There are two historical periods of classicism in the history of music. Early classicism, which came from the Renaissance, was characteristic of the 17th century and developed simultaneously with. Early classicism manifested itself most clearly in French musical art, and there, in France, the most serious disagreements arose between adherents of classicism and baroque.
The late period of classicism is characteristic of the second half of XVIII century - early XIX century and is identified by many with the Enlightenment and the Vienna Classical School.
Between musicologists different generations periodically there are disputes regarding these periods and directions of development of musical art. Even in the 20th century, there was a serious discussion: German musicologists attributed the entire time period from the Renaissance to the Enlightenment to the Baroque period, while their French opponents, on the contrary, considered the Baroque style to be one of the trends of classicism.
A clear separation of the epochs and musical styles of baroque and classicism is complicated, first of all, by the different time of distribution of musical styles in specific national schools. There is no doubt that to mid-eighteenth century, classicism dominated all of Europe, and its heyday is associated with the work of such great composers as Christoph Gluck, Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven.
Opera series and opera buffa
From a musical point of view, the 18th century was characterized by the undivided dominance of Italian opera, perhaps with the exception of France. Almost all the royal courts of Europe consisted of theatrical troupes, which played either the Italians themselves, or musicians and actors who studied in Italy.
The development of the genre of opera seria (serious opera) was largely due to the work of Pietro Metastasio. While serving as court poet to Charles VI of Austria, he wrote many librettos on the subject ancient mythology. "Metastasian" librettos were used by many famous composers of the XVIII centuries, but operatic works consisted of three acts, they had no more than six characters, and the choir was practically not used.
Composers - "metastasians", including Adolf Gasse, Karl Heinrich Graun and even the Italians Niccolo Gemelli and Tommaso Iraetta, gradually replaced the opera arias "da capo" (from the beginning) with cavatinas, reduced the number of dry recitatives.
Meanwhile, France continued to flourish lyrical tragedy. Choirs, ballets, spectacular theatrical performances of this genre reached perfection in the work of Jean-Philippe Rameau. However, somewhere nearby, gradually, she made her way to musical Olympus more in demand by the listener, more similar to the gallantry of classicism, the comic buffa opera.
The first buffa operas were short pieces that were performed during intermissions to entertain the audience who came to see a serious opera. But already by 1750, comic operas had taken a firm place on the stage and began to supplant their serious predecessor. The last famous opera series "The Mercy of Titus" was written by Mozart in 1791, already in the era of classicism.
Opera genres of France, Germany and Spain
France. The opera-buffa of the Neapolitan composer Pergolesi called “The Maid-Maid”, the brilliant premiere of which took place in Paris in 1752, caused a fierce controversy among the cultural figures of France. The great philosophers Diderot, D'Alembert, Rousseau were delighted with the naturalness of the work, and considered the premiere a victory over the excessive symbolism and pathos of the Baroque era. Rousseau even composed his own opera, The Village Sorcerer, which premiered in the same 1752 in the French capital. French pioneers in the genre of comic opera were André Philidor (1726-1795) and André Grétry (1741-1813).
Meanwhile, supporters of the French lyrical tragedy did not see any conformity with the canons in the opera buffa. high art. They achieved the expulsion of the Italian troupe from the country, but a breach in the foundations of the Baroque had already been punched.
Germany, Austria. The German and Austrian public of that time admired the victory of their own musical genre - the Singspiel. The basis of the new style was translations into German English ballad operas and traditions of folk Austrian improvisational comedy (including puppet theatre).
The singspiel reached its highest development in the work of Mozart. In his works “The Abduction from the Seraglio”, “The Magic Flute”, the simple folk-everyday plots of the early singspiel were enriched with deep lyrics and philosophy of what is happening. Among the works of Beethoven, one can also find the singspiel "Fidelio" and others, and by the 20th century the genre of the singspiel was transformed into a musical.
Spain. In Spanish musical art, there are also "sisters" of opera buffa and singspiel - these are zarzuela and tonadilla. Zarzuela went through a difficult path of popularity: having appeared at the beginning of the 17th century, it was supplanted by classical opera, but already in the 19th century it regained its former fame. Tonadilla was a brief comic interlude and over time became more and more like Italian opera-buffa.
