History of World Civilizations Fortunatov Vladimir Valentinovich
§ 18. A civilized person in a civilized society
Are there criteria according to which one can determine the degree of civilization, the level civilizational development one country or another? Is it possible to determine in which country people life is better, and which is worse? The fact is that in Russia (USSR) the comparative method of studying history was not held in high esteem and was little used. Or it was not used at all if it was assumed that the comparison would not be in favor of Russia (USSR). During the Soviet period, official propaganda, its conscientious or hypocritical servants, tried to create an attractive image of their country that would evoke in Soviet people a “sense of legitimate pride” (the sixth, special feeling inherent only in Soviet people). The general concept looked something like this: material terms we certainly have a lot more unresolved issues, but we are spiritually rich, we are the most reading country in the world, etc.
Meanwhile, over a long period of time, the international community has been gradually developing objective criteria for international comparisons. Some of the developed methods and matrices are criticized. Many approaches are not in doubt and have become generally accepted.
So, one of the most important indicators is the production of a particular product, volume of services, etc. per capita. According to these indicators, Russia until 1917 chronically lagged behind the most developed countries. Even at times when the pace economic development(60-90s of the 19th century, 1908-1914) were the highest, Russia's position did not improve, because other countries also did not stand still. After 1917, especially in the 30s, then in the 50s and 60s. 20th century there has been some progress in "production per capita". But other countries, oddly enough, also continued to develop. There were crises in the West, from which the USA, Great Britain, Germany, France, Japan and other developed countries eventually got out. The USSR, having entered a period of "stagnation", then "perestroika", turned into Russia. But embarking on the path of "modernization" after the "reforms" has not yet allowed the country to take any worthy place among the developed countries in terms of "production per capita".
At the end Soviet era the population of the USSR learned that in the conditions Soviet power it was not possible to achieve scientifically based food consumption norms, which in the USSR at the beginning of the 80s. 20th century the food problem persists. After twenty years of regular experiments (“perestroika”, “reforms”), store shelves were filled with food products, but mainly due to imports and to the detriment of the development of our own Agriculture. And the "average temperature in the hospital" leaves much to be desired.
Unfortunately, in Russian funds mass media there is very little information about the annual measurements of civilization in most countries of the world, which are carried out according to the methods of the UN and other international organizations.
So, human Development Index, published by the UN, consists of three parameters:
life expectancy (by which the level of health care is judged);
level of education (percentage of people with primary, secondary and higher education);
· GDP per capita (according to which experts propose to evaluate the standard of living).
Innovation. Indices international
Indexes are relative performance, allowing you to directly compare disproportionate quantities. For example, price indices, economic development indices various countries, indexes summarizing the information of sociological research.
The level of economic development of the country is a system of indicators that allows making international comparisons of the economic development of the countries of the world. Modern economic science highlights following groups indicators of the levels of economic development of the country: a) GDP / GNP and ND per capita; b) industry structure national economy; c) production of main types of products per capita (the level of development of individual industries); d) the level and quality of life of the population; e) indicator of economic efficiency.
The UN HDI has been calculating since 1990. Norway, Australia, Canada, Sweden, Belgium, USA, Iceland, the Netherlands, Great Britain, Japan and others have been in the first places for a long time. domestic product per capita). For the United States in 2001, the average per capita income was 1300, in Russia - 300 dollars a month.
Life expectancy in Europe is 15–20 years higher than in Russia. The pension is 40-60% of earnings (in Russia - 26%). Compared to the US, Russian prices for clothing and household appliances 2 times higher, for food - by 70%. Average American pays taxes 12%, and the rich - 23.5%, the rich European - 40% and above. And in Russia, since 2000, the tax rate of 13% has become the same for everyone. In the US and Europe, mortgage rates have been 3-4% for a long period. IN new Russia these rates are formally defined as 10-11%, but in fact they are much higher. In Europe, nurseries, kindergartens, schools are free, but in Russia they are paid. In Sweden and Finland, higher education is free. In the USSR, higher education was free modern Russia the share of students studying on a commercial basis is constantly growing. In the USA, France self-sufficiency in food is more than 100%, in Italy - 78%, in Japan - 50%. In Russia, food imports are over 50%.
