The genre of the allegory story is reflected in the works of many Russians and foreign writers. This genre was addressed by O. Wilde, V.G. Korolenko, D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak, L.N. Tolstoy.
Allegory has existed since ancient times as an integral part human culture, as one of the ways of awareness and creative reflection of reality. The concept of allegory was first formulated and conceptualized in ancient rhetoric. Later this term took a strong place in ancient philosophy, Christian theology, fine arts and literature.
The word allegory is of Greek origin, and its etymology is beyond doubt: alla in literal translation - something else, another, agoreyo - to speak. Thus, the literal Russian analogue of the concept allegory is the word allegory.
According to the research of I. Protopopova, the first known mention of allegory belongs to Demetrius Rhetor or Demetrius of Phalerum (350-283 BC) - a Greek philosopher, a student of Aristotle. In his Treatise on Epistols, he explains the meaning of the completely understandable Greek word “allegory” as follows: “The allegorical type of writing is when we want the one to whom we write to understand one thing, but we designate it through another” [cit. according to 21]. Thus, the special role of allegory is implied in conveying hidden meaning, accessible to a limited circle of initiated people.
Later, the Roman philosopher and statesman Cicero (106-43 BC) in his famous treatise “The Orator” gives the following definition of allegory: “when many continuous metaphors flow, then this is the kind of speech that the Greeks call allegory” [cit. according to 21]. Hence, in Cicero, allegory acts as a rhetorical structure, which consists of many metaphors.
From the famous Roman teacher, literary critic and the systematizer of rhetoric Quintilian (35-100 AD) there is a more detailed description of allegory. First he gives general definition allegory, similar to what Demetrius had: “in general, an allegory is similar to when you say one thing, but want them to understand something else” [cit. according to 21]. But further, continuing the thought of Cicero, Quintilian writes that allegory is a continuous chain of metaphors. And he clarifies that when you write about one subject, the metaphors must be from the same area. It is ugly, for example, to first use flood metaphors and end with fire metaphors to describe a rebellion. Quintilian also notes that an overly dark allegory is an enigma, a riddle, and advocates greater transparency and accessibility of the allegory for perception.
Thus, among various ancient authors, the term “allegory” acquires new semantic nuances each time; it is considered, first of all, as a rhetorical device or trope (decoration). Through an allegory, not only some abstract, abstract idea is expressed, but also a specific meaning.
Subsequently, starting from the 1st century, the concept of allegory is used not only in works on rhetoric, but is also firmly established in philosophical texts.
It is characteristic that different philosophical schools interpreted the images of the same gods in different ways. Thus, the Pythagorean Theagenes of Rhegium interpreted the gods as natural elements (for example, Apollo the sun, Artemis the moon) and as properties of the soul: Athena wisdom, Ares courage, etc.
The concept of allegory is used in different philosophies in different ways. So, if in physical aspect gods can mean certain and interconnected elements of the cosmos, and the relationships of the gods described in the text fully reflect the combinations and struggle of these elements, then from a moralistic perspective the battle of the gods in the Iliad is understood as a struggle different parts the human soul among themselves: Athena, as wisdom and the rational part of the soul, enters into a struggle with reckless courage, with the angry part of the soul, that is, with Ares. But these same gods in their other aspects can be interpreted differently.
IN modern understanding allegory takes on a broad meaning, growing mainly from this triad of fields of knowledge: rhetoric, philosophy and theology. The different interpretations of the term are largely due to their mutual influence. This is reflected, in particular, in the following question: can an allegory express a specific meaning through a specific image, or only an abstract concept through a specific image.
Throughout the historical development of human thought, the term “allegory” has somewhat modified its meaning, moving from one area of knowledge to another. Currently, the concept of “allegory”, on the one hand, belongs to art criticism, and on the other, it is firmly established in philosophy and theology. Such a wide range of understanding of this term requires clarification of its meaning in this work.
Let's consider how this concept is defined in the most authoritative encyclopedic and reference publications:
1. “Allegory (Greek – allegory) – expression abstract object(concepts, judgments) through a concrete (image).”
2. “Allegory (Greek allegoría - allegory), conventional image in art abstract ideas, which are not assimilated into the artistic image, but retain their independence and remain external in relation to it."
3. “Allegory is a conventional representation of abstract concepts in visual images of art.”
