On this moment it is very difficult to say exactly from what time on ancient Rus' the very first proverbs appeared, which are short and precise sayings compiled on any subject. In the same way, it is not known the specific time when sayings first arose in Rus', in the role of which are well-aimed speeches that are capable of quite expressively in the process of conversation, as well as very accurately characterize and describe any occurring phenomenon.

Only one fact remains indisputable: both sayings and all proverbs could have arisen in ancient times, and since then they have become folk companions throughout history. This type of genre has become even after a long time, namely, centuries, the most necessary and persistent in our everyday life. A proverb is not a simple saying. First of all, its essence expresses the unanimous opinion of the people, which has been preserved for centuries, and remained completely unchanged. It was in proverbs that people's assessments of life phenomena were concluded long ago, accompanied by observation by the people.

But, here it is also necessary to pay attention to the fact that not every saying or saying could become a proverb in the future. A proverb could be a saying that was fully consistent and consistent with a specific lifestyle, including the thoughts of a large number of people. It was these sayings that continued to exist. long time, for centuries. It is worth noting that behind each folk proverb there can be a certain authority of the age-old generations that actually created them. It is for this reason that so far no one has dared to challenge or prove the opposite a single proverb. It turns out that everything that is said in the proverb is a solid and undeniable truth.

Those people who at one time created proverbs were absolutely illiterate, and they simply did not have any other way to preserve their specific observations or life experiences. If we try to take all existing and known folk proverbs by their totality, it can be seen that they undoubtedly fully reflect the mentality of our people. The proverb continues to this day to keep certain moral standards and contradictions that have been immortalized in oral form and verbal content many centuries ago. It can be said with certainty that it is the proverb, as a folk traditional genre, that is the most beautiful manifestation of creativity that has ever been present all over the world.

A lot of proverbs were created at a time when peasants and secular feudal lords lived in Rus', starting from the great princes, and ending with the influence of monasteries. These proverbs reflect the relationship between peasant labor and nature, with all its whims, with the strength of the patriarchal way of life in every peasant family. When serfdom was introduced, people could not directly express some of their thoughts. Therefore, a large number of proverbs appeared that contained specific information about serf unfair orders. Proverbs have always conveyed the sincere connection that existed between the peasant and his native land. And this feeling of kinship was aggravated when the Tatar-Mongol conquerors invaded the Russian lands. Thus, in a kind of folk art, the battle for native land, recognition and popular disappointment.

Proverbs reflected not only the big world, in which certain important events constantly took place or public relations. It reflected family relationships, home life, and much more. Today, many literary expressions that were directly taken from fiction, continue to become sayings and proverbs, only of real modernity.

If we talk about exactly how proverbs and sayings affect the development of children, then it is worth remembering for each of us our life experience. We have all heard proverbs since childhood, we got used to them. But none of us memorized them specially by heart. Due to its light word form and special rhythm in pronunciation, this kind of genre was automatically stored in our head and remembered. If you tell proverbs and sayings to your children, this will contribute to the development of logic and abstract thinking. Your children will be able to expand their horizons, look at many things differently, and form literary and artistic skills of their own speech.

Introduction

History of proverbs and sayings

Russian proverbs and sayings.

Chinese proverbs.

Japanese proverbs

Korean proverbs

Literature

Introduction

Since ancient times, man has cared not only about food and housing, he sought to understand the world, compared various phenomena, created something new in nature and in his imagination. The fruits of centuries-old observations and thoughts of the people, their dreams and hopes were embodied in songs, fairy tales, legends, proverbs, sayings, riddles. So the people created their art, their poetry.

Fairy tales, epics, songs, proverbs and other types oral art called folklore. The word "folklore" English origin folklore. It means "folk wisdom", "folk knowledge".

It's hard to list everything artistic definitions that linguists give to the proverb. It is called folk wisdom, practical philosophy, oral school, a set of rules for life, historical memory people.

Unlike other genres of folklore, proverbs exist in speech, are introduced as complete sayings, ready-made quotations, the author of which is the people. A well-aimed expression, a successful comparison, a laconic formula, once said by someone, are picked up by others, become attributes. folk speech, due to the constant use in situations similar in meaning. The proverb is "the wisdom of many, the wit of each."