In Russia, housing construction has decreased by 3 times compared to the USSR. True, 1/3 of the built apartments are distributed free of charge (in turn from the Soviet period). In 1994 the standard two-roomed flat in Russia it cost 12.1 average annual incomes, or 26.1 annual salaries. In the 1970s - 3.4 average annual salaries. The average provision of housing in Russia is 19.7 m 2 per person. In EU countries - 40 m 2; 61% of Russians want to improve living conditions. 7% rely only on free social housing. There are 4.5 million families in the waiting list. For free housing, you have to stand in line for 15-20 years. The demand for housing in Russia is 1.6 billion m 2 . In 2003, 36.3 million m 2 were put into operation, 160 banks issued loans for the purchase of apartments. Interest rates on mortgage loans (including budget subsidies) ranged from 5% in Khabarovsk to 28% in the Kemerovo region. Housing provision in Russian Federation 2-4 times lower than in the USA and developed European countries. Russia lags behind developed countries in terms of thermal efficiency of buildings under construction and in operation. Every year in the Russian Federation, about 20% of all consumed energy resources are spent on heating needs. Modern Russian houses being put into operation require 500 kW for heating 1 m 2 of housing. h. In Germany, 250 is enough, and in Sweden and Finland with a climate similar to Russia, 125 kWh per 1 m 2 is enough. 40 million Russians live in poorly equipped houses, and 2.5 million live in dilapidated and dilapidated housing.
In international indices, Russia rarely ranks good places. Thus, in 2005, the international organization Freedom House in its annual report for the first time included Russia among the not free countries. In 2005, according to the rating of the international organization Reporters Without Borders, Russia was ranked 138 out of 167 in terms of press freedom.
But in terms of the level of corruption, Russia in recent decades steadily occupied "prize" places.
“The reason for the disappointment of Russians is not in bourgeois values and not in the European political system, but in the fact that in Russia they have acquired perverted, often anti-people forms. We do not have a European, but an oligarch-bureaucratic quality of capitalism. The instruments of European democracy honed over the centuries ( free elections, independent courts, competition, socially responsible distribution of income, free trade unions) are distorted and discredited in our country.
Television plays a negative role in the perception of Europe. What are they showing us? European gangsters, corrupt politicians, prostitutes, drug addicts, homosexuals, rebellious Trotskyists, outcasts. But we do not know how a Renault factory worker or a Hamburg docker lives. We have no idea about life simple teacher or a professor. And how does a British recruit feel in the army? In what apartment does a driver, a doctor, or a supermarket saleswoman live there? Here's what to compare! And not the one who has a higher “banner” or a purer moral tear.
We need not to spit in the direction of Europe, not to be afraid of it, but to bring our political system and everyday life in accordance with real European standards,” stated one of the country's leading newspapers.
A civilized person in a civilized country lives by the rules, constantly works on himself, broadens his horizons, sharpens his intellect, and leads a healthy lifestyle.
In Russia, a huge number of people simply do not know and do not fulfill their constitutional obligations, which can be counted on the fingers of one hand. Many do not pay taxes, preferring to receive wages"black cash". Many unceremoniously, like real vandals, treat native nature. There are many manifestations of barbaric behavior in relation to cultural monuments. Sometimes the relationship between parents and children is very far from constitutional norms. Hundreds of thousands of people die every year as a result of massive violations of the rules traffic, the requirements of safety instructions, as a result of abuse of alcohol, tobacco, drug use, due to malnutrition, etc.
The difference in the levels of civilizational development is especially felt by observant Russians when crossing the border motherland. At the same time, it turns out that the vast majority of Russians are quite capable of behaving in a completely civilized way once they find themselves in a truly civilized country.
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Scientific adviser: Dr. fs. Sc., professor Melnik V.I.
GOU VPO Russian State Vocational Pedagogical University, Yekaterinburg
The division of society into civilized and uncivilized people, as already noted, was associated with the separation of mental labor from physical labor.
