Musical Austria. Viennese Musical Classics

Musical Austria. Viennese musical classics

1. Austria is the largest musical center in Europe.
2. Composers - Viennese classics: J. Haydn, W. Mozart, L. Beethoven.
3. The flourishing of a number of genres in their work.
4. Acquaintance with the quartet genre.
5. The combination of drama and lyricism in the works of W. A. ​​Mozart (on the example of the aria of the Queen of the Night from the opera "The Magic Flute").

Music material:

1. J. Haydn. Quartet in D minor, Op. 76 No. 2. IV part (hearing);
2. W. A. ​​Mozart. Aria of the Queen of the Night from the opera The Magic Flute (listening);
3. L. Beethoven. Symphony No. 9 "Choral", 4th movement (listening, at the request of the teacher);
4. J. Haydn, Russian text by J. Sinyavsky. "We are friends with music" (singing).

Characteristics of activities:

1. Analyze the genre and stylistic features of musical works.
2. Observe and evaluate the intonational richness of the musical world (on the example of the works of composers - Viennese classics)

In the context of history

Austria was a multinational empire. In it, along with the Austrians, who have native language- German, lived Hungarians and various Slavic peoples, including Czechs, Serbs, Croats. Their song and dance melodies could be heard both in the villages and in the cities. In Vienna, folk music sounded everywhere - in the center and on the outskirts, at the intersections of streets, in public gardens and parks, in restaurants and pubs, in rich and poor private houses.

Vienna - center huge country- absorbed these inexhaustible folklore riches. The Viennese common people were very musical. In the houses and on the streets of the city, on numerous festivities, along with the Austrian songs, the sounds of the Hungarian szardas and the melodies of the heart of Europe - the Western Slavs, full of deep feeling, were heard. Austrian dances flourished - landlers and waltzes. Folk melodies and musical genres poured into the music of Viennese composers quite naturally, often imperceptibly for themselves, and at the same time for their aristocratic listeners.

Austria became the largest musical center in Europe. The names of many outstanding composers, conductors and performers are associated with this country.

Of great importance for world musical culture is the work of Austrian composers - Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven.

The life and work of each of them for a long time proceeded in the capital of Austria - Vienna. Therefore, Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven are called the Viennese classics. Classics - because the works they created have received worldwide recognition as outstanding, exemplary. Works by Viennese composers classical school still remains an unsurpassed example.

Music classical period characterized by objectivity and elegance of form. Composers did not write for the church, but rather for drawing rooms and balls, which are becoming popular at this time. During this period, the clarinet became an equal instrument of the orchestra, and the harpsichord was supplanted by the newly invented piano.

The legacy of the composers of the Vienna Troika is one of the pinnacles of the world musical art. It had a huge impact on all subsequent development. classical music. The works of the composers of the Vienna Classical School still remain an unsurpassed example.

The flowering of such genres as opera, symphony, sonata, concerto, quartet is associated with the work of the Viennese classics. Some of them we already know, others we will meet for the first time.

Haydn. Brief biographical information

The founder of the classical Viennese school was Franz Joseph Haydn.

Haydn was born in the village of Rorau, in Austria. His parents were not professional musicians, although his father loved folk songs and played the harp without knowing the notes. At five years Haydn sang with his father at family musical evenings.

As a child, Joseph was endowed with a beautiful clear voice, thanks to which he was accepted as a chorister in the choir of the Vienna Cathedral of St. Stephen. At the choir school, he learned a lot, but when his voice began to break, he had to leave. Future musician by the age of 17 he received an almost complete education in performing and composing.

Haydn earned his living by teaching music, as well as playing the harpsichord, organ, and violin. Gradually, under the tutelage of the Italian composer Nicola Porpora, he began to compose his own music, including his first string quartets.

In 1761, the wealthy Hungarian prince Pal Antal Esterházy invited Haydn to his place in Eisenstadt as a vice conductor. From that moment, Haydn's service with the Esterhazy family began, which lasted for three whole decades.

At his disposal, the composer had one of the best orchestras in Europe, for which he wrote many operas, works of a spiritual nature, symphonies and string quartets.

Haydn spent the last years of his life in London.

For my long Haydn's life gave the world a huge amount brilliant creations. And although much of his legacy has been lost and what is known to posterity today, it was enough for Tchaikovsky to say about Haydn: "If it weren't for him, there would be neither Mozart nor Beethoven."

