Spiritual traditions about the features of energy metabolism. What are family traditions: examples

Tradition is embodied in social stereotypes some historically established group experience that is accumulated and reproduced in society. Need to distinguish this concept from art, which represents a more individual creative activity. Through traditions, a certain group of individuals inherits the knowledge necessary for self-development and even survival. That is, this term can be interpreted as a certain mechanism of collective communication. Experts identify the main types of traditions: folk (ethnic), social, national, religious and cultural.

Origin of the term

Everyone famous word"tradition" for many has a fairly clear meaning. In terms of literal translation, Latin the term means "transmission".

Initially, the concept of "tradition" was used only in a literal sense and denoted an action. The ancient Romans used it when they had to give someone a material object or marry a daughter. Subsequently material objects faded into the background, they were pushed aside by the transferred skills and abilities. Thus "tradition", or rather, its semantic spectrum, indicates the main difference from everything that could be summed up under this concept. Tradition is something that does not belong to a certain individual, as it is transferred from outside. The derived meaning is associated with everything that is connected with the distant past, which has irrevocably lost its novelty, is unchanged and symbolically stable. And strict adherence to customs relieves many of the need to independently comprehend the situation and make a decision.

Traditions and society

Each new generation, having at its disposal a certain set of traditional samples, does not accept and assimilate them in finished form, it involuntarily carries out their own interpretation. It turns out that society chooses not only its coming future, but also the past that has sunk into oblivion. Social groups and society as a whole, selectively accepting some elements of the social heritage, while simultaneously rejecting others. Therefore, social traditions may well be both positive and negative.

national heritage

In general, traditions are the so-called element of culture, which arises in one generation and is transmitted from ancestors to descendants, remaining for a long time. These are certain norms, rules of conduct, rituals, procedures that must be followed. Considering the definition of the word “heritage” together with this term, we can say that the concepts are almost identical.

If speak about national traditions, then these are the rules that appear in almost everything. This applies not only to clothing, style and behavior in general, they are also manifested in movements, gestures and other elements that are present in the psychology of people. Such concepts and manifestations are very important for a person, since it is they that are able to trigger an unconscious mechanism in a person who is clearly able to determine the line between "one's own" and "alien".

National traditions are a phenomenon that has been formed as a result of the life of each people or nation, regulated by functions in the human mind. In other words, regulation occurs in family life in communication and behavior. Traditions have their own characteristics, namely, they have high stability, continuity and even stereotyping. They are characterized by a long-term factor, which is the regulator of social phenomena.

Modern attitude to cultural traditions

The variety of traditions of most countries is sometimes simply amazing. What is the norm for a certain people everyday life, in another country can often be perceived as a personal insult. We can say that traditions are one of the fundamental things in cultures. various countries peace. Therefore, if you decide to relax in some exotic country, you must first familiarize yourself with its customs in order not to get into an awkward position. For example, in Turkey, one of the important traditions is the need to remove shoes when entering a house and a temple. In no case should you refuse an offer to drink a cup of tea, this can be perceived as an insult.

Not just a set of rules

Cultural traditions are not only a set of etiquette rules, they are a certain semantic flow aimed at showing the depth of the history of a particular country, these are values ​​laid down over the centuries, passed down from generation to generation to maintain and reveal the unique mentality of its inhabitants. For example: countries where Buddhism is widespread, consider that touching a person’s head is unacceptable, since it is inhabited by human soul. Unfortunately, in many countries, traditional rites have gone out of fashion, so to speak, and have lost their value due to technological progress. I would like the interest in preserving one's culture not to lose its relevance in any corner of the world.

Word synonym

The word "tradition" is a feminine noun, if necessary, it can be replaced by the concepts custom, practice(nouns male), legacy, tradition(nouns of the middle gender). Instead of a single term, you can use phrases with the word "so", for example: so it is, so it is. Among writers, and not only among them, traditions are called unwritten laws. One of the most unusual synonyms in Russian for given noun is the word "itihasa", which in translation means "that's how it was." Most sources define a synonym for the word "tradition" in several variants, in which, in addition to those presented above, norm, establishment, habit, value. An interesting option is the use of the word "hashar" (a term that has long been included in the Turkic and Tajik languages ​​and means "joint work").

Religious traditions

Religion also has its own traditions, which makes it a spiritual and cultural treasure. represent a set of stable forms and methods of worshiping the gods (God). Each of the religions existing on earth carefully preserves and in every possible way maintains its tradition, but most often in each religion there are several traditions at once, for example: Orthodoxy, Catholicism, Protestantism - in Christianity, Shiites and Sunnis - in Islam, Mahayana and Hinayana - in Buddhism. The religious traditions of the East practice a certain technique of working with both the body and consciousness, which is aimed at enlightenment, i.e. getting extremely high states human consciousness. Christian religious traditions include church visits, prayers, confession and worship. The most famous holidays are Easter, Christmas, Epiphany, Trinity, Ascension, Annunciation. Also, not all traditions are observed, if only because in the century digital technologies people are not as pious as their ancestors were. Now, few people at the festive table ask for harvest or rain. Just a holiday has become another reason to get together with the whole family.

