Instruction
This is also explained by the fact that the Slavic, created in the middle of the 9th century famous brothers Cyril and Methodius, was intended for the translation of sacred Christian texts. Church Slavonic, by definition, could not be the language in which secular fiction is created. For the same reason, in Old Russian, until the 17th century, there were neither fictional heroes and plots, nor descriptions of love experiences. Moreover, comic creations were completely absent (after all, laughter was considered a sinful occupation, distracting from prayers and pious reasoning).
The first surviving work is considered to be "The Word of Law and Grace", feathered Hilarion, Metropolitan of Kyiv. It was created, most likely, in the late 30s-40s of the 11th century (during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise). Beginning in the 12th century, a form of literature such as chronicle flourished. The most famous of them is The Tale of Bygone Years. According to most researchers, the first (edition) was compiled by the monk Nestor, the second edition by the monk Sylvester, and the author of the third edition remained unknown.
Fiction by birth
Structural text types
Prose
A literary text is considered prosaic in which a separate, independent of speech rhythm does not invade the language fabric and does not affect the content. However, a number of borderline phenomena are known: many prose writers deliberately give their works some signs of poetry (we can mention the strongly rhythmic prose of Andrei Bely or rhymed fragments in Vladimir Nabokov's novel The Gift). Literary scholars continue to argue about the exact boundaries between prose and poetry different countries over the course of the last century.
Prose is widely used in fiction - when creating novels, short stories etc. Selected examples such works have been known for many centuries, but they have developed into an independent form of literary works relatively recently.
Medieval art reached its culmination in the 12th-13th centuries. At present, medieval literature is usually divided into Latin literature and literature into vernacular languages(Romance and Germanic). genre division Latin literature as a whole reproduced the antique. In medieval literature, written prose first appeared.
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Synonyms:See what "Fiction" is in other dictionaries:
Literature; fine literature, (fine) literature (outdated) / for easy reading: fiction Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. Practical guide. M.: Russian language. Z. E. Alexandrova. 2011. fiction n., count ... ... Synonym dictionary
Publishing house, Moscow (office in Saint Petersburg). Founded in 1930 as the State Fiction Publishing House, in 1934 63 Goslitizdat. Collected works, selected works of Russian and foreign classics, modern ... ... Big encyclopedic Dictionary
- "ART LITERATURE", publishing house, Moscow (branch in St. Petersburg). Founded in 1930 as the State Fiction Publishing House, in 1934 63 Goslitizdat. Collected works, selected works of Russian and ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
fiction- (from lat. littera letter, writing) an art form in which the word is the main means of figurative reflection of life. Heading: Literature and its functions in society Genus: Art Other associative links: universal significance ... ... Terminological dictionary-thesaurus in Literary Studies
- (« Fiction"), Soviet publishing house of the State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for publishing, printing and book trade. The State Publishing House of Fiction Literature (GIHL) was founded in 1930 on ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
State publishing house, Moscow. Founded in 1930 as the State Fiction Publishing House, in 1934 63 Goslitizdat. Collected works, selected works of domestic and foreign classics, modern foreign ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
fiction- ▲ art literature literature. elegant vocabulary. subtext. style. stylist. reading. song of songs. | calliope. imaginism. see image, behavior... Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language
"FICTION"- "ART LITERATURE", publishing house of the State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for publishing, printing and book trade. The State Publishing House of Fiction Literature (GIHL) was founded in 1930 on the basis of literary ... ... Literary Encyclopedic Dictionary
fiction- in rhetoric: a type of literature that exists in three main forms - epic, lyric and drama; feature of H.l. - fiction; being a laboratory of language, H.l. develops perfect and capacious methods of expression, makes it public ... ... Dictionary linguistic terms T.V. Foal
Lyrics
Lyrics is a kind of literature, which is based on an appeal to the sphere of the inner - to the states of human consciousness, emotions, impressions, experiences. Even if there is a narrative element in the works, the lyrical work is always subjective and concentrated on the hero. The characteristics of a lyrical work are "conciseness", "monologic", "unity of the lyrical plot" and "instantaneousness" ("punctuality", "modernity"). Majority lyrical works refers to poetry.
Drama
Drama is a kind of literature that primarily reproduces the world external to the author - actions, relationships between people, conflicts, but unlike the epic, it has not a narrative, but a dialogical form. In dramatic works, the text on behalf of the author is episodic, for the most part limited to remarks and explanations of the plot. Majority dramatic works written for the subsequent production in the theater.