In conditions ancient society When there were no means of material consolidation of thought - writing, generalization and consolidation of labor experience, everyday observations in stable verbal formulas was a vital necessity. Still in the early stages community development certain rules of human coexistence, moral and ethical concepts and norms of society were developed, which were also formalized in the form of proverbial judgments, performing the role of unwritten laws and rules.

History of proverbs and sayings

The origin of proverbs dates back to ancient times. They concentrate and express in a brief artistic form a set of knowledge, observations, and signs of the working people. Proverbs consolidate the labor, everyday, social experience accumulated by the people and pass it on to subsequent generations.

The origins of proverbs are quite varied. The main ones are direct life observations of people, the socio-historical experience of the people. Some of the proverbs and sayings that exist among the people go back to book sources. Didactic poems from old manuscripts, poems of poets, as well as works that came out of the classical East, to a certain extent, replenished the composition of Eastern proverbs.

The fight against foreign invaders, ardent love for the motherland and hatred for its enemies, fortitude, courage and heroism of the Russian people - all this was found in short but wise sayings.

labor people, creating all the wealth of the country and protecting it from foreign invaders, for many centuries languished under the heavy yoke of exploitation and enslavement. The people saw the culprits of their hard life, their suffering in the boyars, officials, churchmen, landlords, and then in the capitalists. A lot of proverbs have been created that reflect the difficult and hungry life of a peasant, opposed to the well-fed and carefree life of a gentleman squeezing all the juice out of him (a poor peasant does not eat bread, a rich man will eat a peasant; The boyar chambers are red, and the peasants have a hut on their side; Peasant calluses bars live well). There are especially a lot of proverbs that caustically ridicule priests and monks, their greed, selfishness, selfishness (Ass and a thief fit everything; A wolf's mouth and priest's eyes are an insatiable pit).

The poor man had nowhere and no one to complain to. Officials stood guard over the same feudal lords (Where there is strength, there is law). It was impossible to come to court without a bribe, which was possible only for the rich. And, of course, the case was always decided in their favor. Where there is a court there is untruth.

Life constantly convinced the masses that neither the god they prayed to, nor the king they hoped for, bring the desired relief. God is high, the king is far away - such a conclusion is inevitable. One could only rely on one's own strength. In the most Hard times the people did not stop dreaming about freedom (In a stone bag, but the thought is free), about reprisals against their masters (There is a thunderstorm for hell; Let the red rooster go), oh happy life(Every dog ​​has his day). The class struggle, overt or covert, never ceased, and the well-aimed word was a sharp weapon in this struggle. It was not for nothing that such proverbs arose among the feudal lords: The serf's word is like a horn; A mortal look is worse than scolding.

But gradually the views and ideas of people changed. A particularly sharp change in the minds of the people came after the Great October Revolution. For the first time in the history of mankind, a state of workers and peasants was created, workers received equal rights, women were freed from centuries of family and social slavery, the people became the true masters of their own destiny and won the conditions for free creative labor. Proverbs could not pass by these revolutionary transformations: Lenin's testament spread all over the world; There was a torch and a candle, and now Ilyich's lamp. These and many other sayings speak of fundamental changes in the life of working people.

But, creating something new, the people do not throw away all the best that our ancestors have accumulated over the centuries. Of course, in order to preserve such a proverb, for example: The priest will buy money and deceive God, we have no conditions. But love for work, skill and craftsmanship, courage, honesty, love for the motherland, friendship and other qualities that could not manifest themselves in full force before, only in our time have received all the opportunities for the most complete disclosure. And proverbs that speak of these qualities will always be our companions. Proverbs that smash boastfulness, laziness, selfishness, hypocrisy and other vices in people's behavior have not lost their meaning. For example, the words will always be true: A lazy person is not worth a grave.

Life is not limited to the creation of new and the preservation of old proverbs. Many proverbs are rethought, remade in accordance with the new conditions. The life of individual proverbs can be traced over many centuries.