4. “Allegory w. Greek allegory, heterodoxy, foreign language, circumlocution, circumlocution, prototype; speech, painting, sculpture in figuratively; parable; a pictorial, sensual image of a thought. The entire material, sensory world is nothing more than an allegory, according to the correspondence, of the spiritual world. Allegorical, allegorical, allegorical, figurative, roundabout, circumstantial; allegorist m. allegorist."
5. “Allegory. A conditional form of utterance in which a visual image means something “other” than he himself is, its content remains external to him, and it is unambiguously assigned to him cultural tradition» .
All these definitions can be divided into two groups, where the first (from the 1st to the 3rd definition) emphasizes an abstract understanding of allegory, and in the second there is no such emphasis. Perhaps such confusion arose due to different interpretations of the term itself due to its use in several scientific fields. Discrepancies arise even within the same publication. So, encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus and Efron gives the following definition: “Allegory is the artistic isolation of abstract concepts through concrete representations. Religion, love, justice, discord, glory, war, peace, spring, summer, autumn, winter, death, etc. are depicted and represented as living beings. The qualities and appearance attached to these living beings are borrowed from the actions and consequences of what corresponds to the isolation contained in these concepts...” Here the author reduces the allegory only to the display of abstract concepts, which basically corresponds philosophical significance term. In addition, emphasis is placed on the allegorical interpretation of living beings, which is most characteristic of the tradition ancient mythology. But in the same encyclopedia there is another article devoted to allegory: “An allegorical exposition is such an exposition of a written document or otherwise expressed doctrine, in which it is assumed that the author thought and wanted to make clear something other than what the words and the form of it say directly.” speech is usually something more abstract. In own and in a certain sense This statement applies only to written essays religious content, since in them it is easiest to maintain the principle of allegorical presentation regarding the revered for the most part inspired from above the document and at the same time avoid contradiction with a changed religious belief." In this case, the definition is closer to rhetoric, the word “abstract” is given at the end of the sentence, and with the proviso “ordinary”. However, here the thesis is put forward about the use of allegory only in works of religious content. And finally, in contrast to the 86-volume encyclopedia, the Small Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron gives a completely different, rhetorical concept of allegory: “Allegory, Greek, allegory, expression of one concept or idea by another; images in which words and concepts other than direct meaning, have another implied (for example, in a fable). “Allegorical faces are the artistic embodiment of personified concepts.” It is obvious that the philosophical tradition has left its mark on the interpretation of this term, which is reflected in many well-known dictionaries and has caused some confusion in definitions. There is no doubt that rhetorical allegory cannot be limited to an abstract concept. It is capable of reflecting not only abstract concepts, but also very specific images.
As evidence, we can give an example from the 19th song of Homer's Odyssey. All the signs of a rhetorical allegory are present. Firstly, there are a number of metaphors: the strong eagle is Odysseus, the weak geese are the suitors. Secondly, these metaphors are from the same area and are combined into a sequential series of events that form a single allegory. Note that the resulting allegory does not operate with abstract concepts, but points to specific images and events. Another example from Homer comes from the second book of the Iliad, which tells of a miraculous sign that the Achaeans received at Aulis before sailing to Troy. Allegory here again means specific images and events. In modern art criticism, there is some ambiguity in the use of the term allegory in relation to such concepts as metaphor on the one hand, and symbol on the other. These concepts, which are close in meaning, should be separated from each other. The word metaphor itself was first introduced and defined by Aristotle. In their famous works“Rhetoric” and “Poetics” he clearly explains the technique of forming figurative meaning. “Metaphor is the transfer of a word with a changed meaning from genus to species, from species to genus, or from species to species, or by analogy,” he says in Poetics [cit. according to 21]. All subsequent definitions of metaphor are based on the teachings of Aristotle. So in literary encyclopedia the following definition is given: “metaphor is a type of trope, the use of a word in a figurative meaning; a phrase that characterizes a given phenomenon by transferring to it features inherent in another phenomenon (due to one or another similarity of the related phenomena), which thus replaces it.” Similar, but more specific definition is also given in the Brockhaus and Efron encyclopedia: “Metaphor (Greek Μεταφορα, Latin Translatio, “transfer”) is a pictorial or figurative expression used not in its own, but in a figurative sense; represents, as it were, a concentrated comparison, and instead of the object being compared, the name of the object with which they want to compare is put directly, for example: “roses of cheeks” - instead of “pink (i.e., rose-like) cheeks” or “ pink color cheeks."