Sounds of music

One of the creators of the classical quartet is Joseph Haydn. Classical (string) quartet includes four instruments - two violins, viola, cello. Despite the fact that each member of the quartet performs an independent part, its overall sound is distinguished by unity and harmony.

Quartet. The word "quartus" in Latin means "fourth". From him came the name of the ensemble of four performers, vocalists or instrumentalists. Most often, related instruments are assembled in quartets, either only strings, or only woodwinds, or brass winds. A quartet is also called a work created for an ensemble of four performers, for example: Beethoven's Quartet, Borodin's Quartet ...

Quartets Op. 76 Haydn created at the zenith of fame and composer's skill. They were the result of a long-term improvement of the composer, who at the time of their creation was already 65 years old. The second opus quartet stands apart - it is the only work written in minor key.

No quartets have been so loved by performers as Haydn's quartets. In the same way, the Haydnian quartets continue to preserve big interest for both performers and listeners.

Hearing: J. Haydn. Quartet in D minor, Op. 76 No. 2. Part IV.

Mozart. Brief biographical information

The highest rise of the Viennese school is associated with the work of the brilliant Mozart.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born to the composer Leopold Mozart. Gifted with phenomenal hearing, the boy from early childhood began to learn to play the harpsichord and violin under the guidance of his father.

Soon Leopold Mozart demonstrated a miracle child at the court of the Archbishop of Salzburg, and at the age of 6 the boy was already touring with concerts throughout Europe. By the age of twelve, Mozart was the author of three operas.

The trips broadened his musical horizons and brought him many vivid impressions. Wherever the family arrived, everywhere young Mozart's playing on the clavier was greeted enthusiastically. little genius was the subject of conversation throughout Europe.

In 1770, Mozart went with his father to Italy, where the premieres of his operas, including the new one Mithridates, King of Pontus, were a triumphant success. IN Sistine Chapel Mozart auditioned choral composition Allegri "Miserere", which was forbidden to be published and performed outside the chapel. The young composer amazed everyone by recording the work from memory after a single listening.

However, the young Mozart was not admired by everyone, many musicians envied him or treated him with distrust. So, in the city of Bologna, local musicians gave Mozart a real test - they offered to compose a fugue. This usually took several hours. Mozart did it in just half an hour. After that, the young composer was elected a member of the Bologna Academy of Music.

After triumphant tours of France and Italy, he returned to Salzburg and became bandmaster in the archbishop's orchestra, where his father served. However, Mozart fell out of favor there. Other musicians envied him, and the despotic archbishop was not satisfied with his proud character. Nevertheless, Mozart worked hard and it was in Salzburg that he became a mature, independent master of symphonic music. Finally, he got tired of being in the service, and he retired.

In 1781 he left for Vienna and began to earn a living from his work. There he composed a lot and gave concerts. The formation of the Austrian opera is associated with his name: before Mozart, the Austrian stage was mostly opera Italian composers or their imitators.

The composer was never able to achieve great prosperity, was constantly in debt and was forced to take on any orders. In addition, a serious illness undermined his strength.

True, in last years Mozart created another opera in his life - a bright and joyful fairy tale "The Magic Flute". The music of this opera is dominated by cheerful tones, clear, unclouded lyrics. At the same time, there are many scenes in it, saturated with passion, mental confusion, drama.

Mozart's last work, the ingenious Requiem, remained unfinished. Work on it was interrupted by death, which occurred on December 5, 1791 in Vienna. Mozart was buried in a cemetery for the poor, and his grave was lost.

Now Mozart's operas are staged on best scenes world, and his compositions are included in the repertoire of the greatest musicians of our time.

Sounds of music

The opera genre in the works of the Viennese classics is represented mainly by the works of W. A. ​​Mozart. We will listen to the aria of the queen of the night from his fairy tale opera The Magic Flute.

Two worlds are at war in The Magic Flute: the realm of the formidable mistress of the night and the solar realm of the sage Sarastro. In the world of Sarastro there is a bright sunlight, the solemn sounds of trumpets and trombones are heard, peace and tranquility reign.

The ruler of darkness and evil, the insidious Queen is obsessed with the idea of ​​power over the world. She seeks to defeat the wise ruler Sarastro and capture his talisman - the sacred solar disk. She expresses her rage in a furiously virtuoso aria. “A terrible vengeance yearns my heart! I'm merciless!" exclaims the Queen of the Night. She commands her own daughter to destroy Sarastro.

Listening: W. Mozart. Aria of the Queen of the Night from the opera The Magic Flute.

