LU XIN(1881-1936), real name Zhou Shuzhen - Chinese writer, revolutionary, founder of the new national literature.
Born in 1881 in the city of Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, in the family of an impoverished official. He studied first in Nanjing, then in Japan. From the beginning of the 20th century He took part first in the reformist, and then in the revolutionary liberation movement. He began publishing in 1903, presenting a number of works created under the influence of enlightenment ideas. Passing through infatuation romantic literature(article On the Power of Satanic Poetry), turned to realism. During the bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1911–1913 he wrote the first original story Past, but a real revolution in Chinese literature was made by his following story Diary of a Madman. This work appeared in 1918 immediately on the eve of the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal "May 4th Movement" in China.
Along with the famous story True story Ah Q(1921) and other works, this story was included in the collection Cry(1918–1923). The first of the Chinese writers, he made people from the people the main characters of his books. The tragedy of the poor spinner Shan-si, who lost her only son, becomes the subject of the story Tomorrow. in the story Kong Yiji- the sad story of a degraded old intellectual, severely beaten for several stolen books. The hero of the story The true story of Ah Q,- a village day laborer who does not even have own name and not understanding his miserable situation, consoles himself with his imaginary moral victories. The scene of the "great happy ending" - the execution of Ah Q - became the universally recognized pinnacle of Chinese literature and Lu Xun's work.
The writer glorified hero-fighters who protested against any oppression, such as the hero Notes of a madman, revolutionary Xia Yi from the story potion, rickshaw out little accident.
An important role in the legacy of Lu Xun is played by his prose poems. These are allegorical landscape sketches. autumn night, Snow, dried leaf, fantastic pictures Farewell shadow, dead fire, dog objection, lyrical memories A beautiful moment from the past, Kite , philosophical reflections in the form of a parable Judgment, Smart, fool and slave and etc.
In 1922–1935, Lu Xun worked on a collection Old legends in a new way. The main ideological content of the collection is criticism of the ugly phenomena of Chinese reality. The work of this period differs markedly in character: if earlier, in collections Cry And Wandering serious denunciation and psychologism prevailed over satire, now caustic, “triumphant” laughter comes first.
The same period is characterized by an active search for a new goodie. The plot of the story sword constitutes an episode traditional for eastern despotisms: the king, wishing that no one had such a sword as his, killed a wonderful gunsmith who forged this sword. But the main attention of the author is riveted to another character - the son of a gunsmith who avenges his father. The hero of ancient myths, the Great Yu, who, according to legend, saved China from the flood, becomes a kind of personification of labor, justice, equality for Lu Xun.
In the last period of his work, Lu Xun was mainly engaged in journalism. His works of those years are combined into collections hot wind (1925), Under a luxurious canopy (1926), grave(1927), That's all (1932), Dissident (1932), The Book of False Freedom (1933), It is allowed to talk about the wind and the moon (1934), In a patterned border(1936) and others. Lu Xun calls his articles “variegated notes” or “mixed feelings” (“za gan”). In terms of subject matter, they are very diverse: here are caustic pamphlets ( About the surprise of the friendly powers (1931), We won't be deceived anymore(1932)), articles on various phenomena and objects of Chinese life (Manchu censorship, hairstyles, theatrical make-up, rituals), a number of articles are devoted to contemporary Chinese literature (What is satire, How I began to write, etc.). Lu Xun devoted much energy to building a new Chinese literature and denouncing the Kuomintang's arbitrariness in relation to the progressive intelligentsia.
In feng shui, much attention is paid to the seven stars of the Big Dipper. These seven stars are said to represent the seven deities, which in turn represent the seven aspects of happiness. Three gods - Fu, Lu and Shou (and in Cantonese Fuk, Luk and Sau) personify the three aspects of happiness and, united, they not only enhance the manifestation of these aspects, but also "ensure" complete happiness.
Show-syn- the god of longevity. The word "Shou" or "Sau" in Cantonese translates as "Longevity" and the word "Xing" translates as "Star". This one, one of the very popular gods of the Chinese pantheon, represents a long and healthy life. He also helps the sick. Usually he is depicted with a bald, exorbitantly large skull, a long gray beard, a long staff of human height in right hand, to which the Calabash is tied, which contains the pill of longevity or the elixir of immortality, and with a peach in his left hand. Sometimes he is depicted riding a deer or a deer accompanies him, because both deer and peach are also symbols of longevity. Sometimes he is depicted surrounded by children, because children represent the young, healthy energy of life. The shou-sin is also depicted next to other symbols of longevity - next to the crane, pine and Lin-qi longevity mushrooms.
The two small photos show that Shou-shin is holding a staff in both his right and left hand. I think it doesn't matter, in any case, both of his hands are occupied.