The uncivilized man also participated in the creation of civilization, even if he did not realize it. Slavery acted as the engine of science, culture and art, since the slaves gave their master time to study and creatively rethink the intellectual heritage of civilization.
The vitality of slavery is striking: modern research note the preservation of the rudiments of the slave trade until the 20th century. The flowering of ancient civilization would have been impossible without the enslavement of a huge number of representatives of barbarian and primitive societies.
Slavery developed within a very interesting social phenomenon- paternalism. The term paternalism comes from Latin words pater, paternus, which mean respectively "father", "paternal". For a long time this concept was practically not used in the USSR. We do not find any mention of paternalism in explanatory dictionaries, in particular, in the one published under the editorship of S.I. Ozhegova and N.Yu. Shvedova in the 80s. 20th century If this term was encountered in special Soviet dictionaries in the social sciences, it was usually treated as an alien concept. Here is one such definition. "Paternalism... ideological doctrine and the practice of the monopoly bourgeoisie, aimed at distracting the workers from the class struggle, instilling ideas into the minds of the working people. social partnership"and class peace, to encourage workers to voluntarily increase the productivity and intensity of labor in capitalist enterprises."
There is no term "paternalism" in the recently published Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language early XXI century, based on detailed analysis modern literature and journalism. Today, only a few explanatory dictionaries contain this concept. So, in the Big explanatory dictionary Russian language” edited by S.A. Kuznetsov, this word has the following meanings: “1. Guardianship, patronage major states smaller states or colonies. 2. Patronage, guardianship of the elder to the younger. In the “Big Dictionary of Foreign Words”, published in 2005, both of the above-mentioned meanings of the term “paternalism” are repeated almost unchanged and a third interpretation of this word is added: “A system of additional benefits at enterprises at the expense of entrepreneurs in order to improve relations with employees.”
Even at present, the concept of "paternalism" in domestic social sciences did not take root. As N.V. Shushkov “for domestic social scientists, the topic of paternalism remains marginal. One can say that the term “paternalism” in Russian social science has the status rather of an auxiliary or metaphorical, but not a conceptual one.
But if the social side of paternalism is still being studied, then the axiological aspect of this phenomenon in Russia remains practically unexplored. But paternalism is not only a social and political phenomenon, but also a special system of values that lies within the framework of civilization. Most likely, the inattention to the axiological side of paternalism is due to the fact that in the domestic social sciences post-Soviet period little attention was paid to the issues of morality, ethics, spirituality of modern Russian society.
This was largely due to the fact that the concept of "public morality" was automatically associated with such phenomena as ideology, ideological dictate, which were unacceptable for a scientist who defiantly broke with socialism.
The origins of paternalism lie in the natural essence of man: many animals take care of their offspring or adopted cubs (the "mowgli" phenomenon). However, true paternalism was formed only in man, becoming an important element of civilization. If we turn to the classification of A. Maslow, it turns out that paternalism is aimed at satisfying the need for security, which includes the desire for dependence, stability and confidence in tomorrow. Paternalism in practice meant just such guardianship over dependent people, which saves them from worries about tomorrow, since the main part of the decisions is manifested by "pater" - master. In studies on slavery, one can come across statements that slave owners "took a paternalistic position in relation to their slaves." In principle, one can agree with this judgment.
In the process of differentiation of society, paternalism, as already noted, was formed in parallel with the formation of the aristocracy as the ruling social group. We have already noted that paternalism was the first manifestation of aristocracy in relation to subordinates, since it made it possible to avoid aggravation social contradictions. We have already emphasized the fact that paternalism performed a protective function in relation to civilization, since it ensured the existence of representatives of certain occupations.
So, both civilized and uncivilized people participated in the creation of civilization. The stratum of civilized people could carry out their activities only thanks to the appropriation of the labor of uncivilized individuals, which was justified by a paternalistic policy towards them. Paternalism compulsorily satisfied, albeit in a crude, even cruel manner, the need for security of uncivilized individuals.
