls the boy's penis along the abdomen, and the other ... rips it along the ureter. Only now the boy can be considered a real man. Before the wound heals, the boy will have to sleep on his back.

Such ripped penises in Australian aborigines during an erection take on a completely different shape - they become flat and wide. At the same time, they are not suitable for urination, and Australian men relieve themselves by squatting.

But the most peculiar method is common among some peoples of Indonesia and Papua, such as the Bataks and Kiwais. It consists in the fact that a hole is made across the penis with a sharp piece of wood, where various objects can later be inserted, for example, metal - silver or, who is richer, gold sticks with balls on the sides. It is believed here that during intercourse this creates additional pleasure for the woman.

Not far from the coast of New Guinea, among the inhabitants of the island of Waigeo, the ritual of initiation into men is associated with abundant bloodletting, the meaning of which is "cleansing from filth." But first you need to learn how to ... play the sacred flute, and then clean the tongue with emery until it bleeds, because in deep childhood the young man sucked his mother's milk and thereby “defiled” the tongue.

And most importantly, it is necessary to “cleanse” after the first sexual intercourse, for which it is necessary to make a deep incision in the head of the penis, accompanied by profuse bleeding, the so-called “male menstruation”. But this is not the end of the torment!

The men of the Kagaba tribe have a custom according to which, during sexual intercourse, sperm should in no case fall to the ground, which is regarded as a grave insult to the gods, which means that it can lead to the death of the whole world. According to eyewitnesses, the "Kagabins" do not find anything better in order not to spill sperm on the ground, "like putting a stone under a man's penis."

But the young boys of the Kababa tribe from Northern Colombia, according to custom, are forced to have their first sexual intercourse with the ugliest, toothless and ancient old woman. It is no wonder that the men of this tribe have a strong aversion to sex for the rest of their lives and do not live well with legal wives.

In one of the Australian tribes, the custom of initiation into men, which is carried out with 14-year-old boys, is even more exotic. To prove his maturity to everyone, a teenager must sleep with his own mother. This ritual means the return of the young man to the mother's womb, which symbolizes death, and orgasm - rebirth.

In some tribes, the initiate must pass through the "toothed womb." The mother puts a mask of a terrible monster on her head, and inserts the jaw of some predator into her vagina. Blood from a wound on the teeth is considered sacred, it is used to lubricate the face and genitals of the young man.

Much more fortunate were the young men of the Wandu tribe. They can become a man only after they graduate from a special sex school, where a female sex instructor gives young men extensive theoretical and later practical training. Graduates of such a school, initiated into the mysteries sexual life, delight their wives with the full force of the sexual possibilities given to them by nature.

EXCORIATION

In many Bedouin tribes in the west and south of Arabia, despite the official ban, the custom of skinning the penis has been preserved. This procedure consists in the fact that the skin of the penis is cut along its entire length and torn off, as they are torn off the skin from an eel during cutting.

Boys from ten to fifteen years of age consider it a matter of honor not to utter a single cry during this operation. The participant in the action is exposed, and the slave manipulates his penis until an erection occurs, after which the operation is performed.

WHEN TO WEAR A HAT?

The young men of the Kabiri tribe in modern Oceania, having reached maturity and having passed severe trials, are entitled to put on their heads a pointed cap, smeared with lime, decorated with feathers and flowers; it is glued to the head and even go to bed in it.

YOUNG FIGHTER COURSE

Like many other tribes, among the Bushmen, the initiation of the boy is also carried out after his preliminary training in hunting and worldly skills. And most often young people go through this science of life in the forest.

After completing the "course of a young fighter", the boy is made deep incisions over the bridge of the nose, where they rub the ashes of the burnt tendons of a pre-killed antelope. And, of course, he must endure this entire painful procedure in silence, as befits a real man.

BITIE EDUCATES COURAGE

In the African Fulani tribe, during a male initiation ceremony called "soro", each teenager was hit several times with a heavy club on the back or chest. The subject had to endure this execution in silence, without betraying any pain. Subsequently, the longer the marks of beatings remained on his body and the more terrible he looked, the more respect he gained among his fellow tribesmen as a man and a warrior.

SACRIFICE TO THE GREAT SPIRIT

Among the Mandans, the rite of initiation of young men into men consisted in the fact that the initiate was wrapped with ropes, like a cocoon, and hung on them until he lost consciousness.

In this insensible (or lifeless, as they put it) state, he was laid on the ground, and when he came to his senses, he crawled on all fours to the old Indian, who was sitting in a medical hut with an ax in his hands and a buffalo skull in front of him. The young man raised the little finger of his left hand as a sacrifice to the great spirit, and he was cut off (sometimes along with the index finger).

LIME INITIATION

Among the Malaysians, the ritual of entering into a secret male union ingiet was as follows: during initiation, naked old man, smeared from head to toe with lime, held the end of the mat, and gave the other end to the subject. Each of them in turn pulled the mat towards himself until the old man fell on the newcomer and had sexual intercourse with him.