It is said that as long as there were emperors in China, there was a custom that once a year in imperial palace a banquet was given to which all citizens over the age of seventy were invited - regardless of their nobility and position in society. At the banquet, the emperor gave gifts to each of the centenarians, the main of which was a staff - the same as that of Shou-sin. This staff was considered family heirloom and passed down from generation to generation.
fu-xing- the god of wealth and prosperity, good luck in offspring. He personifies good luck. He is often depicted wearing a merchant's red robe with a child in his arms or a scroll in his hands.
Lu-sin- the god of power. It brings good luck in a career, in business, in exams. He is depicted in the attire of a government official with Ruyi's scepter or papyrus in his hands. It can also be distinguished by a hat with two long "pigtails". Among the three gods, he is usually placed in the middle. Sometimes he is depicted with a scroll in his hands, which may be written "heavenly official bestows happiness."
Although the images of these three gods of health, wealth and power are drawn separately and their figures can be bought separately, it is customary to depict them together and put the three figures of these gods together, because only three types of happiness together bring true satisfaction. Usually all three gods are depicted as elders and their presence in the house ensures the happiness of the whole house, the whole family.
It is customary to put the figures of Fu, Lu and Shou in a prominent, “honorable” place, where the inhabitants of the house often look. It is not recommended to put them in the bathroom, toilet, hallway, on the floor. In residential areas they are used more often than in offices.
Special attention deserves the order in which the images of Fu, Lu and Shaw should be placed. It is logical to assume that if these three gods are listed in the order of Fu, Lu, and then Shaw, then they should be placed in the same order. But it should be remembered that in China they read from right to left, which means that the tradition of placing the gods is as follows: on the right is Fu, in the middle is Lu, and on the left is Shou.
Singapore has a shopping and office center, which houses the offices of several famous masters Feng Shui and which sells Feng Shui attributes and tools. That's what it's called, Fu, Lu, Shaw shopping and office complex. Fu, Lu and Shou are depicted on its facade, and although the images of the gods were created by an Italian, I think that on this building they should be depicted correctly, according to tradition, although in my opinion, the order of their arrangement is not of fundamental importance.
In this photo, Fu is on the right, Lu is in the center, and Shou is on the left. Here are some more images where the gods are arranged according to tradition.
When buying modern images of Fu, Lu and Shaw separately, they are often arranged in the order of reading, i.e. Fu is on the left, Lu is in the center, and Shou is on the right.
Lu Xun, famous writer
Lu Xun
Lu Xun is a Chinese writer. Lu Xun (Zhou Shuzhen) was born on September 25, 1881 in Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing City (China), in the family of a rural intellectual. Having lost his father early, Lu Xun makes his own way. He studied first at a nautical school, then graduated from a mining school and was sent to Japan to complete his education. Once in Tokyo, he changes his profession and, after graduating from medical school in Sendai, becomes a doctor. At the beginning of the Russo-Japanese War, Lu Xun acts as a publicist. At the age of twenty-nine, materially constrained, he returns to China, becomes a teacher in his hometown's high school, and works as a translator.
The 1911 revolution brings Lu Xun to the surface of public life. The national government appoints him as an adviser to the Ministry of Public Education in Beijing; here he receives a degree and a chair of national literature at State University. In 1918, Lu Xun takes part in the so-called " literary revolution”, published in the revolutionary magazine Xin Qing-Nian (New Youth). Struggling for the Europeanization of the Chinese language. In the first period of the Chinese revolution of 1925-1927, by the time of the Northern Expedition of the Canton Army, Lu Xun, unable to withstand the censorship and harassment of the reactionary Peking government, leaves for the revolutionary south at the invitation of Canton University, but still does not take a direct part in the revolution. After the betrayal of the national bourgeoisie and its defection to the side of imperialism, he switched to publishing work, establishing the anonymous publishing house "Wei-ming she", which set the task of translating foreign, in particular Soviet literature. This publishing house published works by Kropotkin, Lavrenev, Gorky, Serafimovich, Fadeev, Gladkov and literary critical articles by Plekhanov and Trotsky. Fadeev's Defeat, Yakovlev's October, and other works by Soviet writers were published in Lu-Xun's own translation. Of Lu-Xun's original literary works, two collections of short stories should be noted: "Nahan" (Scream), which includes stories from the period 1918-1922, and "Pan-huang" (Wanderings) from the period 1924-1925, as well as six collections of sketches, poems in prose and letters, with a predominantly journalistic bias, - "Burial Ground", "Wild Herbs", "Warm Wind", "Colored Cover" (2 vols.), "The Fruits of Long-standing Achievements".