Beethoven. Brief biographical information

Another great representative of the Viennese school is Ludwig van Beethoven.

Beethoven's childhood passed in Bonn. The boy chose the profession not by chance: his father and grandfather were professional musicians, so he naturally followed in their footsteps. His childhood was spent in material need, it was bleak, harsh. However, most Ludwig had to devote time to studies: the boy was taught to play the violin, piano, and organ.

He quickly made progress and since 1784 he served in the court chapel. Ludwig went to a good school in the court orchestra, where he was trained by many outstanding musicians - K. Nefe, I. Haydn, I. Albrechtsberger, A. Salieri. There he began to compose music, and also managed to take the place of an organist and cellist.

In 1787, Beethoven decided to go to meet his fate in Austria. Its capital - Vienna - was famous for its great musical traditions. Mozart lived there, and Beethoven's long-time desire was to study under him. Hearing the young Bonn musician play, Mozart said: “Pay attention to him. He will make everyone talk about him!”

Influential friends helped Beethoven, and he soon became a fashionable pianist and teacher. Since 1792, Beethoven has lived permanently in Vienna. He soon gained fame as a remarkable pianist and improviser. His playing impressed his contemporaries with the depth of passions, emotionality, and extraordinary instrumentation.

However, the composer, who was in his prime, was struck by a serious illness. From 1796 he began to go deaf, and by the end of 1802 he was completely deaf. At first, he fell into despair, but, having overcome a severe psychological crisis, he was able to gather himself and began to compose music again. Beethoven reflected difficult experiences and a great love for life and music in his compositions, but now they have acquired a dramatic connotation.

At the center of almost all of Beethoven's works is the bright, uncommon character of a struggling personality, possessing genuine optimism. At the same time, heroic images are intertwined with deep, concentrated lyrics, with images of nature. Beethoven's ability to combine elements of different genres in one work was not only a discovery, but also a feature of the music of his followers. The composer's work had a great influence on European music.

A serious illness, which required several operations, undermined his powerful body. Ludwig van Beethoven died on March 26, 1827. On the day of his funeral, classes were canceled in all Viennese schools. A crowd of twenty thousand people walked behind the coffin of the great musician.

Sounds of music

The last of the symphonies created by Beethoven was the Ninth, which sounds like a hymn to the power and strength of the human spirit that has risen above the disease. After all, the last years of Beethoven's life were overshadowed by severe life hardships, illness, and loneliness.

For the most grandiose implementation of the theme of heroic struggle and victory, Beethoven in his Ninth Symphony was not enough means of expression orchestra. And he acted in a way that was completely unusual before - he introduced the choir and singer-soloists into the finale of the symphony. He took the words from the "Ode to Joy" of his contemporary - German poet Friedrich Schiller. To these words, Beethoven created a majestic anthem crowning the work, calling the peoples of the whole world to joyful fraternal unity.

As if a huge sun is rising in the sky. Embrace, millions, merge in the joy of one! Here it is, the future! In the unity of all people striving for peace, freedom, happiness.

The premiere of the symphony took place on May 7, 1824 in one of the Vienna theaters. Beethoven stood at the conductor's stand and waved his arms. For a long time he could no longer direct the orchestra, because he was deaf. In fact, another conductor was conducting, standing next to Beethoven.

When the music ceased, such applause began that it seemed that the roof of the theater would collapse. Beethoven alone did not hear them. He stood with his back to the audience. Then one of the singers turned him to face the audience. And he saw the success of his symphony. Beethoven was greeted with five standing ovations. But even the emperor was then supposed to be greeted three times. To stop this violation of the ceremony, the police ordered the audience to leave the hall.

This melody is currently adopted as the anthem of the European Union.

In terms of the power of thought, the breadth of the idea, the perfection of the embodiment, the Ninth Symphony has no equal. The Ninth Symphony, with its final appeal, became an ideological testament to mankind and had a strong influence on the symphony of the 19th and 20th centuries.

Listening: L. Beethoven. Symphony No. 9 "Choral", 4th movement (fragment).

Questions and tasks:

1. Which of the great composers is called the Viennese musical classics?
2. What explains such a definition?
3. The flowering of what musical genres is associated with the work of the Viennese classics?
4. Name the composition of a classical (string) quartet.
5. What distinguishes the sound of J. Haydn's quartet - unity, coherence or their absence?
6. Are the features of song, dance or marching evident in the music of J. Haydn?
7. Aria of the Queen of the Night is an aria of revenge. Listen to the aria. Is it only a dramatic character inherent in it? Think why?
8. What work crowned the work of L. Beethoven?
9. Who is the author of the poems underlying the finale of the Ninth Symphony?
10. What is the nature of the finale of the Ninth Symphony?