There is no future without a past

Traditions are a heritage that is unshakably authoritative, they are meekly accepted and transmitted in accordance with the fact that the departed ancestors - "carriers" - have a solid foundation in the life of their heirs - "followers".

The family is a small world, a small society, and our Orthodox ancestors called it a "small church." Probably there is no such person who would not like to have friendly family with whom he could share both grief and joy. Today, when a lot of families are breaking up, it is simply necessary to tell children about the spiritual traditions of the Russian family.

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Information and educational conversation

"SPIRITUAL TRADITIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FAMILY"

Goals: expand students' understanding of national family traditions; form a positive assessment family values; encourage students to self-knowledge, self-education, to study and observe the laws on family and marriage, to respect the rights of the individual.

Conduct form: conversation.

Equipment: multimedia installation, presentation, books by M. Sholokhov “The Fate of a Man”, “ Quiet Don”, L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".

Event progress.

I. Organizing time. Creation emotional mood students.

II. Problematic situation.

Raise your hands, please, those who want to be happy. What do you think it takes to be happy?

Yes, I agree with you, of course, you need a family to be happy."Happy is he who is happy at home"- these words belong to Leo Tolstoy.

III. Event theme message.

slide 1. Today, ahead of international day family, which is celebrated on May 15, I invite you to talk about the spiritual traditions of the Russian family.

It has already become a tradition in our school to hold such events in May.

The family is a small world, a small society, and our Orthodox ancestors called it a "small church." Probably, there is no such person who would not want to have a friendly family with whom he could share both sorrow and joy.

There is a legend that there was no separation of the sexes before, but there were 2 creatures fused together, carrying both male and female principles. Perfect harmony great power love was theirs. All their thoughts, actions, aspirations were common. The great god Zeus could not allow such relations to exist between people outside Olympus and cut these single creatures in half, scattering them across the Earth. But their love did not weaken, the desire to be together even more intensified. And since then, everyone in this world has been looking for their half, but it is not always possible to find it. A sad and beautiful story...

But in reality, things are not so smooth. Slide 2. Russia is the leader in the number of divorces. Just imagine, every second marriage breaks up, every third child is born out of wedlock.

Family ties are lost. Nothing is sacred.

Reading a poem.

In more than once already darned robe
Made from brightly colored fibers
In a crowded hospital room
An old woman is standing, crying at the window.

No one consoles her anymore.
Everyone knows about the reason for these tears.
They visit neighbors in the ward,
And to her, only once, her son brought a bathrobe.

I forgot about the slippers, he said embarrassedly:
- I'll bring it tomorrow ... Will you be patient, mother?
- Of course I will. I'm on a feather
And I can lie in woolen socks.
Where can I go here? There is little space.
The nurses will bring food.
I've been sick so much,
What would I just lie down and rest.

The son sighed and looked away.
- Here ... You understand ... It's up to you ...
It's all very confusing and subtle...
But don't think badly of me!
Your apartment is empty
And my wife and I thought about
What are you here and there ... Alone ... Sick ...
Get better - we'll take you with us!
And the grandchildren will be happy, you know!
They do not have a soul in you, mother!
All! Decided! You are moving in with us!
We will sell your apartment!

He took out papers, said without a doubt:
-I thought of everything, trust me, mom ...
As soon as we see improvements,
From here you will immediately go to live with us.

What do you say here? He is her son, her own blood ...
And grandchildren - for the sake of them it is worth living!
And signed without suspecting
How things really work.

Days go by, weeks go by...
There is no son. And he is unlikely to come.
The old woman was amused and pitied ...
But who and what does not understand here?

And every day the old woman is getting weaker,
And at night more and more dreams
As the porridge in the morning warms the son,
But he cries and does not want to eat.
And the first steps of a baby son,
And the word that he said for the first time
And the first scratches and bumps,
AND kindergarten and the school is first class...

Doctors are silent, trying their best
At least somehow alleviate her suffering.
And relatives strictly forbade
Tell the old woman about the diagnosis.
She does not know that this hospital is -
Not a city simple hospital,
That there is no more chance for a correction ...
But, for her, ignorance is not a nightmare.
"Hospice" sign on the wall at the entrance
She doesn't say anything bad.
Strange words have long been fashionable
And should anyone be blamed for that?

She doesn't know what son is doing right
Calls doctors, twice a week:
- You said - dying ... Strange ...
That she is still alive...