Development of large instrumental forms
Classicism. The birth of a symphony. Even before its appearance in the 18th century as a separate instrumental genre, this term was used to define instrumental fragments musical works.
Great contribution to initial development genre was introduced by the composers of the Mannheim music school. Beginning in 1740, the Mannheim court chapel became the musical center for the development of new orchestral forms. The increase in the number of instruments in the orchestra of the new formation made it impossible to manage the musical group “from the harpsichord”, and the figure of the conductor took on the main roles.
The final formation of the canons of symphonic music was formed thanks to the work of Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven.
Classic concert. The form, which is based on a kind of confrontation between the solo instrument and the entire orchestra, received its highest development thanks to the works of Georg Handel, Antonio Vivaldi, Wolfgang Mozart, and later Franz Liszt and Johann Brahms. Piano and violin were recognized as the most frequent instruments for soloing, and along with classical three-movement concertos, one-movement and four-movement works appeared.
Chamber music. The principles of classicism made it possible to draw clear distinctions between music composed for large orchestral groups and small, chamber musical groups. Formed classic views small instrumental ensemble: sonata, trio, quartet. In the following decades, the string quartet gained extraordinary popularity, for which many popular works were written.
Church music of the Classical era
For more than a thousand years, up to XVII century Christian church remained the main center of concentration of musical professionalism. AT XVII-XVIII centuries rapid development secular music, the appearance of the symphony, opera, sonata, concert had a strong influence on church music. Classicism brought dramatization and symphonization church genre, the reform sometimes led to the fact that works written specifically for worship were transferred to the category of secular music.
Here is a small and incomplete enumeration of the priceless works of the great composers of the Classical era, their tribute to church music and all believers:
He created a number of brilliant works in the genre of "passions", which replaced the motet - "Passion according to John", "Passion according to Matthew", "High Mass in h-moll".
"Stabat Mater", written in 1736 by the Italian composer Pergolesi, gave church music a certain gallant aesthetic.
Throughout his life, he wrote many masses and oratorios, including "Nelson Mass", "Mass of Theresa", "Seven Words of the Savior on the Cross", "Creation of the World", "Te deum".
The oratorio "Christ on the Mount of Olives", "Mass C-Dur" and "Solemn Mass" became the crown church music in the works of Ludwig van Beethoven.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote 18 masses, as well as motets, oratorios, cantatas, offertorias, vespers, litanies. Mozart's Golden Pages are the Coronation Mass, the Great Mass in C-Dur, the motet Ave Verum, and the Requiem, begun in the year of his death and completed by his student Franz Suismar.
Let us immediately agree not to confuse the concepts of "classical music" and "music of the era of classicism" ...
Classical music is exemplary music that has stood the test of time and is considered a benchmark in its genre or style.
And the era of classicism is the time approximately from the middle of the 18th to the middle of the 19th century. During this period, works of art and literature had to be created in accordance with certain requirements of the aesthetics of classicism, these requirements included a harmonious combination of parts, decoration of details, canons of form, etc. That is, a work of art (music, painting, literature, etc.) had to be built according to certain canons (rules). Initially, classicism was a progressive phenomenon, because. developed harmony, certainty, a certain sample of what a work of art should be. But, as you know, the process of movement is unstoppable, gradually the framework of classicism began to interfere with creativity, limit it. Therefore, classicism was replaced by another direction in art - romanticism.
Usually the period of classicism is associated with the Viennese classics - Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven. Why are they called "Viennese classics"? They all lived in Vienna, which at that time was considered the capital of musical culture. The term "Viennese classics" was first used by the Austrian musicologist Kiesewetter in 1834 in relation to Haydn and Mozart. Later, other authors added Beethoven to this list. The Viennese classics are also often referred to as representatives of the First Viennese School.
These great composers of the Viennese school are united by their virtuosity in different styles of music and composition techniques: from folk songs up to polyphony (simultaneous sounding, development and interaction of several voices or melodic lines, melodies). The Viennese classics created a high type of instrumental music in which all the richness of figurative content is embodied in a perfect artistic form. This is the main feature of classicism.
For representatives of the Vienna classical school characterized by versatility artistic thinking, logic, clarity of artistic form. Feelings and intellect, tragic and comic, precise calculation and naturalness, ease of expression are organically combined in their works.
