Classicism from a literary point of view

Classicism originated in Western Europe in the first half of the 17th century, when there was a period of strengthening the so-called "absolutism", that is, the supreme power of monarchs. The ideas of absolute monarchy and the order generated by it served as the basis for classicism. This literary direction demanded from the authors strict observance of the prescribed rules, schemes, deviation from which was considered unacceptable.

Classical works were clearly divided into higher and lower genres. The highest genres were epic, epic poem, tragedy and ode. To the lowest - satire, comedy, fable. The main characters of works of the highest genre could only be representatives of the noble classes, as well as gods or heroes. ancient myths. The common people were chosen, Speaking. Especially solemn, pathos language was required when creating an ode. In works of lower genres describing everyday life ordinary people, colloquial speech, and even slang expressions were allowed.

The composition of any work, regardless of genre, had to be simple, understandable and concise. Each character was subject to a detailed explanation by the author. In addition, the author of the work was obliged to observe the rule of "three unities" - time, place and action.

Of the Russian writers, the most prominent representatives classicism were A.P. Sumarokov, D.I. Fonvizin, M.V. Lomonosov, I.A. Krylov.

What is literary romanticism

At the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. after the changes and upheavals caused by the French Revolution, a new literary trend appeared in Western Europe - romanticism. Its adherents did not want to reckon with the strict rules established by classicism. They paid the main attention in their works to the image inner world person, his experiences, feelings.

The main genres of romanticism were: elegy, idyll, short story, ballad, novel, story. A counterweight typical hero classicism, which had to behave in strict accordance with the requirements of the society to which it belonged, the heroes romantic works could commit unexpected, unpredictable acts, come into conflict with society. Most famous representatives Russian literary romanticism: V.A. Zhukovsky, A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, F.I. Tyutchev.

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Classicism or neoclassicism of the beginning of the 20th century is also called the Empire style (from the French empire - empire) or the style of the Empire. He completed the evolution of classicism and demonstrated the triumph of state power. Empire absorbed ancient Egyptian motifs (geometry of Egyptian ornament, stylized sphinxes), motifs of Pompeii paintings, Etruscan vases, which were used in the interiors of palaces. The architecture is distinguished by massive porticos with Doric (sometimes Tuscan) columns, military emblems (eagles, laurel wreaths, military armor, announcer bundles). During this period, memorial structures were erected ( triumphal arches, memorial columns). If we consider the evolution of painting in France from classicism to Empire as a single line, it turns out that if classicism glorified the magnificent splendor palace life French kings, then the Empire - the military exploits of Napoleon and the tastes of the emerging bourgeoisie. The goals of glorifying the successes of the state were served by memorial architecture (triumphal arches, commemorative columns), repeating ancient Roman designs.

At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries in Germany and other European countries a new direction in the spiritual and artistic culture called Romanticism. Romanticism became a kind of reaction to classicism with its cult of reason and rationalism. Romanticism was the first trend in art that recognized the artist as the subject of creativity and proclaimed the unconditional priority of individual tastes. creative personality. greatest development romanticism reached in France (T. Gericault, E. Delacroix, G. Dore). Its largest representatives in Germany are F.O. Runge, K.D. Friedrich, P. Cornelius, in the UK: - J. Constable, W. Turner. In Russia, the features of romanticism manifested themselves in the work of O.A. Kiprensky, partly - V.A. Tropinina, S.F. Shchedrin, M.I. Lebedeva, K.P. Bryullov, F.A. Bruni, F.P. Tolstoy.

Romanticism contrasted the utilitarianism and materiality of the nascent bourgeois society with a break with everyday reality, leaving for the world of dreams and fantasies, idealization of the past. Romanticism is a world in which melancholy, irrationality, and eccentricity reign. Its traces appeared in the European consciousness as early as the 17th century, but were regarded by doctors as a sign of mental disorder. But romanticism opposes rationalism, not humanism. On the contrary, he creates a new humanism, offering to consider a person in all his manifestations.