INITIATION AT ARANDA

Among the Aranda, initiation was divided into four periods, with gradually increasing complexity of the rites. The first period is relatively harmless and simple manipulations performed on the boy. The main procedure was to toss it into the air.

Before that, it was smeared with fat, and then painted. At this time, the boy was given certain instructions: for example, not to play with women and girls anymore and to prepare for more serious tests. At the same time, the boy's nasal septum was drilled.

The second period is the circumcision ceremony. It was carried out on one or two boys. All members of the clan participated in this action, without the invitation of outsiders. The ceremony lasted about ten days, and during all this time the members of the tribe danced, performed various ritual actions in front of the initiates, the meaning of which was immediately explained to them.

Some of the rites were performed in the presence of women, but when they started circumcision, they ran away. At the end of the operation, the boy was shown a sacred object - a wooden tablet on a string, which the uninitiated could not see, and explained its meaning, with a warning to keep it secret from women and children.

For some time after the operation, the initiate spent some time away from the camp, in the thickets of the forest. Here he received a whole series of instructions from the leaders. He was inspired by the rules of morality: not to commit bad deeds, not to walk along the "road of women", to observe food prohibitions. These prohibitions were quite numerous and painful: it was forbidden to eat the meat of an opossum, the meat of a kangaroo rat, the tail and rump of a kangaroo, the insides of an emu, snakes, any water bird, young game, and so on and so forth.

He did not have to break the bones to extract the brain, but soft meat have a little bit. In a word, the most delicious and nutritious food was forbidden to the initiate. At this time, living in the thickets, he learned a special secret language, which he spoke with men. Women could not approach him.

Some time later, before returning to the camp, a rather painful operation was performed on the boy: several men bit his head in turn; it was believed that after that hair would grow better.

The third stage is the release of the initiate from maternal care. He did this by throwing a boomerang in the direction of finding the maternal "totemic center".

The last, most difficult and solemn stage of initiation is the engvura ceremony. The trial by fire occupied a central place in it. Unlike the previous stages, the whole tribe and even guests from neighboring tribes participated here, but only men: two hundred or three hundred people gathered. Of course, such an event was arranged not for one or two initiates, but for a large party of them. The festivities lasted a very long time, several months, usually between September and January.

During the whole time, religious thematic rites were performed in a continuous series, mainly for the edification of the initiates. In addition, various other ceremonies were arranged, partly symbolizing the break of initiates with women and their transition into a group of full-fledged men. One of the ceremonies consisted, for example, of the initiates walking past the women's camp; at the same time, women threw burning brands at them, and the initiates defended themselves with branches. After that, a feigned attack on the women's camp was arranged.

Finally, it was time for the main test. It consisted in the fact that a large fire was lit, it was covered with damp branches, and the initiated young men lay down on top of them. They had to lie there, completely naked, in the heat and smoke, without moving, without screaming and moaning, for four or five minutes.

It is clear that the fiery ordeal demanded from the young man great endurance, willpower, but also uncomplaining obedience. But they prepared for all this by lengthy previous training. This test was repeated twice. One of the researchers describing this action adds that when he tried to kneel down on the same green floor above the fire for the experiment, he was forced to immediately jump up.

Of the subsequent rites, a mocking roll call between initiates and women, arranged in the dark, is interesting, and in this verbal duel not even the usual restrictions and rules of decency were observed. Then emblematic images were painted on their backs. Further, the fiery test was repeated in an abbreviated form: small fires were lit in the women's camp, and the young men knelt on these fires for half a minute.

Before the end of the festival, dances were again arranged, the exchange of wives, and, finally, the ritual offering of food to those dedicated to their leaders. After that, the participants and guests gradually dispersed to their camps, and that was the end of it: from that day on, all prohibitions and restrictions on initiates were lifted.

TRAVEL… ZUBA

During the ceremony of initiation, some tribes have a custom to remove one or more front teeth from boys. Moreover, certain magical actions are subsequently carried out with these teeth. So, among some tribes of the Darling River region, a knocked-out tooth was thrust under the bark of a tree growing near a river or a hole with water.

If the tooth became overgrown with bark or fell into the water, there was no cause for concern. But if he protruded outside, and ants ran over him, then the young man, according to the natives, was threatened with a disease of the oral cavity.

Murring and other tribes of New South Wales first entrusted the care of a knocked-out tooth to one of the old men, who passed it on to another, that to a third, and so on, until, having circled the whole community, the tooth returned to the father of the young man and, finally, to himself. young man. At the same time, none of those who kept the tooth had to put it in a bag with "magic" items, since it was believed that otherwise the owner of the tooth would be in great danger.

YOUTH VAMPIRISM

There was a custom among some Australian tribes from the Darling River, according to which, after the ceremony on the occasion of reaching maturity, the young man did not eat anything for the first two days, but only drank blood from the veins opened on the hands of his friends who voluntarily offered this food to him.

Having put a ligature on the shoulder, they opened a vein on the inside of the forearm and released blood into a wooden vessel or into a piece of bark that had the shape of a dish. The young man, kneeling in his bed of fuchsia branches, leaned forward, holding his hands behind him, and licked the blood from the vessel placed in front of him with his tongue, like a dog. Later, he is allowed to eat meat and drink duck blood.