In the era of classicism formed sonata form, symphony(4-part sonata-symphonic cycle), concert, appeared string Quartet. Expanded line-up symphony orchestra. The main classical types of chamber ensembles have developed - piano trio, string Quartet other.
Of the music for solo instruments, piano music stood out especially. Mozart had a great influence on the development operatic art: he developed various types of opera - lyrical and socially accusatory comedy, musical drama, philosophical fairy tale opera and others.
Each of the representatives of the Viennese classical school had a unique personality. Haydn and Beethoven was closer instrumental music, Mozart equally distinguished himself in the operatic and instrumental genres. Haydn gravitated more towards objective folk-genre images, humor, jokes, Beethoven- to the heroic Mozart was a universal artist - he succeeded in everything.
The system of genres, forms and rules of harmony, developed by the classical Viennese school, retains its significance to this day.
And now let's talk in more detail about the genres of music of the era of classicism.
sonata form
The sonata form was formed in the second half of the 18th century in the work of Mozart and received its highest flowering in the work of Beethoven. Beethoven's work was an unsurpassed culmination in the history of sonata form. Composers next historical era understood that Beethoven brought the sonata to its absolute, and were forced to look for ways to update the form. Relatively speaking, the sonata form in pure form after Beethoven, it begins to collapse, acquiring features that were initially alien to it.
Different composers solved the task of updating the form in different ways. However, all of them were looking for a way to combine the sonata form with other principles of formation. Sometimes these were principles opposed to the idea of sonata (that is, continuous renewal and development). For example, Schubert introduced sonata form song beginning, Schumann combined the sonata form with the principle of the suite. Berlioz combined sonata form with detailed literary program. Liszt followed the path of combining the sonata form and the sonata-symphony cycle.
So, sonata form is a musical form based on the juxtaposition and development of 2 themes, usually contrasting. Mainly used in instrumental works.
Sonata form consists of 3 sections:
1) exposition - tie action. It sets out: main party and adjoining tie party, side party and final game. Most often, the main part is dynamic, decisive, it is opposed by a more contemplative lyrical side part;
2) development - the dramatic center of the sonata form: comparison, clash and broad development of the themes presented in the exposition; 3) reprise (French reprise - resumption) - the denouement of the action, a somewhat modified repetition of the exposition, presenting both main parties in the main key.
Sometimes before the exposure it happens introduction , and after the reprise - code (additional, final section, built on one or both topics).
The sonata form is characteristic of the first, fast parts sonata cycle why is it called sonata allegro(allegro).
Sonata form was preceded by old sonata (at the turn of the XVII-XVIII centuries).
Let us explain what the old sonata form was like.
Old sonata form- a musical form widespread at the turn of the 17th-18th centuries. and preceded the emergence of sonata form. The old sonata form was based on the juxtaposition of 2 themes, usually similar; its essential difference from the sonata form was the absence of individualized themes. In the old sonata form, there are 2 sections. The first is the presentation of the main part in the main key, and side party- in a different tone.
The most perfect examples of the old sonata form are sonatas for harpsichord D. Scarlatti.
Symphony
Translated from Greek word"symphony" means "consonance".
Due to the fact that the symphony is similar in structure to the sonata, the sonata and the symphony are combined under the general name "sonata-symphonic cycle". In a classical symphony (in the form in which it is presented in the works of the Viennese classics - Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven) there are usually four parts.
- the 1st part, at a fast pace (allegro), is written in sonata form;
- 2nd, in slow motion, is written in the form of variations, rondo (a musical form in which repeated (at least 3) performances main topic(refrain) alternate with episodes that differ from each other), rondo-sonata, complex three-part, less often in the form of a sonata;
- 3rd - scherzo (rapid pace) or minuet (old French folk graceful dance) - in a three-part da capo form with a trio (that is, according to the A-trio-A scheme);
- 4th movement, at a fast pace - in sonata form, in the form of a rondo or a rondo sonata.
There are symphonies with both more and fewer movements (there are even one-movement symphonies).
Software symphony connected with known content, set out in the program (expressed, for example, in the title or epigraph), - for example, Beethoven's "Pastoral Symphony", Berlioz's "Fantastic Symphony", etc. Dittersdorf, Rosetti and Haydn were the first to introduce the program into the symphony.