Bibliography
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2. Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu. Dictionary of the Russian language. 20th ed. M., 1988.
3. Political and economic dictionary. M., 1972. S. 207.
4. Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language at the Beginning of the 21st Century / Ed. G.N. Sklyarevskaya. M.,
5. Big explanatory dictionary of the Russian language / Ed. S.A. Kuznetsova. SPb., 2000.
6. Big Dictionary foreign words / Comp. A.Yu. Moskvin. M., 2005. S. 489.
7. Shushkova N.V. paternalism as social institution in a transitional society. Abstract of diss... cand. sociological Sciences. Perm, 2003, p. 7.
8. Confino M. Servage russe, esclavage americain. Annales. Economies, Societes, Civilizations. 1990 Vol. 45. No. 5. R. 1122 - 1123.
9. Abaturov I.N. Aristocracy as an element of civility of Russian entrepreneurs // IV International Stakheev Readings: Proceedings of a scientific conference. - T. 1. Elabuga, 2009. P. 36 - 43.
10. Abaturov I.N. Paternalism as an element of civilization in the past and present // Actual problems education and upbringing in modern Russia. Interuniversity collection of student and postgraduate works. Issue. 14. Ekaterinburg, 2009. S. 98 - 106.
Cm … Synonym dictionary
civilized- oh, oh. civiliser. Introduced to civilization (culture, progress, enlightenment); cultural, enlightened. ALS 1. I am for illiterate blacks against civilized owners of them in the southern states. Chernysh. What to do? ♦ joke. Forest wild cats are not ... ... Historical dictionary gallicisms of the Russian language
CIVILIZED, oh, oh; an. Being the bearer of civilization (in 2 values). | noun civilization, and, wives. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
1. civilized, an, ana, ano, ana, parch. 2. civilized, an, anna, anno, anna, adj… Russian word stress
App. 1. Being at the level of civilization [civilization I 2.], being the bearer of civilization, attached to civilization; cultural, educated. 2. Based on the achievements of civilization [civilization I 2.]; developed, legal, enlightened. 3… Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language Efremova
Civilized, civilized, civilized, civilized, civilized, civilized, civilized, civilized, civilized, civilized, civilized, civilized, civilized, civilized, civilized, ... ... Forms of words
Barbarian untamed uncivilized... Antonym Dictionary
civilized- civilized; briefly adverb form. an, ana; briefly form adj. (cultural; such as is customary among civilized people) en, anna ... Russian spelling dictionary
civilized- 1. inc.; cr.f. civiliso/van, civiliso/vana, vano, vans. Some territories of medieval France were civilized quite late. 2. adj.; cr.f. civiliso/van, civiliso/bath, bath, baths; civilized/bathed. “Being in the cities, they [cats]… … Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language
Books
- Silence in the era of noise. A Little Book for a Big City, Kagge Erling. civilized world engulfed in an epidemic of noise. Alerts coming to the mobile, the roar of transport, the sounds made by all kinds of equipment - all this is distracting and very unnerving, does not give a…
- Silence in the Age of Noise: A Little Book for a Big City, Erling Kagge. The civilized world is engulfed in an epidemic of noise. Alerts coming to the mobile, the roar of transport, the sounds made by all kinds of equipment - all this is distracting and very unnerving, does not give a…
If a literate, educated and scientist can understand all the features of the language, knowing and understanding it, from cultured person waiting for more. However, the cultured and the scientist ... may not coincide in one person, just as knowledge and culture do not coincide in common features.
We are entering new row definitions of modern man.
The 18th century, the age of the Enlightenment, gave these two concepts, expressing the same thing: civilization in France (Holbach, 1770) and culture in Germany (Herder, 1791) - as law human history, the continuity of generations and the development of society.
Civilization- from the Latin definition civilis(civil); that is, strictly speaking, urban. urban culture, opposed to nature - nature. While the French speech was in special honor, the French word went around, Chaadaev, Pushkin, the Decembrists, Herzen, Petrashevists, Pisarev - everyone talks about civilization and civilized people, starting with an 1837 dictionary that even has the pronunciation of French: civilisation.
