Gorky initials. Biography M

The biography of Maxim Gorky is set out in his works: "Childhood", "In People", "My Universities", or rather, the beginning of his life. Maxim Gorky is the pseudonym of the outstanding Russian writer, playwright Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov. In his creative biography there was another pseudonym: Yehudiel Khlamida.

The nugget talent was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature five times. Usually he is called a proletarian, revolutionary writer for his struggle against the autocracy. The biography of Maxim Gorky was not easy. This will be discussed in this article.

Maxim Gorky was born in 1868. His biography began in Nizhny Novgorod. His maternal grandfather, Kashirin, was a demoted officer due to his harsh treatment of his subordinates. After returning from exile, he became a tradesman, kept a dye workshop. His daughter married a carpenter and left with her husband for Astrakhan. There they had two children.

The eldest of them, Alyosha, fell ill with cholera at the age of four. Because the mother was pregnant with her second child, the father took care of the sick child and contracted the disease from him. Soon he died, and the boy went on the mend. From experiences mother has given birth before term. She decided to return to her parents' house with her children. On the way, her youngest child died.

They settled in her father's house in Nizhny Novgorod. Now there is a museum - Kashirin's house. The furnishings and furniture of those years have been preserved, even the rods with which grandfather flogged Alyosha. He was a tough, quick-tempered character and could whip anyone in anger, even a small grandson.

Maxim Gorky was educated at home. His mother taught him to read, and his grandfather taught him church reading and writing. Despite his temper, grandfather was a very pious man. He often attended church and took his grandson there, usually against his will, by force. Thus, a negative attitude towards religion was born in little Alyosha, as well as a spirit of opposition, which would later develop into a revolutionary direction in his works.

One day, the boy took revenge on his grandfather by cutting his favorite “Lives of the Saints” with scissors. For which, of course, he received, as it should.

For a short time, Maxim attended the parish school. But due to illness, he was forced to stop studying there. Maxim Gorky also studied at the Sloboda school for two years. Here, perhaps, and all his education. All his life he wrote with errors, which were later corrected by his wife, a proofreader by profession.

Alyosha's mother got married a second time and moved in with her husband, taking her son with her. But his relationship with his stepfather did not work out. One day Alyosha saw him beating his mother. The boy attacked his stepfather and beat him. After that, I had to run away to my grandfather, which, of course, was not the best option.

For a long time, the school of life for Alyosha was the street where he got the nickname "Bashlyk". For some time he stole firewood to heat the house, food, and looked for rags in the landfill. After his classmates complained to the teacher that it was impossible to sit next to him because of the bad smell emanating from him, Maxim Gorky was offended and did not come to the school anymore. He never received his secondary education.

Youth years

Soon, Alexei's mother fell ill with scabies and died. Left an orphan, Alyosha was forced to earn his living. Grandfather by that time was completely ruined. Gorky himself writes well about this time: “... my grandfather told me:

- Well, Lexey, you are not a medal, on my neck there is no place for you, but go to the people ...

And I went to the people. Thus ends the story "Childhood". The adult, independent period of the biography of Maxim Gorky begins. And he was then only eleven years old!

Alexey worked in different places: in a shop as an assistant, as a cook, on a steamer as a crockery, in an icon-painting workshop as an apprentice.

When he was sixteen years old, he decided to try to enter Kazan University. But, to his great regret, he was refused. Firstly, the poor were not accepted there, and secondly, he did not even have a certificate.

Then Alexei went to work at the pier. There he met revolutionary-minded youth, began to visit their circles, and read Marxist literature.

When the young man worked in a bakery, he met the populist Derenkov. He sent income from the sale of products to support the popular movement.

In 1987 Alexei's grandmother and grandfather died. He was very fond of his grandmother, who often protected him from his grandfather's outbursts of anger, told him fairy tales. On her grave in Nizhny Novgorod there is a monument depicting her telling a fairy tale to her beloved grandson Alyosha.

The young man was very worried about her death. He developed depression, in a fit of which he attempted suicide. Alexei shot himself in the chest with a gun. But the watchman managed to call for medical help. The unfortunate man was taken to the hospital, where he was urgently operated on. He survived, but the consequences of this injury will cause him a lifelong lung disease.

Later, in the hospital, Alexei made another suicide attempt. He drank poison from a medical vessel. They managed to pump it out again by washing the stomach. Here the psychiatrists had to examine the young man. Many were found mental disorders which were later rejected. For suicide attempts, Alexei was excommunicated from church fellowship for four years.

In the 88th year, Alexei, along with other revolutionaries, leaves for Krasnovidovo to conduct revolutionary propaganda. He joins Fedoseev's circle, for which he is arrested. From that moment on, the police began to follow him. At that time he was a laborer, worked as a watchman at the station, then moved to the Caspian Sea, where he began to work among other fishermen.

In the 89th year, he wrote a petition in verse with the aim of transferring him to Borisoglebsk. Then he worked at the Krutaya station. Here Alexei fell in love for the first time with the daughter of the head of the station. His feeling was so strong that he decided on a marriage proposal. He, of course, was denied. But he remembered the girl all his life.

Alexei was fascinated by the ideas of Leo Tolstoy. He even went to see him in Yasnaya Polyana. But the writer's wife ordered the walker to be driven away.

The beginning of a creative career

In 1989, Maxim Gorky met the writer Korolenko and ventured to show him his work. The beginning of the creative biography was very unsuccessful. The writer criticized his Song of the Old Oak. But the young man did not despair and continued to write.

This year, Peshkov goes to prison for participating in the revolutionary youth movement. Coming out of prison, he decides to go on a trip to Mother Rus'. He visited the Volga region, Crimea, the Caucasus, Ukraine (where he ended up in the hospital). I traveled, what is now called "hitchhiking" - on passing carts, walked a lot on foot, climbed into empty freight cars. The young romantic liked such a free life. The opportunity to see the world and feel the happiness of liberty - all this is easily the basis of the works of a novice writer.

Then the manuscript "Makara Chudra" was born. In Georgia, Peshkov met the revolutionary Kalyuzhny. He published this work in the newspaper. Then a pseudonym was born - Maxim Gorky. Maxim - in honor of his father, and Gorky - because bitterness was constantly present in his biography.

His works began to be published willingly in newspapers and magazines. Soon everyone was talking about a new talent. By that time, he had already settled down and got married.

Resurgence in fame

In 1998, two volumes of the writer's works were published. They brought him not only great fame, but also trouble. Gorky was arrested for his revolutionary views and imprisoned in a castle in the capital of Georgia.

After his release, the writer settled in St. Petersburg. There they were created the best works: "Song of the petrel", "At the bottom", "Petty bourgeois", "Three" and others. In 1902 he was elected an honorary academician of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. The emperor himself highly appreciated the writer's work, despite his struggle with the autocracy. His sharp, direct language, courage, liberty, genius of thought, present in his works, could not leave anyone indifferent. The talent was clear.

During that period, Gorky continued to take part in the revolutionary movement, attending circles, and distributing Marxist literature. It was as if the lessons of past arrests hadn't had any effect on him. Such courage simply pissed off the police.

Now the famous writer already freely communicated with the idol of youth Leo Tolstoy. They talked for a long time in Yasnaya Polyana. He also met other writers: Kuprin, Bunin and others.

In 1902, Gorky, together with his family, which already had two children, moved to Nizhny Novgorod. He rents a spacious house in the city center. Now there is a museum there. This apartment was a haven for creative people of that time. It gathered and talked for a long time, exchanging new works, such famous people as: Chekhov, Tolstoy, Stanislavsky, Andreev, Bunin, Repin and, of course, his friend Fedor Chaliapin. He played the piano and sang musical pieces.

Here he finished "At the Bottom", wrote "Mother", "Man", "Summer Residents". He did well not only in prose, but also in poetry. But some of them, for example, "The Song of the Petrel", are written, as you know, in blank verse. A revolutionary, proud spirit, a call to struggle are present in almost all of his works.

Last years

In 1904, Gorky joined the RSDLP, and the following year he met Lenin. The writer is again arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. But soon, under pressure from the public, he was released. In 1906, Gorky was forced to leave the country and became a political emigrant.

He lived first in the USA. Then, due to a serious illness that tormented him for a long time (tuberculosis), he settled in Italy. Everywhere he conducted revolutionary propaganda. Concerned authorities recommended that he settle on the island of Capri, where he lived for about seven years.

On the roof of the building of the editorial office of the newspaper "Izvestia"

Here he was visited by many Russian writers and revolutionaries. Once a week, a seminar for novice writers was even held in his villa.

Here Gorky wrote his Tales of Italy. In the 12th year, he traveled to Paris, where he spoke with Lenin.

In 1913, Gorky returned to Russia. He settled in St. Petersburg for five years. Relatives and acquaintances found refuge in his spacious house. Once a woman named Maria Budberg brought him papers to sign and fainted from hunger. Gorky fed her and left her in his house. She would later become his mistress.

With writer Romain Rolland

Gorky, who was active in revolutionary activity, oddly enough reacted negatively to the October Revolution in the country. He was struck by the cruelty of the revolution, interceded for the arrested whites. After the assassination attempt on Lenin, Gorky sent him a sympathetic telegram.

In the 21st year, Gorky again leaves his homeland. According to one version, the reason for this was the deterioration of health, according to another, disagreement with the policy in the country.

In 1928, the writer was invited to the USSR. For five weeks he traveled around the country, then returned back to Italy. And in the 33rd year he came to his homeland, where he lived until his death.

IN last years life, he created the book "The Life of Klim Samgin", striking in its philosophy of life.

In 1934, Gorky held the First Congress of the Writers' Union of the USSR.

The last years he lived in the Crimea. In 1936, Gorky visited his sick grandchildren in Moscow. Apparently, he got infected from them or caught a cold along the way. But his health deteriorated sharply. The writer fell ill, it was clear that he would not recover.

The dying Gorky was visited by Stalin. The writer died on June 18. At autopsy, it turned out that his lungs were in a terrible state.

The coffin of the writer was carried by Molotov and Stalin. Both wives of Gorky followed the coffin. The city of Nizhny Novgorod, where the writer was born, bore his name from 1932 until 1990.

Personal life

Gorky always possessed an enviable masculine strength, according to surviving information, despite his chronic illness.

The first unofficial marriage of the writer was with the midwife Olga Kamenskaya. Her mother, also a midwife, delivered Peshkov's mother. It seemed interesting to him that his mother-in-law helped him to be born. But with Olga they did not live long. Gorky left her after she fell asleep while the author was reading The Old Woman Izergil.

In 1996, Alexey got married to Ekaterina Volzhina. She was the only one official wife writer. They had two children: Ekaterina and Maxim. Katya soon died. The son died two years before Gorky.

In 1903, he became friends with the actress Maria Andreeva, who left her husband and two children for him. He lived with her until her death. Moreover, there was no divorce from Gorky's first wife.

()

(March 16 (28), 1868, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Empire - June 18, 1936, Gorki, Moscow region, USSR)

en.wikipedia.org

At first, Gorky was skeptical about the Bolshevik revolution. After several years of cultural work in Soviet Russia, Petrograd (publishing house "World Literature", a petition to the Bolsheviks for those arrested) and life abroad in the 1920s (Marienbad, Sorrento) Gorky returned to the USSR, where the last years of his life were surrounded by official recognition as a "petrel of the revolution" and "great proletarian writer", founder of socialist realism.
Member of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR (1929).

Biography

Surprising as it may seem, until now no one has an exact idea about many things in Gorky's life. Who knows his biography reliably?
Memories. Bunin I. A.

Aleksey Maksimovich invented his pseudonym himself. Subsequently, he told me: “I shouldn’t write in literature - Peshkov ...” (A. Kalyuzhny) You can learn more about his biography in his autobiographical stories “Childhood”, “In People”, “My Universities”.

Childhood

Alexey Peshkov was born in Nizhny Novgorod in the family of a carpenter (according to another version - the manager of the Astrakhan shipping company I. S. Kolchin) - Maxim Savvatevich Peshkov (1839-1871). Mother - Varvara Vasilievna, nee Kashirina (1842-1879). Orphaned at an early age, he spent his childhood in the house of his grandfather Kashirin (see Kashirin's house). From the age of 11 he was forced to go "to the people"; he worked as a “boy” at a shop, as a buffet utensil on a steamer, as an apprentice in an icon-painting workshop, as a baker, etc.

Youth

* In 1884 he tried to enter Kazan University. He got acquainted with Marxist literature and propaganda work.
* In 1888 - arrested for connection with the circle of N. E. Fedoseev. He was under constant police surveillance. In October 1888 he entered as a watchman at the Dobrinka station of the Gryase-Tsaritsyno railway. Impressions from staying in Dobrinka will serve as the basis for the autobiographical story "The Watchman" and the story "For the sake of boredom".
* In January 1889, by personal request (a complaint in verse), he was transferred to the Borisoglebsk station, then as a weigher to the Krutaya station.
* In the spring of 1891 he went to wander around the country and reached the Caucasus.

Literary and social activities

* In 1892 he first appeared in print with the story "Makar Chudra". Returning to Nizhny Novgorod, he publishes reviews and feuilletons in the Volzhsky Vestnik, Samarskaya Gazeta, Nizhny Novgorod Leaflet, and others.
* 1895 - "Chelkash", "Old Woman Izergil".
* 1896 - Gorky writes a response to the first cinematic session in Nizhny Novgorod:
And suddenly something clicks, everything disappears, and a train of the railway appears on the screen. He rushes with an arrow straight at you - beware! It seems that he is about to rush into the darkness in which you sit, and turn you into a torn bag of skin, full of crumpled meat and crushed bones, and destroy, turn into rubble and dust this hall and this building, where there is so much wine. , women, music and vice.
(Maxim Gorky - 1896)

* 1897 - "Former People", "Spouses Orlovs", "Malva", "Konovalov".
* From October 1897 until mid-January 1898, he lived in the village of Kamenka (now the city of Kuvshinovo, Tver Region) in the apartment of his friend Nikolai Zakharovich Vasiliev, who worked at the Kamensk paper factory and led an illegal working Marxist circle. Subsequently, the life impressions of this period served as material for the writer's novel "The Life of Klim Samgin".
* 1898 - The publishing house of Dorovatsky and Charushnikov A.P. published the first volume of Gorky's works. In those years, the circulation of the young author's first book rarely exceeded 1,000 copies. A. I. Bogdanovich advised to publish the first two volumes of “Essays and Stories” by M. Gorky, 1,200 copies each. Publishers "took a chance" and released more. The first volume of the 1st edition of Essays and Stories was published with a circulation of 3,000 .m/text 0520.shtml
* 1899 - the novel "Foma Gordeev", a poem in prose "The Song of the Falcon".
* 1900-1901 - the novel "Three", a personal acquaintance with Chekhov, Tolstoy.
* 1900-1913 - participates in the work of the publishing house "Knowledge"
* March 1901 - "The Song of the Petrel" was created by M. Gorky in Nizhny Novgorod. Participation in the Marxist workers' circles of Nizhny Novgorod, Sormov, St. Petersburg, wrote a proclamation calling for a fight against the autocracy. Arrested and expelled from Nizhny Novgorod.
“Many do not consider Gorky a poet, and in vain. For example, "The Wallachian Legend" (aka "The Legend of Marko"). I once heard a contemporary song written to this poem. I immediately wondered if there would be a last stanza or not. As I expected, it was not. The line “At least a song remains from Marco” was followed by a vocalization (obviously, the mentioned song was meant). But for the sake of this last, Nietzsche stanza, Gorky wrote his ballad based on a rather typical folklore plot.
- Vadim Nikolaev, "Notes on Russian Poetry"

According to contemporaries, Nikolai Gumilyov highly appreciated the last stanza of this poem (“Gumilyov without gloss”, St. Petersburg, 2009).
* In 1901, M. Gorky turned to dramaturgy. Creates the plays "Petty Bourgeois" (1901), "At the bottom" (1902). In 1902, he became the godfather and adoptive father of the Jew Zinovy ​​Sverdlov, who took the surname Peshkov and converted to Orthodoxy. This was necessary in order for Zinovy ​​to receive the right to live in Moscow.
* February 21 - the election of M. Gorky to the honorary academicians of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of fine literature. "In 1902, Gorky was elected an honorary member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. But before Gorky could exercise his new rights, his election was annulled by the government, so as a newly elected academician "was under the supervision of the police." In this regard, Chekhov and Korolenko refused membership in the Academy "(Mirsky D.S. Maxim Gorky).
* 1904-1905 - writes the plays "Summer Residents", "Children of the Sun", "Barbarians". Meets Lenin. For the revolutionary proclamation and in connection with the execution on January 9, he was arrested, but then released under pressure from the public. Member of the revolution 1905-1907. In the autumn of 1905 he joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party.
* 1906 - M. Gorky travels abroad, creates satirical pamphlets about the "bourgeois" culture of France and the USA ("My Interviews", "In America"). He writes the play "Enemies", creates the novel "Mother". Because of tuberculosis, Gorky settled in Italy on the island of Capri, where he lived for 7 years. Here he writes "Confession" (1908), where his philosophical differences with Lenin and rapprochement with Lunacharsky and Bogdanov were clearly identified (see "The Capri School").
* 1907 - delegate of the V Congress of the RSDLP.
* 1908 - the play "The Last", the story "Life unnecessary person».
* 1909 - the story "The Town of Okurov", "The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin".
* 1913 - M. Gorky edits the Bolshevik newspapers Zvezda and Pravda, the art department of the Bolshevik magazine Enlightenment, publishes the first collection of proletarian writers. Writes Tales of Italy.
* 1912-1916 - M. Gorky creates a series of stories and essays that compiled the collection "In Rus'", autobiographical stories "Childhood", "In People". The last part of the My Universities trilogy was written in 1923.
* 1917-1919 - M. Gorky does a lot of social and political work, criticizes the "methods" of the Bolsheviks, condemns their attitude towards the old intelligentsia, saves many of its representatives from Bolshevik repression and hunger. In 1917, having disagreed with the Bolsheviks on the issue of the timeliness of the socialist revolution in Russia, he did not pass the re-registration of party members and formally dropped out of it. [Source not specified 666 days]

Abroad

* 1921 - M. Gorky's departure abroad. IN Soviet literature a myth arose that the reason for his departure was the resumption of his illness and the need, at the insistence of Lenin, to be treated abroad. In reality, A. M. Gorky was forced to leave because of the aggravation of ideological differences with the established government. In 1921-1923. lived in Helsingfors, Berlin, Prague.
* Since 1924 he lived in Italy, in Sorrento. Published memoirs about Lenin.
* 1925 - the novel "The Artamonov Case".
* 1928 - at the invitation of the Soviet government and Stalin personally, he makes a trip around the country, during which Gorky is shown the achievements of the USSR, which are reflected in the series of essays "On the Soviet Union."
* 1931 - Gorky visits the Solovetsky Special Purpose Camp and writes a laudatory review of his regime. A fragment of the work of A. I. Solzhenitsyn "The Gulag Archipelago" is devoted to this fact.

Return to the Soviet Union

* 1932 - Gorky returns to the Soviet Union. The government provided him with the former Ryabushinsky mansion on Spiridonovka, dachas in Gorki and Teselli (Crimea). Here he receives an order from Stalin - to prepare the ground for the 1st Congress of Soviet Writers, and for this to carry out preparatory work among them. Gorky created many newspapers and magazines: the book series "History of Factories and Plants", "History civil war"," Library of the poet "," The history of a young man 19th century", the journal "Literary Studies", he writes the plays "Egor Bulychev and Others" (1932), "Dostigaev and Others" (1933).
* 1934 - Gorky "shows" I All-Union Congress Soviet writers, speaks at it with the main report.
* 1934 - co-editor of the book "Stalin's Channel"
* In 1925-1936 he wrote the novel "The Life of Klim Samgin", which was never completed.
* On May 11, 1934, Gorky's son, Maxim Peshkov, unexpectedly dies. M. Gorky died on June 18, 1936 in Gorki, having outlived his son by a little more than two years. After his death, he was cremated, the ashes were placed in an urn in the Kremlin wall on Red Square in Moscow. Before cremation, the brain of M. Gorky was removed and taken to the Moscow Brain Institute for further study.

Death

The circumstances of the death of Gorky and his son are considered by many to be "suspicious", there were rumors of poisoning, which, however, were not confirmed. At the funeral, among others, the coffin with the body of Gorky was carried by Molotov and Stalin. Interestingly, among other accusations of Genrikh Yagoda at the so-called Third Moscow Trial in 1938, there was an accusation of poisoning Gorky's son. According to Yagoda's interrogations, Maxim Gorky was killed on the orders of Trotsky, and the murder of Gorky's son, Maxim Peshkov, was his personal initiative.

Some publications blame Stalin for Gorky's death. An important precedent for the medical side of the accusations in the "doctors' case" was the Third Moscow Trial (1938), where among the defendants were three doctors (Kazakov, Levin and Pletnev), who were accused of killing Gorky and others.

Addresses in St. Petersburg - Petrograd - Leningrad

* 09.1899 - V. A. Posse's apartment in Trofimov's house - Nadezhdinskaya street, 11;
* 02. - spring 1901 - the apartment of V. A. Posse in Trofimov's house - Nadezhdinskaya street, 11;
* 11.1902 - K. P. Pyatnitsky's apartment in an apartment building - Nikolaevskaya Street, 4;
* 1903 - autumn 1904 - the apartment of K. P. Pyatnitsky in an apartment building - Nikolaevskaya street, 4;
* autumn 1904-1906 - apartment of K. P. Pyatnitsky in an apartment building - Znamenskaya street, 20, apt. 29;
* beginning 03.1914 - autumn 1921 - tenement house of E.K. Barsova - Kronverksky prospect, 23;
* 30.08. - 09/07/1928 - the hotel "European" - Rakov street, 7;
* 18.06. - 07/11/1929 - the hotel "European" - Rakov street, 7;
* the end of 09.1931 - the hotel "European" - Rakov street, 7.