She is alive. She waits and believes
That the son will come, hug, explain,
Now the chamber doors will open,
She understands everything and forgives everything.
With the last of her strength, she gets out of bed.
Holding on to the wall, go to the window.
How much more patience does she have?
So to believe the indifferent son?
She is ready to try her best.
And the forces that are not, she must find.
Will he suddenly come? She must wait!
He will come ... Well, how can he not come?
Standing and crying... Waiting for news from his son...
Just look at the sky casually
And shakes his hand pectoral cross -
Like, wait, Lord, don't take

Why is this happening? What to do?

Of course, the experience of past generations cannot be ignored.

IV. Let's turn to history.

Slide 3.

A serious "document" in Rus', regulating human behavior in the state, in family life, everyday life, was the famous "Domostroy" (compiled by Sylvester). In the Moscow text of the 17th century, 64 chapters clearly define the duties of a person in relation to the church and the king, to his relatives, wife, children, etc.

Slides 4, 5 The main idea of ​​Domostroy is the idea of ​​responsibility and authority: the husband is the master of his family and is responsible before God and the sovereign for his family, for raising children. The very concept of "House" in "Domostroy" is much broader, a house is not only a family, but also a society, clan, country, world. The rules of "Domostroy" are given by God himself, by the Church, endured by the people. People did not just read it, rewrote it, they stopped only in 1940-1950.

A very important role in the family belonged to the mother. (An excerpt from "The Fate of a Man" by M. Sholokhov is read).

Peasant children received the basics of spiritual education in the family. It was not by chance that the family was called the "small church", here the child was introduced to prayerful communion, he learned the basics Orthodox faith. The "red" corner of the hut served for the children as a visible confirmation of the constancy of the Divine presence. Regular participation in divine services, the sacraments of confession and communion supported the fire of Divine love in young souls.

Blessing before parting, the custom of sitting together in silence in silent prayer before leaving is characteristic of the Russian family. The severity of separation is brightened up by the bridge of blessing thrown over it. Children released to a foreign land, sons going to war, were given so many blessings and prayers on the road, and there were so many stories in the old days about how a mother's blessing - an icon hung around the mother's neck before leaving - deflected the flight of an enemy bullet. We are here touching the most sacred, secret and intimate in the life of the family. From here grow those invisible bonds and threads that make the family a single spiritual organism, give so much warmth and charm to its inner “air”.

slide 6 . Let us turn to the well-known family of the last Russian Tsar Nicholas II.

1894 Nicholas II writes in his diary:“April 8th. A wonderful unforgettable day in my life - the day of my engagement to dear beloved Alix.

1916 Alexandra Fedorovna in a letter to her husband:“My precious, tomorrow I will think of you more than ever, this is the 22nd anniversary of the engagement. God, how time flies ... Unforgettable are the days and the love that you gave me.

And the children grew up in the rays of this mutual love.

“At exactly 9 o'clock we heard a child's squeak, and we all breathed freely! We named our God-sent daughter Olga! When all the excitement passed, just a blissful state about what had happened began.(Nicholas II. Diaries).

Despite their enormous responsibilities main family countries, and perhaps precisely because of their deep understanding, both the king and the queen honored the family and were happy in the family. According to the memoirs of the heir's teacher, Pierre Gilliard, "Nicholas II was for his children at the same time Tsar, father and comrade."

« The very first place for us, where we learn truth, honesty, love, is our home, the most native place for us in the world,- Alexandra Fedorovna writes in her diary.

V. Summing up the conversation. "Foundation" of the family. Slide 7.

VI. Job creative groups. (3 groups of students are created, headed by a teacher. Each group is jointly looking for an answer to the question posed).

1 group.

What traditions can you “start” in your family?

2 group

How can you rationally distribute household chores among family members? (Cooking, washing dishes, cleaning the apartment, taking out the trash, shopping for groceries, monitoring children's studies, visiting parent meetings etc.).

3 group

What measures, in your opinion, should be taken by the Government to strengthen the family, to increase the birth rate?

While the groups discuss the questions put to them, the audience answers the questions of the quiz. slide 8, 9. discussion of proverbs. slide 10.

VII. Report of creative groups.

VIII. Summing up.

There was a custom at Russian weddings: when the celebration was over, small gingerbread cookies were handed out to the guests. They were called overclockers. Thus, the guests were hinted that it was time to go home.

I also want to give you these gingerbread cookies.

IX. Reflection.

Each family has its own indescribable atmosphere of love, understanding and warmth. Children born in families adopt this atmosphere. How does it arise? A similar halo in the family is created family traditions, customs or laws of family leisure. Often such laws take their roots from family foundations. previous generations- they are strong and unshakable. They create a sense of security family relations, there is a strong bond between family members, close and trusting relationships are maintained, children feel the stability of the family.

What are family traditions: examples

Family traditions are regularly repeated actions of family members aimed at rallying intra-family ties and strengthening the family as the main foundation of society. Traditions are an indispensable attribute of family happiness and well-being, reflecting the moral position of all family members. Each family is individual and has its own history. Family customs allow all members to feel their importance, give time and attention to relatives, show them respect and love.