AIR INITIATION

The Mandan tribe, which belongs to the group of North American Indians, probably has the most brutal initiation ceremony. It happens as follows.

The initiate first gets on all fours. After that, one of the men is large and index fingers with his left hand pulls back about an inch of flesh from his shoulders or chest, and with a knife clutched in his right hand, the double-edged blade of which, to increase the pain caused by another knife, is serrated and notched, pierces the pulled skin. Standing beside his assistant inserts a peg or hairpin into the wound, a supply of which he keeps ready in his left hand.

Then several men of the tribe, having climbed in advance to the roof of the room in which the ceremony takes place, lower two thin ropes through the holes in the ceiling, which are tied to these hairpins, and begin to pull the initiate up. This continues until his body is lifted off the ground.

After that, the skin on each arm below the shoulders and on the legs below the knees is pierced with a knife, and hairpins are also inserted into the resulting wounds, and ropes are tied to them. For them, initiates are pulled even higher. After that, on the hairpins sticking out of the limbs flowing with blood, the observers hang the bow, shield, quiver belonging to the young man passing the rite, etc.

Then the victim is again pulled up until it hangs in the air so that not only its own weight, but also the weight of the weapon hung on the limbs, falls on those parts of the body to which the ropes are attached.

And so, overcoming exorbitant pain, covered with gore, the initiates hung in the air, biting their tongues and lips so as not to utter the slightest groan and triumphantly pass this highest test of strength of character and courage.

When the elders of the tribe, who led the initiation, considered that the young men had adequately endured this part of the rite, they ordered their bodies to be lowered to the ground, where they lay without visible signs of life, slowly recovering.

But the torment of the initiates did not end there. They had to pass one more test: "the last run", or in the language of the tribe - "eh-ke-nah-ka-nah-peak."

Each of the young men was assigned two older and physically strong men. They took up positions on either side of the initiate and grasped the free ends of the wide leather straps tied around his wrists. And heavy weights were hung to the hairpins penetrating various parts of the body of the young man.

On command, the attendants began to run in wide circles, dragging their ward with them. The procedure continued until the victim passed out from blood loss and exhaustion.

ANTS DETERMINE…

In the Amazonian Mandruku tribe, there was also a kind of sophisticated torture-initiation. At first glance, the tools used in its implementation looked quite harmless. They were like two, deaf at one end, cylinders, which were made from the bark of a palm tree and had a length of about thirty centimeters. Thus, they resembled a pair of huge, crudely made mittens.

The initiate put his hands into these cases and, accompanied by onlookers, who usually consisted of members of the whole tribe, began a long tour of the settlement, stopping at the entrance to each wigwam and performing a kind of dance.

However, these gauntlets were actually not as harmless as they might seem. For inside each of them was a whole collection of ants and other stinging insects, selected on the basis of the greatest pain caused by their bites.

In other tribes, a gourd bottle with ants is also used for dedication. But a candidate member of the society of adult men does not make a round of the settlement, but stands still until the wild dances tribe to the accompaniment of wild cries. After the young man has endured the ritual "torture", his shoulders are decorated with feathers.

TISSUE OF GROWTH

In the South American Ouna tribe, the "ant test" or "wasp test" is also used. To do this, ants or wasps stick into a special mesh fabric, often depicting some fantastic quadruped, fish or bird.

The whole body of the young man is wrapped in this cloth. From this torture, the young man faints, and in an unconscious state he is carried to a hammock, to which he is tied with ropes; and a small fire burns under the hammock.

It remains in this position for one to two weeks and can only eat cassava bread and small varieties. smoked fish. Even in the use of water there are restrictions.

This torture is preceded by a magnificent dance festival that lasts several days. Guests come in masks and huge headdresses with beautiful feather mosaics, and in various decorations. During this carnival, the young man is beaten.

LIVE NET

A number of Caribbean tribes also used ants during the initiations of boys. But before that, young people with the help of a tusk of a wild boar or the beak of a toucan were scratched to the point of blood on the chest and skin of the hands.

And only after that they began to torture with ants. The priest who carried out this procedure had a special device similar to a grid, in the narrow loops of which 60-80 large ants were placed. They were placed so that their heads, armed with long sharp stingers, were located on one side of the net.

At the moment of initiation, the net with ants was pressed against the boy's body, and kept in this position until the insects stuck to the skin of the unfortunate victim.

During this ritual, the priest applied the net to the chest, arms, lower abdomen, back, back of the thighs and calves of the defenseless boy, who was not supposed to express his suffering in any way.

It should be noted that in these tribes, girls are also subjected to a similar procedure. They must also endure the stings of angry ants calmly. The slightest groan, a painful distortion of the face deprives the unfortunate victim of the opportunity to communicate with the elders. Moreover, she is subjected to the same operation until she bravely endures it without showing the slightest sign of pain.