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Structural text types
Prose
A literary text is considered prosaic in which a separate, independent of speech rhythm does not invade the language fabric and does not affect the content. However, a number of borderline phenomena are known: many prose writers deliberately give their works some signs of poetry (we can mention the strongly rhythmic prose of Andrei Bely or rhymed fragments in Vladimir Nabokov's novel The Gift). The exact boundaries between prose and poetry have not stopped the dispute of literary critics from different countries over the past century.
Prose is widely used in fiction - when creating novels, short stories, etc. Individual examples of such works have been known for many centuries, but they have developed into an independent form of literary works relatively recently.
For the Russian ear, the habitual appearance of the poem is associated with the syllabic-tonic rhythm and the presence of rhyme in the poem, but neither is in fact a necessary feature of poetry that distinguishes it from prose. In general, the role of rhythm in a poem consists not only in giving the text a peculiar musicality, but also in the effect that this rhythm has on the meaning: thanks to the rhythm, some words and expressions (for example, those found at the end of a poetic line, rhymed) are highlighted in poetic speech. , accented.
Poetic speech, earlier than prose, was recognized as a special phenomenon, characteristic of literary text and distinguishes it from ordinary everyday speech. First known literary works- for the most part, ancient epics (for example, the Sumerian "Tale of Gilgamesh", dating from about 2200-3000 BC) are poetic texts. At the same time, the poetic form is not necessarily associated with artistry: the formal features of poetry help it perform a mnemonic function, and therefore in different time V different cultures scientific, legal, genealogical, pedagogical works in verse were distributed.
Fiction by period
ancient literature
Antiquity is considered the first period of the appearance of fiction as an art form - the Mediterranean civilization of the 1st millennium BC. e. Ancient literature is the literature of the ancient Greeks and Romans, consisting of two national literatures: ancient Greek and ancient Roman. Historically Greek literature preceded the Roman.
At the same time with ancient culture in a swimming pool mediterranean sea other cultural areas, among which an outstanding place was occupied by ancient Judea. Ancient and Jewish culture became the basis of all Western civilization and art.
In parallel with the antique, other ancient cultures and, accordingly, literatures developed: ancient Chinese, ancient Indian, ancient Iranian, ancient Hebrew. Ancient Egyptian literature was at that time in its heyday.
IN ancient literature formed the main genres European literature in their archaic forms and Foundations of the Science of Literature. The aesthetic science of antiquity identified three main literary genres: epic, lyrics and drama (Aristotle), this classification retains its basic meaning to this day.
Literature of the Middle Ages
Medieval art reached its culmination in the 12th-13th centuries. At present, medieval literature is usually divided into Latin literature and literature in the vernacular languages (Romance and Germanic). The genre division of Latin literature as a whole reproduced the antique. The animal epic was popular.
Renaissance literature
If medieval literature was predominantly Christian, then in the Renaissance against the background general interest to antiquity, interest in ancient literature also revives, fiction is increasingly oriented towards secular subjects, and humanistic tendencies are manifested. initial stage Renaissance literature is traditionally considered to be the work of Dante, his "Divine Comedy" combines elements of both medieval literature (form - afterlife vision, allegorical content), and elements of mysticism, pantheism that are not characteristic of medieval literature, the image of a simple girl Beatrice. Blooms in the Renaissance dramatic art(Shakespeare, the school of Lope de Vega), humanistic utopias appear (Thomas More, Tomaso Campanella), as well as sharp satire, such as Gargantua and Pantagruel by Rabelais. Gutenberg's invention of printing in 1455 made fiction much more accessible during this period.
Literature of the Enlightenment
19th century literature
The literature of the 19th century developed in two main directions, the literature of romanticism and the literature of realism. Romanticism as a literary trend developed from sentimentalism and is characterized by an interest in mysticism (Meyrink, M. Shelley, Hoffmann), folklore (the Brothers Grimm), common man(Hugo), other cultures (Byron, F. Cooper). Within the framework of romanticism, fantasy, detective, adventure literature was formed.
Realism was well characterized by Balzac, who is considered a classic of realism. He said: "I describe men, women and things." The works of realism do not teach, do not idealize, do not give moral assessments. They describe life and allow the reader to draw their own conclusions. An important element of realism is a comprehensive impartial description inner world heroes. Most characteristic writers realism are Balzac, Dickens, Tolstoy, Dostoyevsky and others.