Bibliography

Novels

* 1899 - "Foma Gordeev"
* 1900-1901 - "Three"
* 1906 - "Mother" (second edition - 1907)
* 1925 - "The Artamonov Case"
* 1925-1936- "Life of Klim Samgin"

Tale

* 1908 - "The life of an unnecessary person."
* 1908 - "Confession"
* 1909 - "The Town of Okurov", "The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin".
* 1913-1914 - "Childhood"
* 1915-1916 - "In people"
* 1923 - "My Universities"

Stories, essays

* 1892 - "The Girl and Death" (a fairy tale poem, published in July 1917 in the New Life newspaper)
* 1892 - "Makar Chudra"
* 1895 - "Chelkash", "Old Woman Izergil".
* 1897 - "Former people", "Spouses Orlovs", "Malva", "Konovalov".
* 1898 - "Essays and Stories" (collection)
* 1899 - "Song of the Falcon" (poem in prose), "Twenty-six and one"
* 1901 - "The Song of the Petrel" (poem in prose)
* 1903 - "Man" (poem in prose)
* 1911 - "Tales of Italy"
* 1912-1917 - "In Rus'" (a cycle of stories)
* 1924 - "Stories 1922-1924"
* 1924 - "Notes from a diary" (a cycle of stories)

Plays

* 1901 - "Philistines"
* 1902 - "At the bottom"
* 1904 - "Summer Residents"
* 1905 - "Children of the Sun", "Barbarians"
* 1906 - "Enemies"
* 1910 - "Vassa Zheleznova" (revised in December 1935)
* 1915 - "The Old Man" (first published as a separate book by the publishing house of IP Ladyzhnikov in Berlin (no later than 1921; staged on January 1, 1919 on the stage of the State Academic Maly Theater).
* 1930-1931 - "Somov and others"
* 1932 - "Egor Bulychov and others"
* 1933 - "Dostigaev and others"

Publicism

* 1906 - "My interviews", "In America" ​​(pamphlets)
* 1917-1918 - a series of articles "Untimely Thoughts" in the newspaper "New Life" (in 1918 came out as a separate edition)
* 1922 - "On the Russian peasantry"

Initiated the creation of a series of books "The History of Factories and Plants" (IFZ), took the initiative to revive the pre-revolutionary series "Life of Remarkable People"

Movie incarnations

* Alexei Lyarsky ("Gorky's Childhood", 1938)
* Alexei Lyarsky ("In People", 1938)
* Nikolai Walbert ("My Universities", 1939)
* Pavel Kadochnikov ("Yakov Sverdlov", 1940, "Pedagogical Poem", 1955, "Prologue", 1956)
* Nikolai Cherkasov ("Lenin in 1918", 1939, "Academician Ivan Pavlov", 1949)
* Vladimir Emelyanov (Appasionata, 1963)
* Afanasy Kochetkov (This is how a song is born, 1957, Mayakovsky began like this ..., 1958, Through the icy mist, 1965, The Incredible Yehudiel Khlamida, 1969, The Kotsyubinsky Family, 1970, "Red Diplomat", 1971, Trust, 1975, "I am an actress" , 1980)
* Valery Poroshin ("Enemy of the People - Bukharin", 1990, "Under the Sign of Scorpio", 1995)
* Alexey Fedkin ("Empire Under Attack", 2000)
* Alexey Osipov ("Two Loves", 2004)
* Nikolay Kachura ("Yesenin", 2005)
* Georgy Taratorkin ("Captivity of Passion", 2010)
* Nikolai Svanidze 1907. Maksim Gorky. " Historical chronicles with Nikolai Svanidze

Memory

* In 1932, Nizhny Novgorod was renamed the city of Gorky. The historical name was returned to the city in 1990.
* In Nizhny Novgorod, the central district children's library, the drama theater, the street, and the square in the center of which there is a monument to the writer by sculptor V.I. Mukhina bear the name of Gorky. But the most remarkable is the museum-apartment of M. Gorky.
* In 1934, a Soviet propaganda multi-seat 8-engine passenger aircraft was built at an aviation plant in Voronezh, the largest aircraft of its time with a land chassis - ANT-20 "Maxim Gorky".
* In Moscow, there was Maxim Gorky lane (now Khitrovsky), Maxim Gorky embankment (now Kosmodamianskaya), Maxim Gorky square (formerly Khitrovskaya), Gorkovskaya metro station (now Tverskaya) of the Gorky-Zamoskvoretskaya (now Zamoskvoretskaya) line, Gorky street (now divided into Tverskaya and 1st Tverskaya-Yamskaya streets).

Also, the name of M. Gorky bears a number of streets in other settlements of the states former USSR.

* In St. Petersburg, a metro station is named after Maxim Gorky.
* Moscow Literary Institute named after A. M. Gorky.
* In 1932, the Moscow Art Academic Theater was named after Maxim Gorky.
* Primorsky Academic Regional Theater named after M. Gorky in Vladivostok.
* Azerbaijan Theater for Young Spectators named after. M. Gorky in Baku.
* Russian Drama Theater named after M. Gorky in Astana.
* Before 1993 Turkmen State University in Ashgabat bore the name of M. Gorky (now named after Makhtumkuli).
* The name of M. Gorky is the Tula Drama Theater
* National Academic Drama Theater named after M. Gorky (Russian theater) in Minsk
* The main university of Yekaterinburg is named after Gorky (USU named after A. M. Gorky).
* Libraries in Baku, Vladimir, Volgograd, Zaporozhye, Krasnoyarsk, Lugansk, Odessa, Ryazan, St. Petersburg, Tver are named after Gorky.
* Saratov city park of culture and recreation is named after M. Gorky.
* Central Park named after Maxim Gorky in Minsk, Belarus.
* The Central Park of Krasnoyarsk bears the name of M. Gorky.
* Central Park of Culture and Leisure named after Maxim Gorky, as well as a street, lane and entrance in Kharkov, Ukraine.
* A district center in the Omsk region (the village of Gorkovskoye) is named after Gorky.
* Maxim Gorky Park in Odessa, Ukraine.
* Donetsk State Medical University. M. Gorky, Donetsk, Ukraine.

Gallery

Maxim Gorky on postage stamps

Literature about life and work

* Korney Chukovsky New works by Gorky
* Roots Chukovsky Gorky from the book Contemporaries
* Shulyatikov, Vladimir Mikhailovich About Maxim Gorky. Courier. 1901. No 222, 236 w m/text 0430.shtml
* Maksimov P. Kh. Memories of Gorky. - Ed. 3rd, rev. and additional - M.: Soviet writer, 1956. - 191 p.

Notes

1. Borovkova Serafima Nikolaevna. - Protected Zvenigorod land. - 3rd ed. - M.: Mosk. worker, 1982
2. Memories. Bunin I. A.
3. Biography on Biographer.ru
4. Peshkov, Alexei Maksimovich // encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg: 1890-1907.
5. GALO: Alexei Maksimovich Gorky. To the 140th anniversary of his birth.
6. Shilin N. K. Depot: The history of the locomotive depot of the Maxim Gorky station of the Volgograd branch of the Volga Railway. - Volgograd: GU "Publisher", 2001, 592 s; ill.
7. The film Arrival of a train at the La Ciotat station is mentioned in an article by Maxim Gorky (published under the pseudonym "M. Pacatus"), dedicated to the first film screenings organized by Charles Aumont at the Nizhny Novgorod Fair "Nizhny Novgorod Leaf", 1896, 4 (16) July, No. 182, p. 31.
8. M. Arias Maxim Gorky's Odyssey on the "Isle of Sirens": "Russian Capri" as a socio-cultural problem. (Russian) // Toronto Slavic Quarterly. - Summer 2006. - No. 17.
9. So, it is known that in 1918 Gorky sent money to V. V. Rozanov, a beggar in Sergiev Posad
10. Solzhenitsyn, A. I. The Gulag Archipelago, 1918-1956. [In 3 books], Parts III-IV: experience artistic research// A. I. Solzhenitsyn. - Astrel, 2009. - 560 p. - Articles 49-51.
11. Annenkov Yu. Diary of my meetings
12. Tales of Italy
13. Truth and fiction about the giant aircraft ANT-20
14. Scientific library. M. Gorky St. Petersburg State University
15. Numbers according to the CFA and Scott catalogs.

Maksim Gorky. Biography

In 1889, Maxim Gorky worked at the Krutoy station (later Voroponovo, and now the station named after Maxim Gorky) in Tsaritsyn (now Volgograd).

Origin, education, worldview of Maxim Gorky

Father, Maxim Savvatievich Peshkov (1840-71) - the son of a soldier demoted from officers, a cabinetmaker. In recent years, he worked as a manager of a steamship office, died of cholera. Mother, Varvara Vasilievna Kashirina (1842-79) - from a bourgeois family; widowed early, remarried, died of consumption. The childhood of the writer passed in the house of his grandfather Vasily Vasilyevich Kashirin, who in his youth was bubbling, then became rich, became the owner of a dyeing establishment, and went bankrupt in old age. The grandfather taught the boy according to church books, grandmother Akulina Ivanovna introduced her grandson to folk songs and fairy tales, but most importantly, she replaced her mother, “saturating”, in the words of Gorky himself, “a strong force for difficult life" ("Childhood").

A story about the life of Maxim Gorky in Tsaritsyn

Letters from Maxim Gorky to Maria Basargina, the daughter of the head of the Krutaya railway station, where in 1889 M. Gorky served as a weigher.

Gorky did not receive a real education, graduating only from a vocational school. The thirst for knowledge was quenched independently, he grew up "self-taught". Hard work (a crockery worker on a ship, a “boy” in a store, a student in an icon-painting workshop, a foreman at fair buildings, etc.) and early deprivations taught a good knowledge of life and inspired dreams of rebuilding the world. “We came into the world to disagree...” - a surviving fragment of the destroyed poem by the young Peshkov “The Song of the Old Oak”.

Hatred of evil and ethical maximalism were the source of moral torment. In 1887 he tried to commit suicide. He took part in revolutionary propaganda, "went among the people", wandered around Rus', and communicated with tramps. He experienced complex philosophical influences: from the ideas of the French Enlightenment and the materialism of J. W. Goethe to the positivism of J. M. Guyot, the romanticism of J. Ruskin and the pessimism of A. Schopenhauer. In his Nizhny Novgorod library, next to Capital by K. Marx and Historical Letters by P. L. Lavrov, there were books by E. Hartmann, M. Stirner and F. Nietzsche.

The rudeness and ignorance of provincial life poisoned his soul, but also - paradoxically - gave birth to faith in Man and his potentialities. Romantic philosophy was born from the clash of conflicting principles, in which Man (ideal essence) did not coincide with man (real being) and even entered into a tragic conflict with him. Gorky's humanism carried rebellious and atheistic traits. His favorite reading was the biblical Book of Job, where "God teaches a person how to be equal to God and how to calmly stand next to God" (Gorky's letter to V.V. Rozanov, 1912).

Early works of Gorky (1892-1905)

Gorky began as a provincial newspaperman (published under the name Yehudiel Khlamida). The pseudonym M. Gorky (he signed letters and documents with his real name - A. Peshkov; the designations "A. M. Gorky" and "Aleksey Maksimovich Gorky" contaminate the pseudonym with his real name) appeared in 1892 in the Tiflis newspaper "Caucasus", where the first story Makar Chudra. In 1895, thanks to the help of V. G. Korolenko, he was published in the most popular magazine “ Russian wealth(story "Chelkash"). In 1898, the book Essays and Stories was published in St. Petersburg, which had a sensational success. In 1899, the prose poem "Twenty-six and One" and the first long story "Foma Gordeev" appeared. Glory to Gorky grew with incredible speed and soon caught up with the popularity of A.P. Chekhov and L.N. Tolstoy.

From the very beginning, there was a discrepancy between what critics wrote about Gorky and what the average reader wanted to see in him. The traditional principle of interpreting works from the point of view of the social meaning contained in them did not work in relation to the early Gorky. The reader is less interested social aspects his prose, he searched for and found in them a mood consonant with the times. According to critic M. Protopopov, Gorky replaced the problem of artistic typification with the problem of "ideological lyricism." His heroes combined typical features, behind which stood a good knowledge of life and literary tradition, and a special kind of "philosophy", which the author endowed the heroes of his own free will, not always consistent with the "truth of life". Critics in connection with his texts did not solve social issues and the problems of their literary reflection, but directly the “question of Gorky” and the collective lyrical image he created, which began to be perceived as typical for Russia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. and which criticism compared with Nietzsche's "superman". All this allows, contrary to the traditional view, to consider him a modernist rather than a realist.

Gorky's public position was radical. He was arrested more than once, in 1902 Nicholas II ordered to annul his election as an honorary academician in the category of fine literature (in protest, Chekhov and Korolenko left the Academy). In 1905 he joined the RSDLP (Bolshevik wing) and met V.I. Lenin. They received serious financial support for the revolution of 1905-07.

Gorky quickly showed himself as a talented organizer of the literary process. In 1901, he headed the publishing house of the Znanie partnership and soon began to publish the Collections of the Knowledge partnership, where I. A. Bunin, L. N. Andreev, A. I. Kuprin, V. V. Veresaev, E. N. .Chirikov, N.D. Teleshov, A.S. Serafimovich and others.

The pinnacle of early creativity, the play "At the Bottom", to a large extent owes its fame to the production of K. S. Stanislavsky at the Moscow Art Theater (1902; played by Stanislavsky, V.I. Kachalov, I.M. Moskvin, O.L. Knipper- Chekhov, etc.) In 1903, the Kleines Theater in Berlin staged a performance of "At the Bottom" with Richard Wallenthin in the role of Satin. Gorky's other plays - Petty Bourgeois (1901), Summer Residents (1904), Children of the Sun, Barbarians (both 1905), Enemies (1906) - did not have such sensational success in Russia and Europe.

Gorky between two revolutions (1905-1917)

After the defeat of the revolution of 1905-07, Gorky emigrated to the island of Capri (Italy). The “Capri” period of creativity made it necessary to reconsider the notion of the “end of Gorky” (D. V. Filosofov), which had developed in criticism, which was caused by his passion for the political struggle and the ideas of socialism, which were reflected in the story “Mother” (1906; second edition 1907). He created the novels "The Town of Okurov" (1909), "Childhood" (1913-14), "In People" (1915-16), a cycle of stories "Across Rus'" (1912-17). Disputes in criticism caused the story "Confession" (1908), highly appreciated by A. A. Blok. For the first time, the theme of god-building was sounded in it, which Gorky, with A. V. Lunacharsky and A. A. Bogdanov, preached in the Capri party school for workers, which caused him to disagree with Lenin, who hated "flirting with God."

First World War severely affected Gorky's state of mind. It symbolized the beginning of the historical collapse of his idea of ​​"collective mind", to which he came after being disappointed with Nietzsche's individualism (according to T. Mann, Gorky stretched a bridge from Nietzsche to socialism). Unlimited faith in the human mind, accepted as the only dogma, was not confirmed by life. The war became a blatant example of collective madness, when Man was reduced to a "trench louse", "cannon fodder", when people went berserk before their eyes and the human mind was powerless before the logic of historical events. Gorky's 1914 poem contains the lines:
“How are we going to live then?
What will this horror bring us?
What now from hatred for people
Save my soul?"

The years of emigration of Maxim Gorky (1917-28)

The October Revolution confirmed Gorky's fears. Unlike Blok, he heard in it not “music”, but the terrible roar of a hundred million peasant element, breaking through all social prohibitions and threatening to sink the remaining islands of culture. In "Untimely Thoughts" (a series of articles in the newspaper "New Life"; 1917-18; published in a separate edition in 1918), he accused Lenin of seizing power and unleashing terror in the country. But in the same place he called the Russian people organically cruel, "bestial" and thereby, if not justifying, then explaining the ferocious treatment of these people by the Bolsheviks. The inconsistency of the position was also reflected in his book On the Russian Peasantry (1922). The undoubted merit of Gorky was the energetic work to save the scientific and artistic intelligentsia from starvation and executions, gratefully appreciated by his contemporaries (E. I. Zamyatin, A. M. Remizov, V. F. Khodasevich, V. B. Shklovsky, etc.) Barely Is it not for this purpose that such cultural events were conceived as the organization of the World Literature publishing house, the opening of the House of Scientists and the House of Arts (communes for the creative intelligentsia, described in the novel Crazy Ship by O. D. Forsh and the book by K. A Fedina "Bitter among us"). However, many writers (including Blok, N. S. Gumilyov) could not be saved, which became one of the main reasons for Gorky's final break with the Bolsheviks.

From 1921 to 1928 Gorky lived in exile, where he went after too persistent advice from Lenin. Settled in Sorrento (Italy), without interrupting ties with young Soviet literature (L. M. Leonov, V. V. Ivanov, A. A. Fadeev, I. E. Babel, etc.) Wrote the cycle "Stories of 1922-24" ”, “Notes from a Diary” (1924), the novel “The Artamonov Case” (1925), began working on the epic novel “The Life of Klim Samgin” (1925-36). Contemporaries noted the experimental nature of Gorky's works of this time, which were created with an undoubted eye on the formal search for Russian prose of the 1920s.

Gorky's return to the Soviet Union

In 1928, Gorky made a "trial" trip to the Soviet Union (in connection with the celebration arranged on the occasion of his 60th birthday), having previously entered into cautious negotiations with the Stalinist leadership. The apotheosis of the meeting at the Belorussky railway station decided the matter; Gorky returned to his homeland. As an artist, he completely immersed himself in the creation of The Life of Klim Samgin, a panoramic picture of Russia over forty years. As a politician, he actually provided Stalin with moral cover in the face of the world community. His numerous articles created an apologetic image of the leader and were silent about the suppression of freedom of thought and art in the country - facts that Gorky could not have been unaware of. He stood at the head of the creation of a collective writer's book, which glorified the construction by prisoners of the White Sea-Baltic Canal. Stalin. He organized and supported many enterprises: the Academia publishing house, the book series History of Factories and Plants, History of the Civil War, the Literary Study magazine, and the Literary Institute, later named after him. In 1934 he headed the Union of Writers of the USSR, created on his initiative. Gorky's death was surrounded by an atmosphere of mystery, as was the death of his son, Maxim Peshkov. However, versions of the violent death of both have not yet been documented. The urn with Gorky's ashes is placed in the Kremlin wall in Moscow.

P. V. Basinsky

Maxim Gorky - life and work.

The first works of Maxim Gorky

Maxim Gorky (Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov) was born in March 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod in the family of a carpenter. He received his primary education at the Sloboda-Kunavinsky School, which he graduated in 1878. From that time on, Gorky began working life. In subsequent years, he changed many professions, traveled around and around half of Russia. In September 1892, when Gorky was living in Tiflis, his first story, Makar Chudra, was published in the Kavkaz newspaper. In the spring of 1895, Gorky, having moved to Samara, became an employee of the Samara Newspaper, in which he led the departments of the daily chronicle Essays and Sketches and Incidentally. In the same year, such well-known stories as "Old Woman Izergil", "Chelkash", "Once Upon a Fall", "The Case with the Clasps" and others appeared, and the famous "Song of the Falcon" was published in one of the issues of the Samara Newspaper. . Feuilletons, essays and stories by Gorky soon attracted attention. His name became known to readers, the strength and lightness of his pen was appreciated by fellow journalists.

A turning point in the fate of the writer Gorky

The turning point in Gorky's fate was 1898, when two volumes of his works were published as a separate publication. The stories and essays that had previously been published in various provincial newspapers and magazines were collected together for the first time and became available to the general reader. The publication was a huge success and sold out instantly. In 1899, a new edition in three volumes went out in exactly the same way. The following year, Gorky's collected works began to be published. In 1899, his first story "Foma Gordeev" appeared, which was also met with extraordinary enthusiasm. It was a real boom. In a matter of years, Gorky turned from an unknown writer into a living classic, into a star of the first magnitude in the sky of Russian literature. In Germany, six publishing companies at once undertook to translate and publish his works. In 1901, the novel "Three" and "Song of the Petrel" appeared. The latter was immediately banned by censors, but this did not in the least prevent its distribution. According to contemporaries, the Petrel was reprinted in every city on a hectograph, on typewriters, rewritten by hand, read at evenings among young people and in workers' circles. Many people knew her by heart. But truly world fame came to Gorky after he turned to the theater. His first play, Petty Bourgeois (1901), staged in 1902 by the Art Theatre, was later performed in many cities. In December 1902, the premiere of the new play "At the Bottom" took place, which had an absolutely fantastic, incredible success with the audience. The staging of it by the Moscow Art Theater caused an avalanche of enthusiastic responses. In 1903, the procession of the play began on the stages of theaters in Europe. With triumphant success, she walked in England, Italy, Austria, Holland, Norway, Bulgaria and Japan. Warmly welcomed "At the bottom" in Germany. Only the Reinhardt Theater in Berlin, with a full house, played it more than 500 times!

The secret of young Gorky's success

The secret of the exceptional success of the young Gorky was explained primarily by his special attitude. Like all great writers, he posed and solved the "damned" questions of his age, but he did it in his own way, not like others. The main difference was not so much in the content as in the emotional coloring of his writings. Gorky came to literature at the moment when the crisis of the old critical realism and the themes and plots of the great literature XIX V. The tragic note, which was always present in the works of the famous Russian classics and gave their work a special - mournful, suffering flavor, no longer aroused the former upsurge in society, but only caused pessimism. The Russian (and not only Russian) reader is fed up with the image of the Suffering Man, the Humiliated Man, the Man Who Should be Pity, passing from the pages of one work to another. There was an urgent need for a new goodie, and Gorky was the first to respond to it - he brought out on the pages of his stories, novels and plays the Man-Wrestler, the Man capable of Overcoming the Evil of the World. His cheerful, hopeful voice sounded loud and confident in the stale atmosphere of Russian timelessness and boredom, the general tone of which was determined by works like Chekhov's Chamber No. 6 or Saltykov-Shchedrin's Gentlemen Golovlevs. It is not surprising that the heroic pathos of such things as "Old Woman Izergil" or "Song of the Petrel" was like a breath of fresh air for contemporaries.