Examples of traditions: spending holidays together, themed dinners on weekends, family vacations, reading stories to children before bed or singing lullabies, going to church on Sundays or religious holidays, writing letters to Santa Claus on New Year, baking Easter cakes by households for Easter, eating together and many others.

What are family traditions and holidays

• Holding family holidays. This tradition has its roots in the distant past - for centuries it was customary to celebrate holidays with family and friends. The main such holiday should be called a birthday. In most families, it is customary on this day to invite guests to the house, cover festive table, give gifts to the birthday man and by all means blow out the candles on the birthday cake, making a wish. TO family holidays include weddings, births, baptisms, etc.

• Holding public holidays. They include everyone's favorite holiday - the New Year. Most families practice the custom of holding it together at a large table, with Olivier salad, traditional for our country, and champagne. Children write letters to Santa Claus asking for the desired gifts. Many families celebrate Easter by baking Easter cakes and lighting them up in the church. Among the national holidays, the World Workers' Day is traditionally celebrated on May 1. On this holiday, most families go on a picnic and cook meat dishes on the grill.

• Games with children. It is important that both parents take part in the upbringing of the child, play with him. During games, the child learns the world, acquires new skills, improves his physical and intellectual level. For example, according to custom, a mother teaches a child to play chess every Saturday, and a father plays football with his son on Sundays. Children love stability, so try not to break the established customs.

• Reading stories before bed. This is the most important tradition in raising children, because fairy tales allow the child to develop imagination, to know the world. In addition, daily reading of fairy tales before going to bed develops a certain mode of going to bed in the child. Even if the child is too small to understand the meaning of what he read, the calm and measured voice of mom or dad will calm him down. Such an evening ritual will calm even the most active children, contributing to a good sound sleep.

• Family walks. For the development of the physical abilities of the child, and maintaining their own, it is important to take joint walks. During such a walk, you need to communicate, you can see the sights. In order to instill spiritual values, it is advisable for the whole family to visit cinemas, theaters, museums, and exhibitions. Such trips can broaden one's horizons and increase cultural level families in general.

• Kissing tradition. To create an atmosphere of love, it is important to kiss your loved ones more often. It is advisable to kiss children at least twice a day - in the morning when they wake up, in the evening - before going to bed. More frequent kisses and hugs are welcome, even with an older child, because when there is a lack of affection, children grow up callous. It is also important to wish all relatives Good night before bed and good morning waking up.
• Joint vacation trips. Do not underestimate this type of leisure, because most psychologists recommend regularly changing the environment to maintain good relationships. The main thing is to visit new cities and countries all together in order to escape from routine and everyday life, to expand your horizons.

• Orthodox traditions. These include going to church together Orthodox holidays or every Sunday, celebrating Christmas and Easter, fasting, baptizing children, reading the Bible, prayers before going to bed, regular visits to deceased relatives.

What values ​​underlie family traditions

Family traditions generate and nurture important values ​​in people: love for the family, respect for one's relatives, care for loved ones, a correct understanding of the family and its role in life. Failure to comply with family customs and foundations can lead to a weakening of ties between its members, to the destruction of family ties. Even a cell of society in which love reigns cannot exist without certain important and pleasant customs, for example, joint leisure.

Traditions strengthen in children a sense of gratitude to their parents, as well as to grandparents, instilling respect for the older generation. Spouses customs give a sense of inviolability, stability of family relationships. L.N. Tolstoy said: "Happy is he who is happy at home." A person living in a family that respects traditions will surely be surrounded by care, love, warmth and tenderness. In such a person, family well-being will certainly be transferred to other areas of life.

Family traditions of different countries and peoples of the world

Each nation has its own special traditions related to all areas of life, and especially the family. This is due, first of all, to the fact that each nation or country has its own special geography, location, climate, history, unique culture, adheres to different religions. All these factors influence the formation of cultural and family customs. Family traditions, in turn, shape the worldview and attitude to life. Such family structures have existed for centuries, practically unchanged, passing from older family members to younger ones.

Family cultural traditions in Russia history and modernity

If we turn to history, it becomes obvious that there are many traditions in Rus'. From time immemorial, the main family custom in Russia has been genealogy - in the past it was considered indecent not to know one's family, and the expression "Ivan, who does not remember kinship" was an insult. An integral part of the family structure was the compilation of a pedigree or family tree. Also known are such traditions of the Russian people as the transfer of valuable things from generation to generation and naming a child in honor of one of the respected ancestors.

In modern Russia, the significance of family customs has been somewhat lost. For example, nowadays you rarely meet a family leading their own genealogy. Often the memory of generations is reduced to an album with photographs. But such wonderful traditions as a joint meal and holding joint holidays have been preserved. Family customs and traditions in the Kuban still suggest a Cossack life, raising children in the spirit of a Cossack family.