Literature of modernism
Chronologically, modernism fits into the framework of the first half of the twentieth century, thematically associated with industrialization, urbanization, the horrors of the First World War. Modernists turn to the description of the intricacies of the human psyche (W. Wolfe), the theme of sexuality (D. G. Lawrence), they are characterized by apoliticality and pacifism (E. Hemingway).
A classic example modernist literature considered the novel by J. Joyce "Ulysses", the work of T. S. Eliot, M. Proust.
Postmodern literature
Postmodernism gradually replaced modernism in the middle of the 20th century. It is difficult to unambiguously characterize it, since there are many different approaches within the framework of postmodernism. This is hypertext, when the reading order is not dictated by the author, but chosen by the reader, intertextuality, characterized by allusions to other works, and sometimes deliberate borrowing, lack of plot denouement or the presence of several alternative denouements, a mixture of styles, irony, play and black humor.
Postmodernism can also be attributed to magical realism, a genre that originated in South America and characterized by the incorporation of magical elements into a realistic narrative. The novel One Hundred Years of Solitude by G. G. Marquez is a prime example magical realism. In Russia, Chingiz Aitmatov is referred to this direction.
The beat generation is also referred to postmodernism.
Artistic methods and directions
- Baroque is a trend characterized by a combination of realistic descriptions with their allegorical image. Symbols, metaphors, theatrical techniques, saturation were widely used. rhetorical figures, antitheses, parallelisms, gradations, oxymorons. Baroque literature is characterized by the desire for diversity, for the summation of knowledge about the world, inclusiveness, encyclopedism, which sometimes turns into chaos and collecting curiosities, the desire to study being in its contrasts (spirit and flesh, darkness and light, time and eternity).
- Classicism is a direction whose main subject of creativity was the conflict between public duty and personal passions. The "low" genres - the fable (
Literature (from the Latin litera - letter, writing) is an art form in which the main means of figurative reflection of life is the word.
Fiction is a kind of art capable of revealing the phenomena of life in the most multifaceted and broad way, showing them in motion and development.
As the art of the word, fiction originated in oral folk art. Songs, folk epic tales became its sources. The word is an inexhaustible source of knowledge and an amazing means for creating artistic images. In words, in the language of any nation, its history, its character, the nature of the Motherland are imprinted, the wisdom of centuries is concentrated. living word rich and lavish. It has many shades. It can be formidable and affectionate, inspire horror and give hope. No wonder the poet Vadim Shefner said this about the word:
With a word you can kill, with a word you can save, With a word you can lead the shelves behind you. The word can be sold and betrayed and bought, The word can be poured into smashing lead.
1.2. Oral folk art and literature. Genres un.
1.3. Artistic image. Artistic time and space.
Artistic image is not only an image of a person (the image of Tatyana Larina, Andrei Bolkonsky, Raskolnikov, etc.) - it is a picture of human life, in the center of which there is a specific person, but which includes everything that surrounds him in life. So, in a work of art, a person is depicted in relationships with other people. Therefore, here we can talk not about one image, but about many images.
Any image is an inner world that has fallen into the focus of consciousness. Outside images there is no reflection of reality, no imagination, no cognition, no creativity. The image can take sensual and rational forms. The image can be based on a person's fiction, it can be factual. Artistic image objectified in the form of both the whole and its individual parts.
Artistic image can expressively affect the senses and the mind.
It gives the maximum capacity of content, is able to express the infinite through the finite, it is reproduced and evaluated as a kind of integrity, even if created with the help of several details. The image can be sketchy, unfinished.
As an example of an artistic image, one can cite the image of the landowner Korobochka from Gogol's novel " Dead Souls". She was an older woman, thrifty, collecting rubbish. The box is extremely stupid and slow to think. However, she knows how to trade and is afraid to sell too cheap. This petty frugality, commercial efficiency puts Nastasya Petrovna above Manilov, who has no enthusiasm and knows neither good nor evil. The lady is very kind and caring. When Chichikov visited her, she treated him to pancakes, an unleavened egg pie, mushrooms, and cakes. She even offered to scratch the guest's heels for the night.
Fiction (prose) is one of the types of art that differs from the rest only in the material from which works are created - these are only words and artistic language. The result of creativity in fiction is works that reflect eras that have a high artistic value and bringing aesthetic pleasure.