PILLAR OF COURAGE

An equally cruel test had to be endured by young people from the North American Cheyenne tribe. When the boy reached the age when he could become a warrior, his father tied him to a pole that stood near the road along which the girls walked for water.

But they tied the young man in a special way: parallel incisions were made in the pectoral muscles, and belts made of raw leather were stretched along them. With these straps, the young man was tied to a pole. And not just tied, but left alone, and he had to free himself.

Most of the youths leaned back, pulling on the straps with the weight of their bodies, causing them to cut into the flesh. Two days later, the tension of the belts weakened, and the young man was released.

The more courageous grabbed hold of the straps with both hands and pulled them back and forth, thanks to which they were released after a few hours. The young man, thus freed, was praised by all, and he was looked upon as a future leader in the war. After the youth had freed himself, he was brought into the hut with great honor and looked after with great care.

On the contrary, while he remained tied, the women, passing him with water, did not speak to him, did not offer to quench their thirst, and did not provide any help.

However, the young man had the right to ask for help. Moreover, he knew that it would be immediately rendered to him: they would immediately speak to him and set him free. But at the same time, he remembered that this would be a lifelong punishment for him, because from now on he would be considered a “woman”, dressed in a woman’s dress and forced to do women’s work; he will not have the right to hunt, carry weapons and be a warrior. And, of course, no woman would want to marry him. Therefore, the vast majority of Cheyenne youths endure this cruel torture in a Spartan way.

WOUNDED SKULL

In some African tribes during initiation, after the circumcision ritual, an operation is performed to apply small wounds over the entire surface of the skull until blood appears. Initially, the purpose of this operation was clearly to make holes in the cranial bone.

ROLE GAME ASMATS

If, for example, the Mandruku and Ouna tribes use ants for initiation, then the Asmats from Irian Jaya cannot do without human skulls during the ceremony of initiating boys into men.

At the beginning of the ritual in a special way a painted skull is placed between the legs of a young man passing through the initiation, who sits naked on the bare floor in a special hut. At the same time, he must constantly press the skull to his genitals, keeping his eyes on him for three days. It is believed that during this period all the sexual energy of the owner of the skull is transferred to the candidate.

When the first ritual is completed, the young man is led to the sea, where a canoe awaits him under sail. Accompanied and led by his uncle and one of his close relatives, the young man sets off towards the sun, where, according to legend, the ancestors of the Asmats live. The skull at this time lies in front of him at the bottom of the canoe.

During a sea voyage, a young man is supposed to play several roles. First of all, he must be able to behave like an old man, and so weak that he can’t even stand on his own legs and falls all the time to the bottom of the boat. The adult accompanying the young man each time raises him, and then, at the end of the ritual, throws him into the sea along with the skull. This act symbolizes the death of the old man and the birth of a new man.

The subject must also cope with the role of an infant who can neither walk nor speak. In playing this role, the young man demonstrates how grateful he is to his close relative for helping him pass the test. When the boat approaches the shore, the young man will already behave like a grown man and bear two names: his own and the name of the owner of the skull.

That is why it was very important for the Asmat, who gained the nasty popularity of ruthless "skull hunters", to know the name of the person they killed. The skull, whose owner's name is unknown, was turned into an unnecessary item, and it could not be used in initiation ceremonies.

The following incident, which took place in 1954, can serve as an illustration of the above statement. Three foreigners were guests in an Asmat village, and the locals invited them for a meal. Although the Asmats were hospitable people, nevertheless, they looked at the guests primarily as "carriers of skulls", intending to deal with them during the holiday.

First, the hosts sang a solemn song in honor of the guests, and then asked them to give their names in order to allegedly insert them into the text of the traditional chant. But as soon as they named themselves, they immediately lost their heads.

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The main part of the peoples of Africa includes groups consisting of several thousand, and sometimes hundreds of people, but at the same time - does not exceed 10% of the total population of this continent. As a rule, such small ethnic groups are the wildest tribes.

It is to this group that, for example, the Mursi tribe belongs.

Ethiopian tribe Mursi - the most aggressive ethnic group

Ethiopia is the oldest country in the world. It is Ethiopia that is considered the progenitor of mankind, it is here that the remains of our ancestor, modestly named Lucy, were found.
More than 80 ethnic groups live in the country.

Living in southwestern Ethiopia, on the border with Kenya and Sudan, settled in the Mago Park, the Mursi tribe is distinguished by unusually tough customs. They, by right, can be nominated for the title of the most aggressive ethnic group.

Prone to frequent alcohol consumption and uncontrolled use of weapons. In everyday life, the main weapon of the men of the tribe is the Kalashnikov assault rifle, which they buy in Sudan.

In fights, they can often beat each other almost to death, trying to prove their dominance in the tribe.

Scientists attribute this tribe to the mutated negroid race, With distinctive features in the form of short stature, wide bones and crooked legs, low and strongly compressed foreheads, flattened noses and pumped up short necks.

Mursi female bodies often look flabby and sickly, bellies and breasts drooping, and backs stooped. There is practically no hair, which was often hidden under intricate headdresses of a very fantasy appearance, using as a material everything that can be picked up or caught nearby: rough skins, branches, dried fruits, marsh clams, someone's tails, dead insects, and even an incomprehensible smelly fall.

most famous feature The Mursi tribe has a tradition of inserting plates into the lips of girls.