IN early XII century, the chronicler included in the "Tale of Bygone Years" an ancient proverb even for him: Died, like obre (they died like obri). It was about the images, or Avrs, who attacked the Slavic tribes and conquered some of them, but were defeated at the end of the 8th century. Similar proverbs were created about other enemies of the Russian people. We know the proverb: He died as a Swede over Poltava, which arose after the victory of the troops of Peter I over the Swedes in 1709. The defeat of the Napoleonic army in 1812 gave a new version of this proverb: He disappeared like a Frenchman in Moscow. After the overthrow of tsarism in 1917, a saying arose: He died without glory like a two-headed eagle.

Nowadays, many proverbs are being changed into new way. There was a proverb: Not an ax amuses, but a carpenter; now they say: Not a tractor plows, but a tractor driver. Previously, they always said: One is not a warrior in the field. For our soldiers, it sounded in a new way: If it is tailored in Russian, and there is one warrior in the field. During the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 proverbs: From the world on a thread - a naked shirt; Lying like a gray gelding - recorded in this form: From the world on a string - to Hitler a rope; Lying like gray Goebbels.

Russian writers make extensive use of the inexhaustible reserves of folk wisdom. However, they not only take from the national language, but also enrich it. Many successful expressions from works of fiction become proverbs and sayings. happy hours not watching; How not to get offended native person; Silencers are blissful in the world; Do not say hello from such praises; More in number, at a cheaper price - here are a few sayings from A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit", which exist in the language as proverbs. Love all ages; We all look at Napoleons; What will pass will be nice; And happiness was so possible - all these lines from the works of A.S. Pushkin can often be heard in oral speech. A man exclaiming: There is still gunpowder in the flasks! - may sometimes not know that these are words from the story of N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba".

I.A. Krylov, who relied in his work on a living colloquial and often introducing folk proverbs and sayings into his fables, he himself created quite a few proverbial expressions (And Vaska listens and eats; But things are still there; But I didn’t notice the elephant; A helpful fool is more dangerous than an enemy; that he praises the cuckoo; Why count gossips, isn’t it better to turn on yourself, godfather?). Many proverbs, sayings, apt expressions have entered the colloquial language from the works of other Russian writers of the past and our time.

The collection dates back to the 17th century, when some amateurs began to compile handwritten collections. Since the end of the 17th century, proverbs have been printed in separate books. In the 30-50s 19th century collecting proverbs Russian scientist and writer Vladimir Ivanovich Dal (1801-1872). His collection "Proverbs of the Russian people" includes about 30,000 texts. Since then, many collections of proverbs and sayings have been published, but in our time, the collection of V.I. Dalia is the most complete and valuable.

Russians and Eastern proverbs

Essay on ethnopedagogy

Subject: "Russian and Oriental Proverbs".

Introduction

History of proverbs and sayings

Chinese proverbs.

Japanese proverbs

Korean proverbs

Literature

Introduction

From time immemorial, man has cared not only about food and housing, he sought to understand the world around him, compared various phenomena, created something new in nature and in his imagination. The fruits of centuries-old observations and thoughts of the people, their dreams and hopes were embodied in songs, fairy tales, legends, proverbs, sayings, riddles. So the people created their art, their poetry.

Fairy tales, epics, songs, proverbs and other types of oral art are called folklore. The word "folklore" of English origin is "folk lore". It means "folk wisdom", "folk knowledge".

It is difficult to list all the artistic definitions that linguists give to a proverb. It is called folk wisdom, practical philosophy, oral school, a set of rules for life, the historical memory of the people.

Unlike other genres of folklore, proverbs exist in speech, are introduced as complete sayings, ready-made quotations, the author of which is the people. A well-aimed expression, a successful comparison, a laconic formula, said by someone once, are picked up by others, become attributes of folk speech, thanks to the constant use in situations similar in meaning. The proverb is "the wisdom of many, the wit of each."

In the conditions of ancient society, when there were no means of material consolidation of thought - writing, generalization and consolidation of labor experience, everyday observations in stable verbal formulas was a vital necessity. Even at the first stages of social development, certain rules of human coexistence, moral and ethical concepts and norms of society were developed, which were also formalized in the form of proverbial judgments, performing the role of unwritten laws and rules.