Traditions in Germany

There is a stereotype that the Germans are extremely pedantic. The most strict traditions among the Germans relate to the family:

• it is customary to treat your home with the utmost care, carefully cleaning it and bringing beauty to it;
• it is not customary to leave grandchildren to be raised by their grandmother or grandfather - for this it is necessary to determine the amount of money for them;
• parents in old age do not live with children - they are looked after by nurses or they live in special boarding houses;
• At Christmas, it is customary for the whole family to gather in parental home;
• The Germans are prudent and economical, so they have a tradition of saving for old age, during which they usually travel a lot around the world.

In England

The British have traditions - these are the three pillars on which the Earth rests, so they honor them with special trepidation. Who does not know about the notorious English custom of drinking tea? Family gatherings and discussions are sure to be held over a cup of real Earl Gray with milk. The British are Catholics, so they especially celebrate Christmas and Thanksgiving, gathering with the whole family, preparing traditional dishes. An excellent tradition among the British must be called the custom of giving children a good education. It is considered bad form not to send your child to a private boarding school or college.

In France

In France, the custom is widespread - on Sundays to gather at a common table, drink wine and have a meal. Of the holidays, the French like to celebrate Christmas, gathering in their parents' house. At the festive banquet, there are always such delicacies as foie gras, salmon, seafood, iscariot snails and noble cheeses. The traditional drink for Christmas is champagne, and the dessert is “Christmas log”.

In India

India is a country of the strictest family customs and traditions. Indian society is divided into social castes, so the issue of marriage is approached very unusually there. The father of the family must himself choose the future groom for his daughter, she was given in marriage only to a representative of her social caste. A lavish wedding celebration is more of a duty than a wish. The bride traditionally had to provide a dowry. Divorce and remarriage in India used to be prohibited.

Indian family life is greatly influenced by Buddhist traditions. According to them, a man should:

• Show respect for your spouse.
• Do not change.
• Provide for a family.
• Teaching children the craft.
• Choose the right pair for the kids.

A woman must:

• Respect your husband.
• To raise children.
• Perform all household duties.
• Don't cheat on your husband.
• Fulfill all the wishes of the spouse.

Tatar traditions

Tatars are Muslims, so family structures are based on Sharia and the Koran. Among the Tatars, the creation of a family is considered a necessity dictated by religion. Interestingly, after marriage, the husband receives full power over his wife, and the wife is dependent on him - she does not even have the right to leave the house without the consent of her husband. Divorces among Tatars are extremely rare, exclusively at the initiative of the husband. It is customary for children to be brought up by their wife, but they are required to show complete obedience to their father.

What family traditions are important in raising children

Family customs play an important role in the upbringing of children. It is extremely difficult to instill traditions in an adult, so they are often passed down from generation to generation from parents to children. Children perceive the world the way their parents do, therefore, pleasant family customs determine the child's perception of the family as the main element of his life, as well as determining its place in the value system.

Traditions will be useful family reading before going to bed, singing lullabies, kisses at every meeting, joint dinners, walks. They define in the child the concept of stability, the inviolability of family structures, give a sense of solidarity, make children more tender and affectionate. It is also important to instill from childhood the custom of respecting and honoring one's ancestors by regularly visiting them on holidays.

Proverbs and poems about family traditions

There are many instructive proverbs about family customs and traditions:

• "What is the treasure when the family is in harmony."
• "Children are not a burden, but a joy."
• "When the sun is warm, when the mother is good."
• "Not the mother who gave birth, but the one who raised."
• "A family is strong when there is only one roof over it."
• "The whole family is together, and the soul is in place."
• "A tree is supported by roots, but a man is a family."
• “If I have granddaughters, I know fairy tales.”
• "Don't hide your failures from your parents."
• "Honour your parents - you will not go astray from the true path."
• "In a family where they help each other, troubles are not terrible."

Poems about the family, as well as traditions, see the photo below:

Family traditions are one of critical aspects life of everyone, therefore it is so important to cultivate and support them in every possible way. Family life without traditions would be boring. It's great when young families do it themselves, relying on the experience of their parents' family life, adding their own personal moments to them. the main objective- rapprochement with the rest of the relatives, building a strong reliable family, as well as enjoying communication with loved ones. Be happy!

Archpriest Yevgeny Shestun

When we talk about morality, it is customary to distinguish between three concepts "ethics", "morality" and "morality". "Ethics", "morality", "morality" - this is absolutely the same word, only expressed first in Greek, then in Latin, and finally in the Slavic root. IN latin word for the Russian ear there is a taste of “intellect”. Morality should be the mediator between conscience and mind.