In the old dispute about Man and his place in the world, Gorky acted as an ardent romantic. No one in Russian literature before him created such a passionate and sublime hymn to the glory of Man. For in the Gorky Universe there is no God at all, it is all occupied by Man, who has grown to cosmic scales. Man, according to Gorky, is the Absolute Spirit, which should be worshiped, into which they leave and from which all manifestations of being originate. ("Man - that's the truth! - exclaims one of his heroes. - ... This is huge! In this - all beginnings and ends ... Everything is in a person, everything is for a person! There is only a person, everything else is his business Hands and his brain! Man! This is magnificent! It sounds ... proud!") However, depicting in his early creations a "breaking out" Man, a Man breaking with the petty-bourgeois environment, Gorky was not yet fully aware of the ultimate goal of this self-affirmation. Intensely reflecting on the meaning of life, he at first paid tribute to the teachings of Nietzsche with his glorification of the "strong personality", but Nietzscheism could not seriously satisfy him. From the glorification of Man, Gorky came to the idea of ​​Mankind. By this, he understood not just an ideal, well-organized society that unites all the people of the Earth on the way to new achievements; Mankind was presented to him as a single transpersonal being, as a "collective mind", a new Deity, in which the abilities of many individual people would be integrated. It was a dream of a distant future, which had to be started today. Gorky found its most complete embodiment in socialist theories.

Gorky's fascination with the revolution

Gorky's fascination with the revolution logically followed both from his convictions and from his relations with the Russian authorities, which could not remain good. Gorky's works revolutionized society more than any incendiary proclamations. Therefore, it is not surprising that he had many misunderstandings with the police. The events of Bloody Sunday, which took place before the eyes of the writer, prompted him to write an angry appeal "To all Russian citizens and the public opinion of European states." “We declare,” it said, “that such an order should no longer be tolerated, and we invite all citizens of Russia to an immediate and stubborn struggle against the autocracy.” On January 11, 1905, Gorky was arrested, and the next day he was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. But the news of the writer's arrest caused such a storm of protests in Russia and abroad that it was impossible to ignore them. A month later, Gorky was released on a large bail. In the autumn of the same year, he joined the RSDLP, which he remained until 1917.

Gorky in exile

After the suppression of the December armed uprising, to which Gorky openly sympathized, he had to emigrate from Russia. On the instructions of the Central Committee of the party, he went to America to collect money through agitation for the Bolshevik cash desk. In the USA he completed Enemies, the most revolutionary of his plays. It was here that the novel "Mother" was mainly written, conceived by Gorky as a kind of gospel of socialism. (This novel, which has the central idea of ​​the resurrection from the darkness of the human soul, is filled with Christian symbols: in the course of action, the analogy between the revolutionaries and the apostles of primitive Christianity is repeatedly played out; Pavel Vlasov's friends merge in the dreams of his mother into the image of the collective Christ, with the son in the center, Pavel himself is associated with Christ, and Nilovna with the Mother of God, who sacrifices her son for the salvation of the world. The central episode of the novel - the May Day demonstration in the eyes of one of the characters turns into "a religious procession in the name of the New God, the God of light and truth, the God of reason and goodness." The path of Paul, as you know, ends with the sacrifice of the Cross. All these moments were deeply thought out by Gorky. He was sure that the element of faith is very important in introducing the people to socialist ideas (in the articles of 1906 "On the Jews" and "On the Bund" he directly wrote that socialism is "the religion of the masses"). One of the important points of Gorky's worldview was that God is created by people, invented, constructed by them in order to fill the emptiness of the heart. Thus, the old gods, as has repeatedly happened in world history, can die and give way to new ones if the people believe in them. The motif of God-seeking was repeated by Gorky in the story "Confession" written in 1908. Her hero, disillusioned with the official religion, painfully searches for God and finds him merging with the working people, who thus turns out to be the true "collective God".

From America, Gorky went to Italy and settled on the island of Capri. During the years of emigration, he wrote "Summer" (1909), "The Town of Okurov" (1909), "The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin" (1910), the play "Vassa Zheleznova", "Tales of Italy" (1911), "The Master" (1913) , the autobiographical story "Childhood" (1913).

Gorky's return to Russia

At the end of December 1913, taking advantage of the general amnesty announced on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the Romanovs, Gorky returned to Russia and settled in St. Petersburg. In 1914, he founded his own magazine "Chronicle" and publishing house "Sail". Here, in 1916, his autobiographical story "In People" and a series of essays "Across Rus'" were published.

Gorky accepted the February Revolution of 1917 with all his heart, but his attitude to further events, and especially to the October Revolution, was very ambiguous. In general, after the 1905 revolution, Gorky's worldview underwent an evolution and became more skeptical. Despite the fact that his faith in Man and faith in socialism remained unchanged, he had doubts about the fact that the modern Russian worker and modern Russian peasant are able to perceive bright socialist ideas as they should. Already in 1905, he was struck by the roar of the awakened popular element, breaking out through all social prohibitions and threatening to sink the miserable islands of material culture. Later, several articles appeared that determined Gorky's attitude towards the Russian people. His article “Two Souls”, which appeared in the “Chronicles” at the end of 1915, made a great impression on his contemporaries. While paying tribute to the richness of the soul of the Russian people, Gorky nevertheless treated its historical possibilities with great skepticism. The Russian people, he wrote, are dreamy, lazy, their powerless soul can flare up beautifully and brightly, but it does not burn for long and quickly fades away. Therefore, the Russian nation definitely needs an “external lever” capable of moving it off the ground. Once the role of the "lever" was played by Peter I. Now the time has come for new achievements, and the role of the "lever" in them must be performed by the intelligentsia, primarily the revolutionary, but also the scientific, technical and creative. It should bring Western culture to the people and instill in them an activity that will kill the “lazy Asian” in their soul. Culture and science were, according to Gorky, just that force (and the intelligentsia - the bearer of this force) that "will allow us to overcome the abomination of life and relentlessly, stubbornly strive for justice, for the beauty of life, for freedom."

Gorky developed this theme in 1917-1918. in his newspaper Novaya Zhizn, in which he published about 80 articles, later combined into two books, Revolution and Culture and Untimely Thoughts. The essence of his views was that the revolution (reasonable transformation of society) should be fundamentally different from the "Russian rebellion" (which senselessly destroys it). Gorky was convinced that the country was not now ready for a constructive socialist revolution, that first the people "must be incinerated and cleansed of the slavery nurtured in them by the slow fire of culture."

Gorky's attitude to the revolution of 1917

When the Provisional Government was nevertheless overthrown, Gorky sharply opposed the Bolsheviks. In the first months after the October Revolution, when an unbridled crowd smashed the palace cellars, when raids and robberies were committed, Gorky wrote with anger about the rampant anarchy, about the destruction of culture, about the cruelty of terror. During these difficult months, his relations with Lenin escalated to the extreme. The bloody horrors of the Civil War that followed made a depressing impression on Gorky and freed him from his last illusions about the Russian peasant. In the book "On the Russian Peasantry" (1922), published in Berlin, Gorky included many bitter, but sober and valuable observations on negative sides Russian character. Looking the truth in the eye, he wrote: "I explain the cruelty of the forms of the revolution solely by the cruelty of the Russian people." But of all the social strata of Russian society, he considered the peasantry to be the most guilty of it. It was in the peasantry that the writer saw the source of all the historical troubles of Russia.

Gorky's departure for Capri

Meanwhile, overwork and a bad climate caused an exacerbation of tuberculosis in Gorky. In the summer of 1921 he was forced to leave again for Capri. The following years were filled with hard work for him. Gorky wrote the final part of the autobiographical trilogy "My Universities" (1923), the novel "The Artamonov Case" (1925), several stories and the first two volumes of the epic "The Life of Klim Samgin" (1927-1928) - a striking picture of the intellectual and social life Russia in the last decades before the revolution of 1917

Gorky's acceptance of socialist reality

In May 1928 Gorky returned to the Soviet Union. The country amazed him. At one of the meetings, he admitted: "It seems to me that I have not been in Russia for not six years, but at least twenty." He greedily sought to get to know this unfamiliar country and immediately began to travel around the Soviet Union. The result of these travels was a series of essays "On the Union of Soviets."

Gorky's efficiency during these years was amazing. In addition to multilateral editorial and community service, he devotes a lot of time to journalism (over the last eight years of his life he published about 300 articles) and writes new works of art. In 1930 Gorky conceived drama trilogy about the revolution of 1917. He managed to finish only two plays: "Egor Bulychev and Others" (1932), "Dostigaev and Others" (1933). Also left unfinished was the fourth volume of Samghin (the third came out in 1931), on which Gorky had been working in recent years. This novel is important in that Gorky says goodbye to his illusions in relation to the Russian intelligentsia. Samghin's life catastrophe is the catastrophe of the entire Russian intelligentsia, which at a turning point in Russian history was not ready to become the head of the people and become the organizing force of the nation. In a more general, philosophical sense, this meant the defeat of Reason before the dark element of the Masses. A just socialist society, alas, did not develop (and could not develop - Gorky was now sure of this) by itself from the old Russian society, just as the Russian Empire could not be born from the old Muscovy. For the triumph of the ideals of socialism, violence had to be used. Therefore, a new Peter was needed.

One must think that the consciousness of these truths reconciled Gorky with socialist reality in many respects. It is known that he did not really like Stalin - he treated Bukharin and Kamenev with much greater sympathy. However, his relationship with the Secretary General remained smooth until his death and was not overshadowed by any major quarrel. Moreover, Gorky put his enormous authority at the service of the Stalinist regime. In 1929, together with some other writers, he traveled around the Stalinist camps, and visited the most terrible of them in Solovki. The result of this trip was a book that for the first time in the history of Russian literature glorified forced labor. Gorky welcomed collectivization without hesitation and wrote to Stalin in 1930: “... the socialist revolution is assuming a truly socialist character. This is an almost geological upheaval, and it is greater, immeasurably greater and deeper than all that has been done by the Party. The system of life that has existed for millennia is being destroyed, the system that has created a man of extremely ugly originality and capable of terrifying with his animal conservatism, his instinct of ownership. In 1931, under the impression of the process of the "Industrial Party", Gorky wrote the play "Somov and Others", in which he brings out pest engineers.

However, it must be remembered that in the last years of his life Gorky was seriously ill and he did not know much of what was going on in the country. Beginning in 1935, under the pretext of illness, inconvenient people were not allowed to see Gorky, their letters were not handed over to him, newspapers were printed especially for him, in which the most odious materials were absent. Gorky was weary of this guardianship and said that "he was besieged", but he could no longer do anything. He died on June 18, 1936.

K.V. Ryzhov

Russian writer, prose writer, playwright Maksim Gorky(Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov) was born in 1868. Despite the fame of the writer, Gorky's biography, especially in childhood, is full of uncertainties. His father, Maxim Savvatievich Peshkov (1840-1871), came from the townspeople of the Perm province. Gorky's grandfather, Savvaty Peshkov, was a man of strong character: he rose to the rank of officer, but for cruel treatment of his subordinates he was demoted and exiled to Siberia. His attitude towards his son Maxim was no better, which is why he ran away from home several times. At the age of 17, he left home forever - after that, the son and father never saw each other again. Maxim Peshkov was a talented, creative person. He learned the craft of a cabinetmaker, settled in Nizhny Novgorod and began working as a carpenter in the shipping company of I. S. Kolchin. Here he married Varvara Vasilievna Kashirina (1842-1879), who came from a family of Nizhny Novgorod merchants. Only the mother of the bride, Akulina Ivanovna, gave consent to the marriage, while her father, Vasily Vasilyevich Kashirin, did not give consent, but then reconciled. In the spring of 1871, Maxim Peshkov left with his family for Astrakhan, where he began working as the manager of the Astrakhan office of the Kolchin shipping company. In the summer of 1871, Maxim Savvatievich, while nursing Alyosha, who fell ill with cholera, became infected himself and died. Varvara Vasilievna with her son and mother returned to Nizhny Novgorod to her father's house.

Gorky's grandfather, Vasily Vasilyevich Kashirin, was a barge hauler in his younger years, then became rich and became the owner of a dyeing workshop. At one time he was the foreman of the dyeing shop, was elected a vowel (deputy) of the Nizhny Novgorod Duma. In addition to grandfather Gorky, two of his sons lived in the house with their families. best times passed for the Kashirin family - because of the factory production, the business was in decline. In addition, the Kashirin family was not friendly. They lived like in a war, and Alyosha Peshkov was only a burden there. Gorky believed that his mother did not love him, considering him the culprit of misfortunes, and therefore moved away from him. She began to arrange her personal life and remarried. Only the grandmother - Akulina Ivanovna - treated Alyosha with kindness. She replaced his mother and, as best she could, supported her grandson. It was his grandmother who gave him a love for folk songs and fairy tales. The grandfather, despite his complex nature, taught the boy at the age of six to read and write according to church books. In 1877-1879 Alyosha Peshkov successfully studied at the Nizhny Novgorod Sloboda Kanavinsky Primary School. In August 1879, his mother died of consumption. By that time, grandfather had completely gone bankrupt and sent his 11-year-old grandson "to the people."

“In people” Alexey Peshkov changed many occupations: he worked as a “boy” in a shoe store, a crockery on a steamer, was in the service, caught birds, was a salesman in an icon shop, an apprentice in an icon-painting workshop, an extra in a theater at the Nizhny Novgorod fair, a foreman in repairs fair buildings, etc. While working on the Dobry steamer, Alexei Peshkov's boss was a cook - a retired guard non-commissioned officer Mikhail Smury, who noticed the boy's curiosity and aroused in him a love of reading. Books in many ways saved Alexei Peshkov from the evil, unjust world, helped to understand a lot. Despite early hardships and suffering, he managed to maintain his love of life. Subsequently, M. Gorky wrote: “I did not expect outside help and did not hope for Lucky case... I realized very early that a person creates his resistance to the environment.

In 1884 Alexey Peshkov went to enter Kazan University. He returned to Nizhny Novgorod in 1889 and lived here intermittently until 1904. In 1913-1914 M. Gorky wrote the autobiographical story Childhood.

In Nizhny Novgorod, there is the Museum of A. M. Gorky's childhood "Kashirin's House". Alyosha Peshkov began to live in this house from the end of August 1871, after arriving with his mother from Astrakhan. In the spring of 1872, Gorky's grandfather divided the property between his sons, and the house was left to his son Yakov. Vasily Vasilyevich himself, with his wife Akulina Ivanovna and grandson Alyosha, moved to live in another house. The Museum of Childhood of A. M. Gorky reproduces the original atmosphere of the house of the Kashirin family.

aliases: , Yehudiel Chlamys; real name - Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov; the use of the real name of the writer in combination with a pseudonym is also well-established - Alexei Maksimovich Gorky

Russian writer, prose writer, playwright; one of the most significant and famous Russian writers and thinkers in the world; 5 times nominated for Nobel Prize in literature: in 1918, 1923, twice in 1928, 1933.

short biography

Real name Maxim Gorky- Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov. The future famous prose writer, playwright, one of the outstanding representatives of Russian literature, who gained wide popularity and gained authority abroad, was born in Nizhny Novgorod on March 28 (March 16, O.S.), 1868, in a poor carpenter's family. Seven-year-old Alyosha was sent to school, but school ended, and forever, a few months later, after the boy fell ill with smallpox. He accumulated a solid store of knowledge solely through self-education.

Gorky's childhood years were very difficult. Early becoming an orphan, he spent them in the house of his grandfather, who was distinguished by a sharp temper. At the age of eleven, Alyosha went “to the people”, earning a piece of bread for himself over the years in various places: in a shop, bakery, icon-painting workshop, in a canteen on a steamer, etc.

In the summer of 1884, Gorky came to Kazan to get an education, but the idea to enter the university failed, so he had to continue to work hard. Constant need and great fatigue even led the 19-year-old boy to attempt suicide, which he undertook in December 1887. In Kazan, Gorky met and became close to representatives of revolutionary populism and Marxism. He visits circles, makes the first attempts at agitation. In 1888, he was arrested for the first time (which will be far from the only one in his biography), and then worked on the railway under vigilant police supervision.

In 1889, he returned to Nizhny Novgorod, where he went to work for the lawyer A.I. Lanin as a clerk, while maintaining relations with radicals and revolutionaries. During this period, M. Gorky wrote the poem "The Song of the Old Oak" and asked V.G. to evaluate it. Korolenko, acquaintance with whom took place in the winter of 1889-1890.

In the spring of 1891, Gorky left Nizhny Novgorod and set off across the country. In November 1891, he was already in Tiflis, and it was the local newspaper that in September 1892 published the debut story of 24-year-old Maxim Gorky - “Makar Chudra”.

In October 1892 Gorky returned to Nizhny Novgorod. Working again with Lanin, he is published in newspapers not only in Nizhny Novgorod, but also in Samara and Kazan. Having moved to Samara in February 1895, he works in the city newspaper, sometimes acts as an editor, and is actively published. Published in 1898 in a large circulation for a novice author, a two-volume book entitled "Essays and Stories" becomes the subject of active discussion. In 1899, Gorky wrote his first novel, Foma Gordeev, in 1900-1901. personally acquainted with Chekhov and Tolstoy.

In 1901, the prose writer first turned to the genre of dramaturgy, writing the plays The Philistines (1901) and The Lower Depths (1902). Transferred to the stage, they were very popular. Petty Bourgeois was staged in Berlin and Vienna, which made Gorky famous on a European scale. From that time on, his work began to be translated into foreign languages, and foreign critics paid him a lot of attention.

Gorky did not stay away from the revolution of 1905, in the fall he became a member of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party. In 1906, the first period of emigration in his biography began. Until 1913 he lived on the Italian island of Capri. It was during this period (1906) that he wrote the novel "Mother", which laid the foundation for a new trend in literature - socialist realism.

After the announcement of a political amnesty in February 1913, Gorky returned to Russia. In the same year, he begins writing an artistic autobiography, for 3 years he has been working on "Childhood" and "In People" (the final part of the trilogy - "My Universities" - he will write in 1923). During this period, he was the editor of the Bolshevik newspapers Pravda and Zvezda; uniting proletarian writers around him, he publishes a collection of their works.

If Maxim Gorky met the February Revolution with enthusiasm, then his reaction to the events of October 1917 was more contradictory. The course of the newspaper Novaya Zhizn (New Life) published by him (May 1917 - March 1918), numerous articles, as well as “The Book of Untimely Thoughts. Notes on Revolution and Culture. Nevertheless, already in the second half of 1918, Gorky was an ally of the Bolshevik authorities, although he demonstrated disagreement with a number of their principles and methods, in particular, in relation to the intelligentsia. In the period 1917-1919. socio-political work was very intensive; thanks to the efforts of the writer, many members of the intelligentsia in those difficult years escaped starvation and repression. During the Civil War, Gorky made a lot of efforts to ensure that the national culture was preserved and developed.

In 1921 Gorky went abroad. According to the widespread version, he did this at the insistence of Lenin, who was worried about the health of the great writer in connection with the exacerbation of his illness (tuberculosis). Meanwhile, a deeper reason could be the growing ideological contradictions in the positions of Gorky, the leader of the world proletariat, and other leaders of the Soviet state. During 1921-1923. Helsingfors, Berlin, Prague were his place of residence, since 1924 - the Italian Sorrento.

In honor of the 60th anniversary of the writer in 1928, the Soviet government and Comrade Stalin personally invited Gorky to come to the Soviet Union, organizing a solemn reception for him. The writer makes numerous trips around the country, where he is shown the achievements of socialism, given the opportunity to speak at meetings and rallies. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR celebrates Gorky's literary merits with a special act, he is elected to the Communist Academy, and other honors are given.

In 1932, Maxim Gorky returned to his homeland completely and became the leader of the new Soviet literature. The great proletarian writer, as they began to call him, conducts active social and organizational work, founds a large number of publications, book series, including "The Life of Remarkable People", "The Poet's Library", "The History of the Civil War", "The History of Factories and Factories" , while not forgetting about literary creativity (plays "Egor Bulychev and Others" (1932), "Dostigaev and Others" (1933)). In 1934, under the chairmanship of Gorky, the First All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers was held; he made a great contribution to the preparation of this event.

In 1936, on June 18, the news spread around the country that Maxim Gorky had died at his dacha in Gorki. The Kremlin wall on Red Square becomes the burial place of his ashes. Many associate the death of Gorky and his son Maxim Peshkov with poisoning as an instrument of a political conspiracy, but there is no official confirmation of this.

Biography from Wikipedia

Childhood

Alexey Maksimovich Peshkov was born in 1868 in Nizhny Novgorod, in a large wooden house on a stone foundation on Kovalikhinskaya Street, which belonged to his grandfather, the owner of a dyeing workshop, Vasily Vasilyevich Kashirin. The boy appeared in the family of the carpenter Maxim Savvatevich Peshkov (1840-1871), who was the son of a demoted officer. According to another version, which a number of literary critics ignore, the biological father of the writer was the manager of the Astrakhan office of the shipping company, I. S. Kolchin. He was baptized in Orthodoxy. At the age of three, Alyosha Peshkov fell ill with cholera, his father managed to get him out. Having contracted cholera from his son, M.S. Peshkov died on July 29, 1871 in Astrakhan, where in the last years of his life he worked as the manager of a steamship office. Alyosha almost did not remember his parent, but the stories of his relatives about him left a deep mark - even the pseudonym "Maxim Gorky", according to the old Nizhny Novgorod residents, was taken by him in 1892 in memory of Maxim Savvatevich. Alexei's mother's name was Varvara Vasilievna, nee Kashirina (1842-1879) - from a bourgeois family; widowed early, remarried, died August 5, 1879 from consumption. Maxim's grandmother, Akulina Ivanovna, replaced the boy's parents. Gorky's grandfather Savvaty Peshkov rose to the rank of officer, but was demoted and exiled to Siberia "for ill-treatment of the lower ranks", after which he signed up as a tradesman. His son Maxim ran away from his father five times and left home forever at the age of 17.