Old Russian literature has 2 sources - church books (the Bible, the lives of the saints) and folklore. It existed from the moment of the introduction of writing in Cyrillic (XI century) until the appearance of individual author's works (XVII century). Original works: "The Tale of Bygone Years" (an example of chronicles), "The Word of Law and Grace", "Instructions for Children" (codes of laws), "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" (in genre it resembles a story, with a logical development of events and authenticity, with an artistic style ).
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Peter's transformations were reflected not only in scientific and technical achievements Russia XVIII century, but also made a huge contribution to the development national culture and art. Rather, they gave the latter a significant acceleration and radically changed the vector of development domestic art. Until the 18th century, the development of Russian culture took place in isolation, even in isolation, which led to the development of authentic trends and genres closely related to the national and church trends. In the countries of Europe at the same time, literature finally separated from the church and became secular. It is this secularism - creative freedom and breadth of genres inherent in European era Enlightenment was not enough in Rus'.
Russian literature throughout the 18th century developed under the influence of European literature, lagging behind it by about 100 years and passing through the following stages:
- early XVIII century- panegyric, hagiographic literature,
- ser. XVIII century- classicism, sentimentalism (Lomonosov, Karamzin, Radishchev),
- to. XVIII century- the dominance of sentimentalism, preparation for romanticism.
« Golden age» domestic literature. In the history of Russian literature XIX century, many names have been inscribed that have received world recognition: A. Pushkin, N. Gogol, L. Tolstoy, A. Chekhov. During this period, the formation of the Russian literary language, such literary trends as sentimentalism, romanticism, critical realism, writers and poets master new literary forms and tricks. Unprecedented heights reaches dramaturgy and the art of satire.
The development of romanticism (until the 1840s) and realism (from the 1850s to the end of the century), from the 1890s the directions of the Silver Age develop. The most important functions of literature are considered critical, moral-formative, socio-political, the most important genre is the novel. Romantics: Lermontov, Pushkin, realists: Gogol, Turgenev, Leo Tolstoy, Chekhov.
Russian literature of the 20th century is represented by three brightest periods: the era " silver age"with its contradictions and innovations, the military era, with its deep patriotism, and the huge period of the second half of the century, when socialist realism flourished.
- In the beginning. XX century romanticism is being revived - for the poeticization of revolutionary events.
- 30-40s of the XX century- the active intervention of the party in culture leads to the stratification of writers. Some in exile develop realistic genre, others create in social realism (a direction that draws working man on the road to communism).
- 40-50s of the middle of the XX century- "trench", lieutenant or military prose. realistic image war of 1941-45, where the author is an eyewitness to the events.
- 60-80s of XX century- the period of the "thaw", the development of "village" prose.
- 90s years of the end of the 20th century- avant-garde, post-Soviet realism, gravitation towards "darkness" - intentionally exaggerated cruelty, obsceneness.
Foreign literature
Foreign literature originates in Greece during the period of antiquity and becomes the basis for all existing types of literature. Formed the principles artistic creativity Aristotle.
With the advent of Christianity, church texts spread, all medieval literature of Europe (IV-XIII centuries) - the processing of church texts, and the Renaissance (from the XIV century, Dante, Shakespeare, Rabelais) - their rethinking and repulsion from the church, the creation of secular literature.
The literature of the Enlightenment is the chanting of the human mind. Sentimentalism, romanticism (Rousseau, Diderot, Defoe, Swift).
XX century - modernism and postmodernism. The chanting of the mental, sexual in man (Proust, Hemingway, Marquez).
Literary criticism
Criticism is an organic and inseparable part of everything literary art in general, and a critic must definitely have a bright talent as a writer and publicist. Truly well written critical articles can make the reader look at a previously read work from a completely new angle, make completely new conclusions and discoveries, and can even radically change their assessments and judgments on a particular topic.
Literary criticism has close links with modern life society, with its experiences, philosophical and aesthetic ideals of a certain era, contributes to the development of literary creative process, and has a powerful influence on the formation of public consciousness.
Literary directions
Unity creative features writers who create within a certain historical period, commonly called literary direction, a variation of which can be separate currents and movement. The use of identical artistic techniques, the similarity of worldview and life priorities, close aesthetic views allow us to attribute a number of masters to specific branches of literary Art XIX-XX centuries.