Thus, the term “metaphor” refers to a small construction - a word or phrase taken in a figurative meaning based on the principle of similarity in relation to another concept that has a direct meaning. “The uniqueness of a metaphor as a type of trope is that it represents a comparison, the members of which have merged so much that the first member (what was compared) is repressed and completely replaced by the second (what it was compared with)…”. Unlike metaphor, in allegory, firstly, there is no direct meaning, it is a complete allegory, therefore, there is no comparison, which is only implied. Secondly, an allegory is usually a larger construction than a phrase, and is a system of interconnected allegorical images. Allegory also has fundamental differences from symbol. Many authors of modern encyclopedias point to them: “Unlike allegory, the meaning of a symbol is inseparable from its figurative structure and is distinguished by the inexhaustible ambiguity of its content.” “In contrast to the polysemy of a symbol, the meaning of an allegory is characterized by an unambiguous constant certainty and is revealed not directly in the artistic image, but only through the interpretation of explicit or hidden hints and indications contained in the image, that is, by subsuming the image under any concept (religious dogmas, moral, philosophical, scientific ideas and so on.)" . “The difference is that the symbol is more polysemantic and organic, while the meaning of the allegory exists in the form of a kind of rational formula that can be “embedded” in the image and then extracted from the image in the act of decoding. This is also related to the fact that a symbol is often spoken of in relation to a simple image and motif, and an allegory is often spoken of in relation to a chain of images combined into a plot...”
Let us note that it was precisely this movement of human thought that occurred in historical process the birth of these categories, and it was in this order that they occupied a dominant position in the methods artistic creativity on certain historical stages. From the metaphor and allegory of ancient rhetoric there was development to a philosophical and theological allegory in late antiquity and the Middle Ages, and from it to a symbol that came to the fore in the art of the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries.
The concept of allegory extends not only to rhetoric, philosophy and theology, but also to literature, the visual arts and, much later, music.
The fundamental feature of allegory, both in literature and in the visual arts, is that it always represents a two-level construction, consisting of a literal and allegorical meaning. Moreover, the bearer of the literal meaning in both types of art is its “material” itself, the means of expression: in literature – a verbal text, in fine arts – a visual image. Allegorical meaning in literature is not materialized; it exists only in the field of a common associative and allegorical code between the subjects: the transmitter and the perceiver of the text. The true meaning of the message is only implied.
Thus, allegory is a universal category of culture, which is found in its various spheres over many centuries. Allegories are based on various associative connections that arise between the artistic image and the meaning it expresses.
Just as a literary allegory is a system of interconnected metaphors, an allegory of fine art consists of mutual agreement and subordination of symbols, which, however, lose their polysemy.
Another case of the function of hiding meaning through allegory can be considered the overcoming of political or religious censorship that has existed throughout all historical eras. It is known that many of the great scientists, philosophers and religious preachers did not dare to express their ideas directly because of their opposition to the official authorities. To preserve their intellectual achievements, they often hid them in allegorical texts, hoping to be understood by their like-minded people. From here, as we know, came the so-called “Aesopian language” - the language of fables and parables. This function of allegory - concealing the true meaning - is clearly visible in the era of early Christianity. As is known from the Gospel, Jesus Christ often structured his sermons in the form of parables. Each such parable, in fact, was a complex literary allegory.
Thus, in two main functions allegories are revealed huge opportunities in terms of revealing the semantic perspective of the perception of the world and a work of art by the human consciousness. This contributes to a stable mechanism for the representation of allegory in various fields of knowledge and creativity over many centuries.
As stated in the dictionary of literary terms, “An allegory consists of two elements:
1) semantic is any concept or phenomenon (wisdom, cunning, kindness, stupidity, courage, etc.) that the author seeks to depict without naming it;
2) figurative-objective is a specific object, being, depicted in a work of art and representing the named concept or phenomenon. Thus, in fables and fairy tales, cowardice is often embodied in the image of a Hare, the cunning of a Fox, etc. Old age is often allegorically embodied in the image of autumn, evening or sunset. Allegory may underlie figurative system an entire work (for example, “Arion” by A.S. Pushkin)” [cit. according to 34].
“In allegory, abstract concepts (virtue, conscience, truth) are most often used. typical phenomena, characters, mythological characters- carriers of a certain allegorical content assigned to them. It should be noted that an allegory can act as a whole series of images connected by a single plot. At the same time, it is characterized by an unambiguous allegory and direct evaluation, enshrined in cultural tradition: its meaning can be interpreted quite straightforwardly in the ethical categories of “good” and “evil.” Allegory is close to symbol, and in certain cases matches it.