History of proverbs and sayings

The origin of proverbs dates back to ancient times. They concentrate and express in a brief artistic form a set of knowledge, observations, and signs of the working people. Proverbs consolidate the labor, everyday, social experience accumulated by the people and pass it on to subsequent generations.

The origins of proverbs are quite varied. The main ones are direct life observations of people, the socio-historical experience of the people. Some of the proverbs and sayings that exist among the people go back to book sources. Didactic poems from old manuscripts, poems of poets, as well as works that came out of the classical East, to a certain extent, replenished the composition of Eastern proverbs.

The fight against foreign invaders, ardent love for the motherland and hatred for its enemies, fortitude, courage and heroism of the Russian people - all this was found in short but wise sayings.

The working people who created all the wealth of the country and defended it from foreign invaders languished for many centuries under the heavy yoke of exploitation and enslavement. The people saw the culprits of their hard life, their suffering in the boyars, officials, churchmen, landlords, and then in the capitalists. A lot of proverbs have been created that reflect the difficult and hungry life of a peasant, opposed to the well-fed and carefree life of a gentleman squeezing all the juice out of him (a poor peasant does not eat bread, a rich man will eat a peasant; The boyar chambers are red, and the peasants have a hut on their side; Peasant calluses bars live well). There are especially a lot of proverbs that caustically ridicule priests and monks, their greed, selfishness, selfishness (Ass and a thief fit everything; A wolf's mouth and priest's eyes are an insatiable pit).

The poor man had nowhere and no one to complain to. Officials stood guard over the same feudal lords (Where there is strength, there is law). It was impossible to come to court without a bribe, which was possible only for the rich. And, of course, the case was always decided in their favor. Where there is a court there is untruth.

Life constantly convinced the masses that neither the god they prayed to, nor the king they hoped for, bring the desired relief. God is high, the king is far away - such a conclusion is inevitable. One could only rely on one's own strength. In the most difficult times, the people did not stop dreaming about freedom (In a stone bag, but the thought is free), about reprisals against their masters (There is a thunderstorm; Let the red rooster go), about a happy life (There will be a holiday on our street). The class struggle, overt or covert, never ceased, and the well-aimed word was a sharp weapon in this struggle. It was not for nothing that such proverbs arose among the feudal lords: The serf's word is like a horn; A mortal look is worse than scolding.

But gradually the views and ideas of people changed. A particularly sharp change in the minds of the people came after the Great October Revolution. For the first time in the history of mankind, a state of workers and peasants was created, workers received equal rights, women were freed from centuries of family and social slavery, the people became the true masters of their own destiny and won the conditions for free creative labor. Proverbs could not pass by these revolutionary transformations: Lenin's testament spread all over the world; There was a torch and a candle, and now Ilyich's lamp. These and many other sayings speak of fundamental changes in the life of working people.

But, creating something new, the people do not throw away all the best that our ancestors have accumulated over the centuries. Of course, in order to preserve such a proverb, for example: The priest will buy money and deceive God, we have no conditions. But love for work, skill and craftsmanship, courage, honesty, love for the motherland, friendship and other qualities that could not manifest themselves in full force before, only in our time have received all the opportunities for the most complete disclosure. And proverbs that speak of these qualities will always be our companions. Proverbs that smash boastfulness, laziness, selfishness, hypocrisy and other vices in people's behavior have not lost their meaning. For example, the words will always be true: A lazy person is not worth a grave.

Life is not limited to the creation of new and the preservation of old proverbs. Many proverbs are rethought, remade in accordance with the new conditions. The life of individual proverbs can be traced over many centuries.