Concert(from ital. concerto- harmony, consent and from lat. concertare- compete) - a musical composition for one or more solo instruments with an orchestra. There are also concertos for one instrument - without an orchestra, concertos for an orchestra - without strictly defined solo parts, concertos for voice (or voices) with an orchestra, and concertos for choir a cappella (singing without instrumental accompaniment).
The concert appeared in Italy at the turn of the 16th-17th centuries. as a vocal polyphonic work of church music.
In concerts of the first half of the 18th century. fast parts were usually based on one, rarely two themes. In the second half of the XVIII century. in the work of the "Viennese classics" the sonata-symphonic form of the concerto was established.
Piece for four bowed instruments(usually - two violins, viola and cellos), as well as Music band appropriate composition, performing such works. String Quartet- the most common type of quartet, although some other compositions are also popular (piano quartet, woodwind quartet).
Here it should be explained what alt is. - string-bowed musical instrument of the same device as the violin, but somewhat large sizes, which is why it sounds in a lower register. Viola strings are tuned lower than violin strings and higher than cello strings.
The form of the string quartet was determined in the work of Haydn. He codified the quartet as four-part piece (before that, chamber ensembles could consist of an arbitrary number of parts) and established a compositional sequence similar to the structure of a symphony: fast part - slow part - minuet - fast finale.
The era of the Viennese classics became the heyday of the quartet, and following Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven made a huge contribution to the development of the genre.
In music, as in no other art form, the concept of "classic" has an ambiguous content. Everything is relative, and any yesterday's hits that have stood the test of time - whether they are the masterpieces of Bach, Mozart, Chopin, Prokofiev, or, for example, The Beatles- can be attributed to classical works.
Forgive me lovers early music for the frivolous word "hit", but after all, great composers once wrote for their contemporaries popular music without aiming for eternity.
Why all this? To the one, that it is important to separate the broad concept of classical music and classicism as a direction in the art of music.
The era of classicism
Classicism, which replaced the Renaissance in several stages, took shape in France at the end of the 17th century, reflecting in its art partly a serious rise in absolute monarchy, partly a change in worldview from religious to secular.
AT XVIII century started new round development of public consciousness - the Age of Enlightenment has come. The pomp and pomp of baroque, the immediate predecessor of classicism, was replaced by a style based on simplicity and naturalness.
Aesthetic settings of classicism
Classical art is based on cult of reason – rationalism, harmony and logic . The name "classicism" by origin is associated with the word from Latin- classicus, which means - "exemplary". The ideal model for artists of this trend was ancient aesthetics with its harmonious logic and harmony. In classicism, reason prevails over feelings, individualism is not welcome, and in any phenomenon, general, typological features are of paramount importance. Each work of art must be built according to strict canons. The requirement of the era of classicism is the balance of proportions, excluding everything superfluous, secondary.
Classicism is characterized by a strict division into "high" and "low" genres . "High" works are works that refer to ancient and religious subjects, written in a solemn language (tragedy, hymn, ode). And the “low” genres are those works that are presented in a colloquial language and reflect the life of the people (fable, comedy). Mixing genres was unacceptable.
Classicism in music - Viennese classics
The development of a new musical culture in the middle of the 18th century gave rise to the emergence of many private salons, musical societies and orchestras, holding open concerts and opera performances.
The capital of the musical world in those days was Vienna. Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven are three great names that went down in history like.
Composers of the Viennese school masterfully owned the most different genres music - from everyday songs to symphonies. High style music in which rich figurative content is embodied in a simple but perfect art form, - here main feature works of the Viennese classics.
musical culture classicism, as well as literature, as well as art, sings the actions of a person, his emotions and feelings, over which the mind reigns. Artists-creators in their works are characterized by logical thinking, harmony and clarity. The simplicity and ease of expression of classical composers might seem banal to the modern ear (in some cases, of course), if their music were not so brilliant.
Each of the Viennese classics had a bright, unique personality. Haydn and Beethoven gravitated more toward instrumental music—sonatas, concertos, and symphonies. Mozart was universal in everything - he easily created in any. He had a great influence on the development of opera, creating and improving its various types - from opera buff to musical drama.