Orphaned at an early age, Alexei spent his childhood in the family of his maternal grandfather Vasily Kashirin in Nizhny Novgorod, in particular in the house at the Postal Congress, where the museum is located in the 21st century. From the age of 11, he was forced to earn money - to go “to people”: he worked as a “boy” at a store, as a buffet utensil on a steamer, as a baker, and studied at an icon-painting workshop.

Alexei was taught to read by his mother, grandfather Kashirin taught him the basics of church literacy. He studied at the parish school for a short time, then, having become ill with smallpox, he was forced to stop studying at school. Then he studied for two classes at the suburban elementary school in Kanavina, where he lived with his mother and stepfather. Relations with the teacher and with the school priest were difficult for Alexei. Gorky's bright memories of the school are associated with a visit to it by the Bishop of Astrakhan and Nizhny Novgorod Chrysanth. Vladyka singled out Peshkov from the whole class, had a long and edifying conversation with the boy, praised him for his knowledge of the lives of the saints and the Psalter, asked him to behave well, “not to be naughty.” However, after the departure of the bishop, Alexei, in spite of his grandfather Kashirin, cut up his favorite saints and cut off the faces of the saints in the books with scissors. In his autobiography, Peshkov noted that as a child he did not like to go to church, but his grandfather forced him to go to church by force, while neither confession nor communion was mentioned at all. At school, Peshkov was considered a difficult teenager.

After a domestic quarrel with his stepfather, whom Alexei almost stabbed to death for ill-treatment of his mother, Peshkov returned back to his grandfather Kashirin, who by that time had completely gone bankrupt. For some time, the street became the boy's "school", where he spent time in the company of teenagers deprived of parental care; received the nickname Bashlyk there. For a short time he studied at the primary parish school for children from the poor. After lessons, he collected rags for food, and, together with a group of peers, stole firewood from warehouses; in the lessons, Peshkov was ridiculed as a "ragman" and "rogue". After another complaint from classmates to the teacher that Peshkov supposedly smells like a garbage pit and it’s unpleasant to sit next to him, the unfairly offended Alexei soon left the school. He did not receive a secondary education, he did not have documents for entering the university. At the same time, Peshkov had a strong will to learn and, according to grandfather Kashirin, a "horse" memory. Peshkov read a lot and avidly, a few years later he confidently studied and quoted idealist philosophers - Nietzsche, Hartmann, Schopenhauer, Caro, Selly; yesterday's vagabond impressed his graduated friends with his acquaintance with the works of the classics. However, by the age of 30, Peshkov wrote semi-literately, with a mass of spelling and punctuation errors, which his wife Ekaterina, a professional proofreader, corrected for a long time.

Starting from his youth and throughout his life, Gorky constantly repeated that he did not " writes", but only " learning to write". From a young age, the writer called himself a man who " came into the world to disagree».

Since childhood, Alexey was a pyromaniac, he was extremely fond of watching how bewitchingly the fire burns.

According to the general opinion of literary critics, Gorky's autobiographical trilogy, which includes the stories "Childhood", "In People" and "My Universities", cannot be perceived as a documentary, and even more so a scientific description of his early biography. The events described in these artistic works, creatively transformed by the fantasy and imagination of the author, the context of the revolutionary era when these Gorky books were written. The family lines of the Kashirins and Peshkovs are built mythologically, the writer did not always identify the personality of his hero Alexei Peshkov with himself, both real and fictional events and characters appear in the trilogy, characteristic of the time when Gorky's young years fell.

Gorky himself, right up to his old age, believed that he was born in 1869; in 1919, his 50th "anniversary" was widely celebrated in Petrograd. Documents confirming the fact of the writer's birth in 1868, the origin and circumstances of childhood (metrical records, revision tales and papers from state chambers) were discovered in the 1920s by Gorky's biographer, critic and literary historian Ilya Gruzdev and local history enthusiasts; first published in the book Gorky and His Time.

By social origin, Gorky, back in 1907, signed as "the city of Nizhny Novgorod, the workshop of the paint shop Alexei Maksimovich Peshkov." In the dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron, Gorky is listed as a tradesman.

Youth and first steps in literature

In 1884, Alexei Peshkov came to Kazan and tried to enter Kazan University, but failed. That year, the charter of the university drastically reduced the number of places for people from the poorest strata, moreover, Peshkov did not have a certificate of secondary education. He worked at the marinas, where he began to attend gatherings of revolutionary-minded youth. He got acquainted with Marxist literature and propaganda work. In 1885-1886 he worked in a pretzel and bakery V. Semyonov. In 1887, he worked in the bakery of the populist Andrey Stepanovich Derenkov (1858-1953), whose income was directed to illegal self-education circles and other financial support for the populist movement in Kazan. In the same year, he lost his grandparents: A. I. Kashirina died on February 16, V. V. Kashirin died on May 1

On December 12, 1887, in Kazan, on a high bank above the Volga, outside the fence of the monastery, 19-year-old Peshkov, in a fit of youthful depression, attempted suicide by shooting himself in the lung with a gun. The bullet got stuck in the body, the Tartar watchman came to the rescue urgently called the police, and Alexei was sent to the Zemstvo hospital, where he had a successful operation. The wound was not fatal, but it served as an impetus for the onset of a long illness of the respiratory organs. A few days later, Peshkov repeated a suicide attempt in the hospital, where he quarreled with N.I. Studentsky, a professor of medicine at Kazan University, suddenly grabbed a large bottle of chloral hydrate in the intern’s room and took a few sips, after which he was again saved from death by gastric lavage. In the story “My Universities”, Gorky, with shame and self-condemnation, called what happened the most difficult episode from his past, he tried to describe the story in the story “A Case from the Life of Makar”. For attempting suicide and refusing to repent, he was excommunicated from the church for four years by the Kazan Spiritual Consistory.

According to the psychiatrist, Professor I. B. Galant, who in the mid-1920s studied the personality of the writer and the psychopathological background of his works and his life, in his youth Alexei Peshkov was a mentally unbalanced person and suffered greatly for this reason; about the “whole bunch” of mental illnesses that he discovered after the fact, Professor Galant reported in a letter to Gorky himself. In young Peshkov, in particular, a suicidal complex was seen, a tendency to commit suicide as a means of cardinally solving everyday problems. Similar conclusions were also reached in 1904 by a psychiatrist, M.O. Shaikevich, Doctor of Medicine, who wrote the book Psychopathological Traits of Maxim Gorky's Heroes, published in St. Petersburg. Gorky himself old age He rejected these diagnoses, not wanting to admit that he had been cured of psychopathology, but he was not able to forbid medical research of his personality and creativity.

In 1888, together with the revolutionary populist M. A. Romas, he arrived in the village of Krasnovidovo near Kazan to conduct revolutionary propaganda. He was first arrested for his connection with the circle of N. E. Fedoseev. He was under constant police surveillance. After wealthy peasants burned down Romas' petty shop, Peshkov worked as a laborer for some time. In October 1888 he entered as a watchman at the Dobrinka station of the Gryase-Tsaritsyno railway. Impressions from staying in Dobrinka served as the basis for the autobiographical story "The Watchman" and the story "For the sake of boredom". Then he went to the Caspian Sea, where he contracted in the artel of fishermen

In January 1889, by personal request (a complaint in verse), he was transferred to the Borisoglebsk station, then as a weigher to the Krutaya station. There, Alexei found the first strong feeling for the daughter of the head of the station, Maria Basargina; Peshkov even asked for the hand of Mary from her father, but was refused. Ten years later, the already married writer, in a letter to a woman, fondly recalled: “I remember everything, Maria Zakharovna. Good things are not forgotten, there are not so many of them in life so that one can forget ... ". He tried to organize among the peasants an agricultural colony of the Tolstoy type. I wrote a collective letter with this request "on behalf of everyone" and wanted to meet with Leo Tolstoy in Yasnaya Polyana and Moscow. However, Tolstoy (to whom thousands of people then went for advice, many of them his wife Sofya Andreevna called "dark loafers"), did not accept the walker, and Peshkov returned empty-handed to Nizhny Novgorod in a carriage with the inscription "for cattle".

In late 1889 - early 1890, in Nizhny Novgorod, he met the writer V. G. Korolenko, to whom he brought his first work, the poem "The Song of the Old Oak", for review. After reading the poem, Korolenko smashed it to smithereens. From October 1889, Peshkov worked as a clerk for the lawyer A.I. Lanin. In the same month, he was first arrested and imprisoned in Nizhny Novgorod prison - it was an "echo" of the defeat of the student movement in Kazan; He described the story of the first arrest in the essay "Korolenko's Time". He struck up a friendship with a chemistry student N. Z. Vasiliev, who introduced Alexei to philosophy.

On April 29, 1891, Peshkov set off from Nizhny Novgorod to wander "in Rus'." He visited the Volga region, the Don, the Ukraine (he was hospitalized in Nikolaev), the Crimea and the Caucasus, most of the way he walked, sometimes he rode on carts, on the brake pads of railway freight wagons. In November he came to Tiflis. He got a job as a worker in a railway workshop. In the summer of 1892, while in Tiflis, Peshkov met and became friends with a participant revolutionary movement Alexander Kalyuzhny. Listening to the young man's stories about his wanderings around the country, Kalyuzhny persistently suggested that Peshkov write down the stories that happened to him. When the manuscript of "Makar Chudra" (a drama from gypsy life) was ready, Kalyuzhny, with the help of a familiar journalist Tsvetnitsky, managed to print the story in the newspaper "Kavkaz". The publication was published on September 12, 1892, the story was signed - M. Gorky. The pseudonym "Gorky" Aleksey came up with himself. Subsequently, he told Kalyuzhny: "Don't write to me in literature - Peshkov ...". In October of the same year, Peshkov returned to Nizhny Novgorod.

In 1893, the aspiring writer published several stories in the Nizhny Novgorod newspapers Volgar and Volzhsky Vestnik. Korolenko becomes his literary mentor. In the same year, 25-year-old Alexei Peshkov entered into his first, unmarried marriage with midwife Olga Yulyevna Kamenskaya, the heroine of his late story"On First Love" (1922). He had known Olga since 1889, she was 9 years older, by that time she had already left her first husband and had a daughter. The writer also found it amusing that Kamenskaya's mother, also a midwife, once took in the newborn Peshkov. Kamenskaya addressed the first of the famous autobiographies of Gorky, written in the form of a letter under the influence of the poet Heine and having the pretentious title "Statement of facts and thoughts, from the interaction of which the best pieces of my heart withered" (1893). Alexey broke up with Kamenskaya already in 1894: a turning point in the relationship came after Olga, who “replaced all the wisdom of life with a textbook of obstetrics,” fell asleep while the author was reading the newly written novella “Old Woman Izergil”.

In August 1894, on the recommendation of Korolenko, Peshkov wrote the story "Chelkash" about the adventures of a tramp smuggler. The story was taken to the journal "Russian wealth", the thing lay for some time in the editorial portfolio. In 1895, Korolenko advised Peshkov to move to Samara, where he became a professional journalist and began earning his living by writing articles and essays under the pseudonym Yehudiel Khlamida. In the June issue of the Russian Wealth magazine, Chelkash was finally published, which brings the first literary fame to its author, Maxim Gorky.

On August 30, 1896, in the Samara Ascension Cathedral, Gorky married the daughter of a bankrupt landowner (who became the manager), yesterday's high school student, proofreader for the Samarskaya Gazeta, Ekaterina Volzhina, 8 years younger than himself. Having seen a lot and already a fairly well-known writer, the proofreader seemed like a “demigod”, but Gorky himself perceived the bride condescendingly, did not honor him with long courtship. In October 1896, the disease began to manifest itself more and more alarmingly: a bitter month lay with bronchitis, which turned into pneumonia, and in January he was first diagnosed with tuberculosis. He was treated in the Crimea, followed by his wife in Ukraine, in the village of Manuylovka near Poltava, where he mastered the Ukrainian language. On July 21, 1897, his first-born son Maxim was born there.

In 1896, Gorky wrote a response to the first film show of the Cinematograph apparatus in Charles Aumont's café at the Nizhny Novgorod Fair.

In 1897, Gorky was the author of works in the journals Russkaya Mysl, Novoye Slovo, and Severny Vestnik. His stories "Konovalov", "Notch", "Fair in Goltva", "Spouses Orlovs", "Malva", "Former people" and others were published. In October, he began work on his first major work, the story "Foma Gordeev".

Literary and social activities

From first fame to recognition (1897-1902)

From October 1897 to mid-January 1898, Gorky lived in the village of Kamenka (now the city of Kuvshinovo, Tver Region) in the apartment of his friend Nikolai Zakharovich Vasiliev, who worked at the Kamensk paper factory and led an illegal working Marxist circle. Subsequently, the life impressions of this period served as material for the writer's novel "The Life of Klim Samgin".

In 1898, the publishing house of S. Dorovatovsky and A. Charushnikov published the first two volumes of Gorky's works. In those years, the circulation of the young author's first book rarely exceeded 1,000 copies. A. Bogdanovich advised to publish the first two volumes of "Essays and Stories" by M. Gorky, 1200 copies each. Publishers "took a chance" and released more. The first volume of the 1st edition of Essays and Stories was published with a circulation of 3000 copies, the second volume - 3500. Both volumes were quickly sold out. Two months after the publication of the book, the writer, whose name was already well-known, was again arrested in Nizhny, transported and imprisoned in the Metekhi castle of Tiflis for previous revolutionary deeds. In a review of "Essays and Stories" by the critic and publicist, editor-in-chief of the magazine "Russian Wealth" N.K. Mikhailovsky, the penetration into Gorky's work of "special morality" and Nietzsche's messianic ideas was noted.

In 1899, Gorky first appeared in St. Petersburg. In the same year, the publishing house of S. Dorovatovsky and A. Charushnikov published the first edition of the third volume of "Essays and Stories" with a circulation of 4100 copies. and the second edition of the 1st and 2nd volumes with a circulation of 4100 copies. In the same year, the novel "Foma Gordeev" and the prose poem "Song of the Falcon" were published. The first translations of Gorky in foreign languages ​​appear.

In 1900-1901, Gorky wrote the novel Three, which remained little known. There is a personal acquaintance of Gorky with Chekhov, Tolstoy.

Mikhail Nesterov. Portrait of A. M. Gorky. (1901) Museum of A. M. Gorky, Moscow.

In March 1901, in Nizhny Novgorod, he created a work of a small format, but a rare, original genre, a song in prose - widely known as the “Song of the Petrel”. Participates in the Marxist working circles of Nizhny Novgorod, Sormov, St. Petersburg; wrote a proclamation calling for a fight against the autocracy. For this he was arrested and expelled from Nizhny Novgorod.

In 1901, Gorky first turned to dramaturgy. Creates the plays "Petty Bourgeois" (1901), "At the bottom" (1902). In 1902, he became the godfather and adoptive father of the Jew Zinovy ​​Sverdlov, who took the surname Peshkov and converted to Orthodoxy. This was necessary in order for Zinovy ​​to receive the right to live in Moscow.

On February 21, 1902, after only six years of regular literary activity, Gorky was elected to the honorary academicians of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of fine literature. The indignant Nicholas II imposed a caustic resolution: “ More than original". And before Gorky could exercise his new rights, his election was annulled by the government, because the newly elected academician "was under police surveillance." In this regard, Chekhov and Korolenko refused membership in the Academy. It became prestigious to be friends with Gorky and show solidarity with him in the literary environment. Gorky became the founder of the “social realism” trend and a trendsetter in literary fashion: a whole galaxy of young writers appeared (Eleonov, Yushkevich, Skitalets, Gusev-Orenburgsky, Kuprin and dozens of others), who were collectively called “sub-maximists” and who tried to imitate Gorky in everything, starting from the manner of wearing mustaches and wide hats, the accentuated harshness and roughness of manners, which were believed to be characteristic of commoners, the ability to insert in place into literary speech salty word, and ending with the Volga okan, which even Gorky sounded somewhat affected, artificial. On March 20, 1917, after the overthrow of the monarchy, Gorky was re-elected an honorary member of the Academy of Sciences.

And you will live on earth
How blind worms live:
No fairy tales will be told about you,
No songs will be sung about you.

Maksim Gorky. "Legend of Marco", last stanza

Initially, "The Legend of Marko" was included in the story "About the Little Fairy and the Young Shepherd (Wallachian Tale)". Later, Gorky significantly reworked the thing, re-wrote the final stanza, made the poem a separate work and agreed with the composer Alexander Spendiarov to set it to music. In 1903, the first edition of the new text was published, accompanied by notes. In the future, the poem was reprinted many times under the titles: "Wallachian Tale", "Fairy", "Fisherman and Fairy". In 1906, the poem was included in the book "M. Bitter. Song about Falcon. Song about the Petrel. The Legend of Marco. This is the first book from the voluminous “Cheap Library of the Knowledge Association”, published in St. Petersburg in 1906, where there were more than 30 works by Gorky.

Apartment in Nizhny Novgorod

In September 1902, Gorky, who had already gained world fame and solid fees, with his wife Ekaterina Pavlovna and children Maxim (born July 21, 1897) and Katya (born May 26, 1901), settled in rented 11 rooms in the Nizhny Novgorod house of Baron N. F. Kirshbaum (now the Museum-apartment of A. M. Gorky in Nizhny Novgorod). By this time, Gorky was the author of six volumes of literary works, about 50 of his works were published in 16 languages. In 1902, 260 newspaper and 50 magazine articles were published about Gorky, more than 100 monographs were published. In 1903 and 1904, the Society of Russian Dramatic Writers and Composers twice awarded Gorky the Griboedov Prize for the plays The Petty Bourgeoises and At the Bottom. The writer gained prestige in metropolitan society: in St. Petersburg, Gorky was known for the activities of the book publishing house "Knowledge", and in Moscow he was the leading playwright at the Art Theater (MKhT).

In Nizhny Novgorod, with the generous financial and organizational support of Gorky, the construction of the People's House was completed, a folk theater was created, a school named after. F. I. Chaliapin.

The contemporaries called the writer's apartment in Nizhny Novgorod "Gorky Academy", in it, according to V. Desnitsky, "an atmosphere of high spiritual mood" reigned. Representatives of the creative intelligentsia visited the writer almost daily in this apartment; 30-40 cultural figures often gathered in the spacious living room. Among the guests were Leo Tolstoy, Leonid Andreev, Ivan Bunin, Anton Chekhov, Evgeny Chirikov, Ilya Repin, Konstantin Stanislavsky. The closest friend - Fyodor Chaliapin, who also rented an apartment in the house of Baron Kirshbaum, actively participated in the life of the Gorky family and the city.

In the Nizhny Novgorod apartment, Gorky finished the play "At the Bottom", felt inspiring success after its productions in Russia and Europe, made sketches for the story "Mother", wrote the poem "Man", comprehended the outline of the play "Summer Residents".

Relations with Maria Andreeva, leaving the family, "bigamy"

At the turn of the 1900s, a status, beautiful and successful woman appeared in Gorky's life. On April 18, 1900, in Sevastopol, where the Moscow Art Theater (MKhT) went to show A.P. Chekhov his "The Seagull", Gorky met the famous Moscow actress Maria Andreeva. “I was captured by the beauty and power of his talent,” Andreeva recalled. Both in the year of their first meeting turned 32 years old. Starting from the Crimean tour, the writer and actress began to see each other often, Gorky, among other invited guests, began to attend evening receptions in the richly furnished 9-room apartment of Andreeva and her husband, an important railway official Zhelyabuzhsky, in Theater Passage. Andreeva made a special impression on Gorky in the image of Natasha in his first play “At the Bottom”: “He came all in tears, shook hands, thanked. For the first time then, I hugged and kissed him tightly, right there on the stage, in front of everyone. Among his friends, Gorky called Maria Fedorovna “The Wonderful Human Being.” Feeling for Andreeva became an essential factor in Gorky’s evolution, noted Pavel Basinsky and Dmitry Bykov, in 1904-1905, under the influence of Andreeva, the writer became close to the Leninist party of the RSDLP and joined it. On November 27, 1905, Gorky first met with Lenin, who had returned from political emigration a month earlier.

In 1903, Andreeva finally leaves her family (where she lived for a long time only as a hostess and mother of two children), rents an apartment for herself, becomes a common-law wife and literary secretary of Gorky, as evidenced by the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. The writer, captured by a new passionate love, left Nizhny Novgorod forever, began to live in Moscow and St. Petersburg, where his literary recognition and the beginning of social activity opened up new prospects for him. When Gorky and Andreeva were in the United States in the summer of 1906, Gorky's 5-year-old daughter Katya died of sudden meningitis on August 16 in Nizhny Novgorod. Gorky wrote a consoling letter from America to his abandoned wife, where he demanded to take care of his remaining son. The spouses, by mutual agreement, decided to leave, Gorky's unregistered relationship with Andreeva continued until 1919, while the divorce from the writer's first wife was not formalized. Officially, E.P. Peshkova remained his wife until the end of her life, and this was not just a formality. On May 28, 1928, after seven years of emigration, having arrived in the USSR from Italy to celebrate his 60th birthday, Gorky stayed in Moscow on Tverskaya Street in the apartment of Ekaterina Peshkova, who then headed the Committee for Assistance to Political Prisoners - the only legal human rights organization in the USSR. In June 1936, Ekaterina Pavlovna was present at Gorky's funeral as his legal, universally recognized widow, to whom Stalin personally expressed his condolences.