The naturalistic-impressionist satire that characterizes Lu-Xun is ideologically connected with the petty-bourgeois intelligentsia; the main theme of his works is the life of the village, the proletarians and semi-proletarians and the urban intelligentsia; he devotes a lot of space to the events of the period of the revolution of 1911, the boxer uprising, paints the dark sides of modernity with sharply satirical colors, but his protest is not connected with any positive conclusions. For this he lacks the revolutionary courage. The petty-bourgeois essence of Lu-Hsun's work is clearly seen in his works The Scream and Wanderings.
When the proletarian literary movement arose in China, Lu Xun took it very lightly, mocking it and considering it a childhood illness. In the journal Yui-sy (Verbal Thread) edited by him, he argued with the journal Creativity and the Sun. From individual works Lu Xun's most famous stories are: True story A-Key”, “Notes of a Madman”, “For Show”, “Motherland”, “Medicine”. "Happy family", "Single". In his ideology, Lu Xun is a typical petty-bourgeois radical. Having played a significant role in the so-called "literary revolution", for the first time introducing the motifs of the village into new literature and proving with his works the possibility of artistic use of living language instead of archaic forms old writing, Lu-Xin in his further development lagged behind the rapid pace of Chinese revolutionary literature, remaining on anarchist-individualist positions. During the entire period of the great revolutionary wave of 1925-1927, Lu Xun stood aside from it, maintaining the position of an apolitical artist. However, the period of Kuomintang reaction and a new revolutionary upsurge caused a certain turn in Lu Xun's worldview. Since 1928, Lu Xun has experienced a sharp turning point. He founded the Freedom League, which played known role V revolutionary movement especially among the intelligentsia. In February 1930, Lu Xun, along with 50 other representatives of the literary world and the intelligentsia, issued a proclamation on behalf of the Freedom League against the Kuomintang regime. He edited the magazine Mon-Ya and others, which were banned by the Kuomintang authorities and the British imperialists.
Lu Xun takes an active part in the activities of writers' organizations, in 1931 he was elected head of the League of Leftist Writers of China; works on the translation of A. Fadeev's novel "Rout". In 1931-1934. a series of books by Lu Xun is published: "Dissenters" and "The Book of False Freedom", "Northern Sands in a Southern Way" and "Weather Talk is Not Allowed", which collected journalistic works Lu Xun for this period. Speaking about the journalistic heritage of Lu Xun (ten collections), it is necessary to note the diverse themes of his works; it is difficult to find an area of the social life of the Chinese people that Lu Xun would not write about. Masterfully mastering the art of polemics, he is quite sharp in posing problems, adamant in finding solutions. In 1936, shortly before his death, Lu Xun wrote satirical tales, combined in the collection "Old Legends in a New Edition", working on the translation of the poem "Dead Souls" by N. Gogol. Lu Xun falls ill with tuberculosis and dies on October 19, 1936 in Shanghai.
706 rub
Petrovs in and around the flu
Alexey Salnikov was born in 1978 in Tartu. Published in the almanac "Babylon", the magazines "Air", "Ural", "Volga". Author of three poetry collections. Laureate of the "LiteratureRRentgen" award (2005), finalist " big book"and" NOSE ". Lives in Yekaterinburg." Salnikov writes like, perhaps, no one else today, namely, as fresh as the first day of creation. At every step, he knocks the ground out from under the reader's feet, loosens the vestibular apparatus trained by many years of reading “normal” books. All the random signs encountered by the flu-like Petrovs in their painful semi-delusions are assembled into a harmonious structure without a single superfluous detail. From all the cracks such a cheerful chthon and infernal horror begins to ooze that Mamleev and Gorchev start dancing together, and Gogol and Bulgakov applaud. Amazing, one-of-a-kind language, grounded and tangible material world and a truly magical flickering ambiguity (either everything that happens in the novel is the flu-like hallucinations of the three Petrovs, or the witching wrong side of the world is really exposed for a moment) - no matter how you look, an outstanding text and a real reader's holiday. "Galina Yuzefovich.
404 rub
Monday starts on Saturday
"Monday starts on Saturday. A fairy tale for scientists younger age"- under this heading, in 1965, a book was published that was read and continues to be read by more and more new generations. Its heroes, employees of NIICHAVO - the Research Institute of Witchcraft and Wizardry, are magicians and masters, young enthusiasts, burning with the desire to know the world and transform his the best way. There are many along the way. amazing adventures and amazing discoveries. A time machine and a hut on chicken legs, the cultivation of an artificial person and the pacification of a genie released from a bottle - the reader will not get bored!
169 rub
Aviator
New romance from the author of the bestseller "Laurel", winner of the "Big Book" and " Yasnaya Polyana", a finalist of the Russian Booker. The most anticipated Russian novel of 2016, according to Forbes versions and Medusa. The cover features a drawing by cult artist Mikhail Shemyakin, created especially for this book.