At the beginning of the 12th century, the chronicler included in the Tale of Bygone Years an ancient proverb even for him: Pogibosha, like obre (they died like obri). It was about the images, or Avrs, who attacked the Slavic tribes and conquered some of them, but were defeated at the end of the 8th century. Similar proverbs were created about other enemies of the Russian people. We know the proverb: He died as a Swede over Poltava, which arose after the victory of the troops of Peter I over the Swedes in 1709. The defeat of the Napoleonic army in 1812 gave a new version of this proverb: He disappeared like a Frenchman in Moscow. After the overthrow of tsarism in 1917, a saying arose: He died without glory like a two-headed eagle.

In our time, many proverbs are being remade in a new way. There was a proverb: Not an ax amuses, but a carpenter; now they say: Not a tractor plows, but a tractor driver. Previously, they always said: One is not a warrior in the field. For our soldiers, it sounded in a new way: If it is tailored in Russian, and there is one warrior in the field. During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 proverbs: From the world on a thread - a naked shirt; Lying like a gray gelding - recorded in this form: From the world on a string - to Hitler a rope; Lying like gray Goebbels.

Russian writers make extensive use of the inexhaustible reserves of folk wisdom. However, they not only take from the national language, but also enrich it. Many successful expressions from works of fiction become proverbs and sayings. Happy hours are not observed; How not to please a loved one; Silencers are blissful in the world; Do not say hello from such praises; More in number, at a cheaper price - here are a few sayings from A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit", which exist in the language as proverbs. Love all ages; We all look at Napoleons; What will pass will be nice; And happiness was so possible - all these lines from the works of A.S. Pushkin can often be heard in oral speech. A man exclaiming: There is still gunpowder in the flasks! - may sometimes not know that these are words from the story of N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba".

I.A. Krylov, who relied in his work on a living colloquial language and often introduced folk proverbs and sayings into his fables, himself created quite a few proverbial expressions (And Vaska listens and eats; But things are still there; But I didn’t notice the elephant; A helpful fool is more dangerous than an enemy; A cuckoo praises a rooster for praising a cuckoo; Why count gossips, isn’t it better to turn to yourself, godfather?). Many proverbs, sayings, apt expressions have entered the colloquial language from the works of other Russian writers of the past and our time.

The collection dates back to the 17th century, when some amateurs began to compile handwritten collections. Since the end of the 17th century, proverbs have been printed in separate books. In the 30-50s of the 19th century, the Russian scientist and writer Vladimir Ivanovich Dal (1801-1872) collected proverbs. His collection "Proverbs of the Russian people" includes about 30,000 texts. Since then, many collections of proverbs and sayings have been published, but in our time, the collection of V.I. Dalia is the most complete and valuable.

Russian proverbs and sayings.

Folklore provides not only a historical picture of the spiritual development of the people. From the works of all his genres stands out the multifaceted and at the same time integral and unique character of the entire Russian people. Courageous, strong, severe - according to epics; cunning, mocking, mischievous - according to everyday fairy tales; wise, observant, witty - according to proverbs and sayings - such is the Russian person in all his greatness, simplicity and beauty. In the richest treasury of Russian oral folk poetry, one of the significant places is occupied by proverbs and sayings close to them in terms of artistic structure and figurative system. Representing concise, expressive, deeply meaningful interpretations of certain phenomena of reality, these genres have always been and are very popular.

A proverb is a short, poetically figurative, rhythmically organized work of folk art, summarizing the historical and social experience of generations, used for a vivid and in-depth characterization of various aspects of human life and activity, as well as the phenomena of the surrounding world. The proverb appears to the reader or listener as a general judgment, expressed in the form of a grammatically complete sentence.

So, proverbs and sayings, with their well-known proximity, also have significant differences that make it possible to clearly distinguish between these remarkable genres of Russian folk poetry. As noted in the latest research papers, a textbook on folklore for universities, one of the characteristic features is “the combination of the general and the specific in them, more precisely: common features and signs of phenomena in nature, social life, personal relationships of people are transmitted in a concrete form. Proverbs are characterized by certain forms of generalization. These are, first of all, judgments of a general nature ... ". The image of generalized facts and typical phenomena inherent in proverbs, as well as pronounced allegoricalness, allow the works of this genre to be widely used in different cases.