Presentation

Included:
1. Presentation, ppsx;
2. Sounds of music:
Beethoven. Ode to Joy. Symphony No. 9 (final), mp3;
Haydn. String quartet op. 76 No. 2, IV part, mp3;
Mozart. Aria of the Queen of the Night from the opera The Magic Flute .mp3;
3. Accompanying article, docx.

Austria has a rich cultural past and present. Its inhabitants honor their traditions, hold many festivals and other events. The Austrian classics made a great contribution to the development of human culture. The musical world of this country is especially famous. However, in the field of literature there are very popular names.

Classical writers and poets of the 19th century: a list

• Adalbert Stifter.
• Johann Nepomuk Nestroy.
• Carl Emil Franzoz
• Ludwig Anzengruber.
• Leopold von Sacher-Masoch.
• Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach.
• Nikolaus Lenau.
• Peter Rosegger.
• Ferdinand Raymond.
• Franz Grillparzer.
• Ferdinand von Zaar.
• Charles Silsfield.

Features of Austrian culture

Austrian poetry is peculiar and unusual. She has her own unique language and style, special ways and methods of conveying the meaning of life.

It was in the 19th century that an internal ideological and moral unity of culture developed in Austria. The Austrian classics of this century reached extraordinary heights in all spheres of art.

It is impossible to understand the culture of such an amazing country if you read or listen to the works of these creators superficially and indifferently. It is very important to understand their essence, deep meaning. Only then will the creations open from an amazing side.

If you “break through” the dryish and rough surface of Franz Grillparzer’s poetry, then you can get inside his world.

If you overcome the length of descriptions by Adalbert Stifter, then each word will be perceived as inexpressibly expressive and quiveringly subtle. deep meaning laid down in the poetry of Georg Trakl. If you overcome the external incoherence of his lines, then this poet will become extremely interesting for many.

Austrian classics seem to surround their world on purpose protective layer from the common in the 19th century (and not only) bad taste, insipidity and vulgarity.

A true creator will not leave his work to the mercy of fate. It is easier for him to be misunderstood today. Let it happen later. But he does not want to be misunderstood at all.

Austrian literature of the 19th century

The 19th century for Austria is a "bourgeois" era. Especially in the second half of this century there is a split in cultural life countries. Entertainment is the main focus. No wonder why it is the Viennese operetta that conquers the whole world. In the second half of the 19th century, the concept of "Viennese folk theater"loses its former meaning. It is quite obvious that in such conditions literature arose on behalf of the people. It was literature in which German and Slavic cultural elements were closely intertwined.

The Slavic theme was of great concern to Austrian writers. The historical tragedy "The Happiness and Death of King Ottokar" - outstanding work of his time. It was written by the Austrian writer Franz Grillparzer. He also owns the wonderful drama "Libusha". In the work of Adalbert Stifter Slavic theme occupies an important place.

Maria von Ebner-Eschenbach is another outstanding writer. She was directly related to the Slavs: she came from the aristocratic family of Dubsky.

The great writers of Austria in such a difficult time dreamed of friendship and peace between peoples. All this is directly reflected in their excellent works.

Brief information about Austrian poets

Austrian poets have made a great contribution to the development of the culture of their country. Their wonderful writings are loved by those readers who have understood and appreciated their work.

Georg Trakl (1887-1914) lived, as we see, very little. Only 27 years old. He was born in Salzburg on February 3, 1887. Poems began to write from the gymnasium years. He owns such plays: "Day of Obedience", "Fata Morgana", "Mary Magdalene", "Dreamland". From 1910 to 1911 he served in the army. Since 1912 he has been a member of the literary community "Pan". A year later, his first collection of poems was published. In 1914 he was drafted into the army. He saw with his own eyes the horror of war. His psyche could not stand it, and he committed suicide.

René Carl Maria Rilke lived 1875-1926. Since 1894, his first stories have been published, as well as the collection Life and Songs.

Two years later, his second collection, Victims of Larams, came out. In 1897 he visited Venice and then Berlin, where he settled. Here he creates three more poetry collections. He was greatly influenced by the writer Lou Andreas-Salome. In 1899 he came to Russia. Here he met Leonid Pasternak, Ilya Repin, Leo Tolstoy, Boris Pasternak and many other artists.