In terms of composers' preferences for certain figurative spheres, Haydn is more characteristic of objective folk-genre sketches, pastoral, chivalry, Beethoven is close to heroism and drama, as well as philosophy, and, of course, nature, to a small extent and refined lyrics. Mozart covered, perhaps, all existing figurative spheres.
Genres of musical classicism
The musical culture of classicism is associated with the creation of many genres of instrumental music, such as the sonata, symphony, and concerto. A multi-part sonata-symphony form (4-part cycle) was formed, which is still the basis of many instrumental compositions.
In the era of classicism, the main types of chamber ensembles were formed - the trio, the string quartet. The system of forms developed by the Viennese school is still relevant today - modern “bells and whistles” are layered on it as a basis.
Let us briefly dwell on the innovations characteristic of classicism.
sonata form
The sonata genre existed as early as the beginning of the 17th century, but the sonata form was finally formed in the works of Haydn and Mozart, and Beethoven brought it to perfection and even began to break the strict canons of the genre.
The classical sonata form is based on the opposition of 2 themes (often contrasting, sometimes conflicting) - main and secondary - and their development.
Sonata form includes 3 main sections:
- first section - exposition(carrying out the main topics),
- second - development(development and comparison of topics)
- and third - reprise(a modified repetition of the exposition, in which there is usually a tonal convergence of themes previously opposed to each other).
As a rule, the first, fast parts of a sonata or symphonic cycle were written in sonata form, therefore the name sonata allegro was assigned to them.
Sonata-symphony cycle
In structure, the logic of the sequence of parts, symphonies and sonatas are very similar, hence common name their integral musical form is the sonata-symphony cycle.
A classical symphony almost always consists of 4 parts:
- I - fast active part in the sonata allegro form, traditional for it;
- II - a slow part (its form, as a rule, is not strictly regulated - variations are possible here, and a three-part complex or simple shape, and rondo sonatas, and slow sonata form);
- III - a minuet (sometimes a scherzo), the so-called genre part - in form almost always a complex three-part;
- IV - the final and final fast part, for which the sonata form was also often chosen, sometimes the form of the rondo or rondo sonata.
Concert
The name of the concert, as a genre, comes from Latin word concertare - "competition". This piece is for orchestra and solo instrument. instrumental concert, created in the Renaissance and received simply grandiose development in, in the work of the Viennese classics, it acquired a sonata-symphonic form.
String Quartet
A string quartet usually consists of two violins, a viola and a cello. The form of the quartet, similar to the sonata-symphony cycle, was already determined by Haydn. Mozart and Beethoven also made enormous contributions and paved the way for further development of this genre.
The musical culture of classicism has become a kind of "cradle" for the string quartet, in subsequent times and to the present day, composers do not stop writing more and more works in the concerto genre - this type of work turned out to be so in demand.
The music of classicism surprisingly combines external simplicity and clarity with a deep inner content, which is not alien to strong feelings and drama. Classicism, in addition, is the style of a certain historical era, and this style is not forgotten, but has serious connections with the music of our time (neoclassicism, polystylistics).
Shishkova Natalia Vitalievna
MOU DOD "Children's Art School No. 1", Balakovo
Epochs in music, painting, architecture
Music in the Renaissance XV-XVI century.
In the Middle Ages, music was the prerogative of the Church, so most of the musical works were sacred, based on church hymns (Gregorian chant).
The Middle Ages was followed by the Renaissance, which was an era of discovery, innovation and exploration for musicians - the Renaissance of all layers of cultural and scientific manifestation of life from music and painting to astronomy and mathematics.
With the invention of the printing press, it became possible to print and distribute sheet music.
It was at this time that the viola, the predecessor of the violin, appeared. There were also popular wind instruments- recorder, flute and horn. The most complex music written for the newly created harpsichord and organ.
Purcell Henry (1659–1695), English composer. Him professional life almost entirely took place in the Royal Chapel and Westminster Abbey. Purcell's heritage is based on compositions created "on occasion", i.e. Related royal family and church services in the Chapel and in the Abbey. Among the spiritual works of the composer are at least 60 anthems, 5 complete services and many pieces for solo voices, 6 complete operas and music for 44 plays.
Rameau Jean Philippe (1683–1764) French composer and music theorist. Rameau's heritage consists of several dozen books and a number of articles on music and acoustic theory; four volumes of clavier pieces, several motets and solo cantatas; 29 stage compositions - operas, opera-ballets and pastorals.