Conscience is manifestation natural moral law. A person can, having heard this voice, obey it, but can also reject it. A person is not subject to the voice of conscience, of course, he is free to choose, and this freedom moral choice is the basis of human existence. “Conscience acts as an innate ability to see, evaluate and experience the events of personal life in the light of moral concepts and norms.

Freedom opens up various possibilities for a person. He can strive for holiness and likeness to God, or he can fall into the abyss of sin. Death and life, these are the two roads open to man. Morality is a guide to the road of life. “The true and unchanging guidelines in choosing the path,” according to Archimandrite Platon, “are the moral law, moral feeling and moral consciousness” (30. 325). Orthodoxy recognizes that the moral law is given by God, and is the property of all people, it guides each person in the choice of good. “However, from the point of view of evangelical ethics, we cannot call a person morally perfect, based only on the fact that he is not a murderer, not an adulterer and not a thief ... The moral norms and principles that he has have never been considered as a means to teach a person to adapt to external forms of behavior. The Holy Fathers have always seen in them the goal of guidance to moral perfection, salvation and deification.”

The moral law cannot be fulfilled in the absence of moral consciousness. According to Archimandrite Platon, moral consciousness includes such concepts as shame, conscience, duty, responsibility, striving for good or virtue.

“Shame,” according to Archimandrite Plato, “is one of the types of moral consciousness that influences emotional life. A person has a natural tendency to experience a sense of embarrassment caused by the denunciation of some immoral act. This is the fear of losing respect in the eyes of those before whom a person has dropped his dignity ”(30. 327).

Conscience is recognized in Orthodoxy as an internal law, as the voice of God, thanks to which a person can judge the positive or negative dignity of his actions. Conscience determines the internal structure of the personality and gives a person the ability to make moral judgments in each specific case.

Archimandrite Plato defines other elements of moral consciousness in this way: “Duty — it is the necessity determined by a person from the side of his will and reason to act in accordance with moral ideal. In the life of the Church, the ideal of boundless perfection is revealed to man. The teaching of the Church creates the basis for an in-depth understanding of the gospel ideal and ways to implement it...

Retribution is the imputation that a person deserves for doing good and evil. Man has an ineradicable idea that, according to the law of supreme justice, any evil and injustice must entail punishment. However, in personal religious life the unselfishness of a Christian must extend to the renunciation of any thought of reward for his righteousness. For him, the highest reward is to be in the dignity of a son of light, a son of the Heavenly Father. It is to this understanding of retribution that God calls every person...

The moral growth of a person is determined by three main conditions: natural qualities, upbringing and the action of grace.

The concept of " spiritual and moral education" has long and firmly established itself in pedagogy and has found its place in official documents (programs, laws, orders). Such a conjugation of the concepts of moral and spiritual, we almost do not meet in the patristic, theological and psychological literature. Most often, there is a distinction between soulfulness and spirituality in the process of considering anthropological problems. For example, let's take Distinguish between the concepts of "mental" and "spiritual" proposed by P.V. Simonov. He understands spirituality as a striving for truth, and soulfulness as a striving for good. We can say that the definition of P.V. Simonov put the idea of ​​"purposefulness". In the first case, the goal is defined as “truth”, the goal, from the point of view of Christianity, is beyond, that is, lying outside human being, as a person's standing before the Truth and striving for it. In the second case, the goal determines the desire for moral relationships with oneself, other people, and the world in which a person lives. At first glance, it may seem that these are hierarchically different “aspirations”, but from the point of view of the integrity of a person, an immoral person cannot strive for the truth. P.M. Ershov connects spirituality with the desire for high purpose, and sincerity with the means to achieve the goal.

G.V. Akopov considers sincerity as a manifestation of the qualities of spirituality in Everyday life. From this point of view, he interprets the widespread opinion that "there was spirituality - now it is not." “The mistake,” he writes, “is in translating spirituality, as an essential phenomenon that has taken place and is taking place in any society, into the rank of a more common phenomenon of soulfulness. Paradoxically, but usually what is not lacking is not spirituality as a search for high truth and purpose, namely sincerity, as an everyday manifestation of culture - a culture of feelings and relationships, and a culture of knowledge ... "(1. 30).

V.V. Medushevsky counts the soul vital beginning, and the spirit is the beginning of a grace-filled life, "spark the likeness of God in man, with the breath of eternity in him." Morality, according to V.V. Medushevsky is an important manifestation of spirituality. The content of morality is the highest that can be characterized by the words truth, goodness, beauty. He reminds that the concept of "morality" comes from "to like", that is, to love. Morality is based on love, but not selfish and selfish, but love for truth, goodness, justice.

Analyzing the works of A.A. Ukhtomsky, V.P. Zinchenko says that spirituality is a practical activity aimed primarily at remaking oneself, at creating spiritual world and your own spiritual body.