Since 1901 he moved to Paris. Until his death, he corresponded with Marina Tsvetaeva, whom he never met. Died in 1926.

Stefan Zweig

The writer Stefan Zweig (1881-1942) is an outstanding Austrian classic. Born in Vienna. In 1905 he went to Paris. From 1906 he travels to Italy, Spain, India, USA, Cuba. In 1917-1918 he lived in Switzerland. After the war, he settled near Salzburg. In 1901, his first book, Silver Strings, was published. He was friends with such prominent cultural figures as Rilke, Rolland, Maserel, Rodin, Mann, Hesse, Wells and many others. During the war years, he wrote an essay about Rolland - "The Conscience of Europe". The author became widely known for his short stories "Amok", "Confusion of feelings", "Chess novel". Zweig often created interesting biographies, masterfully worked with historical documents. In 1935 he wrote the book The Triumph and Tragedy of Erasmus of Rotterdam. On February 22, 1942, he and his wife took a large dose of sleeping pills and died. He categorically did not accept this world.

Composers of Austria

Austrian classical composers cause many people to associate with entire areas of art. The very list of the most talented composers and musicians in Austria is staggering in its scope. This:

Franz Joseph Haydn

Austrian composer, the brightest representative of the Viennese classical school. He was subject to different genres. He wrote 104 symphonies, 83 quartets, 52 piano sonatas, as well as in his legacy - oratorios, operas and masses. He was born on March 31, 1732 in Rorau. He mastered playing several instruments at once. In the period 1759-1761. served with Count Mortsin, and then took up the position of vice-kapellmeister at the court of Prince Esterhazy. At the beginning of the service, he composed mainly instrumental music. This is a triptych of the symphonies "Morning", "Noon", "Evening and Storm". In the late 1660s and early 1670s, he wrote serious and dramatic symphonies. “Complaint”, “Mourning”, “Suffering”, “Farewell” stand out in particular. During this period he wrote eighteen string quartets. Haydn Joseph also wrote operas. The most famous are "Pharmacist", "Deceived infidelity", "Lunar world", "Rewarded loyalty", "Roland the paladin", "Armida". In 1787 he wrote six quartets. Researchers note that they were created under the influence of the concertos of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. After the death of Prince Esterhazy (1790), Haydn received creative freedom and the opportunity to travel to other cities. In London, he created the last twelve symphonies. He died in Vienna on March 31, 1809.

Conclusion

Thus, the Austrian classics made a great contribution to the development of human culture. Austrian poetry is distinguished by its unusual language and style. In order to understand the culture of this amazing country, you need to read or listen to the works of art of its classics thoughtfully and carefully, trying to capture their essence. And creations will open from an unexpected side.

After the origin of his own surname, a person is usually interested in the surnames of various prominent figures - politicians, scientists, cultural figures, etc. On this page, I suggest that you familiarize yourself with the etymologies of the surnames of a number of famous German and Austrian composers.

Let me explain one term that occurs in almost every article about the surname. This - Middle High German(German mittelhochdeutsch, abbreviated mhd.). This is the period in history German language- approximately from 1050 to 1350. Formation German surnames during this period, it was already actively taking place, therefore, for the basics of surnames, they give the form of the word that it had at that time. This is, as it were, the starting point in the history of the surname. As a rule, the phonetic form of surnames has changed quite a lot since that time, in accordance with the patterns of development sound system German language. Sometimes the identified lexical sources of the stems of surnames in modern language no longer meet. Thus, the surnames serve as a "museum" of their storage. Since there was no linguistic unity during the Middle High German period ( main form the existence of the language were numerous dialects), then you can also find, for example, such a term as Middle Low German, indicating that we are talking about the Low German area (mainly the north of Germany). The Middle High German period was preceded by the Old High German (abbr. OE, German ahd.). Onomasts usually refer to this period when etymologizing personal names.

Johann Sebastian Bach / it. Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) - German composer and organist, representative of the Baroque era. One of the greatest composers in the history of music. Most famous musician from the Bach family, known for its musicality.

German onomasts offer two versions of the origin of this surname. From German Bach translates as 'stream'. Accordingly, this surname could come from a nickname indicating the place of residence - by the stream. Further from the common noun Bach there were many names of settlements. It is not difficult to guess that they all arose on the banks of some stream. Therefore, the surname Bach may also refer to people from locality Bach. Such a surname was given in the event that a person moved to a new place. After all, in Bach himself there is no point in giving a surname Bach since it will not be able to perform the function of distinguishing people normally.