Evgeny Vodolazkin - prose writer, philologist. Author of the bestseller "Laurel" and the elegant historical fiction "Soloviev and Larionov". In Russia, he is called "Russian Umberto Eco", in America - after the release of "Lavr" in English - "Russian Marquez". It's enough for him to be himself. Vodolazkin's works have been translated into many foreign languages.
The hero of the new novel "The Aviator" is a man in a state of tabula rasa: once waking up in a hospital bed, he realizes that he knows absolutely nothing about himself - neither his name, nor who he is, nor where he is. Hoping to restore the history of his life, he begins to write down his fragmentary and chaotic memories that came to him: St. remembers exactly the details of everyday life, phrases, smells, sounds of that time, if the calendar shows 1999? ..
Quote:
"What are you writing?
- Describing objects, sensations. Of people. I now write every day, hoping to save them from oblivion.
- The world of God is too big to count on success here.
- You know, if everyone describes their own, albeit small, particle of this world ... But why, in fact, a small one? After all, there will always be someone whose review is wide enough.
- For example?
For example, an aviator.
Reviews:
"Evgeny Vodolazkin accompanied the bestseller "Laurus" with the explanation "non-historical novel." His new "Aviator", which has the characteristics genre literature, by analogy can be called "non-fantastic", although the story told in it, it would seem, is far from reality. Unbelievable events led to the fact that main character Innokenty Platonov is turned off from real life for many decades. Waking up in a hospital bed, he finds that he remembers little about himself and, in an attempt to restore his history, begins to record daily vision memories. They reflect the details of everyday life, phrases, sensations - everything that, it would seem, has nothing to do with big story. Gradually, other “chroniclers” with their own temperament and style enter into the narrative - this creates a sharp dramaturgy and conceals surprises for the reader. "Elena Shubina
Keywords: Evgeny Vodolazkin, prose, novel, fiction, Russian literature, aviator, time, manuscript, words, man in another time, freezing, memory loss, Petersburg, history.
507 rub
Tobol. Many are called
The first book of a new novel from the best-selling author of The Geographer Drank His Globe Away, Heart of Parma, Gold of Revolt, Bad Weather.
- The most long-awaited novelty of this year: historical epic, political detective and mystical action - in one novel!
- Most major work author. It will be published in two books: "Tobol. Many are called" and "Tobol. Few are chosen" (spring 2017).
- The project "Tobol" includes not only a 2-volume novel, but also a series based on the script by Alexei Ivanov (filming from the beginning of 2017), as well as a documentary book "Debri" (winter 2017). Read, watch and travel!
In the era of the great reforms of Peter I, "young Russia" began to boil even in dense Siberia. The nascent empire crushed the voivodship Middle Ages in the taiga. Peoples and faiths are intermingled. Captured Swedes, Bukhara merchants, officers and officials, convicts, foreigners, chroniclers and architects, Chinese smugglers, runaway schismatics, shamans, Orthodox missionaries and warlike Dzungars from the steppe - all of them together, fighting among themselves or saving each other, created the fate of Russian Asia. These scorching stories Alexei Ivanov put together in the peplum novel "Tobol". "Tobol. Many called" - the first book of the novel.
Aleksey Ivanov - famous writer, screenwriter and culturologist, best-selling author of Bad Weather, The Geographer Drank His Globe Away, Heart of Parma, Gold of Revolt. Winner of the "Book of the Year" award in the "Prose of the Year" nomination for the novel "Bad Weather" in 2016.
He works in a wide variety of literary formats. "Bad weather", "Community-on-the-Blood", "Fornication and MUDO", "Geographer drank away the globe" - modern urban prose. "Riot Gold" and "Heart of Parma" - modernist historical novels. "Psoglavtsy" and "Community" are intellectual thrillers. Mining Civilization, The Ridge of Russia and Seeing the Russian Revolt are large-scale photo books about national and non-capital history. "Yoburg" and "Pitchfork" - new format non-fiction books about geography and history.
Based on the novel "The Geographer Drank His Globe Away" in 2013, a film was made (directed by Alexander Veledinsky) with Konstantin Khabensky in the title role. The film received three Golden Eagle awards, five Nika awards, including the best film of the year, as well as the Grand Prix on the 24th open festival"Kinotavr".
Quote: “That autumn, the father went to Kodsky town for some need and took his son with him. At night, Pantila woke up by the fire, and it seemed to him that someone was wandering among the dead temples. He decided to look, went around one church, another - and behind the third I saw the princess. She almost disappeared into the rainy darkness, where rowan thickets were sullenly crimson. At first, Pantila thought that a hornless moose cow had climbed into the foliage, nibbling berries, and then he realized that there was a tall woman in a Russian shirt and a red sundress ", only the woman's head is elk. The woman bent rowan brushes to her muzzle and picked them with her long lips. Who could this forest monster be? Only Princess Anna, who returned home after death."