Often the original meaning of the proverb is forgotten, since the phenomenon that gave rise to it passes away, but it is used in an allegorical sense. This is the proverb: To love heat - to endure smoke. It arose when the peasant huts did not have a pipe and were heated in black, i.e. the smoke from the stove went into the room and then slowly went out the window. And, of course, it was impossible to get heat without smoke.

Proverbs that become incomprehensible disappear from live speech. A somewhat different matter with proverbs. Often we pronounce them without thinking about the original meaning. They say, for example: “To work carelessly”, “to find out the real truth”, “to find out all the ins and outs”. Each of these sayings arose on the basis of real phenomena. The expression "to work carelessly" has come from the times of Muscovite Rus', when the boyars wore clothes with sleeves that reached the knees. Of course, it was impossible to do anything with such sleeves. There was a proverb: You can't tell the whole truth, so you can tell the whole story. This is about torture. "Genuine truth" - those testimonies of the accused, which were obtained from them during torture with a long bar (special sticks for torture). If it was not possible to achieve the necessary answers, in this way, nails and needles were driven under the nails. Hence - the ins and outs.

Proverbs about proverbs:

Proverb to the word says.

The old proverb never breaks.

Proverbs are not sold in the bazaar.

A proverb is a flower, a proverb is a berry.

Proverbs about parents:

The child does not cry - the mother does not understand.

When the sun is warm, when the mother is good.

The parental word is not spoken to the wind.

Proverbs about friendship and love:

Good brotherhood is stronger than wealth.

Friendly - not heavy, but apart - at least drop it.

An old friend is better than two new ones.

Love is really strong.

Not nice for good, but good for nice.

Proverbs about good and evil:

What you do not know how to praise, do not blaspheme.

The evil Natalya has all the people of the canal.

Chinese proverbs.

In Chinese, as in Russian, there are stable speech turns called proverbs and sayings. Their origin is different, but the function is quite definite - stylistic. They serve to give speech a certain style and emotional coloring. In Chinese they are called chengyu (chengyu) and usually consist of four syllables, although sometimes more. main backbone chengyu make up the expressions left over from wenyan (wenyan)- Ancient Chinese written language. Because wenyan has very little in common with modern language, understand the meaning of many chengyu by comprehending the constituent hieroglyphs is very difficult. They just need to be studied. Therefore knowledge chengyu is a sign of education. But not all chengyu are aliens from antiquity. There are a lot of those that are of recent origin and therefore their meaning is clear.

Japanese proverbs

Ancient Japanese proverbs are a mirror of the then state of society. They reflect the psychology of the ethnic community of people. Proverbs speak of the worldview of the Japanese, the national character that has already been formed by the period described, the feelings, aspirations of this ancient nation.

1. Where people grieve, grieve you too.

2. Rejoice, too, if others rejoice.

3. Happiness comes to a house where they laugh.

4. Do not be afraid to bend a little, straighten up straighter.

5. Trouble has come - rely on yourself.

6. Friends in misfortune pity each other.

7. And Confucius was not always lucky.

8. There is no light without shadow.

9. Both good and evil are in your heart.

10. Evil cannot defeat good.

11. God lives in an honest heart.

12. The endurance of a horse is known along the way, the temper of a person - over time.

13. Where power is right, right is powerless.

14. Talents are not inherited.

15. And a sage from a thousand times, let him make a mistake once.

16. A servant, like a falcon, must be fed.

17. Likes to stir up tea.

18. Who was born under the roar of thunder, he is not afraid of lightning.

19. A woman wants to - she will pass through the rock.

20. The heartless children of their father's house find fault.

21. What a soul at three years old, such is it at a hundred.

22. There is no dispute about customs.

23. He who feels shame also feels duty.

24. Meekness often breaks strength.

25. With those who are silent, keep your ears open.

26. Who can swim, he can drown.

There is some connection between Russian proverbs and Japanese small forms. Here are some proverbs in free Japanese translation:

I follow with my eyes
behind the crane flock
with a bird in hand
* * *
no matter how much you measure
spoil the cut if
hands are crooked
* * *
feed the pig
will complain that
lay sideways
* * *
not the trouble
the roof is thin, but what
make a mess
* * *
looking at myself
what a handsome man
in a twisted mirror