In Germany and Austria, there are quite a few namesakes of the great composer. As of December 31, 2002, there were 8876 Bachs in German telephone directories. In terms of the entire population of the country, it ranks 239th in the frequency list of surnames. At the same time, modern Thuringia, where hometown Bach Eisenach, by specific gravity carriers of this surname takes only 9th place. In the first place - the land of North Rhine - Westphalia. In Austria, there are less Bachs - 205 (as of December 31, 2005) and in terms of the entire population, it occupies 2199th place.

Ludwig van Beethoven / it. Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) was a great German composer, conductor and pianist.

His ancestors were peasants and artisans from the Flemish Mechelen (now in the Netherlands), from where they moved to the Westphalian Bonn. Pretext van– Low Frankish dialect variant of the preposition von'from'. The composer's biographers believe that the surname comes from a toponym Betuwe- the name of a locality in the modern province of Gelderland in the east of the Netherlands. At the same time, onomasts link the composer's surname with the toponyms of the same name in Belgian Flanders. In addition, onomasts offer to explain this surname from vom Rubenhof‘from a beet yard’ (i.e. a peasant farm engaged in the cultivation of beets). At the same time, they point to a borrowing from the Latin beta, which first meant ‘chard root’ and then ‘beetroot’.

Judging by telephone directories, modern Germany and Austria, the composer's surname is unique - there are no other bearers of it.

Johannes / German Johannes Brahms (1833-1897) - German composer and pianist, one of the main representatives of the Romantic period.

German onomasts offer several etymologies for this surname.

1. Patronym (strong genitive) from short form male name Abraham/Abraham.

2. Patronym (strong genitive) to Brahms:‘the son of one who lives by the gorse or blackberry bush’.

3. From Middle High German bramhus‘house by the gorse or blackberry bush’. In this case, the nickname from which the surname arose indicated the place of residence.

Surname Brahms quite rare in Germany - 190 carriers in telephone directories (as of December 31, 2002).

Wilhelm Richard/ it. Wilhelm Richard Wagner (1813-1883) - German composer, conductor, playwright (author of the libretto of his operas), philosopher. The largest reformer of opera music.

The etymology of his surname is transparent and is not difficult to disclose. It is based on the name of the profession: from Middle High German wager‘carriage maker, carriage master’. In modern literary language this profession is denoted by the words Wagenbauer, Wagenmacher. family form Wagner- South German (oberdeutsch) and in Germany ranks 7th in its frequency (as of December 31, 2002 - 82,074 carriers (data from telephone directories). It is most densely represented in Bavaria. In the Low German (niederdeutsch) area, i.e. in the north of Germany, its variants are common Wegener And Wegner. Other territorial modifications: Wahner, Wähner, Wehner, Weiner. IN different regions In Germany, other words were used to designate the carriage-maker profession, from which surnames were also formed: Rademacher, Rademaker(northwest), Stellmacher(northeast), Ass(en)macher(from Middle High German asse‘axis’, in the Rhineland).

Carl Maria Friedrich August (Ernst) background/ it. Carl Maria von Weber(1786-1826) - German composer, conductor, pianist, music writer, founder of the German romantic opera. His last name is semantically transparent. Dating back to Middle High German wëbaere'weaver'. In modern German, the word for this profession is also used Weber.

This is one of the most common surnames in Germany. As of December 31, 2002, there were 88,544 Webers in telephone directories. In terms of the entire population of the country, this surname occupied the 5th place. It is most densely represented in the land of North Rhine - Westphalia (composer Weber, we recall, was born just in Westphalia).

Franz Josef / German Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) - Austrian composer, representative of the Viennese classical school, one of the founders of such musical genres as the symphony and string Quartet.

haydn- regional variety of surname Heiden. According to German onomasts, the surname Heiden. may be one of the following etymologies.

1. Nickname from Middle High German and Middle Low German heiden‘pagan, idolater’, Middle High German heiden'pagan'. Perhaps such a nickname was given to a participant in the crusades to the country of "infidels", to the "holy" land.