In the more public, in contact with civilization, Mursi, you can not always see all these characteristic attributes, but the exotic look of their lower lip is the calling card of the tribe.

Plates are made of wood or clay in different sizes, the shape can be round or trapezoidal, sometimes with a hole in the middle. For beauty, the plates are covered with a pattern.

The lower lip is cut in childhood, pieces of wood are inserted there, gradually increasing their diameter.

Mursi girls start wearing plates at the age of 20, six months before marriage. The lower lip is pierced and a small disk is inserted into it, after the lip is stretched, the disk is replaced with a larger one and so on until the desired diameter is reached (up to 30 centimeters !!).

The size of the plate matters: the larger the diameter, the more the girl is valued and the more cattle the groom will pay for her. Girls must wear these plates at all times except during bedtime and meals, and they can also take them out if there are no males of the tribe nearby.

When the plate is pulled out, the lip droops like a long round cord. Almost all Mursi have no front teeth, the tongue is cracked to the point of blood.

The second strange and frightening adornment of Mursi women is the monista, which are recruited from human finger phalanges (nek). One person has only 28 of these bones in their hands. Each necklace usually consists of phalanxes of five or six tassels, some lovers of "jewelry" monist wrap their neck in several rows

It glistens with fat and emits a sweetish rotting smell of melted human fat, every bone is rubbed daily. The source for the beads never runs out: the priestess of the tribe is ready to deprive the hands of a man who has violated the laws for almost every offense.

It is customary for this tribe to do scarification (scarring).

Men can afford to be scarred only after the first murder of one of their enemies or ill-wishers. If they kill a man they adorn right hand, if a woman, then the left.

Their religion, animism, deserves a longer and more shocking story.
Short: women are priestesses of death so they daily give their husbands drugs and poisons.

Antidotes are distributed by the High Priestess, but sometimes salvation does not come to everyone. In such cases, a white cross is drawn on the widow's plate, and she becomes a very respected member of the tribe, who is not eaten after death, but buried in the trunks of special ritual trees. Honor is given to such priestesses because of the fulfillment of the main mission - the will of the God of Death Yamda, which they were able to fulfill by destroying the physical body and freeing the highest spiritual Essence from their man.

The rest of the dead are waiting for the collective eating of the whole tribe. Soft fabrics are boiled in a cauldron, bones are used for jewelry-amulets and thrown on swamps to mark dangerous places.

What seems very wild for a European, for Mursi is commonplace and tradition.

Bushmen tribe

The African Bushmen are the most ancient representatives of the human race. And this is not an assumption at all, but a scientifically proven fact. Who are these ancient people?

The Bushmen are a group of hunting tribes. South Africa. Now these are the remains of a large ancient African population. Bushmen are notable for their short stature, wide cheekbones, narrow slit eyes and much swollen eyelids. It is difficult to determine the true color of their skin, because in the Kalahari they are not allowed to waste water on washing. But you can see that they are much lighter than their neighbors. Their skin tone is slightly yellowish, which is more typical for South Asians.

Young bushwomen are considered the most beautiful among the female population of Africa.

But as soon as they reach puberty and become mothers, these beauties are simply unrecognizable. Bushmen women have overdeveloped hips and buttocks, and their belly is constantly swollen. This is a consequence of malnutrition.

To distinguish a pregnant Bushwoman from other women of the tribe, she is smeared with ash or ocher, as appearance this is very difficult to do. Bushmen men already by the age of 35 become like octogenarians, due to the fact that their skin sags and the body is covered with deep wrinkles.

Life in the Kalahari is very harsh, but even here there are laws and regulations. The most important wealth in the desert is water. There are old people in the tribe who know how to find water. In the place that they indicate, the representatives of the tribe either dig wells or bring water out with the help of plant stems.

Each Bushman tribe has a secret well, which is carefully filled with stones or covered with sand. During the dry season, the Bushmen dig a hole at the bottom of a dried-up well, take a stem of a plant, suck water through it, taking it into their mouths, and then spit it out into the shell of an ostrich egg.

South African Bushmen tribe the only people on Earth, whose men have permanent erections, This phenomenon does not cause any discomfort or inconvenience, except for the fact that while hunting on foot, men have to fasten the penis to the belt so as not to cling to branches.

Bushmen don't know what it is private property. All animals and plants growing on their territory are considered common. Therefore, they hunt both wild animals and farm cows. For this they were very often punished and destroyed by entire tribes. Nobody wants such neighbors.

Among the Bushmen tribes, shamanism is very popular. They do not have leaders, but there are elders and healers who not only cure diseases, but also communicate with spirits. Bushmen are very afraid of the dead, and firmly believe in the afterlife. They pray to the sun, moon, stars. But they do not ask for health or happiness, but for success in hunting.