In 1958, the biography “Gorky” was first published in the “Life of Remarkable People” series in a massive 75,000th edition, authored by the researcher of his life and work, the Soviet writer and screenwriter Ilya Gruzdev, who was familiar and corresponded with Gorky himself. This book does not say a word about the fact that Andreeva was Gorky's actual wife, and she herself is mentioned only once as an actress of the Moscow Art Theater, who fell ill in Riga in 1905 with peritonitis, about which Gorky expressed concern in a letter to E. P. Peshkova. For the first time, the general reader became aware of the true role of Andreeva in Gorky's life only in 1961, when the memoirs of Maria Andreeva, who accompanied them on a trip to the United States, Nikolai Burenin and other colleagues in the stage and revolutionary struggle, were published. In 2005, in the ZhZL series, new biography"Bitter", authored by Pavel Basinsky, where, although sparingly, the role of Maria Andreeva in the writer's life is covered, it is also mentioned that the relationship between the two wives was not conflicting: for example, E. P. Peshkova and her son Maxim came to Capri visited Gorky and freely communicated with M. F. Andreeva. On the day of Gorky's funeral, July 20, 1936, according to a historical photograph at the Hall of Columns, E. P. Peshkova and M. F. Andreeva walked behind the hearse in one row, shoulder to shoulder. The topic "Gorky and Andreev" is also explored in Dmitry Bykov's monograph "Was there a Gorky?" (2012).

proletarian writer

In 1904-1905, Maxim Gorky wrote the plays "Summer Residents", "Children of the Sun", "Barbarians". For the revolutionary proclamation, and in connection with the execution on January 9, he was arrested and imprisoned in solitary confinement in the Peter and Paul Fortress. Famous artists Gerhart Hauptman, Anatole France, Auguste Rodin, Thomas Hardy, George Meredith, Italian writers Grazia Deledda, Mario Rapisardi, Edmondo de Amicis, Serbian writer Radoe Domanovich, composer Giacomo Puccini, philosopher Benedetto Croce and other representatives of the creative and the scientific world from Germany, France, England. Student demonstrations took place in Rome. On February 14, 1905, under public pressure, he was released on bail. In November 1905, Gorky joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party.

In 1904 Gorky broke with the Moscow Art Theatre. Alexei Maksimovich had plans to create a new large-scale theater project in St. Petersburg. Apart from Gorky, Savva Morozov, Vera Komissarzhevskaya, and Konstantin Nezlobin were to become the main organizers of the partnership. The theater was supposed to be opened in a building rented at the expense of Savva Morozov on Liteiny Prospekt, and it was planned to unite the actors of the Nezlobin and Komissarzhevskaya theaters as part of the troupe, Vasily Kachalov was also invited from Moscow. However, for a number of reasons, both creative and organizational, the new theater in St. Petersburg was never created. In the fall of 1905, Gorky's new play "Children of the Sun" premiered at the Moscow Art Theater, where Andreeva played the role of Liza.

Gorky's personal life during this politically turbulent period, on the contrary, is characterized by peace, stability and prosperity. The second half of 1904, Gorky and Andreeva spent together in the holiday village of Kuokkala near St. Petersburg. There, on the Lintul manor, Andreeva rented a large dacha built in the pseudo-Russian style, surrounded by a garden in the spirit of the old estates of Russian landowners, where Gorky found happiness and peace with Maria Fedorovna, which inspired his work. They visited the neighboring estate "Penates", to the artist Ilya Repin, in his unusual house of author's architecture several famous photographs of the couple were taken. Then Gorky and Andreeva went to Riga, where the Moscow Art Theater toured. We rested at the healing springs of the Staraya Russa resort. Part of the time Gorky and Andreeva spent in the actress’s apartment in Moscow at 16 Vspolny Lane. From March 29 to May 7, 1905, Gorky and Andreeva rested in Yalta, then again at the actress’s dacha in the town of Kuokkala, where on May 13 the couple found the news of the mysterious suicide in Nice of their mutual friend and philanthropist Savva Morozov.

Gorky - publisher

M. Gorky, D. N. Mamin-Sibiryak, N. D. Teleshov and I. A. Bunin. Yalta, 1902

Maxim Gorky showed himself as a talented publisher as well. From 1902 to 1921 he headed three major publishing houses - Knowledge, Parus and World Literature. On September 4, 1900, Gorky became an equal participant-partner of the Znanie publishing house, organized in 1898 in St. Petersburg and initially specializing in popular science literature. His first idea was to expand the profile of the publishing house with books on philosophy, economics and sociology, as well as the release of the "Cheap Series" for the people in the image and likeness of Ivan Sytin's "penny books". All this caused objections from other partners and was not accepted. Gorky's conflict with the other members of the partnership escalated even more when he offered to publish books by new realist writers, which met with fears of a commercial failure. In January 1901, Gorky set out to leave the publishing house, but as a result of the conflict, on the contrary, other members left the partnership, and only Gorky and K. P. Pyatnitsky remained. After the break, Gorky headed the publishing house and became its ideologist, and Pyatnitsky was in charge technical side affairs. Under the leadership of Gorky, the Znanie publishing house completely changed its direction, made the main emphasis on fiction and developed great activity, advancing to a leading position in Russia. About 20 books were published monthly with a total circulation of more than 200,000 copies. The largest St. Petersburg publishers A. S. Suvorin, A. F. Marx, M. O. Volf were left behind. By 1903, Znanie published separate editions with unusually large circulations for those times of the works of Gorky himself, as well as Leonid Andreev, Ivan Bunin, Alexander Kuprin, Serafimovich, Skitalets, Teleshov, Chirikov, Gusev-Orenburgsky and other writers. Thanks to the efforts of Gorky and the book published by the Znanie publishing house, Leonid Andreev, a journalist for the Moscow newspaper Courier, became famous. Other realist writers also gained all-Russian fame in Gorky's publishing house. In 1904, the first collective collection of realist writers was published, which was in line with the trend of the early 20th century, when almanacs and collective collections were in high demand among readers. In 1905, the Cheap Library series was released, the fiction cycle of which included 156 works by 13 writers, including Gorky. The price of books ranged from 2 to 12 kopecks. In the "Library" Gorky for the first time outlined ideological guidelines close to him, a department of Marxist literature was organized in it and a special editorial commission was formed to select books for the people. The commission included the Marxist-Bolsheviks V. I. Lenin, L. B. Krasin, V. V. Vorovsky, A. V. Lunacharsky and others.

Gorky made a revolution in royalty policy - "Knowledge" paid a fee of 300 rubles for an author's sheet of 40 thousand characters (at the beginning of the 20th century, a shot of vodka cost 3 kopecks, a loaf of bread - 2 kopecks). For the first book, Leonid Andreev received 5,642 rubles from Gorky's Knowledge (instead of the 300 rubles that rival publisher Sytin promised to pay), which immediately made the needy Andreev a wealthy man. In addition to high fees, Gorky introduced a new practice of monthly advance payments, thanks to which writers seemed to be “in the state” and began to receive in the publishing house “ wages”, which was then unprecedented in Russia. "Knowledge" monthly advances Bunin, Serafimovich, Wanderer, about 10 writers in total. An innovation for Russian book publishing was royalties from foreign publishers and theaters, which Znanie achieved in the absence of an official copyright convention - this was achieved by sending literary works to foreign translators and publishers even before their first publication in Russia. Since December 1905, on the initiative of Gorky, a special book publishing house for Russian authors was formed abroad, where Gorky became one of the founders. The material support of writers in the Gorky publishing house "Knowledge" was the prototype of the future Union of Writers of the USSR, including both the financial side and a certain ideological orientation, which years later became the basis of Soviet literary policy.

In early 1906, Gorky left Russia, where he began to be persecuted for his political activities, and became a political emigrant. As he deepened into his own work, Gorky lost interest in the activities of the Znanie publishing house in exile. In 1912, Gorky left the partnership, and in 1913, when he returned to Russia, the publishing house had already ceased to exist. For all the time of work, "Knowledge" has released about 40 collective collections.

IN THE USA

In February 1906, on behalf of Lenin and Krasin, Gorky and his de facto wife, actress Maria Andreeva, set off through Finland, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland and France by ship to America. The journey began on January 19, 1906, with a charitable literary and musical evening at the Finnish National Theater in Helsingfors, where Gorky performed together with Skitalets (Petrov) and Andreeva, who, according to the reports of the tsarist secret police, read the appeal of "anti-government content." On April 4, in Cherbourg, Gorky, Andreeva, and their liaison and bodyguard, Nikolai Burenin, an agent of the "combat technical group" of the Bolsheviks, boarded the Friedrich Wilhelm the Great ocean liner. Andreeva procured from the captain of the ship for Gorky the most comfortable cabin on board, which was best suited for writing during the 6 days of crossing the Atlantic. Gorky's cabin had an office with a large desk, a living room, a bedroom with a bath and shower.

Gorky and Andreeva stayed in America until September. The goal is to raise funds for the Bolshevik cash desk to prepare the revolution in Russia. Upon arrival in the United States, Gorky was met with an enthusiastic meeting with journalists and Bolshevik sympathizers; he participated in several rallies in New York ($1,200 collected for the party fund), Boston, and Philadelphia. The guest from Russia was daily crowded with reporters who wanted to interview. Soon Gorky met and made a good impression on Mark Twain. However, then information leaked to America (according to the writer and Burenin - at the suggestion of the embassy and the Socialist-Revolutionaries) that Gorky did not divorce his first wife, and did not marry Andreeva, because of which the puritanical hotel owners, who considered that the couple was insulting the moral principles of Americans began to evict guests from their rooms. Gorky and Andreeva were sheltered by the wealthy Martin spouses - in their estate on Staten Island at the mouth of the Hudson.

“Wherever Alexei Maksimovich was, he usually became the center of attention. He spoke fervently, waved his arms widely... He moved with unusual ease and deftness. Hands, very beautiful, with long expressive fingers, drew some figures and lines in the air, and this gave his speech a special brilliance and persuasiveness ... Not being busy in the play "Uncle Vanya", I watched how Gorky perceived what was happening on stage . His eyes flashed, then went out, sometimes he shook his long hair vigorously, it was clear how he was trying to restrain himself, to overpower himself. But tears flooded his eyes irresistibly, flowed down his cheeks, he annoyedly brushed them away, blew his nose loudly, looked around in embarrassment and again stared fixedly at the stage.

Maria Andreeva

In America, Gorky created satirical pamphlets about the "bourgeois" culture of France and the United States ("My Interviews", "In America"). In the estate of the Martin spouses in the Adirondack mountains, Gorky began the proletarian novel "Mother"; according to Dm. Bykova - " the most imposed under the Soviet regime and the most forgotten book of Gorky today". Returning in September short time to Russia, writes the play "Enemies", completes the novel "Mother".

To Capri. Gorky's work schedule

In October 1906, due to tuberculosis, Gorky and his common-law wife settled in Italy. First they stopped in Naples, where they arrived on October 13 (26), 1906. In Naples, two days later, a rally was held in front of the Vesuvius Hotel, where Gorky's appeal to "Italian comrades" was read to an enthusiastic crowd of sympathizers of the Russian revolution. Soon, at the request of the concerned authorities, Gorky settled on the island of Capri, where he lived with Andreeva for 7 years (from 1906 to 1913). The couple settled in the prestigious Quisisana Hotel. From March 1909 to February 1911, Gorky and Andreeva lived at the Spinola villa (now Bering), stayed at the villas (they have commemorative plaques about the writer’s stay) Blasius (from 1906 to 1909) and Serfina (now "Pierina"). On the island of Capri, from which a small steamer sailed once a day to Naples, there was a considerable Russian colony. The poet and journalist Leonid Stark and his wife lived here, later - Lenin's librarian Shushanik Manucharyants, writer Ivan Volnov (Volny), writers Novikov-Priboy, Mikhail Kotsyubinsky, Jan Struyan, Felix Dzerzhinsky, other writers and revolutionaries visited. Once a week, at the villa where Andreeva and Gorky lived, a literary seminar was held for young writers.

Villa on Capri (burgundy), which Gorky rented in 1909-1911.

Maria Andreeva described in detail the villa "Spinola" on Via Longano, where she and Gorky lived for a long time, and the writer's routine in Capri. The house was on a semi-mountain, high above the shore. The villa consisted of three rooms: on the ground floor there was a matrimonial bedroom and Andreeva's room, the entire second floor was occupied by a large hall with panoramic windows made of solid glass three meters long and one and a half meters high, one of the windows overlooking the sea. There was Gorky's office. Maria Feodorovna, who (in addition to household chores) was engaged in translating Sicilian folk tales, was in the lower room, from where a staircase led upstairs, so as not to interfere with Gorky, but at the first call to help him in anything. A fireplace was specially built for Alexei Maksimovich, although usually the houses in Capri were heated by braziers. Near the window overlooking the sea, there was a large desk covered with green cloth on very long legs - so that Gorky, with his tall stature, was comfortable and did not have to bend too much. On the right side of the table was a desk - in case Gorky got tired of sitting, he wrote while standing. Everywhere in the office, on the tables and all the shelves were books. The writer subscribed to newspapers from Russia - both large metropolitan and provincial, as well as foreign publications. He received extensive correspondence in Capri - both from Russia and from other countries. Gorky woke up no later than 8 o'clock in the morning, an hour later morning coffee was served, to which Andreeva's translations of articles that interested Gorky were ready. Every day at 10 o'clock the writer sat down at his desk and, with rare exceptions, worked until half past one. In those years, Gorky worked on a trilogy from the provincial life "Okurov Town". At two o'clock - lunch, during the meal, Gorky got acquainted with the press, despite the objections of the doctors. Over dinner, from foreign newspapers, mainly Italian, French and English, Gorky got an idea of ​​\u200b\u200bwhat was happening in the world and how the working class was defending its rights. After dinner, until 4 pm, Gorky rested, sitting in an armchair, looking at the sea and smoking - with a bad habit, despite sick lungs, a constant severe cough and hemoptysis, he did not part. At 4 o'clock Gorky and Andreeva went out for an hour walk to the sea. At 5 o'clock tea was served, from half past five Gorky again went up to his office, where he worked on manuscripts or read. At seven o'clock - dinner, at which Gorky received comrades who arrived from Russia or lived in Capri in exile - then there were lively conversations and merry intellectual games were started. At 11 pm Gorky again went up to his office to write or read something else. Alexey Maksimovich went to bed at about one in the morning, but he did not fall asleep immediately, but read for another half an hour or an hour, lying in bed. In the summer, many Russians and foreigners who had heard about his fame came to the villa to see Gorky. Among them were both relatives (for example, E. P. Peshkova and son Maxim, adopted son Zinovy, children of Andreeva Yuri and Ekaterina), friends - Leonid Andreev with his eldest son Vadim, Ivan Bunin, Fedor Chaliapin, Alexander Tikhonov (Serebrov), Heinrich Lopatin (translator of Marx's Capital), acquaintances. They came and completely strangers trying to find the truth, to find out how to live, there were many simply curious. From each meeting, cut off from Russia, Gorky tried to extract at least a grain of new worldly knowledge or experience from his homeland for his works. Gorky maintained regular correspondence with Lenin, who was in exile in France. In the fall, everyone usually left, and Gorky again plunged into work for whole days. Occasionally, in sunny weather, the writer took longer walks or visited a miniature cinema, played with local children. Foreign languages, in particular Italian, Gorky did not master at all, the only phrase that he remembered and repeated during 15 years in Italy: “Buona sera!” ("Good evening").

On Capri, Gorky also wrote "Confession" (1908), which outlined his philosophical differences with Lenin (the leader of the October Revolution visited Capri to meet with Gorky in April 1908 and June 1910) and rapprochement with the god-builders Lunacharsky and Bogdanov. Between 1908 and 1910, Gorky experienced a spiritual crisis, which was reflected in his work: in the conciliatory, anti-rebellious story "Confession", which irritated and annoyed Lenin with its conformism, Gorky himself, after rethinking, caught excessive didacticism. Gorky sincerely did not understand why Lenin was more inclined towards an alliance with the Plekhanov Mensheviks than with the Bogdanov Bolsheviks. Soon, Gorky also had a break with the Bogdanov group (his school of “God-builders” was resettled in the Villa “Pasquale”), under the influence of Lenin, the writer began to move away from the Machist and God-seeking philosophy in favor of Marxism. Gorky's idealization of the approaching revolution continued until he became personally convinced of the merciless cruelty of the post-October realities in Russia. Other important events in the life of the Gorky period of stay in Capri:

• 1907 - a delegate with an advisory vote to the 5th Congress of the RSDLP in London, meeting with Lenin ..
• 1908 - the play "The Last", the story "The Life of an Unnecessary Man".
• 1909 - the novels "The Town of Okurov", "The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin".
• 1912 - trip with M. F. Andreeva to Paris, meeting with Lenin.
• 1913 - completed Tales of Italy.

In 1906-1913, on Capri, Gorky composed 27 short stories that made up the Tales of Italy cycle. As an epigraph to the entire cycle, the writer put Andersen's words: "There are no fairy tales better than those that life itself creates." The first seven tales were published in the Bolshevik newspaper Zvezda, some in Pravda, the rest were published in other Bolshevik newspapers and magazines. According to Stepan Shaumyan, fairy tales brought Gorky even closer to the workers. “And the workers can proudly declare: yes, our Gorky! He is our artist, our friend and comrade-in-arms in the great struggle for the emancipation of labor! "Magnificent and uplifting" called "Tales of Italy" and Lenin, who warmly recalled the 13 days in Capri, spent in 1910 together with Gorky in joint fishing, walks and disputes, which, after a series of ideological differences, again strengthened their friendly relations and saved Gorky, as Lenin believed, from his "philosophical and God-seeking delusions." On the way back to Paris, Gorky accompanied Lenin on the train to the French border for safety reasons.

Return to Russia, events and activities of 1913-1917

On December 31, 1913, having finished the story “Childhood” in Italy, after the announcement of a general amnesty on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty (affecting primarily political writers), Gorky returned to Russia by train through the Verzhbolovo station. At the border, the Okhrana overlooked him, he was taken under the supervision of fillers already in St. Petersburg. In the report of the police department, he is listed as "an emigrant, the Nizhny Novgorod workshop Alexei Maksimov Peshkov." He settled with Maria Andreeva in Mustamyaki, Finland, in the village of Neuvola, at the dacha of Alexandra Karlovna Gorbik-Lange, and then in St. Petersburg at Kronverksky Prospekt, house 23, apartment 5/16 (now 10). Here they lived from 1914 to 1919 (according to other sources - until 1921).

With the permission of the hospitable hosts, more than 30 of their relatives, acquaintances and even professional residents settled in the 11-room apartment. Most of them did nothing to help with the housework and did not receive any rations. Maria Budberg settled in the room next to Gorky, who once brought some papers for Gorky to sign, immediately “fainted from hunger” in front of the owners, was fed and invited to live, and soon became the subject of the writer’s passion. According to the recollections of Andreeva’s daughter Ekaterina Andreevna Zhelyabuzhskaya about the atmosphere at home during these five years, the overcrowded private apartment actually turned into a reception room of the institution, complaining about life and hardships to Gorky “everyone came here: academicians, professors, all kinds of offended intellectuals and pseudo-intellectuals, all sorts of princes, ladies from “societies”, the disadvantaged Russian capitalists who have not yet had time to escape to Denikin or abroad, in general those whose good life was arrogantly violated by the Revolution. Among the guests were well-known people - Fyodor Chaliapin, Boris Pilnyak, Korney Chukovsky, Evgeny Zamyatin, Larisa Reisner, publisher Z. Grzhebin, academician S. Oldenburg, director S. Radlov, commissioner of the Baltic Fleet M. Dobuzhinsky, writers A. Pinkevich, V Desnitsky, the revolutionaries L. Krasin, A. Lunacharsky, A. Kollontai, the chairman of the Petrosoviet G. Zinoviev and the representative of the Council of Workers 'and Peasants' Defense L. Kamenev, came from Moscow and Lenin. The main pastime of the countless inhabitants and guests of Gorky's apartment consisted in the fact that they continuously ate, drank, danced, recklessly played lotto and cards, certainly for money, sang "some strange songs", there was a conciliar reading of publications that were common at that time "for the old men" and pornographic novels of the XVIII century, the Marquis de Sade was popular with the audience. The conversations were such that the daughter of Andreeva, a young woman, according to her, "burned her ears."

In 1914, Gorky edited the Bolshevik newspapers Zvezda and Pravda, the art department of the Bolshevik journal Enlightenment, published the first collection of proletarian writers. From 1915 to 1917 he published the journal "Chronicle", founded the publishing house "Sail". In 1912-1916, Gorky created a series of stories and essays that compiled the collection "Across Rus'", autobiographical novels "Childhood", "In People". In 1916, the publishing house "Sail" published the autobiographical story "In People" and a series of essays "Across Rus'". The last part of the My Universities trilogy was written in 1923.

February and October revolutions, events and activities of 1917-1921

In 1917-1919, Gorky, who coolly accepted the February and October revolutions, did a lot of social and human rights work, criticized the methods of the Bolsheviks, condemned their attitude towards the old intelligentsia, and saved a number of its representatives from Bolshevik repression and hunger. He stood up for the deposed Romanovs, who were mocked everywhere by spontaneously gathering crowds. Not finding a suitable platform for expressing an independent position, on May 1, 1917, Gorky began publishing the newspaper Novaya Zhizn on royalties received for publishing books at the Niva publishing house and on loans from the banker, owner of the Grubbe and Nebo bank, E.K. Grubbe. Reacting to accusations of venality and what plays into the hands of the enemies of the working class, Gorky explained that such methods of financing the proletarian press in Russia are not new: “During the period from 1901 to 1917, hundreds of thousands of -democratic party, of which my personal earnings amount to tens of thousands, and everything else was scooped from the pockets of the “bourgeoisie”. Iskra was published with the money of Savva Morozov, who, of course, did not lend, but donated. I could name a good dozen respectable people - "bourgeois" - who helped financially the growth of the Social-Democrats. parties. V. I. Lenin and other old workers of the party know this very well.”