Keywords: Alexei Ivanov, prose, novel, fiction, Russian literature, Tobol, Siberia, Peter I, history, historical epic, political detective story, mystical action, Tobolsk, series.
739 rub
House on the edge of the night
Beginning of the XX century. The island of Castellammare is lost in the Mediterranean Sea, it is a godforsaken corner where it is so easy to find refuge from unrest big world. In the center of the island, at the very top an old house, once there was a tavern "House on the edge of the night", where all the island's news, gossip and rumors flocked. But this house has been abandoned for many years. But one day a stranger appears on the island - a doctor, and from that moment the "House on the Edge of the Night" will begin new story. On a quiet Mediterranean night, when the stars are shining in the sky, and the air is filled with the smell of basil and thyme, the population of the island will increase: the local count and the visiting doctor are waiting for heirs. The history of Dr. Amedeo's family will be stormy, full of secrets, trials, sacrifices and love. "The House at the End of Night" is a spellbinding saga of four generations who live and love on a forgotten island off the coast of Italy. The novel combines ironic romance, magical realism, fairy tales and facts, a lifelong love story and the history of the twentieth century. One of the main characters of the book is the island of Castellammare itself, the rocks of which hide amazing legends. The book has already been published or is about to be released in more than 20 countries.
397 rub
Asian Europeanization. History of the Russian State. Tsar Peter Alekseevich
Boris Akunin
About the author: Boris Akunin (real name Grigory Shalvovich Chkhartishvili) is a Russian writer, Japanese scholar, literary critic, translator, and public figure. Also published under literary pseudonyms Anna Borisova and Anatoly Brusnikin. Boris Akunin is the author of dozens of novels, short stories, literary articles and translations of Japanese, American and English literature. According to the writer himself, Akunin's works of art have been translated into more than 30 languages of the world. According to the Russian edition of Forbes magazine, Akunin, who has signed contracts with the largest publishing houses in Europe and the United States, is among the top ten Russian leaders cultures that have gained recognition abroad. " TVNZ"According to the results of the first decade of the XXI century, Akunin was recognized as the most popular writer Russia. According to the report of Rospechat "The Book Market of Russia" for 2010, his books are among the ten most published. About the series: The first volume "History Russian State. From the Origins to the Mongol Invasion" was released in November 2013. The second historical book of the series appeared a year later. The historical volumes of the "History of the Russian State" project are published every year, in late autumn, thus becoming a certain tradition. The third volume "From Ivan III to Boris Godunov . Between Asia and Europe" was published in December 2015. The fourth - "The Seventeenth Century" in 2016, and now the fifth - "Tsar Peter Alekseevich" - will appear on the shelves of the country's bookstores at the end of November 2017. the main objective the project pursued by the author is to make the retelling of history objective and free from any ideological system while maintaining the reliability of the facts. To do this, according to Boris Akunin, he carefully compared the historical data of various sources. From the mass of information, names, figures, dates and judgments, he tried to select everything that was undoubted, or at least the most plausible. Insignificant and inaccurate information was eliminated. This series was created for those who would like to know the history of Russia better. Boris Akunin sets himself the benchmark for the level of presentation of national history in the work of Nikolai Karamzin "History of the Russian State".
1399 rub
Steve Jobs
This biography is based on conversations with Steve Jobs himself, as well as with his relatives, friends, enemies, rivals and colleagues. Jobs had no control over the author. He frankly answered all questions and expected the same honesty from the others. This is a story about a life full of ups and downs, oh strong man and a talented businessman who was one of the first to understand that in order to succeed in the 21st century, you need to combine creativity and technology. "I have never come across a more powerful tool to help you make choices in important points life than the knowledge that I will soon die. Because almost everything - the expectations of others, pride, the fear of embarrassment or failure - all these things simply recede in the face of death, and only what is really important remains." Steve Jobs who set the direction of all the activities of the corporation, Steve Jobs forever changed the world digital technologies. This book tells the story of the creator of the world, Apple, who has become one of the symbols of technological progress and the digital revolution. The book includes more than 40 interviews of Steve Jobs with his biographer Walter Isaacson, as well as memories of those close to him and those who knew him.
Lu Xun was born into a noble intelligent family, his father was an educated man, but died early. The family lived thanks to his grandfather, who held a major government position in the capital. The mother was uneducated, from the village, but she learned everything on her own and after the death of her father tried to give her son an education.