Bushman tribes speak Khoisan languages ​​which are very difficult for Europeans to pronounce. A characteristic feature of these languages ​​is clicking consonants. The representatives of the tribe speak among themselves very quietly. This is a long-standing habit of hunters - so as not to scare the game.

There is confirmed evidence that even a hundred years ago they were engaged in drawing. Rock paintings depicting people and various animals are still found in the caves: buffaloes, gazelles, birds, ostriches, antelopes, crocodiles.

In their drawings there are also unusual fairy tale characters: ape people, eared snakes, people with a crocodile face. There is an entire open-air gallery in the desert that presents these amazing drawings by unknown artists.

But now the Bushmen do not paint, they are great in dance, music, pantomime and legends.

VIDEO: Shaman ritual rite healing of the Bushmen tribe. Part 1

Shamanic ritual rite of healing of the Bushmen tribe. Part 2

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Amazon natives

In the jungle of the Amazon, an unknown tribe of Indians was discovered

With specially conducted reconnaissance from the air, the Brazilian authorities were able to confirm the fact that in the jungle, not far from the border with Peru, a primitive tribe of about 200 people lives in complete isolation from the civilized world.

And scientists managed to find out where the Brazilian natives live by carefully examining images from space. And then, in the Vale do Javari reservation, large areas of tropical forest cleared of woody vegetation were noticed. From the air, the expedition members managed to photograph the dwellings and the natives themselves. The men of this tribe dye themselves red and cut their hair in front, leaving it long in the back. However, representatives of modern civilization did not attempt to make contact with the natives, fearing that this could harm primitive people.

Currently, in Brazil, the affairs of primitive tribes are handled by a special government organization - the National Indian Foundation (FUNAI). Its functions mainly include an attempt to protect savages from outside interference and from all kinds of encroachments on the lands they occupy by farmers, loggers, as well as poachers, missionaries, and of course those businessmen who grow narcotic plants in the wild wilds. In essence, the National Indian Foundation guards and protects the Aborigines from any outside interference.

Part of the current official policy of the Brazilian government is to locate and protect isolated aboriginal groups in the Amazon jungle. Here, by now, 68 groups torn off from civilization have already been discovered, including fifteen of them in the Vale do Yavari reservation. From the air, the expedition members managed to photograph the dwellings and themselves of the aborigines of the last discovered group. They live in large thatched barracks with no windows, wearing primitive clothing, although many of them wear nothing at all. In areas cleared of forest vegetation, natives grow vegetables and fruits: these are mainly corn, beans and bananas.

In addition to the noted group of aborigines, 8 more places of possible habitat of savages were found in the images from space, which the employees of the National Indian Fund FUNAI undertake to “register” in the near future. To do this, they must fly there and take pictures of everything. For this purpose, they will probably use helicopters to take a closer look at the primitive Indians and the features of their life.

Almost unknown to science, the wild tribes of the Amazon Indians seem to be in danger due to constant unwanted contact with the outside world. These Indians are once representatives big tribe, were previously forced to go deeper into the forest due to the constant incursions into their settlements. In the past few years, these Amazonians have often had to deal with other Aboriginal tribes. Therefore, the existing this moment the ethnic issue is difficult to resolve, and, unfortunately, it will soon be impossible to keep these tribes truly "wild" and protect them from all kinds of external contacts. And most of the wild settlements are concentrated on the border of Peru and Brazil, where there are more than 50 tribes that have never been in contact with either the outside world or other tribes. Scientists believe that wild tribes should be kept "wild" as long as possible, although the natives are now at greater risk, as the development of tropical forests is gaining momentum in Peruvian territory ...

Myths and legends about wild Amazons - women who formed a separate tribe, lived according to the rules of matriarchy and fought with men, have existed since ancient times. Archaeological excavations confirm this fact, however, disputes about the reliability of the existence of a militant society, consisting exclusively of representatives of the weaker sex, do not subside.

Myths and legends

According to ancient Greek mythology, the kingdom of the Amazons, warrior women, existed for some time on the territory of Libya, on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. For what reason they lived separately from men, it was not clear, but they for a long time managed on their own. Some sources tell about a nomadic tribe of women, others about the existence of a kingdom headed by an Amazon queen.

Their main occupations were: hunting for the purpose of obtaining food, wars with neighboring tribes for enrichment. According to ancient legends, the origin of the Amazon was from the union of the god Ares (or Mars) and his daughter Harmony, and the warriors themselves worshiped the goddess Artemis, a virgin huntress.

One of the exploits of Hercules was the task, during which he had to take away the magic belt from the warlike girls, which was intended for ransom for the return of the daughter of Queen Antiope.

Tribes of Amazon Women: Life and Reproduction

According to the opinion expressed in the 5th c. BC. the ancient Greek historian Herodotus, such a state of matriarchy existed on the shores of Lake. Meotides (modern territory of Crimea). They built several cities, among them Smyrna, Sinop, Ephesus and Paphos.

The main occupation of the Amazons was participation in wars and raids on neighbors, and they wielded a bow, a double battle ax (labrys), and a short sword with great skill. The warriors made their own helmet and armor.