However, the symbol is more ambiguous, meaningful and organically connected with the structure most often simple image. Often, in the process of cultural and historical development, an allegory lost its original meaning and needed a different interpretation, creating new semantic and artistic shades.”
Thus, allegory is the expression of the abstract content of thought through a concrete image. For example, the well-known image of justice in the image of a woman with a blindfold, with a sword in one hand and with scales in the other. Thus, in an allegory, a specific image receives abstract meaning, is generalized, the concept is contemplated through the image.
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Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, Dal Vladimir
allegory
and. Greek allegory, heterodoxy, foreign language, circumlocution, circumlocution, prototype; speech, picture, statue in a figurative sense; parable; a pictorial, sensual image of a thought. The entire material, sensory world is nothing more than an allegory, according to the correspondence, of the spiritual world. Allegorical, allegorical, allegorical, figurative, roundabout, circumstantial; allegorist m. allegorist.
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov
allegory
(ale), allegories, w. (Greek allegoria).
Allegory is a visual, pictorial expression of abstract concepts through a concrete image (lit.). This poem is full of allegories.
only units Allegorical meaning, allegorical meaning. Every fable contains some kind of... allegory.
only plural Vague, incomprehensible speech, absurdity (colloquial). He wrung out such allegories and equivocations that, it seems, a century would not have achieved any sense. Gogol. Don’t give me allegories, but speak straight.
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova.
allegory
And, well. (book). Allegory, expression of something. abstract, some. thoughts, ideas in a specific image. Speak in allegories (vaguely, with obscure allusions to something). || adj. allegorical, -aya, -oe. ALLEGRO (special).
adv. About the tempo of musical performance: fast, lively.
uncl., cf. Musical composition or part of it at that pace.
New explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.
allegory
and. A form of allegory that consists in expressing an abstract concept through a concrete image.
Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998
allegory
ALLEGORY (Greek allegoria - allegory) depiction of an abstract idea (concept) through an image. The meaning of an allegory, in contrast to a polysemantic symbol, is unambiguous and separated from the image; the connection between meaning and image is established by similarity (lion strength, power or royalty). As a trope, allegory is used in fables, parables, and morality tales; in the visual arts it is expressed by certain attributes (justice - a woman with scales). Most typical for medieval art, Renaissance, mannerism, baroque, classicism.
Allegory
(Greek allēgoría ≈ allegory), a conventional representation in art of abstract ideas that are not assimilated into the artistic image, but retain their independence and remain external to it. The connection between image and meaning is established in A. by analogy (for example, a lion as the personification of strength, etc.). In contrast to the polysemy of a symbol, the meaning of a symbol is characterized by an unambiguous, constant definiteness and is revealed not directly in the artistic image, but only by interpreting the explicit or hidden hints and indications contained in the image, that is, by subsuming the image under any concept (religious dogmas, moral , philosophical, scientific ideas, etc.). Since in an artistic image the universal and the particular are inseparably intertwined with each other, A. cannot exhaust the content of the image, even being an essential and necessary component of it.
The term "A." first found in treatises on oratory Pseudo-Longinus and Cicero. Medieval aesthetics saw in A. one of four values that a work of art has: allegorical meaning along with grammatical (literal), moral and anagogical (educational). Like a specific shape artistic image A. was discussed in detail in German aesthetics of the 18th and early 19th centuries. (Winckelmann, Goethe, Schelling, Hegel, Solger, Schopenhauer, etc.).
In the literature many allegorical images taken from mythology and folklore. A fable, a morality play, a parable, as well as many works of medieval eastern poetry are based on A.; It is also found in other genres (“Three Keys” by A. S. Pushkin, fairy tales by M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin). In the middle of the 19th century. the concept of art is narrowed to an artistic device. See Trope.
In the visual arts, A. (figures with constant attributes, figured groups and compositions personifying any concepts) constitutes special genre, whose features are already noticeable in ancient mythological images. A. virtues, vices, etc., common in the Middle Ages, are filled with humanistic content in the Renaissance. Artwork becomes especially complex and sophisticated in the art of Mannerism, Baroque, and Rococo. Classicism and academicism considered art as part of the “high” historical genre. IN contemporary art A. gives way to those who are more developed in figurative and psychological terms symbolic images(see Symbol).