The first signs of romanticism appear almost simultaneously in different countries, but each contributed to its development. Germany is considered the birthplace of romanticism; the foundations of romantic aesthetics were laid here. From Germany, a new trend quickly spread throughout Europe. Romanticism embraced literature, music, theater, humanitarian sciences, plastic arts.

Philosophical and aesthetic theory early romanticism developed in Germany by A. V. and F. Schlegel, Novalis, I. Fichte, F. W. Schelling, F. Schleiermacher, L. Tieck, creative association which, which existed in 1798-1801, was called the Jena Romantics. Circle German romantics created an aesthetic concept of a new universal culture and helped form romantic philosophy in the first half of the 19th century, whose representatives include Friedrich Wilhelm Schelling (1775-1854), Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860), Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855).

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Baroque - historical art style, which was originally distributed in Italy in the middle. XVI-XVII centuries, and then in France, Spain, Flanders and Germany in the XVII-XVIII centuries. More broadly, this term is used to define the ever-renewing tendencies of a restless, romantic worldview, thinking in expressive, dynamic forms. Finally, in every time, in almost every historical artistic style, one can find its own "baroque period" as a stage of the highest creative upsurge, tension of emotions, explosiveness of forms.

Michelangelo Caravaggio"The Beatitude of Saint Francis" 1595

Baroque is characterized by contrast, tension, dynamic images, affectation, striving for grandeur and pomp, for combining reality and illusion, for the fusion of arts (urban and palace and park ensembles, opera, cult music, oratorio); at the same time - a tendency towards autonomy of individual genres (concerto grosso, sonata, suite in instrumental music). The ideological foundations of the style were formed as a result of a shock, which for the 16th century was the Reformation and the teachings of Copernicus. The notion of the world, established in antiquity, as a rational and permanent unity, as well as the Renaissance idea of ​​man as a most rational being, has changed. In the words of Pascal, a person began to realize himself "something in between everything and nothing", "one who catches only the appearance of phenomena, but is not able to understand either their beginning or their end."

Peter Paul Rubens "Venus in front of a mirror"

Baroque style in painting characterized by the dynamism of the compositions, the "flatness" and pomp of forms, the aristocracy and originality of the plots. Most character traits baroque - catchy flamboyance and dynamism; a prime example the work of Rubens and Caravaggio.

Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome

For baroque architecture (L. Bernini, F. Borromini in Italy, B. F. Rastrelli in Russia, Jan Christoph Glaubitz in the Commonwealth) are characterized by spatial scope, fusion, fluidity of complex, usually curvilinear forms. There are often deployed large-scale colonnades, an abundance of sculptures on facades and in interiors, volutes, big number rake-outs, arched facades with a rake-out in the middle, rusticated columns and pilasters. Domes acquire complex shapes, often they are multi-tiered, like at St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome. The characteristic details of the Baroque are the telamon (atlas), the caryatid, the mascaron.

Cathedral of St. Peter in Rome. Interior

Sculpture- an integral part of the Baroque style. The greatest sculptor and the recognized architect of the 17th century was the Italian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680). Among his most famous sculptures are the mythological scenes of the abduction of Proserpina by the god of the underworld Pluto and the miraculous transformation into a tree of the nymph Daphne pursued by the god of light Apollo, as well as the altar group "The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa" in one of the Roman churches. The last of them, with its clouds carved from marble and the clothes of characters fluttering in the wind, with theatrically exaggerated feelings, very accurately expresses the aspirations of the sculptors of this era.

Lorenzo Bernini "The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa"

Classicism- art style in Western European art XVII- early 19th century and Russian XVIII- early XIX, referring to the ancient heritage as an ideal to follow. It manifested itself in architecture, sculpture, painting, arts and crafts. Classicist artists considered antiquity to be the highest achievement and made it their standard in art, which they sought to imitate. Over time, it was reborn into academism.

Jacques - Louis David "Sappho and Phaon"

Romanticism- a trend in European and Russian art of the 1820s-1830s, which replaced classicism. Romantics brought individuality to the forefront, opposing the ideal beauty of the classicists to "imperfect" reality. Artists were attracted by bright, rare, extraordinary phenomena, as well as images of a fantastic nature. In the art of romanticism big role plays a sharp individual perception and experience. Romanticism liberated art from abstract classicistic dogmas and turned it towards national history and images of folklore.