But in order to have children, for the purpose of reproduction, the tribe of Amazon women annually in the spring declared a truce and arranged meetings with men from the border lands, who were then paid off after 9 months with born baby boys.

But according to another version, a sadder fate awaited male newborns: they were either drowned in the river or maimed to be used as slaves in the future. Newborn girls were left in the tribe and raised as future warriors who had to wield all available weapons. They were also trained in hunting and farming skills.

So that in the future, when drawing a bow in battle, their right breast would not interfere with them, they burned it out in childhood. According to one version, the name of the tribe came from a mazos, i.e. "breastless", according to another - from ha-mazan, which is translated from Iranian as "warriors", according to the third - from masso, meaning "inviolable".

War with Dionysus

The combat victories of the Amazon tribe glorified them so much that even the god Dionysus decided to make an alliance with them so that they would help him fight the titans. After the victory, he treacherously started a war with them and defeated them.

The few surviving women were able to hide in the temple of Artemis, then to go to Asia Minor. There they settled on the Fermodont River, creating a vast empire. Participating in several wars, Amazon women captured Syria and reached the island of Crimea. Many of them took part in the siege of the famous Troy, during which the ancient Greek hero Achilles killed their queen.

During the battles with the Greeks, the enemy was able to capture several girls and, having loaded them onto a ship, wanted to take them to their homeland for demonstration. However, on the way, the female warriors attacked the ship and killed everyone. But due to the lack of navigation skills, the Amazons could only sail with the wind, and eventually they washed up on the shores of Ancient Scythia.

The formation of the Sarmatian tribe

Having settled in a new place, the warriors began to rob settlements and take away cattle, killing local residents. The Scythian warriors were very proud, because they considered waging war with female warriors unworthy of employment. They acted differently: they gathered their best warriors and sent them to capture wild women in order to then get good offspring from them. Good luck awaited them, after which a new people of Savramats or Sarmatians, with a heroic physique, was born.

The life of the tribe of Amazon women was active in military campaigns and hunting, and they dressed in men's clothing. And the local men were assigned to household duties: cooking, cleaning, etc. The Sarmatians had interesting tradition: girls could only get married after killing any representative of the strong half, but they usually found victims in neighboring tribes.

Homer and Herodotus on the Amazons

According to historians, the great ancient thinker Homer, who created the famous works "Iliad" and "Odyssey", also wrote about the country of Amazonia. However, this poem has not survived. Greek myths are confirmed by ancient amphoras and bas-reliefs decorated with drawings of Amazon women (photo below). Only in all the images, beautiful warriors have both breasts and sufficiently developed muscles. Also, the Amazons are mentioned in the legend of the Argonauts, but there Homer shows them as disgusting furies.

According to Herodotus, after participating in the Trojan War, the Amazons came to the Scythians and formed the Sarmatian tribe, in which women and men had equal rights. Legends attribute to them not only excellent possession of weapons, but also the ability to stay in the saddle and incredible composure. Scythians and Sarmatians, according to Herodotus, fought together in the 5th century. BC e. against King Darius.

The Roman historian Deodorus was of the opinion that the Amazon women were descendants of the ancient Atlanteans and lived in the territory of Western Libya.

Data from archaeologists

Many finds of historians in different parts of the world confirm the ancient legends about the existence of Amazon women not only in Greece, but also in other countries and continents.

So, in 1928, on the shores of the Black Sea in the settlement of Zemo Akhvala, the burial of an ancient ruler in armor and with weapons was discovered. After research, he turned out to be a woman, after which many made an assumption about the discovery of the queen of the Amazons.

In 1971, a burial place of a woman with a girl, who were luxuriously dressed and richly decorated, was found on the territory of Ukraine. The grave contained gold, weapons, as well as the skeletons of 2 men who obviously did not die from an illness. According to scientists, the remains belonged to another queen with her daughter and slaves who were sacrificed.

In the 1990s during excavations in Kazakhstan, similar ancient burials of female warriors were discovered, the period of which totaled more than 2.5 thousand years.

Another sensation in the world of science was the latest discovery in Britain, when the remains of female warriors were found in Bruem (Cumbria). They obviously came here from Europe. According to English scientists, women fought in the ranks of the Roman army. According to them, tribes of Amazonian women lived in Eastern Europe in the period 220-300 AD. e. After death, they were solemnly burned at the stake, along with equipment and war horses. Their origin comes from the territory of the current states of Austria, Hungary and the former Yugoslavia.

America: the life of the tribes of Amazon women

Stories of wild female warriors also tell of their discovery by Christopher Columbus after the discovery of the American continent. Having heard the stories of local Indians about a female militant tribe, the great navigator tried to capture them on one of the islands, but could not do it. In memory of this incident, the name was given to the Virgin Islands (translated as "Islands of the Virgins").

Spanish conquistador Fr. de Orellana in 1542 landed on the banks of a huge river in South America, where he met a tribe of wild Amazon women. In the battle with them, the Europeans were defeated. Some scientists suggest that the error occurred due to the long hair of the local Indians. However, it was in memory of this incident that the proud name of the most majestic river of the American continent, the Amazon, was given.