Words culture none of them have. Both terms are used together for the time being, because they denote one concept. Later, they needed to be differentiated by meaning. Civilization began to be associated with the material, culture - with the spiritual activity of man.
You need to understand the journalists of the last century. Word progress forbidden to use, the word development also, words revolution not in any dictionary for a long time. Forced by circumstances, "Aesopian language" revolutionary democrats needs a term that would give an allusive concept of progress and development, of revolutions. The idea of progress and development ... civilization. The idea of enlightenment is culture. “Where is this culture, what is the civilization we have created?!” - exclaimed the populist publicist N. V. Shelgunov.
Courtier under civilization understands the habits of urban life, an advanced publicist - the development of society in a new direction. For one and a word in French pronunciation: civilization, - for the second it is an international term: civilization.
ABOUT culture it is also known that the word is Latin and means something opposite to nature - nature. In 1863, when an employee " Domestic notes”used the expression “to act on nature with culture”, a critic of the Slavophile “Moskvityanin” advised replacing the last word usual at the time cultivation. In a way, this is true because culture and that means treatment, cultivation, even education(something), and noted for the first time in the dictionary of foreign words in 1861.
More than a hundred years ago, first P. L. Lavrov, and then N. V. Shelgunov, in their Essays on Russian Life, considered all the signs by which contemporaries distinguished words civilization And culture. Describing social relations of their time, they clarified the content of the concepts denoted by these words; not yet terms, but borrowed words, usually in combination with more understandable Russian words. New words were introduced into the consciousness of the reading public.
The language itself is able to show whether the word has become naturally Russian or is still honing its meaning in literary battles. The word develops figurative meanings and with the help of suffixes forms new, completely Russian words.
Also in mid-nineteenth centuries preferred to speak man of civilization, but not civilized man. No combinations man of culture, although it occurs cultural age And cultural society. Moreover, before the 20th century, expressions cultivated grass or cultural production - "cultivation" or "industry", that is, in strict accordance with the Latin term in its German sense. IN late XIX century, the person who "introduced" lettuce and turnip into culture is called highly cultured host. At the beginning of the 20th century, only secular people called themselves cultured people but always in the same literally: educated, polished, that is, not "children of nature." P. L. Lavrov runs the risk of talking about the “enlightened cultural stratum of the educated” and “cultural forces” (1877), but in these combinations foreign word still explained in familiar Russian. Thought develops gradually: first they talk about their culture, then about cultural forces that become (collectively) cultured people - but still in the truest sense of the word.
And the 20th century multiplies definitions: cultural building, cultural revolution, cultural level , cultural connections- indicate a certain level of culture that an era or a country can achieve.
Recall that an educated person is first called the one who receives an education. Only over time, according to the metonymic transfer of meaning, they began to call a person with versatile knowledge like this: “scientists are educated people!”
The same is true with the definition of cultural. Man living in cultural society and in a cultural age, and, moreover, educated to such an extent that he can realize this, he is undoubtedly a cultured person. In the early 1930s, in the explanatory dictionary of D. N. Ushakov, the combination man of culture already known, although they laugh at him: a “cultivated” person! While realizing internal image words, its original meaning, the word did not become a term. It is still entangled with many side meanings, primordial and acquired, and each person understands this word in his own way. In the same dictionary, the second meaning of the word cultural stated: educated person. In the newest academic dictionary, instead of it, as a side, there is already: well-mannered person! Educated associated with knowledge and learning, and educated belongs to the moral realm. For different eras, their subtext is important.
Isn't that why the word civilization we know less than the word culture?
Now it is more important to designate the non-material side of civilization (the concept of material culture mainly referred to as civilization), spiritual. But the spiritual and moral side modern life consciousness is also bifurcated. On the one hand, this is predominantly foreign culture, creating cultured person. And on the other hand, one's cherished idea of the world, suffered through struggle, class and national, personal or all-human. There was a need for one more word, and it appeared - intelligent.
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