Lit.: Losev A.F., Shestakov V.P., History aesthetic categories, [M.], 1965, p. 237 ≈ 57; Sgrensen V. A., Symbol und Symbolismus in den asthetischen Theorien des XVIII. Jahrhunderts und der deutschen Romantik, Kbh., 1963.
Wikipedia
Allegory (group)
"Allegory"- Russian folk-rock band from Minusinsk (Krasnoyarsk Territory). Founded on February 16, 2003.
The Allegory group plays acoustic and electroacoustic music in the folk rock style. Instruments: kalyuka, zhaleika, recorder, hobrach, didgeridoo, conga, bongo, djembe, tambourine, acoustic guitar, drum kit, electric guitar, bass guitar. The group was organized by a group of people interested in the history and life of the ancient Slavs, who had previously taken a direct part in organizing many role playing games historical modeling dedicated to the pre-Christian era, as a result of which it was chosen musical style team and its future direction creative activity. Over time, the group's style transformed into a fusion ethnic music different cultures and modern styles.
Allegory (disambiguation)
Allegory:
- Allegory is a conventional depiction of abstract ideas through a specific artistic image or dialogue.
- Allegory is a Russian folk rock band from Minusinsk, Krasnoyarsk region.
Allegory
Allegory(from - allegory) - artistic representation of ideas (concepts) through a specific artistic image or dialogue.
Allegory is used as a trope in poetry, parables, and morality. It arose on the basis of mythology, was reflected in folklore and was developed in the fine arts. The main way to depict an allegory is to generalize human concepts; ideas are revealed in the images and behavior of animals, plants, mythological and fairy-tale characters, inanimate objects that are received figurative meaning.
Example: justice - Themis.
Allegory is the artistic isolation of concepts using specific representations. Religion, love, soul, justice, discord, glory, war, peace, spring, summer, autumn, winter, death, etc. are depicted and presented as living beings. The qualities and appearance attached to these living beings are borrowed from the actions and consequences of what corresponds to the isolation contained in these concepts; for example, the isolation of battle and war is indicated by means of military weapons, seasons - by means of their corresponding flowers, fruits or activities, impartiality - by means of scales and a blindfold, death - by means of a clepsydra and a scythe.
Obviously, allegory lacks the full plastic brightness and completeness of artistic creations, in which the concept and image completely coincide with each other and are produced inseparably by creative imagination, as if fused by nature. The allegory oscillates between a concept derived from reflection and its cunningly invented individual shell and, as a result of this half-heartedness, remains cold.
Allegory, corresponding to the image-rich mode of presentation eastern peoples, occupies a prominent place in the art of the East. On the contrary, it is alien to the Greeks, given the wonderful ideality of their gods, understood and imagined in the form of living personalities. Allegory appears here only in Alexandrian times, when the natural formation of myths ceased and the influence of Eastern ideas became noticeable. Its dominance is more noticeable in Rome. But it dominated most of all the poetry and art of the Middle Ages from the end of the 13th century, at a time of ferment when the naive life of fantasy and the results of scholastic thinking mutually touch and, as far as possible, try to penetrate each other. So - with most troubadours, with Wolfram von Eschenbach, with Dante. "Feuerdank" Greek poem The 16th century, which describes the life of Emperor Maximilian, can serve as an example of allegorical-epic poetry.
Allegory has a special use in animal epic. It's very natural that various arts consist in significantly different relationships to allegory. The hardest thing is to avoid it modern sculpture. Always doomed to depict the individual, it is often forced to give as allegorical isolation what Greek sculpture could give in the form of individual and full image life of god.
For example, John Bunyan’s novel “The Pilgrim’s Progress to the Heavenly Land” and Vladimir Vysotsky’s song “Truth and Lies” are written in the form of an allegory.
Examples of the use of the word allegory in literature.
In the space between them is an engraved portrait of Richard Cobden, enlarged photographs of Martineau, Huxley and George Eliot, autotypes allegories J.
With all the traditional obligatory theological orientation of auto as specific genre allegories Calderon is much deeper and more philosophical than his predecessors, and the characters depicted in them are much more humane.
An attempt to revive auto as a special genre of dramatic allegories- of course, without a religious basis - built on modern content, were undertaken by such major writers of our time as Rafael Alberti and Miguel Hernandez.
However, unlike the poets of the Middle Ages allegory for Herbert is not a way of seeing the world, but poetic device, which he needed to create the necessary effect in the spirit of Baroque art.