African Amazons

This unique phenomenon in world history - a tribe of Dahomey female terminators - lived on the African continent south of the Sahara in the territory modern state Benin. They called themselves N'Nonmiton or "our mothers".

African Amazons, female warriors, belonged to the elite troops that defended their ruler in the kingdom of Dahomey, for which the European colonialists called them Dahomey. Such a tribe was formed in the 17th century. for hunting elephants.

The King of Dahomey, admiring their skill and success, appointed them as his bodyguards. The N'Nonmiton army existed for 2 centuries, in the 19th century. the female military corps consisted of 6 thousand soldiers.

The selection into the ranks of female warriors took place among 8-year-old girls who were taught to be strong and ruthless, and also able to withstand any pain. They were armed with machetes and Dutch muskets. After many years of training, the African Amazons became "war machines" capable of successfully fighting, and chopping off the heads of the defeated.

During their service in the army, they could not marry and bear children and remained chaste, considered to be married to the king. When a man encroached on a woman warrior, he was killed.

The British mission in West Africa was founded in 1863, when the scientist R. Barton arrived in Dahomey, who was going to make peace with the local authorities. For the first time, he was able to describe the life of the Dahomey tribe of Amazon women (photo below). According to him, for some warriors, this provided an opportunity to gain influence and wealth. The English explorer S. Alpern wrote a long treatise on the life of the Amazons.

At the end of the 19th century the territory was occupied by the French colonizers, a soldier from which was often found dead in the morning with his head cut off. The second Franco-Dahomean War ended with the capitulation of the king's army and most of the Amazons were killed. Her last representative, a woman named Navi, who by that time was over 100 years old, died in 1979.

Modern wild female tribes

Until now, in the impenetrable jungle of the Amazon River, there are territories where life is very different from modern civilization. From time immemorial, people have lived in the eastern part of Brazil, cut off from the outside world, retaining their customs and skills.

Scientists regularly find here not only new species of animals and plants, but also settlements of wild tribes, which now, according to FUNAI researchers, number more than 70. They hunt, fish, pick fruits and berries, while they absolutely do not want to contact with civilized world for fear of getting infected unknown diseases. After all, even the common flu is fatal for them.

Women of the wild tribes of the Amazon usually do all the women's work, take care of everyday life and raising children. Sometimes they gather berries or fruits in the forest. However, there are also aggressive tribes in which women, along with men, hunt or participate in raids on neighbors, armed with clubs and spears, poisoned by the poison of local plants or snakes.

There is also a wild Kuna tribe on the island of San Blas, not far from Brazil, who migrated from the mainland and lives according to the rules of matriarchy. Traditions have been preserved and are maintained by the inhabitants of the settlement severely and unshakably. At the age of 14, girls are already considered sexually mature and must choose their own groom. The man usually moves to the bride's house. The main income of the tribe on the island comes from the collection and export of coconuts (about 25 million pieces annually), they also grow sugar cane, bananas, cocoa and oranges. But for fresh water they go to the mainland.

Amazons in art and cinema

In the art of ancient Greece and Rome, female warriors occupy important place, their images can be found on ceramics, in sculpture and architecture. So, the battle of the Athenians and the Amazons is captured in the marble bas-relief of the Parthenon, as well as in the sculptures from the mausoleum from Halicarnassus.

Favorite occupations of female warriors are hunting and war, and weapons are bow, spear, axe. To protect themselves from the enemy, they put on a helmet, and took in their hands a shield shaped like a crescent. As can be seen in the above photos, ancient masters depicted Amazon women on horseback or on foot, in battle with a centaur or warriors.

During the Renaissance, they resurrected again in the works of the era of classicism and baroque in poetry, in paintings and sculptures. The plots of battles with ancient warriors are presented in the works of J. Palma, J. Tintoretto, G. Rennie and other artists. Rubens' painting "The Battle of the Greeks with the Amazons" shows them in a bloody equestrian battle with men. And copies from the originals of the sculpture " Wounded Amazon» are famous all over the world and are kept in the Vatican and USA museums.

The life and exploits of the Amazons became an inspiration for writers and poets: Tirso de Molina, Lope de Vega, R. Granier and G. Kleist. In the 20th and 21st centuries, they moved into popular culture: cinema, cartoons and fantasy comics.

Modern cinema is a confirmation of the popularity of the theme of Amazon women. Beautiful and courageous female warriors are presented in the films: "The Amazons of Rome" (1961), "Pana - Queen of the Amazons" (1964), "Goddesses of War" (1973), "Legendary Amazons" (2011), "Women Warriors" ( 2017), etc.

The latest film, released in 2017, is called Wonder Woman and tells about a heroine named Diana, the queen of the Amazons, who is endowed with fantastic strength, speed and endurance. She freely communicates with animals, and wears special bracelets for protection, but she considers men changeable and deceitful.

Among modern women you can also meet "Amazons" who are smart, educated and dream of conquering the world. They can manage a large corporation and raise children at the same time, and they treat men condescendingly, allowing themselves to be loved.