Korean proverbs

All Korean art and literature are based not on optimism, but on the so-called "khan" - that is, the principle of inescapable sadness and suffering. This is manifested in very specific stereotypes of Korean art - the hero of a Korean novel or film must suffer a lot, variously and completely passively, and it is desirable to die at the end at a young age so that readers or viewers cry heartily. However, there is another, more active and positive side in the Korean mentality, as today's proverbs prove to us. The leitmotif of all of them is the same: do not take to heart all worldly failures, such as poverty, hunger, and so on. To live, proverbs assure us, is still better than to lie dead. Similar proverbs are also found in Dahl's dictionary of Russian proverbs: "To live a roll is to die astringently", "no matter how sickening it is to live, it is more terrible to die." Despite all the arguments of the Orthodox Church that death brings deliverance to the living, man has always been afraid of it. For Koreans, the religion did not promise any special liberation as a result of death, so life has always been valued here.

Here are the proverbs we find in the dictionary: “Although you lie on a field fertilized with dog manure, the white light is still good” (Koreans fertilized the fields, including dog manure) “Let them hang you upside down, but still cute white light for you." "And you wallow in horse manure, but life is good." "Let you happen to fall upside down, but still this light is good." "Although you eat hard persimmons, life is good." All these proverbs are similar in stylistic form, and each version, in fact, is only one of the symbols of trouble.
But the proverbs built according to a different scheme - each of them is also a variation on the same theme: “A living dog is better than a dead monk”, “a live pig is better than a dead rich man”, “it’s all the same to die in a large or small funeral stretcher worse than wearing torn clothes and sitting in a dry field." A dog and a pig (piglet), being animals, of course, cannot be compared with a person in terms of their position in life. Although, in principle, the attitude of Koreans towards these animals was different: dogs were despicable animals, and pigs were a symbol of wealth and prosperity. Until now, it is believed that seeing a pig in a dream is for money (people run to buy a lottery ticket after that). Sitting in torn clothes on the edge of a dry field (such a field was less profitable) - this, of course, means poverty, the position of a poor peasant. But nevertheless, all these three despicable positions were better than the position of people respected, but dead. True, a Buddhist monk cannot be counted among respected people - the townsfolk treated them as beggars and secret libertines. The rest - a rich man and a dead man in a large or small funeral stretcher - were respected in society. As for the rich man, it’s understandable, but why was it honorable to lie in a stretcher? Yes, because the stretcher relied on a respected official who was given a magnificent state funeral. But nevertheless, the position of a corpse on any, the most luxurious stretcher, is always worse for a Korean than the position of a living person, even if he is a simple impoverished peasant. And finally, a good wish: "Go along the wide road with a song." That is, do not whine that everything is wrong with you. Live with joy.

Abstract On the subject: "Russian language

Author: Zimovets Natalya Viktorovna, Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor of the Department of Foreign Languages ​​of the Pedagogical Institute Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, Russia
Matveeva Anna Alexandrovna, 5th year student of the Faculty of History and Philology of the Pedagogical Institute Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, Russia

Proverbs and sayings are an ancient genre of folk art. They arose in ancient times and have their roots deep into the centuries. Many of them appeared even when there was no written language. Phraseology has a special section - paremiology, which studies the structural-semantic type of stable combinations of words called proverbs and sayings. Many linguists have studied the origin of proverbs and sayings; they put forward various hypotheses about their appearance and functioning in the language.

V.A. Zhukov claims that it is very difficult to determine from what time proverbs began to circulate among the people - oral short sayings for the most different topics. The time of the appearance of the first sayings is also unknown - well-aimed sayings that are able to expressively and accurately characterize something in a conversation without the help of tedious and complex explanations, but, according to the researcher, one thing is undeniable: proverbs and sayings arose in remote antiquity and have been accompanying the people since then. throughout its history. Special properties made both proverbs and sayings so persistent and necessary in everyday life and speech.