Now she was busy allegory John Bunyan and, forgetting about everything else, talked about her incessantly.
And when the poet writes about white dew that will become frost by morning, this is also about the transience of life, for since ancient times human life has been compared to a dew melting from a ray of sun, and white frost - allegory gray hair.
Serpent and Woman, is allegory the enmity between the sin associated with the worldly laws, or serpent, and the obedience of faith embodied in the church of the Lord, which is the woman.
But just now he was attached to the tavern for a long time, breaking such allegories and remarks that, it seems, a century would not have achieved any sense.
The offer received from the Berlin intendant Iffland to write an apotheosis for the return of the Prussian king seemed so honorable and tempting to him that he temporarily abandoned all other poetic ideas in order to compose his own bizarrely meaningful, deeply personal philosophical apotheosis, unlike any other apotheosis in the world. allegory.
It is evidenced by those barely noticeable magical touches with which the artist transforms a wandering plot into a cabalistic allegory.
Are you really of the opinion that Homer, when he wrote the Iliad and Odyssey, was thinking about those allegories, which were attributed to him by Plutarch, Heraclides Pontius, Eustathius, Cornutus and which Poliziano subsequently stole from them?
If you want, let's try to enrich this unsuccessful allegory another example.
Makovsky equally passionately painted the landscape or genre scene, a portrait of a scientist or a kept woman of the nouveau riche, he admired the patterns ancient life, painted a Bacchic panel in the spirit of Tiepolo, the heads of beauties, allegories and decorations, agreed to paint screens for bedrooms, inventing decorations for the palanquin of an infirm aristocrat - and he did all this not somehow, not by the way, but with the same brilliance!
However, this allegory is far from perfect, and through it I was just going to demonstrate how individual streams and channels of heresies and all kinds of renewal movements, when the river no longer holds them in itself, multiply immensely and multiply and intertwine many times.
Themis - an allegory of justice
Allegory is a means of allegory, artistic expression of ideas or concepts embedded in a specific image. By its nature, allegory is a rhetorical form, since it was originally aimed at conveying the hidden subtext of an expression through indirect descriptions.
The depiction of allegory occurs through the method of abstracting human concepts into personified images and objects. Thus, acquiring an abstract, figurative meaning, the allegorical image is generalized. Ideological concept is contemplated with the help of this image, for example, Themis characterizes justice, the fox characterizes cunning, etc.
Poetic allegory
A poetic allegory is the image of the “prophet” in A. S. Pushkin’s poem “The Prophet” (1826), in which the true poet is embedded as a seer, the chosen one of God:
Arise, prophet, and see and listen,
Be fulfilled by my will,
And, bypassing the seas and lands,
Burn the hearts of people with the verb.
The emergence and development of allegory
The allegory, which arose from mythology, was widespread in folk art. Followers of Stoicism considered Homer the founder of allegory, Christian theologians considered the Bible. In ancient centuries, the allegorical tradition gained a significant foothold in the imagery-rich art of the East, Rome, and also in Greece under the influence of oriental ideas.
Allegory manifested itself most of all in the art of the Middle Ages from the end of the 13th century, when its rational basis was combined with symbol. German art critic I. I. Winkelman established the concept of “allegorical form” as a condition contributing to the creation of an ideal work of art. The allegory is directly related to the scientist’s aesthetic concept of “beautiful art,” based, in his words, not on rational “rules,” but on contemplation—“feelings taught by the mind.” The medieval allegorical tradition was continued by representatives of the art of Baroque and Classicism.
During the period of romanticism (XVIII-XIX centuries), allegory was combined with symbol, as a result of which the “allegory of the infinite” appeared - an allegorical representation formed on the basis of the concept of “conscious mysticism”, characteristic of the representatives of German romanticism F. Schlegel, F. Baader.
In the twentieth century, rationalism lost its leading position due to its sophisticated psychologism and deep artistic meaning. modern works, but allegory remained significant in literary genres that are allegorical moralizing stories: fables, parables, medieval morality plays; in the genre science fiction and others. Real geniuses in the use of allegory were Russian writers I. A. Krylov and M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, famous for their fables.
Since the twentieth century, the artistic technique of allegory has been especially often used to express the hidden ideology of ironic or satirical works. literary genres, such as, for example, J. Orwell’s satirical story-parable “Animal Farm” (1945).