In the newspaper "New Life" Gorky acted as a columnist; from his journalistic columns, which Dm. Bykov rated it as "a unique chronicle of the rebirth of the revolution", later Gorky formed two books - "Untimely Thoughts" and "Revolution and Culture". The red thread of Gorky's journalism of this period was reflections on the freedom of the Russian people (“Are we ready for it?”), A call to master knowledge and overcome ignorance, to engage in creativity and science, to preserve culture (the values ​​\u200b\u200bof which were mercilessly plundered). Gorky actively condemned the destruction of the estates of Khudekov and Obolensky by the "bestial" peasants, the burning of the lord's libraries, the destruction of paintings and musical instruments as class objects alien to the peasantry. Gorky was unpleasantly surprised that of all the crafts in the country, speculation flourished. Gorky did not like the lustration that began in Russia and the publication of lists of secret employees of the security department, of which, to the surprise of the writer and society, there were inexplicably many thousands in Russia. “This is a shameful indictment against us, this is one of the signs of the collapse and decay of the country, a formidable sign,” Gorky said. These and similar statements caused tension in the relationship between the writer and the new worker-peasant government.

After the victory of October, the revolutionary authorities no longer needed a free press, and on July 29, 1918, the New Life newspaper was closed. "Untimely thoughts" with their honest, critical assessments events of the first post-revolutionary years were next published in the USSR only 70 years later, in 1988. On November 19, 1919, at the initiative of Gorky, the “House of Arts” (DISK) was opened in the house of Eliseev at Moika, 29, a prototype of the writers’ union, where lectures, readings, reports and disputes were held, writers communicated and received material assistance on a professional basis. In the House of Arts, realists, symbolists and acmeists argued among themselves, Gumilyov's poetic studio "Sounding Shell" worked, Blok performed, Chukovsky, Khodasevich, Green, Mandelstam, Shklovsky spent days and nights in the house. In 1920, thanks to Gorky, the Central Commission for the Improvement of the Life of Scientists (TSEKUBU) arose, it was engaged in the distribution of food rations, which helped the Petrograd scientists survive the era of "war communism". Supported by Gorky and a group of young writers "Serapion Brothers".

Drawing a psychological portrait of a staunch revolutionary, Gorky outlines his credo as follows: “The eternal revolutionary is a yeast that continuously irritates the brains and nerves of mankind, it is either a genius who, destroying the truths created before him, creates new ones, or - humble person, calmly confident in its power, burning with a quiet, sometimes almost invisible fire, illuminating the paths to the future.

The cooling of marital relations between Gorky and Andreeva occurred in 1919, not only because of the increasingly sharply manifested political differences. Gorky, who spiritually dreamed of "new ideal people" and tried to create their romantic image in his works, did not accept the revolution, was struck by its cruelty and ruthlessness - when, despite his personal intercession before Lenin, Grand Duke Pavel Alexandrovich and the poet were shot Nikolai Gumilyov. According to her daughter Ekaterina, it was not a frivolous flirtation with Budberg that led to a personal break with Andreeva, but Gorky’s long-term infatuation with Varvara Vasilievna Shaikevich, the wife of their mutual friend, publisher and writer Alexander Tikhonov (Serebrov).

In February 1919, Gorky and Andreeva were appointed heads of the Appraisal and Antiquarian Commission of the People's Commissariat of Trade and Industry. 80 best St. Petersburg specialists in the field of antiques were involved in the work. The aim was to take away from property confiscated in churches, palaces and mansions of the propertied class, in banks, antique shops, pawnshops, objects representing artistic or historical value. Then these items were supposed to be transferred to museums, and some of the confiscated goods were to be sold at auctions abroad. After some time, according to Zinaida Gippius, Gorky's apartment on Kronverksky took on the appearance of a "museum or junk shop." However, during the investigation conducted by the investigator of the Cheka Nazaryev, it was not possible to prove the personal self-interest of the heads of the Appraisal and Antiquarian Commission, and in the beginning of 1920, the commission was allowed to buy up private collections to replenish the export fund.

During these years, Gorky also became known as a collector of art objects, collected giant Chinese vases, and became an expert in this field in Petrograd. The writer appreciated (not only for texts) and rare expensive books designed as exquisite, sophisticated and intricate works of printing art. Being a rather wealthy person in the post-revolutionary years against the backdrop of the impoverishment of the masses, Gorky financed his own publishing projects, did a lot of charity work, kept about 30 household members in his apartment, sent financial assistance distressed writers, provincial teachers, exiles, often complete strangers who turned to him with letters and requests.

In 1919, on the initiative and with the decisive participation of Gorky, the World Literature publishing house was organized, the goal of which for five years, containing more than 200 volumes, was to publish world classics in the country in a standard translation, with highly qualified comments and interpretations of the largest literary critics.

After the assassination attempt on Lenin in August 1918, relations between Gorky and Lenin, which had previously been overshadowed by a number of quarrels, strengthened again. Gorky sent a sympathetic telegram to Lenin and resumed correspondence with him, and ceased to engage in Fronder activities. He sought protection from Lenin from St. Petersburg Chekists, who tried to establish an offense with the writer and visited Gorky's apartment with searches. Gorky traveled to Moscow several times to meet with Lenin, Dzerzhinsky, Trotsky, addressed a lot to his old friend, who was now called the leader of the October Revolution, with various requests, including petitions for convicts. Gorky also fussed about permission to travel abroad for Alexander Blok, but it was received only a day before the death of the poet. After the execution of Nikolai Gumilyov, Gorky had a feeling of hopelessness in his own efforts, the writer began to think about leaving abroad. Lenin, who appreciated Gorky for his previous merits and social realism in his work, gave the idea to go to Europe for treatment and raise funds to fight the famine that struck Russia after the drought of 1921. In July 1920, Gorky saw Lenin when he came to Petrograd for the Second Congress of the Comintern. The writer received as a gift from Lenin, who visited Gorky in his apartment before returning to Moscow, Lenin's newly published book "Children's disease of leftism in communism", they were photographed together at the columns of the Tauride Palace. This was the last meeting between Gorky and Lenin.

Emigration after the October Revolution

October 16, 1921 - M. Gorky's departure abroad, the word "emigration" was not used then in the context of his trip. The official reason for his departure was the resumption of his illness and the need, at the insistence of Lenin, to be treated abroad. According to another version, Gorky was forced to leave due to the aggravation of ideological differences with the Soviet authorities. In 1921-1923 he lived in Helsingfors (Helsinki), Berlin, Prague. Gorky was not immediately released to Italy as "politically unreliable."

According to the memoirs of Vladislav Khodasevich, in 1921 Gorky, as a vacillating and unreliable thinker, was sent to Germany on the initiative of Zinoviev and the Soviet secret services, with the consent of Lenin, and Andreeva soon followed her former common-law husband "in order to supervise his political behavior and spending money ". Andreeva took with her a new lover, an NKVD officer, Pyotr Kryuchkov (the future permanent secretary of the writer), with whom she settled in Berlin, while Gorky himself, with his son and daughter-in-law, settled outside the city. In Germany, Andreeva, using her connections in the Soviet government, arranged for Kryuchkov to be the editor-in-chief of the Soviet bookselling and publishing enterprise Mezhdunarodnaya kniga. Thus, Kryuchkov, with the assistance of Andreeva, became the actual publisher of Gorky's works abroad and an intermediary in the writer's relationship with Russian magazines and publishing houses. As a result, Andreeva and Kryuchkov were able to fully control Gorky's spending of his considerable funds.

In the spring of 1922, Gorky wrote open letters to A. I. Rykov and Anatole France, where he opposed the trial in Moscow of the Socialist-Revolutionaries, which was fraught with death sentences for them. The letter, which received resonance, was printed by the German newspaper Vorwärts, as well as a number of Russian émigré publications. Lenin described Gorky's letter as "filthy" and called it a "betrayal" of a friend. Criticism of Gorky's letter was made by Karl Radek in Pravda and Demyan Bedny in Izvestia. Gorky, however, was wary of the Russian emigration, but until 1928 he did not openly criticize it. In Berlin, Gorky did not honor the presence of honoring himself on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of his literary activity, arranged by A. Bely, A. Tolstoy, V. Khodasevich, V. Shklovsky and other Russian writers who were friendly to him.

In the summer of 1922, Gorky lived in Heringsdorf, on the coast of the Baltic Sea, communicated with Alexei Tolstoy, Vladislav Khodasevich, Nina Berberova. In 1922, he wrote a caustic pamphlet "On the Russian Peasantry", in which he blamed the tragic events in Russia and the "cruelty of the forms of the revolution" on the peasantry with its "zoological instinct of the owner." This pamphlet, although not published in the USSR, was, according to P. V. Basinsky, one of the first literary and ideological justifications for the future Stalinist policy of complete collectivization. In connection with Gorky's book, the neologism "people's malice" appeared in the Russian émigré press.

From 1922 to 1928, Gorky wrote Notes from a Diary, My Universities, and Stories of 1922-24. The core of the collection, permeated with a single plot, is "The Tale of the Extraordinary" and "The Hermit", where Gorky, for the only time in his work, turned to the topic of the Civil War in Russia. The October Revolution and the subsequent Civil War appear in the book as events of general simplification, flat rationalization and degradation, metaphors for the reduction of phenomena of the unusual and humane to the ordinary, primitive, boring and cruel. In 1925, the novel "The Artamonov Case" was published.

Since 1924, Gorky lived in Italy, in Sorrento - at the villa "Il Sorito" and in sanatoriums. Published memoirs about Lenin. In Sorrento, the artist Pavel Korin painted one of the best portraits of Gorky; a feature of the picture is the image of the writer against the backdrop of the volcano Vesuvius, while Gorky, as it were, rises above the mountain giant. At the same time, the theme of loneliness, into which Gorky gradually plunged, clearly sounds in the plot of the picture.

In Europe, Gorky played the role of a kind of "bridge" between Russian emigration and the USSR, tried to make efforts to bring Russian emigrants of the first wave closer to their historical homeland.

Together with Shklovsky and Khodasevich, Gorky began his only publishing project in Europe, the Beseda magazine. In the new conceptual edition, Gorky wanted to combine the cultural potential of the writers of Europe, the Russian emigration and the Soviet Union. It was planned to publish the magazine in Germany, and distribute it mainly in the USSR. The idea was that young Soviet writers would have the opportunity to publish in Europe, and writers from Russian emigration would have readers at home. And thus the magazine would play liaison role- a bridge between Europe and Soviet Russia. High royalties were expected, which aroused writer's enthusiasm on both sides of the frontier. In 1923, the Berlin publishing house Epoch published the first issue of the Conversation magazine. Khodasevich, Bely, Shklovsky, Adler were editorial staff under Gorky, European authors R. Rolland, J. Galsworthy, S. Zweig were invited; emigrants A. Remizov, M. Osorgin, P. Muratov, N. Berberova; Soviet L. Leonov, K. Fedin, V. Kaverin, B. Pasternak. Although then the authorities in Moscow verbally supported the project, later documents were found in the secret archives of Glavlit that characterized the publication as ideologically harmful. A total of 7 issues were published, but the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) forbade the circulation of the magazine in the USSR, after which the project was closed due to the futility. Gorky was morally humiliated. Both before the writers of the emigration and before the Soviet writers, Gorky, unable to keep his promises, found himself in an awkward position with his unrealizable social idealism, which damaged his reputation.

In March 1928, Gorky celebrated his 60th birthday in Italy. Telegrams and letters of congratulations were sent to him by Stefan Zweig, Lion Feuchtwanger, Thomas and Heinrich Mann, John Galsworthy, HG Wells, Selma Lagerlöf, Sherwood Anderson, Upton Sinclair and others famous writers Europe. A high-level celebration of Gorky's jubilee was also organized in the Soviet Union. Exhibitions about the life and work of Gorky were held in many cities and villages of the USSR, performances based on his works were widely staged in theaters, lectures and reports were given on Gorky and the significance of his works for the construction of socialism in educational institutions, clubs, and enterprises.

The content of Gorky and those accompanying him in Italy was approximately $1,000 per month. In accordance with the agreement signed by Gorky in 1922 with the USSR Trade Mission in Germany and valid until 1927, the writer lost the right to publish his works in Russian, both independently and through other persons, both in Russia and abroad. The only specified channels of publication are the State Publishing House and the Trade Representation. Gorky was paid a monthly fee for the publication of his collected works and other books of 100 thousand German marks, 320 dollars. Gorky was financed through P.P. Kryuchkov; to get the writer's money out of the USSR, according to Andreeva, was a difficult task.

Trips to the USSR

In May 1928, at the invitation of the Soviet government and Stalin personally, for the first time in 7 years after leaving for emigration, Gorky came to the USSR. On May 27, 1928, at 10 p.m., the train from Berlin stopped at the first Soviet station, Negoreloye, Gorky was greeted on the platform by the rally. The writer was met with enthusiasm at other stations on the way to Moscow, and on the square in front of the Belorussky railway station, a crowd of thousands was waiting for Gorky, part of the way to the house (he stopped in the apartment of E.P. Peshkova's wife) the writer was carried in his arms.

Gorky had to evaluate the successes in building socialism. The writer made a five-week trip around the country. From mid-July 1928, Gorky visited Kursk, Kharkov, Crimea, Rostov-on-Don, Baku, Tbilisi, Yerevan, Vladikavkaz, Tsaritsyn, Samara, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod (he spent three days at home), returned to Moscow on August 10. During the trip, Gorky was shown the achievements of the USSR, most of all he admired the organization of work and cleanliness (they took the writer to pre-prepared objects). Konstantin Fedin, writers and literary critics were struck by the excellent physical shape, the complete absence of decrepitude and the heroic handshake of Gorky, who suffered after three decades serious illness such travel loads. The impressions of the trip were reflected in the series of essays "On the Union of Soviets". But Gorky did not stay in the USSR; in the autumn he went back to Italy.

In 1929, Gorky came to the USSR for the second time and on June 20-23 visited the Solovetsky Special Purpose Camp, arriving there on the gloomy ship Gleb Bokiy, which brought prisoners to Solovki, accompanied by Gleb Bokiy himself. In the essay "Solovki" he spoke positively about the regime in prison and the re-education of its prisoners. On October 12, 1929, Gorky went back to Italy.

In 1931, Gorky was granted by the Soviet government for permanent residence in Moscow the mansion of S. P. Ryabushinsky on Malaya Nikitskaya Street, since 1965 - the Museum-Apartment of A. M. Gorky in Moscow.

Return to the USSR

From 1928 to 1933, according to P.V. Basinsky, Gorky “lived in two houses, spending winter and autumn in Sorrento” at Villa Il Sorito, and finally returned to the USSR on May 9, 1933. Most common sources indicate that Gorky came to the USSR during the warm season of 1928, 1929 and 1931, did not come to the USSR in 1930 due to health problems, and finally returned to his homeland in October 1932. At the same time, Stalin promised Gorky that he would continue to spend the winter in Italy, which Alexei Maksimovich insisted on, but instead, from 1933, the writer was given a large dacha in Tesseli (Crimea), where he stayed during the cold season from 1933 to 1936. Gorky was no longer allowed to go to Italy.

In the early 1930s, Gorky was waiting and counting on the Nobel Prize in Literature, for which he was nominated 5 times, and by many signs it was known that from year to year it would be awarded to a Russian writer for the first time. Ivan Shmelev, Dmitry Merezhkovsky and Ivan Bunin were considered Gorky's competitors. In 1933, Bunin received the prize, Gorky's hopes for status world recognition collapsed. The return of Alexei Maksimovich to the USSR is partly associated by literary critics with the intrigue around the prize, which, according to the widespread version, the Nobel Committee wanted to award to a writer from Russian emigration, and Gorky was not an emigrant in the full sense of the word.

In March 1932, two central Soviet newspapers, Pravda and Izvestia, simultaneously published Gorky's pamphlet article under the title, which became a catch phrase - "Who are you with, masters of culture?"

The cover of the Ogonyok magazine dedicated to
the first congress of Soviet writers, 1934.

I. V. Stalin and M. Gorky.
"You writers are engineers,
building human souls» .
I. V. Stalin.

In October 1932, Gorky, according to the widespread version, finally returned to the Soviet Union. The writer was persistently persuaded to repatriate the writer by his son Maxim, not without the influence of the OGPU, who closely took care of him as a Kremlin courier. An emotional impact on Gorky was made by the young, cheerful writers Leonid Leonov and Vsevolod Ivanov who came to see him in Italy, full of gigantic plans and enthusiasm for the successes of the first five-year plan in the USSR.

In Moscow, the government arranged a solemn meeting for Gorky, the former Ryabushinsky mansion in the center of Moscow, dachas in Gorki and Tessel (Crimea) were assigned to him and his family, the writer's hometown Nizhny Novgorod was named after him. Gorky immediately receives an order from Stalin - to prepare the ground for the 1st Congress of Soviet Writers, and for this to carry out explanatory work among them. Gorky created many newspapers and magazines: the series “The Life of Remarkable People” is resumed, the book series “History of Factories and Plants”, “History of the Civil War”, “Poet's Library”, “History of a Young Man of the 19th Century”, the journal “Literary Studies” are opened, he wrote the plays Yegor Bulychev and Others (1932), Dostigaev and Others (1933).

In the same year, Gorky co-edited the book "The White Sea-Baltic Canal named after Stalin." Alexander Solzhenitsyn described this work as "the first book in Russian literature that glorifies slave labor."

On May 23, 1934, at the order of Stalin, simultaneously in the newspapers Pravda and Izvestia, Gorky's article "Proletarian Humanism" was published, where, in the context of the "communism-fascism" ideological confrontation, homosexuality was categorically assessed as a malignant property of the German bourgeoisie (in Germany, it was already Hitler came): “Not dozens, but hundreds of facts speak of the destructive, corrupting influence of fascism on the youth of Europe,” Gorky proclaimed. - It is disgusting to enumerate the facts, and the memory refuses to be loaded with dirt, which the bourgeoisie is fabricating more and more zealously and abundantly. I will point out, however, that in a country where the proletariat manages courageously and successfully, homosexuality, which corrupts the youth, is recognized as socially criminal and punishable, and in a “cultural” country of great philosophers, scientists, musicians, it acts freely and with impunity. There is already a sarcastic saying: "Destroy the homosexuals - fascism will disappear."

In 1935, Gorky had interesting meetings and conversations with Romain Rolland in Moscow, and in August he made a nostalgic trip on a steamboat along the Volga. On October 10, 1935, the premiere of Gorky's play "Enemies" took place at the Moscow Art Theater.

During the last 11 years of his life (1925 - 1936), Gorky wrote his largest, final work, an epic novel in four parts, "The Life of Klim Samgin" - about the fate of the Russian intelligentsia in a turning point era, its difficult and slippery path to revolution, exposing her illusions and delusions. The novel remained unfinished, but is nevertheless perceived by literary critics as whole work necessary, according to Dm. Bykov, for reading by anyone who wants to comprehend and understand the Russian XX century. Noting that Gorky and his hero, Klim Samgin, have in common the aiming gaze of noticing “the most disgusting things, focusing on repulsive details and creepy stories” behind people, Dm. Bykov calls "The Life of Klim Samgin" an excellent example of "using one's own vices to create real literature." The novel has been repeatedly filmed as a cult work of socialist realism, and has become the literary basis for performances in many theaters of the USSR.

On May 11, 1934, having caught a cold after spending the night on the cold ground under the open sky at a dacha in Gorki near Moscow, Gorky's son, Maxim Peshkov, suddenly dies of lobar pneumonia. On the night when his son was dying, Gorky, on the first floor of the dacha in Gorki, discussed with Professor A. D. Speransky the achievements and prospects of the Institute of Experimental Medicine and the problem of immortality, which he considered relevant and achievable for science. When at three in the morning the interlocutors were informed about the death of Maxim, Gorky objected: “This is no longer a topic” and continued to theorize enthusiastically about immortality.

Death

On May 27, 1936, Gorky returned to Moscow by train in poor condition from a vacation from Tesseli (Crimea). From the station I went to my "residence" in the Ryabushinsky mansion on Malaya Nikitskaya Street to see my granddaughters Marfa and Daria, who at that time were ill with the flu; The virus was passed on to my grandfather. The next day, after visiting the grave of his son on Novodevichy cemetery, Gorky caught a cold in the cold windy weather and fell ill; lay in Gorki for three weeks. By June 8, it became clear that the patient would not recover. Stalin came to the bedside of the dying Gorky three times - on June 8, 10 and 12, Gorky found the strength to keep up the conversation about women writers and their wonderful books, about French literature and life of the French peasantry. In the bedroom of the hopelessly ill, who was conscious, in the last days of his life, the closest people said goodbye to him, among whom were the official wife of E. P. Peshkov, daughter-in-law N. A. Peshkov, nicknamed Timosha, personal secretary in Sorrento M. I. Budberg , nurse and family friend O. D. Chertkova (Lipa), literary secretary, and then director of the Gorky Archive P. P. Kryuchkov, artist I. N. Rakitsky, who lived in the Gorky family for several years.

On June 18, at about 11 am, Maxim Gorky died in Gorki, at the age of 69, having outlived his son by a little more than two years. Last words Gorky, remaining in history, were told to nurse Lipa (O. D. Chertkova) - “You know, I was arguing with God now. Wow, how he argued!