Karl Bryullov "Dream of a young girl before dawn"

Romanticism in painting

Representatives: Francisco Goya, Antoine-Jean Gros, Theodore Géricault, Eugene Delacroix, Karl Bryullov, William Turner, Caspar David Friedrich, Karl Friedrich Lessing, Karl Spitzweg, Karl Blechen, Albert Bierstadt, Frederick Edwin Church.

The development of romanticism in painting proceeded in sharp controversy with adherents of classicism. Romantics reproached their predecessors for "cold rationality" and the absence of a "movement of life." In the 1920s and 1930s, the works of many artists were distinguished by pathos and nervous excitement; in them there has been a tendency to exotic motifs and a play of the imagination that can lead away from the "dim everyday life." The struggle against the frozen classicist norms lasted a long time, almost half a century. The first who managed to consolidate a new direction and "justify" romanticism was Theodore Géricault.

One of the branches of romanticism in painting is the Biedermeier style.

The material was prepared by Tatyana Nesvetaylo, art critic, senior researcher at the State Russian Museum

Introduction

In the 19th century, painting, wider and deeper than other types of fine art, solves complex and urgent worldview problems, plays an active role in public life, being often associated with social and national liberation movements; importance in painting XIX acquired sharp criticism social reality. At the same time, throughout the 19th century, academic canons, far from life, were officially cultivated in painting, abstract idealization of images, naturalistic tendencies arose that ignored independent expression. means of expression painting. In the struggle against the rationality and abstractness of the official salon-academic painting, romanticism painting develops with its emotional intensity, active interest in the dramatic events of history and the present, the display of strong human passions, the energy of the pictorial language, the dynamics of constructions, the contrast of light and shadow, and the saturation of color.

In connection with these trends, it was relevant to consider the work of a representative of these two styles at once, the Russian painter Karl Bryullov.

The object of research is the styles of classicism and romanticism in art.

The subject of the research is the work of Karl Bryullov.

The purpose of the study is to identify and describe the classical and romantic combination of styles in his work.

Research objectives:

1. Make a theoretical analysis on the research topic.

2. Compare existing style directions.

3. Describe the work of Karl Bryullov.

4. Identify and analyze the points of contact between the two directions in the works of the artist.

The methodological basis of the work is the works of M. Alenov, E. Atsarkina, T.V. Balitskaya, I.N. Bocharova and others.

Work structure. Course work consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of references (11 items), an appendix.

Chapter 1 is dedicated to describing characteristic features classicism and romanticism in painting.

Chapter 2 is devoted to the main stages of the activities of Karl Bryullov. Section 2.1 deals with the artist training stage classical art at the Academy of Arts. Section 2.2 traces the emergence of the Italian genre in the work of Karl Bryullov. Section 2.3 describes portraiture.

Chapter 3 is devoted to identifying a harmonious combination artistic movements on the example of the works of the painter.

In conclusion, the results of the study are presented.

Classicism and romanticism in painting

Classicism (from Latin classicus - exemplary) is a style and trend in literature and art of the 17th - early 19th centuries, which turned to the ancient heritage as a norm and an ideal model. formed in the 17th century. in France. In the 18th century classicism was associated with the Enlightenment; based on the ideas of philosophical rationalism, on ideas about the rational laws of the world, about the beautiful ennobled nature, he strove to express great social content, sublime heroic and moral ideals, to a strict organization of logical, clear and harmonious images. Fine art is distinguished by a logical unfolding of the plot, clarity, balance of composition.

Romanticism (French romantisme from Latin romanum Roman from Roma - Rome) is one of the two, along with Classicism, fundamental trends in artistic thinking.