From the age of 5 Lu Xun began to memorize classical lyrics, at the age of 8-10 began to read classic novels. He disliked classical Confucian literature. Grandfather went bankrupt when Lu Xun was 15 years old, and the whole family moved to Nanjing. There, Lu Xun enters the Nanjing Naval School, then to the Mining School - there he studies natural Sciences. At the age of 21, he leaves for Japan. There he enters medical institute, but then he realizes that he wants to treat not the body of a person, but his soul (with the help of literature). The first work is “The Soul of Sparta”, 1903, then the article “On the demonic power of poetry” (about the poetry of A.S. Pushkin, Lermontov, Byron, etc.), 1907. During the Russo-Japanese War he gets acquainted with the works of L. N. Tolstoy. He is fond of Russian literature, calls to follow the Russian path, struggling with the old. Tries to show the cultural backwardness of China.
Lu Xun returned to China already known. He was invited to teach in Beijing and began to combine teaching activities with literature, write poetry.
In 1911, the Xinhai Revolution took place in China. In 1911-1912, he wrote the story "The Past", in which the beginnings of realism appear. From 1912 to 1918, Lu Xun did not write or publish anything.
In 1918 a movement for new culture and a new language. Lu Xun wanted to create his own special literary style- Conversational style. He is the founder of modern Chinese literature - he combined elements of Wenyan with living, spoken language, portrayed real people, advocated switching to Baihua.
Most famous books- collections: "Cry" (1918 - 1922), "Wanderings" (1924 - 1926), "Wild Herbs" (1924 - 1926), "Notes of a Madman".
Lu Xun ( 鲁迅 , Lǔ Xùn, Lu Xun, in the native dialect - Lu Xun) (1881–1936), real name Zhou Shuzhen (周树人) - Chinese writer who had a great influence on the development of literature and socio-political culture of China in the first half of the 20th century. Considered the founder of modern Chinese literature. Writer, editor, translator, critic, essayist and poet. In the 1930s, he was the head of the Chinese League of Leftist Writers in Shanghai.
Lu Xun's writings had a great influence on the emergence of the May 4th Movement and were highly regarded by the communists after 1949. Mao Zedong himself was a big fan of Lu Xun's work. Although sympathetic to communist ideas, Lu Xun did not join the Chinese Communist Party. Like other leaders of the May 4th Movement, he was a left-wing liberal.
Biography
early years
Lu Xun was born in countryside near the city of Shaoxing, Zhejiang province on September 25, 1881. At birth, he was given the name Zhou Zhangshou (周樟寿). The middle name is Yushan (豫山), later changed to Youcai (豫才). Before being sent to study at the Jiangnan Naval Academy in 1898, Lu Xun changed his first name to Shuzhen (树人), which figuratively meant "to become an educated person."
The Zhou family in Shaoxing was highly educated. Lu Xun's paternal grandfather, Zhou Fuqin (周福清), held a position at the Hanlin Capital Academy, and his mother, born Lu, taught herself to read. Lu Xun's family began to experience difficulties when Zhou Fuqin was caught committing corruption scandal He tried to provide a warm place for Zhou Boyi, his son and Lu Xun's father. Zhou Fuqin was arrested and narrowly escaped execution. Lu Xun was brought up by an elderly servant of the family - Ah Chang. Lu Xun's favorite book as a child was Shan Hai Jing, a collection of Chinese mythology.
Lu Xun's home in Shaoxing
The chronic tuberculosis of his father, who died when Lu Xun was a teenager, predetermined his interest in medicine. Moreover, due to the many charlatans who unsuccessfully surrounded his father before his death, Lu Xun was skeptical about traditional Chinese medicine. He wanted to study Western medicine.
Education
Young Lu Xun In 1898 - 1899, Lu Xun studied at the Jiangnan Naval Academy, and then was transferred to the School of Mining and railways at the Jiangnan Military Academy. At school, he studied Western sciences, English and German. Among the books translated by Lu Xun at that time were Evolution and Ethics by Thomas Huxley, On Liberty by John Stuart Mill, as well as the novels Ivanhoe by Walter Scott and Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe.
In 1902, Lu Xun went to Japan on a scholarship from the Qing government, and entered the Kobun Institute, a preparatory language school for Chinese students studying in Japan. There, in addition to studying, he practiced Jiu-Jitsu, and also published his first essays, still in wenyan - the classic Chinese.
"Diary of a Madman" In 1903, Lu Xun briefly returned to native home, and at the age of 22 entered into an arranged marriage with a local noblewoman - Zhu An. The bride was traditionally hand-picked by Lu Xun's mother, was illiterate, and, according to custom, had bandaged feet. The marriage was unhappy, although Lu Xun supported his wife financially all his life.