The word allegory comes from Greek allegoria, which means allegory.
Allegory- this literally means allegory, if you translate this borrowed word from Greek into Russian.
The term allegory in literary criticism refers to an artistic trope that writers and poets use in their works to create a vivid image.
Its origin lies in the transfer of one image to another. The artist of words creates his image with the help of a specific phenomenon of reality, the signs of which help him to more clearly describe for the reader what is being discussed.
For example, broken chains are freedom, a dove is world peace.
All the fables of Ivan Andreevich Krylov are imbued with allegory, in which the Fox is cunning, trickery and deception (the Crow and the Fox), the Ram is stupidity and unsurpassed stubbornness, the Bear is greed and cruelty (in the fable The Bear and the Hermit).
In the poem Dead Souls by N.V. Gogol’s surnames of his characters became allegorical:
Plyushkin is stinginess and money-grubbing, Sobakevich is stupidity and impenetrable ignorance, etc.
The works of V.V. are allegorical in nature. Mayakovsky Bedbug and Bathhouse.
Let's be honest, the definition of allegory is quite difficult. It's easier to explain with examples. Especially in Krylov's fables. Donkey is stupidity, wolf is greed, fox is cunning. That is, each image corresponds to a certain thought.
Allegory is one type of literary tropes widely used in works of art. The word allegory comes from the Greek language and is literally translated as allegory. The term allegory denotes an allegorical image of some abstract concept using specific subject or phenomena. The direct meaning of the expression is not lost, but it can acquire a figurative meaning. For example, the allegory of hope is an anchor, the allegory of peace is a white dove, the allegory of freedom is broken chains.
Here is one clear example of an allegory from fiction:
Allegory in my understanding is a mental image... That is, we say love, we imagine the heart... We say justice, we imagine the image of Themis with scales, cunning is a fox, deceit is a snake, etc. But in literature I can’t always distinguish a metaphor from an allegory.
Greek word Allegory- Allegory.
In simple terms, an allegory is a kind of association. Comparison, image.
Example: freedom - in Pushkin’s poems it has the image of a free wind or an eagle.
In Krylov's fables, the fox was the cunning one. Stupidity is a donkey, good nature is a bear, and so on.
Most shining example allegories are death with a scythe.
Therefore, we can say that an allegory is artistic technique expressing an abstract concept through a visible, explicit image.
Allegory is one of the types of tropes. Accordingly, the allegory brings special meaning and expressiveness to the narrative.
Allegory- this is the identification of any object, character or phenomenon with a certain image (represents a living being) or object. This word came to us from the Greek language and means allegory.
Allegory appeared on the basis of mythology and was widespread in the art of the East, ancient Rome.
Examples
If we take specific comparisons:
1) stubbornness - donkey;
2) hard work - ant;
3) cunning - fox;
4) peace - white dove;
5) medicine - snake and cup;
6) stupidity - ram.
I also remember such a unique work of the writer J. Orwell as Animal Farm.
Well-known allegories are: Beating swords into ploughshares or Cleaning out Augean stables. They metaphorically call for an end to the war and peace, or talk about the need to understand some complex matter.
This is an allegory (from the Greek allegoria - allegory) - the designation of some abstract concept in the form of a vivid image. There are even allegorical images that all people understand, regardless of language.
For example, the image of the goddess of justice Themis. The blindfolded woman with the scales in her hand has become a common allegory for justice. Or another allegory, denoting medicine, a snake entwined in a bowl.
Allegory - word foreign origin. Translated from ancient Greek, it literally means allegory. Allegory means the expression of a concept through a specific image. For example, death is usually depicted as a skeleton with a scythe. This is an allegory.
Allegory is the use of abstract concepts that symbolically convey the characteristics of a specific image. One word is illustrated by another. The allegory has two important components. The semantic element of an allegory is an object that the author depicts, but does not name it.
For example, wisdom, courage, kindness, youth. The second element is a subject object that must convey the named concept into the work. For example, an owl is a creature that signifies wisdom.
Most often, allegories are stable images that move from work to work. Most often used in fables or parables. Thus, the main characters of fables are allegories. For example, in Krylov’s famous fable “The Crow and the Fox,” the fox is an allegory of cunning. Almost all the animals in Krylov’s fables are constant allegories, so after reading the title “Pig under the Oak,” the reader immediately understands that the fable ridicules human ignorance. After all, for Krylov the pig is an allegory of ignorance.
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