Scarlatti, Domenico (1685-1757), son of Alessandro, composer, greatest master of Italian clavier music. The originality of Scarlatti's clavier style was revealed in 555 sonatas. Kirkpatrick's catalog contains 14 operas, 9 oratorios, 16 chamber cantatas and arias, and 13 spiritual compositions. Among the most striking features of the composer's style are the brilliance of dissonant harmonies and bold modulations, the crossing of the left and right hands, rehearsals, trills and other types of ornamentation.
Architecture in the Renaissance.
In Italy, the Renaissance called Gothic medieval art Northern Europe - art style, which dominated in the countries of Western, Central and partly of Eastern Europe between mid-twelfth in. and XV-XVI centuries. During the Renaissance, the discovery of antiquity caused joy and delight.
Painting in the Renaissance.
B 
otticelli, Sandro. Birth of Venus. Around 1482-1483. Renaissance. Italy. Florence. Uffizi Gallery. In each country, the Renaissance has its own characteristics. In Italy, where the Renaissance was most fully manifested in the classical form, it covers the XIV-XVII centuries. (the turn of the XIII-XIV centuries - Proto-Renaissance; XV century - Early Renaissance; end of the XV - first quarter of the XVI century - High Renaissance; 16th century
Music of the Baroque era (1600-1750)
With 
The word "baroque" presumably comes from the Portuguese perola barroca - a pearl of a bizarre shape. Indeed, the visual arts and architecture of this period were characterized by very elaborate forms, complexity, pomp and dynamics. Later, the same word was applied to the music of that time. Such brilliant works as the fugues of Johann Sebastian Bach, the Alleluia choir from the oratorio Messiah by Georg Friedrich Handel, The Four Seasons by Antonio Vivaldi, Vespers by Claudio Monteverdi were born in the Baroque era. The musical ornament became very sophisticated, such a type of composition as an opera appeared.
The creation of his recitative style by the Italian composer Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643) and the consistent development of Italian opera can be considered a conditional transition point between the Baroque and Renaissance eras.
Outstanding representative of the court composers of the court Louis XIV was Giovanni Battista Lulli (1632-1687). Already at the age of 21, he received the title of "court composer of instrumental music." Lully created the finished type French opera; the so-called lyrical tragedy in France
Composer and violinist Arcangelo Corelli (1653-1713) is known for his work on the development of the concerto grosso genre. Corelli was one of the first composers whose works were published and performed throughout Europe.
In England, the mature baroque was marked by the brilliant genius of Henry Purcell (1659-1695). Purcell worked in a wide range of genres; from simple religious hymns to marching music, from vocal compositions large format to staged music. His catalog contains over 800 works.
Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741) - Italian composer, born in Venice. Vivaldi's fame was brought by the publication of his works, which included his trio sonatas, violin sonatas and concertos (more than 500). He also gave programmatic titles to some of his works, such as the famous The Four Seasons.
But perhaps the most famous court composer was Georg Friedrich Handel (1685-1759). He was born in Germany, studied in Italy, started his brilliant and commercial successful career in London. Handel reworked the material of other composers, and constantly reworked his own compositions. Handel mixed in his music the rich traditions of improvisation and counterpoint. The art of musical ornaments reached in his works very high level development.
Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) Germany. During his lifetime, he composed over 1,000 works in various genres, except for opera. But during his lifetime he did not achieve any significant success.
Baroque painting
Baroque painting or baroque painting - paintings baroque period in culture XVI-XVII centuries, while politically the historical period is divided into Absolutism and Counter-Reformation. Baroque painting is characterized by dynamism, "carnality" and pomp of forms, the most characteristic features of the Baroque are flashy flamboyance and dynamism; a prime example- Rubens, Caravaggio.
Baroque architecture
The Italian word "baroque" literally means "strange", "bizarre". The Baroque style gravitated toward ceremonial solemnity and splendor. At the same time, he expressed progressive ideas about the unity, infinity and diversity of the world, about its complexity, variability, and constant movement.
Music of the Classical Era.
Classicism (from Latin classicus - exemplary) - artistic style and aesthetic direction in European art XVII-XIX centuries A work of art, from the point of view of classicism, should be built on the basis of strict canons, thereby revealing the harmony and logic of the universe itself. The concept of classicism in music is steadily associated with the work of Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven, who are called the Viennese classics and determined the direction of further development of musical composition.
Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) - Austrian composer, representative of the Viennese classical school, one of the founders of such musical genres as the symphony and string quartet.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) - Austrian composer, bandmaster, virtuoso violinist, harpsichordist, organist. Its uniqueness lies in the fact that it worked in all musical forms of his time and in all achieved the highest success.
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) - great German composer, conductor and pianist. He wrote in all the genres that existed in his time, including opera, ballet, music for dramatic performances, choral compositions. The most significant in his legacy are considered instrumental works: piano, violin and cello sonatas, concertos for pianoforte, for violin, quartets, overtures, symphonies.
Painting of the era of Classicism.
The greatest theorist of the Renaissance, Leon Batista Alberti, back in the 15th century. expressed ideas that foreshadowed certain principles of classicism and were fully manifested in the fresco of Raphael " Athenian school» (1511). The discovery of "genuine" ancient painting during the excavations of Pompeii, the deification of antiquity German art historian Winckelmann, in the second half of the 18th century they breathed new breath into classicism.
Classical architecture.
The main feature of the architecture of classicism was the appeal to the forms of ancient architecture as the standard of harmony, simplicity, rigor, logical clarity and monumentality. The architecture of classicism as a whole is characterized by the regularity of planning and the clarity of volumetric form.
Music of the Romantic era (1810-1910).
Music in the Romantic period is characterized by energy, intensity and passion. Strict forms classical music gained expression and expression. Music became closer to art, literature and theater. The main task of romanticism was the image inner world, mental life.
Many composers began creating symphonies that followed the same basic storyline or "program" ("Fantastic Symphony" by Berlioz or "Faust Symphony" by Liszt, "Wedding March" by Mendelssohn).
The Romantic period was the period of the birth of virtuoso soloists as a phenomenon, the performers became the stars of their day. The list of virtuosos is headed by the pianists Liszt and Chopin and the violinist Paganini. All of them were musical diamonds of the Romantic era.
In Germany, romance has become a very significant part of the musicians' repertoire - perfect shape for romanticism, as the unity of music and poetry. Schubert and Brahms created a lot of romances. The songs were mostly sung to the piano.
In the middle romantic era rose the star Giuseppe Verdi, who is recognized as one of the greatest composers of all times. He turned the whole of Italian opera upside down by presenting to the world new plots of works, often with social, political or patriotic themes.
In Germany, Richard Wagner became the reformer of the opera; he completely changed the German opera. Wagner's operas are written as long, continuously flowing music. The characters' characters and ideas of the work describe short melodies called leitmotifs.
Painting of the Romantic era.
Romanticism - ideological and artistic movement in European and American culture late 18th - early 19th centuries. Romanticism contrasted utilitarianism and the leveling of the individual with the aspiration for boundless freedom and the infinite, the thirst for perfection and renewal, the pathos of personal and civic independence. The painful discord between the ideal and reality formed the basis of the romantic worldview.
Image strong passions, the spiritualization of nature, interest in the national past, the desire for synthetic forms of art are combined with the motives of world sorrow, a craving for research and recreation of the "shadow", "night" side of the human soul, with the famous "romantic irony".
Architecture of the Romantic era.
And 
interest in the national past (often its idealization), the traditions of folklore and culture of one’s own and other peoples, the desire to create a universal picture of the world (primarily history and literature), the idea of art synthesis found expression in the ideology and practice of romanticism.
Music of the XX century. Jazz.
Jazz as a form of musical art appeared in the United States at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, incorporating the musical traditions of European settlers and African folklore melodic patterns.
Characteristic improvisation, melodic polyrhythm and expressiveness of performance became the hallmark of the first New Orleans jazz ensembles (jazz-band) in the first decades of the last century.
Over time, jazz has gone through periods of its development and formation, changing the rhythmic pattern and stylistic orientation: from the improvisational style of ragtime (ragtime), to dance orchestral swing (swing) and unhurried soft blues (blues).
The period from the early 20s to the 1940s is associated with the heyday of jazz orchestras (big bands), which consisted of several orchestral sections of saxophones, trombones, trumpets and a rhythm section. The peak of the popularity of big bands came in the mid-30s of the last century. Music performed by the jazz bands of Duke Ellington (Duke Ellington), Count Basie (Count Basie), Benny Goodman (Benny Goodman) sounded on dance floors and on the radio.