For the fulfillment of the moral law, one moral self-determination or human desire is not enough, a force is needed that is bestowed on a person by Divine grace in the sacraments of the Church, a force that enlivens the spirit and directs a person to God. In almost all theological works we find an explanation of the concept like the grace of God, as a special force that animates the individual spirit of man and aspires to God. The condition for the revival of the spirit is the moral self-determination and moral rebirth of man.

(Published with abridgements)

Article

Spiritual traditions in ancient and modern Russian literature

Culture is that general and special, created by the people in the past and carried out in the present, which unites the country, which is in every person, in every part of him. This is a single set of private and general meanings, images and symbols, structuring a sign picture of reality, creating a certain super-image of the world and an attitude towards it, and activities in accordance with it. In the dictionary of Vladimir Dahl, for example, only the last, active aspect stands out: culture - processing, cultivation, care for something. Like the education of someone, mental and moral, teaching something. A certain phenomenon, action in accordance with some ideal, model, following the custom, tradition of society. Culture is also associated with the creation of values, including the highest spiritual values. In a narrow sense, it is a sphere of people's spiritual life (both material and the result of personal achievements: knowledge, skills, morality, intelligence level, aesthetics, worldview, type of people's communication). In a broad sense, it is the creation of ideals and material assets, stereotyping social behavior in accordance with the original prototype, the original mythologeme.
The culture of the people determines its moral and spiritual character; without it, the coexistence of such different countries on earth is impossible. However, the cultural traditions of each ethnic group are formed on many pillars associated with history and literature. The richer and more developed the literary traditions, the more highly moral the culture of the people.
Slavic culture in our country is represented primarily by Russian literature, which is more than a thousand years old. The variety of genres and styles, the versatility of topics, the sincerity and truthfulness of presentation, the depth and breadth of views amaze even today's reader, and in fact only a small part has come down to us. Old Russian works. What were the ideas of our ancestors about the spiritual culture of man? The answer to this question will be works from the treasury of ancient Russian literature.
The works of Ancient Rus' captivate with their chaste purity. Old Russian literature does not linger on the description of cruelties, does not cherish the dream of retribution to enemies. She calls for the sublime, the good. In it we find noble ideals. Almost every writer of Ancient Rus' could, like A.S. Pushkin, say about himself that he “awakened good feelings” with his work. He could declare, together with N.A. Nekrasov, that he "sowed the reasonable, the good, the eternal." Therefore, the works of ancient Russian authors so vividly correspond to our time.
For ancient Russian literature, as well as for Russian literature as a whole, life-affirmation, lightness and clarity are characteristic. The resilience of her characters is amazing.
Another feature of ancient Russian literature is especially attractive in our time: ancient Russian writers treated other peoples with deep respect, their customs, traditions, and beliefs. Tolerance is manifested in the relationship between the Russian governor Pretich and the Pecheneg prince in The Tale of Bygone Years, in the Tale of the Emshan Grass, in the sermons of Bishop Serapion of Vladimir, who wrote about the torments of Russian people under the Tatar oppression, lamented the loss former glory Rus' and at the same time spoke about the moral virtues of the Tatars. Respect for other peoples, sympathy for their troubles sounds with particular force in Afanasy Nikitin's Journey Beyond the Three Seas. The best traditions of ancient literature continue in the new Russian literature of the 18th-21st centuries.
Today ancient Russian literature seems especially significant, because it has features that are consonant with our era. The works of antiquity are marked by high citizenship, sincere love for the motherland. Writers separated from us for many centuries were proud of the greatness of Rus', its vastness, the beauty of fields and forests, the lordship of the soul of people, their "daring" (courage), high moral qualities.
Deep connection with the culture and history of ancient Rus', oral folk poetry and popular fine arts we see in the work of many contemporary writers. Especially this connection can be traced in the work of S.A. Yesenin. It was she who determined, according to V.G. Bazanov, "the appearance in Yesenin's poetry of a whole group of poetic symbols, images and motifs that are directly related to the structure of the myth of the world tree." (A tree is a mythological symbol denoting the universe, harmony, as well as a person likened to this world). Yesenin's poetry, even the most tragic years(1922-1925) marked by a desire for a harmonious worldview. It is no coincidence that the influence of two principles is increasingly felt - folklore and classical poetry. Acceptance of life, gratitude for it finds a declarative expression in the poet: “I accept everything. I accept everything as it is ... ". The image of a pink horse - a symbol of sunrise, the spring of the joy of life (“I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry ...”) is next to him with a peasant hardworking horse, which at dawn turns pink in the rays of the rising sun. That is why the named and many other poems of the poet became romances. This feature links the work of the poet with folk song, With folk soul. They reflect the openness of a person who feels himself a part of the universe, which is why even sadness is not gloomy, but bright.
Yesenin's traditional images: "country of birch chintz", " pink horse”, “white apple trees smoke”, maple with copper leaves, autumn as a time of maturity and summing up, even the surname itself, which goes back to the common Slavic “esen” (autumn), preserved in the Ryazan dialect - all this speaks of an inextricable connection with the Russians folk traditions, with Russian culture. Accepting the revolution and all subsequent events that took place in his native land, the poet is not changed in one thing, he is infinitely devoted to his native land, he serves it until last breath. The heroes of his works are ambiguous, cause a lot of controversy and questions, but they real characters- heroes of their time ("Advent", "Pugachev", "Anna Snegina", etc.). As before, the poet makes it clear that love and loyalty are valuable at any time and in any society, that it is impossible to achieve happiness for someone by drowning countries and peoples in blood, that people should not be a blind tool in the rivers of clever politicians-dealers, that duty and honor are not empty words, but symbols of human consciousness. Is it possible to consider outdated words lyrical hero poem "The Coming", which, referring to the homeland, prepares it for enlightenment, for the realization of its new destiny and greatness:
Oh Rus', Ever-Virgin
Correcting death!
From the starry womb
You went down to the firmament ...
Look at the fields, at the harvested oats, -
Under the snowy willow
Your Christ has fallen!
Almost a hundred years have passed, and the role of Russia - the Ever-Virgin (recognized by the Church of the martyr for Christ) is unchanged as before, especially in the light of recent events in Ukraine, and throughout the world.
Looking back at our society, I would like to ask the question put by Yesenin into the mouth of Pugachev and repeated three times: “People! Are you crazy? This repetition, borrowed from folklore, the secondary meanings of words make the pattern of the verse unique and still relevant. A little more time will pass, and in the poems of the poet, readers will see behind the ideals of romanticism and rebellion the former Rus', the “meek homeland”, which has returned to its origins, to its shores.
What is a century for history, for an epoch? Just an episode, a small event that can then fit into the lines of school textbooks. And for the country, this is the life of several generations of people. This is what happened to us, to our Russia in the 1990s. It seemed that the connection of generations, cultural traditions broke off, ideas about life have changed, and as at the beginning of the century, “Violent Rus' is dancing in front of our eyes.” But we survived, suffered through these difficult years, the period of immoral obsession and permissiveness, passed the test of strength, and the wheel of time gradually returned to what this hundred-year path began from.
Once upon a time, in 1913 in the Crimea, in Koktebel, Marina Tsvetaeva wrote:
To my poems written so early
That I did not know that I am a poet,
Ripped off like spray from a fountain
Like sparks from rockets