Romanticism was the first artistic direction, in which the awareness of the creative personality as a subject was clearly manifested artistic activity. Romantics openly proclaimed the triumph of individual taste, complete freedom of creativity. Giving decisive importance to the creative act itself, destroying the obstacles that held back the freedom of the artist, they boldly equated the high and the base, the tragic and the comic, the ordinary and the unusual. Romanticism captured all spheres of spiritual culture: literature, music, theater, philosophy, aesthetics, philology and other humanities, plastic arts. But at the same time, it was no longer the universal style that classicism was. Unlike the latter, romanticism had almost no state forms its expression (therefore, it did not significantly affect the architecture, affecting mainly landscape gardening architecture, on the architecture of small forms and on the direction of the so-called pseudo-Gothic). Being not so much a style as a public one artistic movement, romanticism opened the way for the further development of art in the 19th century, which took place not in the form of comprehensive styles, but in the form separate currents and directions.

Painting, as an exponent of the prevailing concepts of art, in all countries experienced different periods, changing its direction. But nowhere was the history of painting characterized so clearly as in France in different eras, depending on life and aspirations. modern society. In the past and present centuries, several different styles succeed each other in France after a more or less prolonged struggle between the two trends - the previous one and its successor. Such a struggle was not only a silent competition between paintings at exhibitions, but was accompanied by heated discussions in the press, agitated society and changed its views on the relationship of art to reality.

Classicism, as one of the heirs of antiquity, of course, attributed to high genre paintings that were painted on historical and mythological subjects. They quite clearly traced the drama, the sacrifice of their personal interests for the common good.

Romanticism had no definite, limiting and constraining rules, the individuality of the artists was so free that some of them are even known only for their virtuosity, others took scenes simply from the works of the latest fashion writers and lived by someone else's fiction, by all means.

bryullov painting classicism romanticism

Classicism or neoclassicism of the beginning of the 20th century is also called the Empire style (from the French empire - empire) or the style of the Empire. He completed the evolution of classicism and demonstrated the triumph of state power. Empire absorbed ancient Egyptian motifs (geometry of Egyptian ornament, stylized sphinxes), motifs of Pompeii paintings, Etruscan vases, which were used in the interiors of palaces. The architecture is distinguished by massive porticoes with Doric (sometimes Tuscan) columns, military emblems (eagles, laurel wreaths, military armor, announcer's bundles). During this period, memorial structures (triumphal arches, memorial columns) were erected. If we consider the evolution of painting in France from classicism to Empire as a single line, then it turns out that if classicism glorified the magnificent splendor of the palace life of the French kings, then Empire - the military exploits of Napoleon and the tastes of the emerging bourgeoisie. The goals of glorifying the successes of the state were served by memorial architecture (triumphal arches, commemorative columns), repeating ancient Roman designs.

At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, a new trend in spiritual and artistic culture arose in Germany and other European countries, called romanticism. Romanticism became a kind of reaction to classicism with its cult of reason and rationalism. Romanticism was the first trend in art that recognized the artist as the subject of creativity and proclaimed the unconditional priority of the individual tastes of a creative person. Romanticism reached its greatest development in France (T. Gericault, E. Delacroix, G. Dore). Its largest representatives in Germany are F.O. Runge, K.D. Friedrich, P. Cornelius, in the UK: - J. Constable, W. Turner. In Russia, the features of romanticism manifested themselves in the work of O.A. Kiprensky, partly - V.A. Tropinina, S.F. Shchedrin, M.I. Lebedeva, K.P. Bryullov, F.A. Bruni, F.P. Tolstoy.

Romanticism contrasted the utilitarianism and materiality of the emerging bourgeois society with a break with everyday reality, a retreat into a world of dreams and fantasies, and the idealization of the past. Romanticism is a world in which melancholy, irrationality, and eccentricity reign. Its traces appeared in the European consciousness as early as the 17th century, but were regarded by doctors as a sign of mental disorder. But romanticism opposes rationalism, not humanism. On the contrary, he creates a new humanism, offering to consider a person in all his manifestations.

The first signs of romanticism appear almost simultaneously in different countries, but each has contributed to its development. Germany is considered the birthplace of romanticism; the foundations of romantic aesthetics were laid here. From Germany, a new trend quickly spread throughout Europe. Romanticism embraced literature, music, theatre, the humanities, and the plastic arts.