When an autopsy was immediately performed right there, on the table in the bedroom, it turned out that the lungs of the deceased were in a terrifying condition, the pleura adhered to the ribs, calcified, both lungs ossified, so that the doctors were amazed at how Gorky even breathed. From these facts it followed that the doctors were relieved of responsibility for possible errors in the treatment of such a far-reaching disease, incompatible with life. During the autopsy, Gorky's brain was removed and taken to the Moscow Brain Institute for further study. By decision of Stalin, the body was cremated, the ashes were placed in an urn in the Kremlin wall on Red Square in Moscow. At the same time, the widow of E. P. Peshkova was denied the burial of part of the ashes in the grave of her son Maxim at the Novodevichy cemetery.

At the funeral, among others, the urn with the ashes of Gorky was carried by Stalin and Molotov.

The circumstances of the death of Maxim Gorky and his son are considered by some to be "suspicious", there were rumors of poisoning that were not confirmed.

Among other accusations against Genrikh Yagoda and Pyotr Kryuchkov at the Third Moscow Trial in 1938 was the charge of poisoning Gorky's son. According to Yagoda's interrogations, Maxim Gorky was killed on the orders of Trotsky, and the murder of Gorky's son, Maxim Peshkov, was his personal initiative. Kryuchkov gave similar testimony. Both Yagoda and Kryuchkov, among other convicts, were shot by a court verdict. There is no objective confirmation of their "confessions", Kryuchkov was subsequently rehabilitated.

Some publications blame Stalin for Gorky's death. An important episode in the "Moscow Trials" there was the Third Moscow Trial (1938), where among the defendants were three doctors (Kazakov, Levin and Pletnev), who were accused of killing Gorky and others.

Family and personal life

• Wife in 1896-1903 - Ekaterina Pavlovna Peshkova(née Volzhina) (1876-1965). The divorce was not formalized.
  • Son - Maxim Alekseevich Peshkov(1897-1934), his wife Vvedenskaya, Nadezhda Alekseevna("Timosha")
    • Granddaughter - Peshkova, Marfa Maksimovna, her husband Beria, Sergo Lavrentievich
      • Great granddaughters - Nina And Hope
      • Great-grandson - Sergey(they bore the surname "Peshkov" because of the fate of Beria)
    • Granddaughter - Peshkova, Daria Maksimovna, her husband Grave, Alexander Konstantinovich
      • Great-grandson - Maksim- Soviet and Russian diplomat
      • great granddaughter - Catherine(bear the surname Peshkovs)
        • Great-great-grandson - Alexey Peshkov, son of Catherine
        • Great-great-grandson - Timofey Peshkov, PR technologist, son of Ekaterina
  • Daughter - Ekaterina Alekseevna Peshkova(1901-1906), died of meningitis
  • Adopted and godson - Peshkov, Zinovy ​​Alekseevich, brother of Yakov Sverdlov, godson of Gorky, who took his last name, and de facto adopted son, his wife (1) Lydia Burago
• Actual wife in 1903-1919 - Maria Fedorovna Andreeva(1868-1953) - actress, revolutionary, Soviet statesman and party leader
  • Stepdaughter - Ekaterina Andreevna Zhelyabuzhskaya(father - State Councilor Zhelyabuzhsky, Andrey Alekseevich) + Abram Garmant
  • Foster-son - Zhelyabuzhsky, Yuri Andreevich(father - active state councilor Zhelyabuzhsky, Andrey Alekseevich)
• Cohabitant in 1920-1933 - Budberg, Maria Ignatievna(1892-1974) - baroness, allegedly a double agent of the OGPU and British intelligence.

Circle of Maxim Gorky

• Varvara Vasilievna Shaikevich is the wife of A. N. Tikhonov (Serebrova), Gorky's lover, who allegedly had a daughter Nina from him. The fact of Gorky's biological paternity was considered indisputable throughout her life by the ballerina Nina Tikhonova herself (1910-1995).
• Alexander Nikolaevich Tikhonov (Serebrov) - writer, assistant, friend of Gorky and Andreeva since the early 1900s.
• Ivan Rakitsky - an artist, lived in the Gorky family for 20 years.
• Khodasevichi: Vladislav, his wife Nina Berberova; niece Valentina Mikhailovna, her husband Andrey Diderikhs.
• Yakov Izrailevich.
• Pyotr Kryuchkov - literary secretary, then director of the Gorky Archives, was shot together with Yagoda in 1938 on charges of murdering Gorky's son.
• Nikolai Burenin - Bolshevik, member of the "combat technical group" of the RSDLP, accompanied on a trip to America, a musician, every evening in the USA he played for Gorky.
• Olimpiada Dmitrievna Chertkova ("Lipa") - a nurse, family friend.
• Evgeny G. Kyakist is the nephew of M. F. Andreeva.
• Alexey Leonidovich Zhelyabuzhsky - nephew of the first husband of M. F. Andreeva, writer and playwright.

concept of immortality

“In general, death, in comparison with the duration of life in terms of time and with its saturation with the most magnificent tragedy, is an insignificant moment, moreover, devoid of all signs of meaning. And if it's scary, then it's terribly stupid. Speeches on the subject of "eternal renewal," etc., cannot hide the idiocy of so-called nature. It would be more reasonable and economical to create people eternal, as, presumably, the universe is eternal, which also does not need partial “destruction and rebirth”. It is necessary to take care of the will and mind of people about immortality or long-term existence. I am absolutely sure that they will achieve this.”

Maxim Gorky, from a letter to Ilya Gruzdev, 1934

The metaphysical concept of immortality - not in a religious sense, but precisely as the physical immortality of a person - which occupied Gorky's mind for decades, was based on his theses about the "complete transition of all matter into mental", "disappearance physical labor"," the realm of thought.

This topic was discussed and outlined in detail by the writer during a conversation with Alexander Blok, which took place on March 16, 1919 in St. Petersburg, at the publishing house "World Literature", at the celebration of Gorky's imaginary 50th anniversary ("jubilee" reduced himself a year). Blok was skeptical and declared that he did not believe in immortality. Gorky replied that the number of atoms in the Universe, no matter how unimaginably huge it may be, is still finite, and therefore an “eternal return” is quite possible. And after many centuries it may again turn out that Gorky and Blok will again conduct a dialogue in the Summer Garden "on the same gloomy evening of the St. Petersburg spring." Fifteen years later, Gorky discussed the topic of immortality with the same conviction with the doctor, Professor A. D. Speransky.

Upon his return to the USSR in 1932, Gorky turned to Stalin with a proposal to create the All-Union Institute of Experimental Medicine (VIEM), which would deal, in particular, with the problem of immortality. Stalin supported Gorky's request, the institute was established in Leningrad in the same year on the basis of the former Imperial Institute of Experimental Medicine, founded by Prince Oldenburg, who was the institute's trustee until February 1917. In 1934, the VIEM Institute was transferred from Leningrad to Moscow. One of priorities Institute was the maximum extension human life, this idea aroused the strongest enthusiasm of Stalin and other members of the Politburo. Gorky himself, being a seriously ill person, treating his own inevitably approaching death indifferently, ironically and even despising it, believed in the fundamental possibility of achieving human immortality by scientific means. Gorky's friend and doctor, head of the Department of Pathophysiology of VIEM, Professor A. D. Speransky, with whom Gorky constantly had confidential conversations about immortality, considered in a conversation with the writer the maximum scientifically based limit of human life expectancy, and then in the long term - 200 years. However, Professor Speransky directly told Gorky that medicine could never make a person immortal. “Your medicine is bad,” Gorky sighed with great resentment for the opportunities ideal man of the future.

The Bitter and Jewish Question

The Jewish question occupied a significant place in the life and work of Maxim Gorky. For modern world Jewry, Gorky is traditionally the most revered of Soviet writers of non-Jewish origin.

One of the mottos of life, Gorky recognized the words of the Jewish sage and teacher Hillel: “If I am not for myself, then who is for me? And if I am only for myself, then what am I? It is these words, according to Gorky, that express the very essence of the collective ideal of socialism.

In the 1880s, in the essay “Pogrom” (first published in the collection “Help for Jews Affected by Harvest Failure”, 1901), the writer described with anger and condemnation the Jewish pogrom in Nizhny Novgorod, which he witnessed. And those who smashed Jewish dwellings, portrayed as spokesmen for the "dark and embittered power."

In 1914, during the First World War, when Jews were massively evicted from the frontline zone of the Russian-German front, on the initiative of Gorky, a Russian society for the study of Jewish life, and in 1915, the publication of the journalistic collection "Shield" began in the interests of protecting the Jews.

Gorky wrote several articles about the Jews, where he not only exalted the Jewish people, but also declared him the founder of the idea of ​​socialism, "the mover of history", "yeast, without which historical progress is impossible." In the eyes of the revolutionary-minded masses, such a characterization then looked very prestigious, in protective conservative circles it aroused ridicule.

In relation to the leitmotif of his work, Gorky found in the Jews those same “idealists” who did not recognize utilitarian materialism and in many respects corresponded to his romantic ideas about the “new people”.

In 1921-1922, Gorky, using his authority with Lenin and Stalin, personally helped 12 Jewish writers, led by a prominent Zionist poet Chaim Bialik, emigrate from Soviet Russia to Palestine. As a result of this event, Gorky is ranked among the figures who stood at the origins of the departure of Soviet Jews to the historical territories of the Promised Land.

In 1906, speaking at a Jewish rally in New York, Gorky delivered a speech, which was then published as an article entitled "On the Jews" and, together with the article "On the Bund" and the essay "Pogrom", was published in the same year as a separate publication of Gorky's book on the Jewish question. In a New York speech, Gorky, in particular, stated: “In the course of the entire difficult path of mankind to progress, to the light, at all stages of the tedious path, the Jew stood as a living protest, a researcher. It has always been that beacon on which a relentless protest flared up proudly and high above the whole world against everything dirty, everything low in human life, against the gross acts of violence of man against man, against the disgusting vulgarity of spiritual ignorance. Further, in his speech from the podium, Gorky spread that “one of the reasons for the terrible hatred of the Jews is that they gave the world Christianity, which suppressed the beast in man and awakened in him conscience - a feeling of love for people, the need to think about the good of all of people".

Subsequently, scientists and historians argued a lot about Gorky's strange understanding of Christianity as a Jewish religion - some attributed this to the writer's lack of basic education in the Law of God and knowledge in religious studies, others considered it necessary to make allowances for historical context. At the same time, the interest of scientists and literary critics was also aroused by Gorky's interest in the Old Testament and, in particular, in the Book of Job.

IN pre-revolutionary Russia some literary critics also suspected Gorky of anti-Semitism. The reason for such assumptions was the words of some of the writer's characters - for example, Grigory Orlov in the first edition of the story "Spouses of the Orlovs". The story “Cain and Artyom” was also perceived by some of the critics from an “anti-Semitic” angle. Literary critics more late period noted that the story is ambivalent, that is, it gives the opportunity for multiple interpretations, extracting different meanings - even opposite and mutually exclusive, despite the fact that the true author's intention was known only to Gorky.

In the preface to the collection "The Bitter and Jewish Question", published in 1986 in Russian in Israel, its authors-compilers Mikhail (Melekh) Agursky and Margarita Shklovskaya admitted: "There is hardly a Russian cultural or public figure of the 20th century who would to the extent that Maxim Gorky was familiar with Jewish problems, with Jewish cultural values, Jewish history, political and spiritual quests of the Jewish people.

Gorky's sexuality

Gorky's increased sexuality, reflected in his work, noted by many of his contemporaries and in mysterious contradiction with a long-term severe chronic illness, is distinguished by writers and literary critics Dmitry Bykov and Pavel Basinsky. The unique features of the masculine nature of Gorky's body were emphasized: he did not experience physical pain, possessed superhuman intellectual performance, and very often manipulated his appearance, which is confirmed by many of his photographs. In this regard, the correctness of the diagnosis of consumption is questioned, which, according to the generally accepted epicrisis, developed in Gorky for 40 years, in the absence of antibiotics, and yet the writer retained his ability to work, endurance, temperament and outstanding male strength throughout his life, almost up to death. Evidence of this are the numerous marriages, hobbies and connections of Gorky (sometimes fleeting, flowing in parallel), which accompanied his entire writing path and were attested by many sources independent of each other. Back in a 1906 letter to Leonid Andreev from New York, Gorky, who had just arrived in America, notes: “Prostitution and religion are interesting here.” A common statement among Gorky's contemporaries was that in Capri, "Gorky never let a single maid through in hotels." This quality of the writer's personality manifested itself in his prose as well. Gorky's early works are cautious and chaste, but in later works, notes Dm. Bykov, "he ceases to be ashamed of anything - even Bunin is far from Gorky's eroticism, although Gorky does not aestheticize it in any way, sex is described cynically, rudely, often with disgust." In addition to Gorky's famous lovers, the memoirists Nina Berberova and Ekaterina Zhelyabuzhskaya also pointed to Gorky's connection with the wife of the writer Alexander Tikhonov (Serebrova) Varvara Shaikevich, whose daughter Nina (born February 23, 1910) stunned her contemporaries with her resemblance to Gorky. Extremely unflattering for the proletarian classic, the lifetime version that circulated among his acquaintances points to Gorky's passion for his own daughter-in-law, Nadezhda, whom he gave the nickname Timosha. According to the memoirs of Korney Chukovsky, Gorky's last passion, Maria Budberg, attracted the writer not so much with her beauty as with her "incredible sexual appeal." The farewell strong, healthy hugs and the passionate, far from fraternal kiss of the already dying Gorky were recalled by his family nurse Lipa - O. D. Chertkova.

Gorky's hypersexuality is associated with the events of his youth. According to the interpretation common among literary critics, the story of the loss of innocence by 17-year-old Alyosha Peshkov is described in the story “Once Upon a Fall”, where the hero spends the night with a prostitute on the shore under a boat. From the texts of the late Gorky, it follows that in his youth he perceived with hostility bodily relationships that were not based on spiritual intimacy. In the story “On First Love,” Gorky writes: “I believed that relations with a woman were not limited to that act of physical fusion, which I knew in its beggarly rude, animal-simple form - this act inspired me almost disgust, despite the fact that I was a strong, rather sensual young man and possessed an easily excitable imagination.

Ratings

“You were like a high arch thrown between two worlds - the past and the future, as well as between Russia and the West,” Romain Rolland wrote to Gorky in 1918.

Ivan Bunin, who won the competition for the Nobel Prize in Literature from Gorky, recognized Gorky's "mastery", but did not see him big talent, many times in exile he publicly criticized Gorky for his bohemian lifestyle, long residence in comfortable conditions in European resorts, the presence of immoderately large property in Russia for a proletarian writer, and theatrical behavior in society. In the company of writers and other creative figures, Gorky, according to Bunin’s observations, behaved deliberately angularly and unnaturally, “he didn’t look at anyone from the public, he sat in a circle of two or three selected friends from celebrities, frowned fiercely, like a soldier (deliberately like a soldier ) coughed, smoked cigarette after cigarette, drank red wine, - he always drank a full glass, without stopping, to the bottom, - sometimes loudly uttered some maxim or political prophecy for general use, and again, pretending not to notice anyone around, either frowning, or drumming his thumbs on the table, or with feigned indifference, raising his eyebrows and forehead wrinkles, he spoke only with friends, but somehow casually with them - although without stopping ... ”The grand banquet was also mentioned, which in In December 1902, Gorky rolled up in a Moscow restaurant after the premiere at the Moscow Art Theater of his play “At the Bottom”, dedicated to the poor, hungry and ragged inhabitants of the shelters.

According to Vyacheslav Pietsukh, the significance of Gorky as a writer in Soviet era was exaggerated from an ideological standpoint. “In essence, Gorky was neither a cunning, nor a villain, nor a mentor who fell into childhood, but he was a normal Russian idealist, inclined to think out life in a joyful direction, starting from the moment where it takes on undesirable features,” Pietsukh noted in an essay "Gorky Gorky". “Gorky gave rise to a purely Russian complex of guilt of the intelligentsia before the peasant, unknown to the rest of the world,” the editorial article for the project “Persons of the Century” believed, “Book Review Ex libris NG”. Literary critics called pre-revolutionary Gorky “one of the best exhibits in the window of the museum of young Russian liberalism and democracy,” at the same time, far from harmless Nietzscheism was seen in the prophetic pathos of “Old Woman Izergil”.

The literary critic and biographer of the proletarian classic Dmitry Bykov, in a monograph dedicated to Gorky, finds him a man "deprived of taste, promiscuous in friendships, conceited, prone to narcissism with all his appearance as a Petrel and a truth-lover", but at the same time he calls him strong, albeit uneven, a writer who wants to be read and re-read at a new turning point in the Russian historical path. At the beginning of the 21st century, Bykov notes, when it is generally accepted to consume as much as possible and think as little as possible, the romantic ideals of Gorky again became attractive and saving, dreaming of "a new type of person, combining strength and culture, humanity and determination, will and compassion ".

Literary critic Pavel Basinsky, highlighting Gorky's powerful intellect and extremely quickly acquired by him after a tramp, uneducated childhood, fantastically broad, encyclopedic knowledge, Gorky's many years of service to the dogmatics of socialism and "collective reason", calls the humanistic idea of ​​Man the most valuable and difficult to explain in his worldview, and himself Gorky - the creator of a new, postmodern "religion of Man" (only in this revolutionary sense should one understand the paradox " god-building"writer). The art of studying Man in his works and the contradictory human nature from the inside made the writer, according to Basinsky, "the spiritual leader of his time", the image of which Gorky himself created in The Legend of Danko.

Gorky and chess

Gorky was a skilled chess player, and chess games among his guests are also known. He owns several valuable comments on the topic of chess, including Lenin's obituary, written in 1924. If in the original version of this obituary chess was briefly mentioned only once, then in the final version Gorky inserted a story about the games of Lenin against Bogdanov on the Italian island of Capri. A series of amateur photographs has been preserved taken on Capri in 1908 (between April 10 (23) and April 17 (30), when Lenin was visiting Gorky. The photographs were taken from various angles and depicted Lenin playing with Gorky and Bogdanov, a famous Marxist revolutionary, doctor and philosopher. The author of all these photographs (or at least two of them) was Yuri Zhelyabuzhsky, son of Maria Andreeva and stepson of Gorky, and in the future - a major Soviet cameraman, director and screenwriter. At that time he was twenty years old.

Other

• Honorary Professor of the Lobachevsky State University

Addresses in St. Petersburg - Petrograd - Leningrad

• 09.1899 - V. A. Posse's apartment in Trofimov's house - Nadezhdinskaya street, 11;
• 02. - spring 1901 - V. A. Posse's apartment in Trofimov's house - Nadezhdinskaya street, 11;
• 11.1902 - K. P. Pyatnitsky's apartment in an apartment building - Nikolaevskaya street, 4;
• 1903 - autumn 1904 - K. P. Pyatnitsky's apartment in an apartment building - Nikolaevskaya street, 4;
• autumn 1904-1906 - apartment of K. P. Pyatnitsky in an apartment building - Znamenskaya street, 20, apt. 29;
• beginning 03.1914 - autumn 1921 - profitable house of E.K. Barsova - Kronverksky prospect, 23;
• 30.08-07.09.1928, 18.06-11.07.1929, end of 09.1931 - hotel "European" - Rakova street, 7;

Works

Novels

• 1899 - "Foma Gordeev"
• 1900-1901 - "Three"
• 1906 - "Mother" (second edition - 1907)
• 1925 - "The Artamonov Case"
• 1925-1936 - "The Life of Klim Samgin"

Tale

• 1894 - "Wretched Pavel"
• 1900 - “Man. Essays" (remained unfinished, the third chapter was not published during the life of the author)
• 1908 - "The life of an unnecessary person."
• 1908 - "Confession"
• 1909 - "Summer"
• 1909 - "The Town of Okurov", "The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin".
• 1913-1914 - "Childhood"
• 1915-1916 - "In people"
• 1923 - "My Universities"
• 1929 - "At the End of the Earth"

Stories, essays

• 1892 - "The Girl and Death" (a fairy tale poem, published in July 1917 in the New Life newspaper)
• 1892 - "Makar Chudra"
• 1892 - "Emelyan Pilyai"
• 1892 - "Grandfather Arkhip and Lyonka"
• 1895 - "Chelkash", "Old Woman Izergil", "Song of the Falcon" (poem in prose)
• 1896 - "Robbers in the Caucasus" (feature)
• 1897 - "Former people", "Spouses Orlovs", "Malva", "Konovalov".
• 1898 - "Essays and Stories" (collection)
• 1899 - "Twenty-six and one"
• 1901 - "Song of the Petrel" (poem in prose)
• 1903 - "Man" (poem in prose)
• 1906 - "Comrade!", "Sage"
• 1908 - "Soldiers"
• 1911 - "Tales of Italy"
• 1912-1917 - "In Rus'" (a cycle of stories)
• 1924 - "Stories 1922-1924"
• 1924 - "Notes from a diary" (a cycle of stories)
• 1929 - "Solovki" (feature)

Plays

• 1901 - "Philistines"
• 1902 - "At the bottom"
• 1904 - Summer Residents
• 1905 - "Children of the Sun"
• 1905 - "Barbarians"
• 1906 - "Enemies"
• 1908 - "The Last"
• 1910 - "Eccentrics"
• 1910 - "Children" ("Meeting")
• 1910 - "Vassa Zheleznova" (2nd edition - 1933; 3rd edition - 1935)
• 1913 - "Zykovs"
• 1913 - "Fake Coin"
• 1915 - "The Old Man" (staged on January 1, 1919 on the stage of the State Academic Maly Theater; published 1921 in Berlin).
• 1930-1931 - "Somov and others"
• 1931 - "Egor Bulychov and others"
• 1932 - "Dostigaev and others"

Publicism

• 1906 - "My Interviews", "In America" ​​(pamphlets)
• 1912 - Feuilleton. Beginning of the story // Siberian trading newspaper. No. 77. April 7, 1912. Tyumen (reprint from the newspaper "Thought" (Kyiv)).
• 1917-1918 - a series of articles "Untimely Thoughts" in the newspaper "New Life" (in 1918 it was published as a separate publication).
• 1922 - "On the Russian peasantry"

He initiated the creation of a series of books "The History of Factories and Plants" (IFZ), took the initiative to revive the pre-revolutionary series "Life of Remarkable People".