Bursting like little devils
In the sanctuary where sleep and incense
To my poems about youth and death,
- Unread verses! -

Scattered in the dust at the shops
(Where no one took them and does not take them!),
My poems are like precious wines
Your turn will come.
These old lines turned out to be prophetic. For the works of Tsvetaeva, a period has come when they are read, understood, loved, admired. This means that the time has come when all moral categories returned to their place, when no one will call black white, when lies and hypocrisy began to be called their own. true names. Without cultural ties to the past, this would not have been possible. The time has come when the true meaning of such concepts as mercy, sympathy, good-heartedness, nobility, patriotism, compassion is being revived in Russia. Once upon a time, these words were considered the basis of not only Russian spiritual culture, but other Slavic peoples. For a long time they were undeservedly forgotten, and now, rediscovering them for themselves, people are learning to live according to their conscience, to their hearts. Many representatives wrote about this in their works. modern literature, including A.I. Solzhenitsyn and V.P. Astafiev. Both became recognized defenders moral attitude to people, the creators of the gallery of Russian characters, revived interest in the origins of spirituality. Each of the writers in his own way manifested the idea of ​​the peasantry as the basis of humanity, which can still be revived in Russian society. They also foresaw that this return to their spiritual principles would be long and difficult for our society, but it is coming. According to T.M. Vakhitova, “Astafiev concentrated his artistic observations in the sphere of national character. At the same time, he always touches on the most acute, painful, controversial problems. community development trying to follow Dostoevsky in these matters.
The Russian village in the works of Astafiev appears before us spiritually pure and beautiful. The bright image of the Motherland resurrects the historical past of our country, its connection with modern society is felt more deeply. For us, it is that life-giving source to which we turn in times of troubles and trials, “in days of doubt and painful reflection,” as well as in times of upsurge. The spiritual kinship of the past and the present is becoming more and more tangible. We draw deep thoughts from the culture of our ancestors, find high ideals in it, beautiful images. Her faith in goodness and justice, her "ardent patriotism" strengthen and inspire us. M.V. Lomonosov called Russian chronicles "books of glorious deeds." It is gratifying that the glorious deeds continue, they create a new person according to the same canons of spirituality that his ancestors could be proud of.
The revival of spirituality and return to their sources explains the interest in modern society to everything folk, primordial. There are enough examples of this. I would like to add to what has been said only a few touches, or rather photographs.