Sendai
In 1904, Lu Xun entered the Sendai Medical Academy, becoming the first foreign student there. At the academy, he developed a close relationship with one of the teachers, Fujino Genkurō. Lu Xun paid his respects in the essay "Mr. Fujino" in his memoir "Morning Flowers Picked at Twilight". Fujino responded by writing his essay, which appeared as an obituary in 1937. In March 1906, Lu Xun abruptly stopped studying and left the academy.
Books by Lu Xun Lu Xun described the reasons for such an unexpected act in the preface to his collection To Arms. Once, after class, one of the teachers showed Lu Xun slides showing the execution of one of the Chinese spies who helped the Russian army in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. Most of all, Lu Xun was struck by the complete apathy of the Chinese audience, and he decided that the treatment of mental illness was much more important than the treatment of bodily illness.
In the spring of 1906, Lu Xun moved to Tokyo, where, working with scholar and philologist Zhang Taiyan and his brother, Zhou Zuoren, he translated into Chinese and published the works of Russian and Eastern European writers, including Nobel laureate Henryk Sienkiewicz. For the next three years he lived in Tokyo and wrote a series of essays in Wenyan on the history of science, Chinese and European literature, Chinese society, reforms and religion. Lu Xun also translated works of art different authors into Chinese.
China
Lu Xun in 1909 Returning to China in 1909, Lu Xun began teaching at the Zhejiang High School in Hangzhou and the Sino-Western High School in Shaoxing, his own. hometown. With the overthrow of the imperial dynasty and the establishment of a republic in 1911, Lu Xun was offered a position in the Ministry of Education. Together with the Republican government, Lu Xun moved to Beijing, where he lived and worked until 1926. In the Ministry of Education, Lu Xun worked as a section head and then assistant secretary, and from 1920 he also taught at Peking University and the Beijing Women's Normal College.
In May 1918, Lu Xun published the first big story in Baihua - colloquial Chinese - "The Diary of a Madman" (狂人日记). The story was sharp criticism obsolete Chinese traditions and feudal relations that choked and hindered the country. The publication of the story established Lu Xun as one of the most influential writers of his time. At the same time, Diary of a Madman was the first story published under the pseudonym "Lu Xun" (Lu is the author's mother's maiden name).
Lu Xun in 1926 Even more famous story became The True History of Ah Q (阿Q正傳), published in installments in 1921-1922. Both works were included in the collection "To Arms" (呐喊, another translation is "cry"), published in 1923.
From 1924 to 1926, Lu Xun wrote a collection of memoirs and essays titled "Morning Flowers Picked at Dusk" (朝花夕拾), published in 1928, and a collection of prose poems, "Wild Herbs" (野草), published in 1927. Many stories were also written, which were included in the second collection of Wanderings (彷徨, 1926). In 1926, Lu Xun supported student protests that culminated in the March 18 Massacre. After that, Lu Xun went into self-imposed exile, taught at Xiamen Amoy University, and then at Guangzhou Zhongshan University. Along with him went his student and lover Xu Guangping.
From 1927 until his death, Lu Xun lived in the more liberal Shanghai, where, at the initiative of the Chinese Communist Party, he became one of the founders of the Left Writers' League. Most of the essays are dated this, last period. On September 27, 1929, Xu Guangping gave birth to Lu Xun's son, who was named Zhou Haiying (周海婴), "Child of Shanghai". His parents assumed that he would change his name himself whenever he wanted, but he never did. In 1930, Lu Xun published " Brief history Chinese Prose (中国小说史略 ) is a comprehensive survey of Chinese literature up to the author's lifetime, based on lectures given at Peking University.
Lu Xun Another important part of his work includes the translation of literary works, including Russian ones. Lu Xun admired Gogol, translated Dead Souls into Chinese. During the same period, Lu Xun wrote many essays and essays, of which there are about 20 volumes. Lu Xun's books remain influential and popular in both China and Japan.
Lu Xun was the editor of several left-wing magazines such as New Youth and Sprouts. Because of his leftist bias, as well as the role that his work had on the subsequent history of the Chinese people's republic, it was banned in Taiwan until the late 1980s. Lu Xun was among the early proponents of the Esperanto movement in China.
Last days
By 1936, Lu Xun's lungs were weakened by chronic tuberculosis, and he was also a heavy smoker. In March, he fell ill with bronchial asthma and a fever. During the course of treatment, he was drained of 300 grams of fluid from the lungs through a puncture. From June to August, he fell ill again, his weight decreased to 38 kilograms. Having recovered a little, he wrote two essays on the topic of death - "Death" and "This is also life." At 3:30 am on October 18, Lu Xun woke up with great difficulty in breathing. Dr. Sudou, his doctor, was called in and gave him a painkiller injection. During the day, Xu Guangping was with him. At 5:11 am on October 19, Lu Xun passed away.