2. From a homonymous toponym (such is, for example, in North Rhine-Westphalia).

3. From the short form to the male personal name Heidenrich / Heidenrich: dr.-v.-n. heit‘creature’ + richi'powerful'.

Surname in Austria haydn As of December 31, 2005, it was found in 161 people and occupied the 2995th place in the frequency list of surnames. In Germany, this surname was found in 208 people (as of December 31, 2002). In terms of the total population of Germany and Austria in Austria, the surname haydn is more common. At the same time, it should be noted that in Germany itself, this surname gravitates to the south, to the border with Austria - about 80% of all German citizens with this surname live in Bavaria. Another situation with the surname heiden, with which the surname haydn common lexical sources. In Germany, it is represented more widely than in Austria: 1858 and 92 speakers, respectively. Moreover, in Germany it gravitates towards the northwest - more than 35% of its carriers live in North Rhine-Westphalia. Considering the above, from the ethmologies of the surname Haydn, it should obviously be excluded the second version (from the toponym in the north-west of Germany).

Georg Friedrich/ it. Georg Friedrich Händel (1685–1759) was a German Baroque composer known for his operas, oratorios and concertos.

Specialists in German onomastics offer four etymologies for this surname.

1. Derived word hand‘hand’ + diminutive suffix -l.

2. Surname option Hanel/Hänel(from name Johannes/Johannes) with an additional intervocalic consonant -d-(or directly from the indicated derivatives of this personal name).

3. In the southeast of Germany, this can be a variant of the surname Heindel(from a diminutive form of a male name Heinrich/Heinrich).

4. From a nickname from Middle High German handel‘trade, action, activity, event, legal proceedings, object of trade, commodity that is at hand’.

The surname Händel appears 1023 times in telephone directories in Germany (31.12.2002). In terms of the entire population of the country, this is relatively common. In Austria, it is very rare - only 6 carriers (as of December 31, 2005).

Wolfgang Amadeus (full name Johann Chrysostomos Wolfgang Theophilus Mozart) / German. Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgang Theophilus Mozart(1756-1791) - Austrian composer, instrumentalist and conductor, virtuoso violinist, harpsichordist, organist.

/ it. Strauß, Srtauss Surname of a dynasty of Austrian musicians.
The most famous: Johann (senior) (1804-1849) - composer, conductor and violinist. His sons: Johann Strauss (junior) (1825–1899) - composer, conductor and violinist; Joseph Strauss (1827-1870) - composer; Eduard Strauss (1835–1916), composer and conductor.

Although the surname Strauss in modern reference books is often written with ß at the end, most representatives always wrote their last name with two ss. At the same time, the first and second were recorded with different typographic signs (the so-called long and round s) – Strauss. And only Eduard Strauss wrote with ß.

Regarding the surname put forward four versions.

1. From a nickname from Middle High German struz, strus‘ostrich bird’. Such a nickname could be given by the ostrich feather that adorned the helmet. Or, according to a characteristic look - in the early knightly epic "Titurel" (circa 1270) there is a comparison din ougen sullen dem struze gelichen(‘your eyes are like those of an ostrich’). The earliest mention of the surname is from a resident of Magdeburg (circa 1162: Heinric Struz.

2. Among the German surnames there is a group of surnames dating back to the so-called. household names. They could be given different reasons, for example, by subject on a coat of arms or a sign. The name of the household goes back to the second part in the naming of a resident of the Lower Saxon Eschede - Heyne vamm Strause (circa 1428/38)

3. From a nickname from Middle High German struz‘resistance, discord, conflict, duel’, which a scandalous, quarrelsome person could receive.

4. By place of residence from from Middle High German struz'bush'.

It is easy to see that the ambiguity of etymology in this case is explained by the ambiguity of the supposed original word struz.

The surname Strauss is found in both Austria and Germany. And in Germany more often. As of December 31, 2002, there were 1193 Strauss in German telephone directories, which, in terms of the entire population of the country, gives 316th place in the frequency list of surnames. As of December 31, 2005, there were 643 Strauss in Austria, which allows this surname to take 383rd place.

Franz Peter / German Franz Peter Schubert (1797–1828) is a great Austrian composer, one of the founders of romanticism in music.

The surname Schubert has a fairly transparent semantics. It goes back to the Middle High German schuochwürhte, schuochworhte, schuchwarte'shoemaker'. That is, it is included in the group of surnames from the names of professions. As of December 31, 2005, 989 Schuberts lived in Austria. In the frequency list, she occupied 276th place there. In Germany it is much more frequent. As of December 31, 2002, there were 27,558 Schuberts in telephone directories. In terms of the entire population of the country, it ranked 50th.

Robert / German Robert Schumann (1810-1856) - German composer, conductor, musical critic, teacher.