Pedagogy

A. M. Gorky was also the editor of the following books on advanced pedagogical experience that arose in those years:

• Pogrebinsky M.S. Factory of people. M., 1929 - about the activities of Bolshevskaya, famous in those years labor commune, about which the film A ticket to life was made, which won the first prize at the I int. Venice Film Festival (1932).
• Makarenko A.S. pedagogical poem. M., 1934.

The release and success of the latter largely determined the possibility of further publication of other works of A. S. Makarenko, his wide popularity and recognition, initially in the Soviet Union, and then throughout the world.

The pedagogical undertakings of A. M. Gorky can be attributed to the friendly attention, and the diverse (primarily moral and creative) support that he found it possible to provide to many contemporaries who turned to him on various occasions, including young writers. Among the latter, one can name not only A. S. Makarenko, but, for example, V. T. Yurezansky.

Statements of A. M. Gorky

“God is invented - and badly invented! - in order to strengthen the power of man over people, and only the man-owner needs him, and he is a clear enemy to the working people.

Movie incarnations

• Alexey Lyarsky ("Gorky's Childhood", "In People", 1938)
• Nikolai Walbert (My Universities, 1939)
• Pavel Kadochnikov ("Yakov Sverdlov", 1940, "Pedagogical Poem", 1955, "Prologue", 1956)
• Nikolai Cherkasov (Lenin in 1918, 1939, Academician Ivan Pavlov, 1949)
• Vladimir Emelyanov ("Appassionata", 1963; "Strokes to the portrait of V. I. Lenin", 1969)
• Alexey Loktev ("In Rus'", 1968)
• Afanasy Kochetkov (“This is how a song is born”, 1957, “Mayakovsky began like this ...”, 1958, “Through the icy mist”, 1965, “The Incredible Yehudiel Khlamida”, 1969, “The Kotsiubinsky Family”, 1970, “Red Diplomat. Pages life of Leonid Krasin", 1971, "Trust", 1975, "I am an actress", 1980)
• Valery Poroshin ("The Enemy of the People - Bukharin", 1990, "Under the Sign of Scorpio", 1995)
• Ilya Oleinikov ("Anecdotes", 1990)
• Alexey Fedkin ("Empire Under Attack", 2000)
• Alexey Osipov (My Prechistenka, 2004)
• Nikolai Kachura (Yesenin, 2005, Trotsky, 2017)
• Alexander Stepin ("His Majesty's Secret Service", 2006)
• Georgy Taratorkin ("Captivity of Passion", 2010)
• Dmitry Sutyrin ("Mayakovsky. Two Days", 2011)
• Andrey Smolyakov ("Orlova and Alexandrov", 2014)

Bibliography

• Collected works in twenty-four volumes. - M.: OGIZ, 1928-1930.
• Complete works in thirty volumes. - M.: State publishing house of fiction, 1949-1956.
• Complete Works and Letters. - M .: "Science", 1968-now.
  • Artistic works in twenty-five volumes. - M.: "Science", 1968-1976.
  • Variants for works of art in ten volumes. - M.: "Science", 1974-1982.
  • Literary-critical and journalistic articles in? volumes. - M.: "Nauka", 19??.
  • Letters in twenty-four volumes. - M .: "Nauka", 1998-now. time.

Memory

• The village of Gorkovskoye, Novoorsky district, Orenburg region

• In 2013, 2110 streets, avenues and lanes in Russia bear the name of Gorky, and another 395 bear the name of Maxim Gorky
• The city of Gorky was the name of Nizhny Novgorod from 1932 to 1990.
• Gorky direction of the Moscow railway
• The village of Gorkovskoye in the Leningrad region.
• The village of Gorky (Volgograd) (former Voroponovo).
• The village named after Maxim Gorky Kameshkovsky district of the Vladimir region
• The regional center is the village of Gorkovskoye in the Omsk region (formerly Ikonnikovo).
• The village of Maxim Gorky Znamensky district of the Omsk region.
• The village named after Maxim Gorky Krutinsky district of the Omsk region
• In Nizhny Novgorod, the Central District Children's Library, the Academic Drama Theatre, the street, as well as the square in the center of which there is a monument to the writer by the sculptor V. I. Mukhina, bear the name of M. Gorky. But the most important attraction is the museum-apartment of M. Gorky.
• In Krivoy Rog, a monument was erected in honor of the writer and there is a square in the city center.
• Aircraft ANT-20 "Maxim Gorky", created in 1934 in Voronezh at an aircraft factory. Soviet propaganda passenger multi-seat 8-engine aircraft, the largest aircraft of its time with a land chassis.
• Light cruiser "Maxim Gorky". Built in 1936.
• Cruise ship "Maxim Gorky". Built in Hamburg in 1969, under the Soviet flag since 1974.
• River passenger ship "Maxim Gorky". Built in Austria for the USSR in 1974.
• Practically in every large settlement of the states of the former USSR there was or is Gorky Street.
• Metro stations in St. Petersburg and Nizhny Novgorod, and earlier in Moscow from 1979 to 1990 (now "Tverskaya"). Also, from 1980 to 1997. in Tashkent (now Buyuk Ipak Yuli)
• Film studio named after M. Gorky (Moscow).
• State Literary Museum. A. M. Gorky (Nizhny Novgorod).
• Literary and Memorial Museum of A. M. Gorky (Samara).
• Manuilovsky Literary and Memorial Museum of A. M. Gorky.
• JSC "Printing House named after A. M. Gorky" (St. Petersburg).
• Drama theaters in the cities: Moscow (MKhAT, 1932), Vladivostok (PKADT), Berlin (Maxim-Gorki-Theater), Baku (ATYuZ), Astana (RDT), Tula (GATD), Minsk (NADT), Rostov-na -Don (RAT), Krasnodar, Samara (SATD), Orenburg (Orenburg Regional Drama Theatre), Volgograd (Volgograd Regional Drama Theatre), Magadan (Magadan Regional Music and Drama Theatre), Simferopol (CARDT), Kustanai, Kudymkar (Komi- Permian National Drama Theatre), Theater of the Young Spectator in Lvov, as well as in Leningrad / St. Petersburg from 1932 to 1992 (BDT). Also, the name was given to the Interregional Russian Drama Theater of the Fergana Valley, the Tashkent State Academic Theatre, the Tula Regional Drama Theater, the Tselinograd Regional Drama Theater.
• Russian Drama Theater named after M. Gorky (Dagestan)
• Russian Drama Theater named after M. Gorky (Kabardino-Balkaria)
• Stepanakert State Theater of Armenian Drama named after M. Gorky
• Libraries in Baku, Pyatigorsk, Vladimirskaya regional library in Vladimir, Volgograd, Zheleznogorsk (Krasnoyarsk Territory), Zaporozhye Regional Universal science Library named after A.M. Gorky in Zaporozhye, Krasnoyarsk Regional Library in Krasnoyarsk, Lugansk Regional Universal Scientific Library. M. Gorky in Lugansk, Nizhny Novgorod, Ryazan Regional Universal Scientific Library in Ryazan, Scientific Library named after A. M. Gorky of Moscow State University, Scientific Library named after. M. Gorky St. Petersburg State University in St. Petersburg, Taganrog Central City Children's Library, Tver Order of the Badge of Honor Regional Universal Scientific Library in Tver, Perm.
• Parks in the cities: Rostov-on-Don (TsPKiO), Taganrog (TsPKiO), Saratov (GPKiO, Minsk (TsDP), Krasnoyarsk (TsP, monument), Kharkov (TsPKiO), Odessa, Melitopol, Gorky Central Park and O (Moscow) , Alma-Ata (TsPKiO).
• School-Lyceum named after M. Gorky, Kazakhstan, Tupkaragansky district, Bautino
• Basic school (pro-gymnasium) named after M. Gorky, Lithuania, Klaipeda
• Universities: Literary Institute. A. M. Gorky, Ural State University, Donetsk National Medical University, Minsk State Pedagogical Institute, Omsk State Pedagogical University, until 1993, the Turkmen State University in Ashgabat was named after M. Gorky (now named after Magtymguly), Sukhum State University was named after A. M. Gorky, Kharkov National University bore the name of Gorky in 1936-1999, Ulyanovsk Agricultural Institute, Uman Agricultural Institute, Kazan Order of the Badge of Honor Agricultural Institute bore the name of Maxim Gorky until he was awarded the status of an academy in 1995 (now Kazan State Agrarian University), Mari Polytechnic Institute , Perm State University named after A. M. Gorky (1934-1993).
• Institute of World Literature. A. M. Gorky RAS. There is a museum at the Institute. A. M. Gorky.
• Palace of Culture named after Gorky (St. Petersburg).
• Palace of Culture named after Gorky (Novosibirsk).
• Palace of Culture named after Gorky (Nevinnomyssk).
• Gorky reservoir on the Volga.
• Railway station im. Maxim Gorky (formerly Krutaya) (Volga Railway).
• Plant them. Gorky in Khabarovsk and the microdistrict adjacent to it (Zheleznodorozhny district).
• State Prize of the RSFSR named after M. Gorky.
• Residential area. Maxim Gorky in Dalnegorsk, Primorsky Krai.
• Zelenodolsk shipbuilding plant named after Gorky in Tatarstan.
• Clinical sanatorium named after M. Gorky (Voronezh).
• The village of Maxim Gorky Zherdevsky (formerly Shpikulovsky) district of the Tambov region.

monuments

Monuments to Maxim Gorky have been erected in many cities. Among them:

• In Russia - Borisoglebsk, Volgograd, Voronezh, Vyborg, Dobrinka, Krasnoyarsk, Moscow, Nevinnomyssk, Nizhny Novgorod, Orenburg, Penza, Pechora, Rostov-on-Don, Rubtsovsk, Rylsk, Ryazan, St. Petersburg, Sarov, Sochi, Taganrog, Chelyabinsk, Ufa, Yalta.
• In Belarus - Dobrush, Minsk. Mogilev, Gorky Park, bust.
• In Ukraine - Vinnitsa, Dnepropetrovsk, Donetsk, Krivoy Rog, Melitopol, Kharkov, Yasinovataya.
• In Azerbaijan - Baku.
• In Kazakhstan - Alma-Ata, Zyryanovsk, Kostanay.
• In Georgia - Tbilisi.
• In Moldova - Chisinau.
• In Moldova - Leovo.

Monuments to Gorky

Institute of World Literature and Gorky Museum. In front of the building stands a monument to Gorky by sculptor Vera Mukhina and architect Alexander Zavarzin. Moscow, st. Povarskaya, 25a

In numismatics

• In 1988, a 1 ruble coin was issued in the USSR, dedicated to the 120th anniversary of the writer's birth.

Initially, Gorky was skeptical about the October Revolution. However, after several years of cultural work in Soviet Russia (in Petrograd he headed the World Literature publishing house, interceded with the Bolsheviks for those arrested) and living abroad in the 1920s (Marienbad, Sorrento), he returned to the USSR, where he was surrounded for the last years of his life official recognition as a "petrel of the revolution" and "great proletarian writer", the founder of socialist realism.

Biography

The pseudonym "Gorky" Aleksey Maksimovich invented himself. Subsequently, he told Kalyuzhny: "Don't write to me in literature - Peshkov ...". More information about his biography can be found in his autobiographical stories "Childhood", "In People", "My Universities".

Childhood

Alexey Peshkov was born in Nizhny Novgorod in the family of a carpenter (according to another version - the manager of the Astrakhan shipping company I. S. Kolchin) - Maxim Savvatevich Peshkov (1839-1871). Mother - Varvara Vasilievna, nee Kashirina (1842-1879). Gorky's grandfather Savvaty Peshkov rose to the rank of officer, but was demoted and exiled to Siberia "for ill-treatment of the lower ranks", after which he signed up as a tradesman. His son Maxim ran away from his father five times and left home forever at the age of 17. Orphaned early, Gorky spent his childhood in the house of his grandfather Kashirin. From the age of 11, he was forced to go “to the people”: he worked as a “boy” at a store, as a buffet utensil on a steamer, as a baker, studied at an icon-painting workshop, etc.

Youth

• In 1884 he tried to enter Kazan University. He got acquainted with Marxist literature and propaganda work.
• In 1888 he was arrested for his connection with the circle of N. E. Fedoseev. He was under constant police surveillance. In October 1888 he entered as a watchman at the Dobrinka station of the Gryase-Tsaritsyno railway. Impressions from staying in Dobrinka will serve as the basis for the autobiographical story "The Watchman" and the story "For the sake of boredom".
• In January 1889, by personal request (a complaint in verse), he was transferred to the Borisoglebsk station, then as a weigher to the Krutaya station.
• In the spring of 1891 he set off to wander around the country and reached the Caucasus.

Literary and social activities

• In 1892 he first appeared in print with the story "Makar Chudra". Returning to Nizhny Novgorod, he publishes reviews and feuilletons in the Volzhsky Vestnik, Samarskaya Gazeta, Nizhny Novgorod Leaflet, and others.
• 1895 - "Chelkash", "Old Woman Izergil".
• 1896 - Gorky writes a response to the first cinematic session in Nizhny Novgorod:

• 1897 - "Former People", "The Orlov Spouses", "Malva", "Konovalov".
• From October 1897 to mid-January 1898, he lived in the village of Kamenka (now the city of Kuvshinovo, Tver Region) in the apartment of his friend Nikolai Zakharovich Vasiliev, who worked at the Kamensk paper factory and led an illegal working Marxist circle. Subsequently, the life impressions of this period served as material for the writer's novel "The Life of Klim Samgin".
• 1898 - The publishing house of Dorovatsky and A.P. Charushnikov published the first volume of Gorky's works. In those years, the circulation of the young author's first book rarely exceeded 1,000 copies. A. I. Bogdanovich advised to publish the first two volumes of "Essays and Stories" by M. Gorky, 1200 copies each. Publishers "took a chance" and released more. The first volume of the 1st edition of Essays and Stories was published in 3,000 copies.
• 1899 - the novel "Foma Gordeev", a poem in prose "The Song of the Falcon".
• 1900-1901 - the novel "Three", a personal acquaintance with Chekhov, Tolstoy.

• 1900-1913 - participates in the work of the publishing house "Knowledge"
• March 1901 - "The Song of the Petrel" was created by M. Gorky in Nizhny Novgorod. Participation in the Marxist workers' circles of Nizhny Novgorod, Sormov, St. Petersburg, wrote a proclamation calling for a fight against the autocracy. Arrested and expelled from Nizhny Novgorod. According to contemporaries, Nikolai Gumilyov highly appreciated the last stanza of this poem.

• In 1901, M. Gorky turned to dramaturgy. Creates the plays "Petty Bourgeois" (1901), "At the bottom" (1902). In 1902, he became the godfather and adoptive father of the Jew Zinovy ​​Sverdlov, who took the surname Peshkov and converted to Orthodoxy. This was necessary in order for Zinovy ​​to receive the right to live in Moscow.
• February 21 - the election of M. Gorky to the honorary academicians of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in the category of fine literature.

• 1904-1905 - writes the plays "Summer Residents", "Children of the Sun", "Varvara". Meets Lenin. For the revolutionary proclamation and in connection with the execution on January 9, he was arrested, but then released under pressure from the public. Member of the revolution 1905-1907. In the autumn of 1905 he joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party.

• 1906 - goes abroad, creates satirical pamphlets about the "bourgeois" culture of France and the USA ("My Interviews", "In America"). He writes the play "Enemies", creates the novel "Mother". Because of tuberculosis, he settled in Italy on the island of Capri, where he lived for 7 years (from 1906 to 1913). He settled in the prestigious hotel Quisisana. From March 1909 to February 1911 he lived at the Spinola villa (now Bering), stayed at the villas (they have commemorative plaques about his stay) Blasius (from 1906 to 1909) and Serfina (now Pierina) ). On Capri, Gorky wrote "Confession" (1908), where his philosophical differences with Lenin and rapprochement with Lunacharsky and Bogdanov were clearly identified.

• 1907 - delegate to the V Congress of the RSDLP.
• 1908 - the play "The Last", the story "The Life of an Unnecessary Man".
• 1909 - the novels "The Town of Okurov", "The Life of Matvey Kozhemyakin".
• 1913 - Gorky edits the Bolshevik newspapers Zvezda and Pravda, the art department of the Bolshevik journal Enlightenment, publishes the first collection of proletarian writers. Writes Tales of Italy.
• 1912-1916 - M. Gorky creates a series of stories and essays that compiled the collection "In Rus'", autobiographical novels "Childhood", "In People". The last part of the My Universities trilogy was written in 1923.
• 1917-1919 - M. Gorky conducts a lot of public and political work, criticizes the "methods" of the Bolsheviks, condemns their attitude towards the old intelligentsia, saves many of its representatives from Bolshevik repressions and hunger.

Abroad

• 1921 - M. Gorky's departure abroad. A myth developed in Soviet literature that the reason for his departure was the resumption of his illness and the need, at Lenin's insistence, to be treated abroad. In reality, A. M. Gorky was forced to leave because of the aggravation of ideological differences with the established government. In 1921-1923. lived in Helsingfors, Berlin, Prague.
• Since 1924 he lived in Italy, in Sorrento. Published memoirs about Lenin.
• 1925 - the novel "The Artamonov Case".

• 1928 - at the invitation of the Soviet government and Stalin personally, he makes a trip around the country, during which Gorky is shown the achievements of the USSR, which are reflected in the series of essays "On the Soviet Union."
• 1931 - Gorky visits the Solovetsky Special Purpose Camp and writes a laudatory review of his regime. A fragment of the work of A. I. Solzhenitsyn "The Gulag Archipelago" is devoted to this fact.

Return to the USSR

• 1932 - Gorky returns to the Soviet Union. The government provided him with the former Ryabushinsky mansion on Spiridonovka, dachas in Gorki and Teselli (Crimea). Here he receives an order from Stalin - to prepare the ground for the 1st Congress of Soviet Writers, and for this to carry out preparatory work among them. Gorky created many newspapers and magazines: the book series "History of Factories and Plants", "History of the Civil War", "Poet's Library", "History of a Young Man of the 19th Century", the journal "Literary Studies", he writes plays "Egor Bulychev and others" (1932), "Dostigaev and others" (1933).

• 1934 - Gorky holds the First All-Union Congress of Soviet Writers, speaks at it with the main report.
• 1934 - co-editor of the book "Stalin's Channel"
• In 1925-1936 he wrote the novel "The Life of Klim Samgin", which remained unfinished.
• On May 11, 1934, Gorky's son, Maxim Peshkov, unexpectedly dies. M. Gorky died on June 18, 1936 in Gorki, having outlived his son by a little more than two years. After his death, he was cremated, the ashes were placed in an urn in the Kremlin wall on Red Square in Moscow. Before cremation, the brain of M. Gorky was removed and taken to the Moscow Brain Institute for further study.

Death

The circumstances of the death of Maxim Gorky and his son are considered by many to be "suspicious", there were rumors of poisoning, which, however, were not confirmed. At the funeral, among others, the coffin with the body of Gorky was carried by Molotov and Stalin. Interestingly, among other accusations of Genrikh Yagoda at the Third Moscow Trial in 1938, there was an accusation of poisoning Gorky's son. According to Yagoda's interrogations, Maxim Gorky was killed on the orders of Trotsky, and the murder of Gorky's son, Maxim Peshkov, was his personal initiative.

Some publications blame Stalin for Gorky's death. An important precedent for the medical side of the accusations in the "doctors' case" was the Third Moscow Trial (1938), where among the defendants were three doctors (Kazakov, Levin and Pletnev), who were accused of killing Gorky and others.

Family and personal life

1. Wife - Ekaterina Pavlovna Peshkova (née Volozhina).
   1. Son - Maxim Alekseevich Peshkov (1897-1934) + Vvedenskaya, Nadezhda Alekseevna ("Timosha")
      1. Peshkova, Marfa Maksimovna + Beria, Sergo Lavrentievich
         1. daughters Nina and Nadezhda, son Sergei (they bore the surname "Peshkov" because of the fate of Beria)
      2. Peshkova, Daria Maksimovna + Grave, Alexander Konstantinovich
         1. Maxim and Ekaterina (they bore the surname Peshkov)
            1. Alexey Peshkov, son of Catherine
   2. Daughter - Ekaterina Alekseevna Peshkova (died as a child)
   3. Peshkov, Zinovy ​​Alekseevich, brother of Yakov Sverdlov, godson of Peshkov, who took his last name, and de facto adopted son + (1) Lydia Burago
2. Cohabitant 1906-1913 - Maria Fedorovna Andreeva (1872-1953)
   1. Ekaterina Andreevna Zhelyabuzhskaya (daughter of Andreeva from the 1st marriage, stepdaughter of Gorky) + Abram Garmant
   2. Zhelyabuzhsky, Yuri Andreevich (stepson)
   3. Evgeny G. Kyakist, Andreeva's nephew
   4. A. L. Zhelyabuzhsky, nephew of Andreeva's first husband
3. Long-term life partner - Budberg, Maria Ignatievna

Environment

• Shaikevich Varvara Vasilievna - the wife of A. N. Tikhonov-Serebrov, Gorky's lover, who allegedly had a child from him.
• Tikhonov-Serebrov Alexander Nikolaevich - assistant.
• Rakitsky, Ivan Nikolaevich - artist.
• Khodasevichi: Valentin, his wife Nina Berberova; niece Valentina Mikhailovna, her husband Andrey Diderikhs.
• Yakov Izrailevich.
• Kryuchkov, Pyotr Petrovich - secretary, later, together with Yagoda, races