Lu Xun is buried in a mausoleum in the park named after him in Shanghai. His tomb has an inscription made by Mao Zedong. For his contributions to the May 4th Movement, Lu Xun was posthumously accepted into the ranks of the Communist Party of China.
Creation
Lu Xun Lu Xun's first articles and essays were quite traditional - they were written in Wenyan - a bookish, written Chinese language with an extremely complex grammar, incomprehensible to insufficiently literate people. But since 1918, Lu Xun became one of the initiators and most active participants in the "movement for new literature". His stories began to be written in baihua, a new written Chinese language close to spoken. At the same time, Lu Xun introduced into Chinese literature small forms - stories, essays, essays, which were absent before, as well as other techniques and features of European literature. The main themes of his works were also atypical - the life of commoners, peasants, proletarians and urban intelligentsia. Lu Xun ridiculed obsolete medieval customs that became wild in the 20th century. Ridiculing traditionalism, retrograde and slavish obedience, he, at the same time, sympathizes and sympathizes with his heroes. He is considered a master of irony. Mastery of his native language allows him to build a play on words and very ambiguous sentences that are extremely difficult to translate.
memorial museums
Lu Xun Memorial Museum in Shaoxing
Museum in Shaoxing Shaoxing memorial museum Lu Xun's address is 235 Luxunzhonglu Street, Shaoxing City, Yuecheng District ( 绍兴市, 越城区, 鲁迅中路, 235号). IN museum complex includes many objects: a museum built in 1973, the family home of the Zhou family, where Lu Xun grew up, the city's high school, building late XIX century (the time of Lu Xun's residence in Shaoxing), Tugu and Changqing temples, the Xianheng Hotel and others. In 1988, the museum was included in the number of Protected Monuments of the People's Republic of China, in 1997 - among the 100 centers of exemplary patriotic education. The museum was visited by Jiang Zemin, Hu Jintao, Li Peng, Zhu Rongji and other leaders of the PRC.
Lu Xun Memorial Museum in Nanjing
Nanjing Lu Xun Memorial Museum is located in the building high school Nanjing Pedagogical University. and opened April 27, 2006. Lu Xun lived and studied in Nanjing for four years (from 1898 to 1902). In 2012, the exposition area was increased from 70 to 220 square meters.
Lu Xun Museum in Beijing
Museum in Beijing The Beijing Lu Xun Memorial Museum is located in Fuchengmen Neighborhood in the city center, Building 19 on the second line, where Lu Xun lived from May 1924 to August 1926. The museum was opened in 1956 and is the first biographical museum in China. The exposition consists of more than 60 thousand exhibits, among which there are many books and manuscripts of the writer. In addition to biographical value, this is one of the few houses from the early 20th century that have survived in Beijing.
Lu Xun Memorial Museum in Xiamen
The Xiamen Lu Xun Memorial Museum is located in the Jimeilou Building of Xiamen University and opened in October 1952. Lu Xun lived and taught in Xiamen from September 4, 1926 to January 16, 1927. The museum includes a memorial room and an exhibition hall dedicated to the writer's work.
Lu Xun Memorial Museum in Guangzhou
The Lu Xun Memorial Museum in Guangzhou has been operating since October 1959. On January 18, 1927, Lu Xun was invited to teach at Zhongnan University in Guangzhou. At first, he lived in the Zhonglou Bell Tower, where in January 1924 Sun Yat-sen convened the first National Congress of the Kuomintang. On March 23, Lu Xun moved to Baiyunlou. Lu Xun lived in Guangzhou for eight months, during which he wrote 43 essays, 10 translations, and 180 letters. The museum contains over 10,000 exhibits, including Lu Xun's manuscripts, photographs, and personal items. The main place is given to Lu Xun's bedroom and office.
 Museum in Xiamen |
 Museum in Guangzhou |
Lu Xun Memorial Museum in Shanghai
Shanghai Lu Xun Memorial Museum is located at the address: Shanghai City, Hongkou District, Tian'ai Street, Building 200 ( 上海市, 虹口区, 甜爱路, 200号), inside the park. Lu Xin.
Lu Xun Park and Tomb in Shanghai
Lu Xun is buried in a mausoleum in Lu Xun Park in Shanghai. After his death on October 18, 1936, on October 22, the writer was buried in a cemetery in Shanghai District F. In 1956, Lu Xun was reburied in Hongkou Park, which was reconstructed and renamed. The tomb is made of granite, on a tombstone more than 5 meters high, an inscription in Mao Zedong's calligraphic handwriting is engraved: "Lu Xun's grave." Coniferous trees near the tomb were planted by the writer's son Zhou Haiying, many trees and flowers were donated and planted by Lu Xun's Japanese friends.
 Museum in Shanghai |
 Lu Xun's tomb in Shanghai |