Surname belongs to the group of professional surnames (Berufsfamiliennamen), that is, it is based on the name of the profession. It's Middle High German schuochman'shoemaker'. It is curious that the basis of the surname of the composer Franz Schubert is also translated as ‘shoemaker’. In the German literary language, the profession of a shoemaker is indicated primarily by the word Schuster, rarely used noun Schuhmacher. From these two words, the Germans also formed surnames. It is interesting to look at the ratio of these three surnames related to the name of the shoemaker's profession in Germany.

If we turn to telephone directories (as of December 31, 2002), it turns out that the most frequent of this trinity is Schuster– 22377 carriers and 64th place in the frequency list of German surnames. Surname Schumann is somewhat less common and with 13632 carriers it ranks 137th. The rarest of the three Schuhmacher(total 2981 subscribers and 988th place). But the differences concern not only the frequency, but also the regions of distribution. Yes, surname Schuster most often found in Bavaria (about 40% of all Schusters). Surname Schuhmacher most often found in Baden-Württemberg (more than 40% of all Schumachers). And here is the last name Schumann prevails in Saxony (about 20% of all Schumanns). It is worth recalling that the hometown of Robert Schumann - Zwickau - is located just in Saxony. That is, it is quite natural that the distant ancestor of the composer became Schumann, and not Schuster or Schumacher.

© Nazarov Alois

Austria's contribution to the fund of world musical art is undeniable. It was in the luxurious Vienna of the Habsburg era under the auspices of imperial family in the 18th-19th centuries, music was created and performed, which later became known as classical music.

The modern concept of classical music is associated with the musical culture of classicism, which reached its peak in Austria.

Viennese classic

The beginning of the 19th century was the golden age of Austrian musical culture. Representatives of the First Viennese School, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Joseph Haydn created academic classical music as we know it today: with perfect harmony of rich figurative content and precise, flawlessly calibrated form.

Franz Joseph Haydn (1732–1809)

The eldest of the Viennese classics, he stood at the origins of such academic genres as the symphony and the string quartet. One of the most prolific, famous and successful composers of his century, Haydn left a rich creative legacy:

• 104 symphonies;
• 24 operas;
• 3 oratorios;
• 6 masses and many other spiritual and secular works.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791)

virtuoso musician and brilliant composer, Mozart had a huge impact on European and world musical culture. He equally brightly showed himself both in opera and in instrumental works.

Although the composer traveled extensively in Europe, it was in Vienna that he reached the zenith of his fame and wrote the most famous masterpieces, including operas (The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, The Magic Flute) and Requiem.

Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827)

Today, Beethoven is one of the most performed composers in the world. He was born in Bonn, but spent most of his life in Vienna and its suburbs, where he worked on works that are now included in the collection of masterpieces of world music (9 famous symphonies, 5 concertos, many sonatas).

Sometimes Franz Schubert (1797–1828), the founder of musical romanticism, who also lived and worked in Vienna, is considered to be the First Viennese School.

viennese waltz

Special place in musical culture 19th century Austria takes the Viennese waltz. The ancestor of the waltz, which is still considered the main ballroom dance, was Austrian folk dance landler. The aristocracy considered the waltz to be an extremely obscene dance. Only in early XIX century, the waltz sounded at high-society balls and soon conquered all of Europe.

Strauss + music = waltz

The popularity of the waltz is closely related to the names of the father and son of the Strauss. Johann Strauss Sr. (1804-1849) became the first author of waltzes for dance halls - "discotheques" of the 19th century, where all strata of society were democratically mixed. In his works, the elegant, light, carefree and flying Viennese waltz acquired its classical features.

Johann Strauss Jr. (1825–1899) chose the profession of a musician against his father's wishes, but subsequently eclipsed him as a composer and conductor. It was Johann Strauss Jr. that the Viennese proclaimed the “king of the waltz”. The famous waltzes of Johann Strauss are still performed today:

• "Tales of the Vienna Woods"
• "Blue Danube"
• "Spring Voices"
• "Imperial Waltz" and others.

The biography of Johann Strauss Jr. is closely connected with Russia: for 10 years he worked in Pavlovsk, used incredible success with the Russian public and wrote touching letters to his first love, Olga Smirnitskaya.

The golden age of Austrian music by no means ended with the Viennese waltz: late XIX century, Gustav Mahler worked in Vienna, and in the 20th century, the composers of the New Viennese School. You can hear the works of Austrian composers at concerts organized by Austrian cultural centers or in recordings - for example, on the classical music website classic-online.ru.

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