The philosophical and aesthetic theory of early romanticism was developed in Germany by A.V. and F. Schlegel, Novalis, I. Fichte, F.W. Schelling, F. Schleiermacher, L. Tieck, whose creative association, which existed in 1798-1801, was called the Jena Romantics. The circle of German romantics created an aesthetic concept of a new universal culture and helped to form romantic philosophy in the first half of the 19th century, whose representatives include Friedrich Wilhelm Schelling (1775-1854), Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860), Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855).

The German philosopher Friedrich Schelling was close to the Jena romantics. Based on the provisions of Kant and Fichte, he created a romantic theory built on the basis of objective idealism. His main method of cognition is intellectual intuition, inherent in philosophical and artistic genius. Art - highest form comprehension of the world, the unity of the conscious and the unconscious ("The System of Transcendental Idealism", 1800). It merges together all kinds of activity - theoretical and practical, spiritual and sensual.

A major historical figure was the German irrationalist philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer. In his main work, The World as Will and Representation (1819-1844), the world appears as an elemental "will to live." Schopenhauer called existing world"the worst possible", and his teaching - "pessimism". World history doesn't make sense. Suffering is the punishment for original sin, the guilt of a separate existence. The overcoming of selfishness and suffering takes place in the sphere of art and morality. At the heart of art lies the contemplation of ideas, freeing the subject from the power of space and time. The highest of the arts is music, whose goal is no longer the reproduction of ideas, but the direct reflection of the "will to live." The influence of Schopenhauer was experienced in Germany by R. Wagner, E. Hartmann, F. Nietzsche, T. Mann and others, in Russia by L. Tolstoy, A. Fet and others.

The outstanding Danish philosopher, theologian and writer Søren Kierkegaard created a subjective ("existential") dialectic of personality, passing through three stages on the way to God: aesthetic, ethical and religious. Kierkegaard believed that the purpose of philosophy is to know not some absolute spirit, but the everyday existence (existence) of a person. The external world, whatever its ontological structure and no matter how perfect or imperfect it may be, is not able to help a person solve it. internal problems. The outside world is a "broken" and meaningless being, the answer to it must be fear and despair ("Fear and Trembling", 1843). Earthly existence is "life in the paradoxical". The philosopher recommended that the individual completely surrender himself to the will of God, that is, to lead a "life in the religious." To think “existentially,” that is, on the basis of true existence, means to be infinitely devoted to Christian truth, even if this threatens with martyrdom. Kierkegaard's ideas influenced the whole European culture and even science (the founder of quantum mechanics, N. Bohr, admitted this).

The main representatives of romanticism in literature are Novalis, E.T.A. Hoffman, J. Byron, P.B. Shelley, V. Hugo, E. Poe, M.Yu. Lermontov, F.I. Tyutchev.

The German poet and philosopher Novalis (1772-1801) was a prominent member of the Jena circle of romantics. He tried to substantiate the philosophy of "magical idealism", which affirms the polarity and mutual transition of all things, the idea of ​​the balance of reality, ideas and fantasies in every person.

Most major representative German romanticism Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann (1776-1822) was a versatile personality: he was still a talented composer and a brilliant artist. His works are characterized by subtle philosophical irony and bizarre fantasy, reaching the mystical grotesque. In his work, E.T.A. Hoffmann revealed a deep chasm between the way of life and thinking of the artist and ordinary person. The hero of most of his works is an unmercenary musician who despises wealth who finds the meaning of his life in the love of art (" Worldly views Murr the cat", 1822).

The rejection of utilitarianism and the principles of bourgeois practicality, the victim of which was human personality, expressed in their work not only German, but also English romantics. The largest among them was George Noel Gordon Byron (1766-1824). Byron, a member of the House of Lords, sang not the delights of court life, but " world sorrow”, a romantic rebellion of a loner against the whole society. His poem "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage" (1812-1818), philosophical poems"Manfred" (1817) and "Cain" (1821), a cycle of poems in biblical motifs, a novel in verse "Don Juan" (1819-1824) and lyrics convey thrill the catastrophic nature of human existence, the loss of old ideals and values. He created a type of "Byronic" reflective hero: a disappointed rebellious individualist, a lonely sufferer, not understood by people, challenging the entire world order and God. Byron's work, which appeared milestone V spiritual development European society and literature, gave rise to the phenomenon of Byronism at the beginning of the 19th century, including “Russian”.