Impressionism.
Musical Impressionism - Musical direction, similar to impressionism in painting and parallel to symbolism in literature, which developed in France in the last quarter of the 19th century - the beginning of the 20th century, primarily in the work of Eric Satie, Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel.
The term "impressionism" itself is emphatically conditional. The means of painting, connected with vision, and the means of musical art, based on hearing, can be connected with each other with the help of special, subtle associative parallels that exist only in the mind.
Impressionism in painting.
Impressionism is a direction in the art of the last third of the 19th - early 20th centuries, whose masters, fixing their fleeting impressions, sought to capture the most naturally and impartially real world in its mobility and variability.
Literature.
Konen W. Purcell and Opera. M., 1978
Westrap J. G. Purcell. L., 1980
Bryantseva V.N. Jean Philippe Rameau and the French musical theatre. M., 1981
Malignon J. J. F. Rameau. L., 1983
Okrainets, I.A. Domenico Scarlatti: through instrumentalism to style. M., 1994
Luchina E.I. Opera by Alessandro Scarlatti "Griselda". Voronezh, 1998
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Classicism.
Music in the period 1750 - 1820
The term "classical" in music is mainly used to define serious, artistic music, ie. music that is not folk, popular, jazz, rock, etc. But there is also "classic" period in the history of music, called classicism, prominent representatives classicists were Haydn and Mozart.
Classicism began in Enlightenment- the time of radical changes in the awareness of human and social values and rules of behavior in society. The concepts of human rights reappeared, the protection of these rights and freedom of religion and speech, there was a turn towards simplicity and naturalness, which was reflected in a clean architectural style, reminiscent of the style Ancient Greece and Rome - hence the term "classical".
The growth of freedom in society led to the appearance of the first public concerts, in the main cities of Europe, musical societies and orchestras.
There were fundamental changes in the orchestras, there was no need for a harpsichord or an organ as the main musical instruments, wind instruments - clarinet, flute, trumpet, etc., on the contrary, took their place in the orchestra and created a new, special sound.
The new composition of the orchestra led to the emergence of a symphony - the most important type of music, according to the standard consisting of three tempos - quick start, slow middle and fast ending. One of the first composers to use the symphonic format was J.S. Bach's son, Carl Philipp Emmanuel Bach.
Together with the new composition of the orchestra, there also appears, consisting of two violins, a viola and a cello. The works are created specifically for the string quartet, with their own standard of four tempos, reminiscent of a symphony.
In the same era, the piano or pianoforte (correct name) was created. This allowed keyboardists to play music in different variations, both soft (piano) and louder (forte), depending on the keys used.
The most important of the solo works of the classical period were the sonatas, which were written for any solo instrument, but primarily for the piano. Like , sonatas have become a way of combining many different types of instrumental music into one type.
The most outstanding composers of classicism were the great Austrians - Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Haydn created fantastic choral, operatic, orchestral and instrumental music, but his greatest achievement is his symphonies, of which he wrote over a hundred.
Mozart - brilliant composer all times and peoples. Having lived short life, he left an incredible musical legacy (for example, 41 symphonies). Operas are considered his greatest achievement, in which he showed himself and how great musician And How talented playwright, some of his finest operas are Don Giovanni, The Marriage of Figaro, The Magic Flute.
At the end of the eighteenth century, another star of classical music rises - Ludwig van Beethoven, a composer who began composing music in the classical style inherited from Mozart and Haydn, but eventually outgrew this and literally split the classical style, marking the dawn of a new era known as Romantic period in music.
The classical era was a time when composers introduced a sense of elegance into music. This clear and pure music, which brings peace and relaxation, is actually much deeper and you can find a dramatic core, touching feelings and boundless drive in it.
Great Works of the Classical Era:
Mozart "Requiem", "Don Giovanni", "Magic Flute", Piano Concerto No. 21, Clarinet Concerto
Haydn "The Creation of the World", Symphony No. 101 "The Hours", String Quartet op.76 No. 3 "The Emperor"
Gluck "Orpheus and Eurydice"
Beethoven Symphony No. 3 "Eroica"