The great French romantic writer Victor Hugo (1802 - 1885) created the inspired novels The Cathedral Notre Dame of Paris"(1831)," Les Misérables "(1862)," The Man Who Laughs "(1869) and others, where he denounced social ulcers and social injustice. The writer argued that injustice leads to poverty - a breeding ground for crimes, and that only radical changes in society will allow them to be eliminated. In the preface to the drama "Cromwell" (1827), Hugo placed a manifesto of the French romantics, where he opposed classical rule"three unities" and the formal delineation of genres, formulated the principles of a new, romantic dramaturgy. Hugo recognized the possibility of mixing the tragic and the comic.

A pessimistic view of the future, the mood of "world sorrow" was combined in romanticism with the desire for harmony in the world order, with the search for new, absolute and unconditional ideals. Creativity of the outstanding French poet Charles Baudelaire (1821-1867) is called "the poetry of decadence and decay". He, an adherent of the theory of "art for art's sake", is considered the founder of symbolism. Disregarding generally accepted conventions, he expressed in his work admiration for evil, ugliness and all sorts of deviations from the norms. everyday life. In his poetry collection Flowers of Evil (1857), a yearning for perfect harmony is expressed.

The sharp discord between ideals and oppressive reality evoked in the minds of many romantics a painfully fatalistic or indignant feeling of “two worlds”, a bitter mockery of the discrepancy between dreams and reality, elevated in literature and art to the principle of “romantic irony”. The great American romantic writer Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) died at the age of 40. He began writing at 16, but his poetic works did not receive recognition until C. Baudelaire translated them into French. In his later life, he suffered from depression and experienced a deep mental crisis. Edgar Allan Poe remained famous mainly for his masterfully written scary and detective stories.

The historical framework of romanticism is limited to the period from 1770 to 1840. In its development, experts distinguish three stages: pre-romanticism (1770-1800); mature romanticism (1800-1824), caused by French Revolution 1789 and the military campaigns of Napoleon (Goya, Géricault, early creativity Delacroix); the heyday of romanticism - from 1824 to 1840 (the mature art of Turner and Delacroix). If pre-romanticism was dominated by the tastes and forms of English sensibility, then mature romanticism is completely French. During this period, a new historical painting appears and modern school landscape. In the third period, called the "romantic movement", the concept of genius occupied a dominant position, embodied in mature creativity Turner and Delacroix.

The main representatives of romanticism in fine arts painters E. Delacroix, T. Gericault, F.O. Runge, C. D. Friedrich, J. Constable, W. Turner.

The head of the Romantic school of painting in France was Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863), recognized the greatest decorator of his time. The masterpiece of his work is the painting "Liberty Leading the People", written in the midst of revolutionary events 1830 and embodied the rebellious pathos characteristic of romanticism. This picture combines the features of a modern Parisian with classical beauty and the mighty power of Nike of Samothrace. Delacroix is ​​considered the creator history painting New time. Delacroix was not only the greatest French Romantic painter, but a remarkable writer.

Spain gave the world one of the greatest Romantic painters, Francisco José de Goya (1746-1828). He gained fame in the field of creating portraits of the Spanish nobility and representatives of the royal court. Goya becomes the most fashion artist, is elected a member of the Madrid Academy of Arts, becomes the court painter of King Charles IV. Goya's art is filled with passionate emotionality, fantasy, social grotesque. Introduced in the late 80s fantasy elements in the 90s, they form a holistic concept artistic vision peace. It is based on phantasmagoria, religious insight and social grotesque. In 1799 Goya completes the most famous series of his engravings - the album "Caprichos" (80 sheets with artist's comments), dedicated to human madness and stupidity, is a satire on human existence.