L.N. Orkina notes that a proverb is not a simple saying. It expresses the opinion of the people. It contains the people's assessment of life, the observations of the people's mind. Not every saying became a proverb, but only one that was consistent with the way of life, the thoughts of many people - such a saying could exist for millennia, passing from century to century. Behind each proverb is the authority of the generations that created them. Therefore, proverbs do not argue, do not prove - they simply affirm or deny something in the certainty that everything they say is a solid truth.

According to S.G. Berezhan, one of the sources of proverbs and sayings is oral folk art - songs, fairy tales, epics, riddles.

As you can see, the question of the primary sources of proverbs and sayings is still open.

In this article, we consider the main sources of the emergence of English proverbs and sayings. The analysis of special literature made it possible to identify the following ways of their origin: folk, literary (including Shakespeare's quotes), biblical, borrowings from another culture, as well as sayings of famous people.

Of course, any proverb was created by a specific person in certain circumstances, however, it is not always possible to establish the true origin of all proverbs and sayings, and especially ancient ones. Therefore, it is more correct to say that some proverbs and sayings are of folk origin, that their primary source is in the collective mind of the people. In many statements summarizing everyday experience, the meaning of the words seems to have developed into the form of a proverb gradually, without any explicit announcement. After many hundreds of people expressed the same thought in various ways, after many trials and errors, this thought finally acquired its memorized form and began its life as a proverb.

The so-called native English proverbs have a folk origin, the peculiarity of the origin of which is that they arose due to the traditions, customs and beliefs of the English people, and also that they were created on the basis of various realities and facts of English history.

So the appearance of the proverb " Play fast and loose" (meaning "to play a dishonest, double game") is associated with old game, which was played mainly at fairs in England. The conditions of the game were that a belt or rope was either tightly wound around the finger, or a rope or rope was unraveled, and the audience could not catch the deft manipulation of the hands and invariably lost the bet.

Expression " beat the air(or the wind)” (meaning “trying in vain, wasting energy in vain”) comes from the medieval custom of brandishing weapons as a sign of victory, when the enemy did not appear at the court of honor to resolve the dispute with weapons.

The use of the proverb Good wine needs no bush” (meaning “a good product praises itself”) is associated with an old custom when innkeepers hung ivy branches as a sign that wine was on sale.

Some thoughts noticed from the practical labor activity, are also expressed in English proverbs, for example: " Make hay while the sun shines" (meaning "everything needs to be done on time") from the experience of farming; " Don't put all your eggs in one basket” (meaning “everything should not be put in one place”) from the experience of trade relations.

Expression " Rob Peter to pay Paid” (meaning “to take from one to give to another”) goes back to the old custom of the clergy to transfer various church utensils from rich churches to poor churches.

Difficult to recover the source and literary proverbs, since one can only determine who first introduced them into literature. The introduction of certain proverbs into literature does not always mean their creation, since the author could use expressions common in his era.

Here are some examples of established literary proverbs: The remedy is worse than the disease"("The cure is worse than the disease") (Chaucer), " Marriage is a lottery"("Marriage is a lottery") (Ben Johnson), " Better to reign in hell than serve in heaven"("Better to reign in hell than to be a slave in heaven") (John Milton), " Bite the hand that feeds you"("Bite the hand that feeds you", "repay with black ingratitude") (Edmund Burke), " Ignorance is bliss"("What you don't know, you don't answer for") (Thomas Grey), " (As) cool as a cucumber"("Totally unflappable", "calm", "nothing will break through") (John Gay), " Break a butterfly on the wheel"("Shoot sparrows from a cannon") (Alexander Pop), " Rain cats and dogs” (“Pouring like a bucket”) (Jonathan Swift).

Of course, Shakespeare excels in the number of quotations used as English proverbs. No one, however, can be sure which of the proverbs attributed to Shakespeare are really his creations, and which are taken in one form or another from oral tradition. Scientists still continue to find proverbs that existed before Shakespeare, which later became the lines of his works: Twelfth Night - “ Better a witty fool than a foolish wit" ("Better smart fool than a foolish sage"); Julius Caesar - Cowards die many times before their deaths"("Cowards die many times"); Antony and Cleopatra Salad days"(" It's time for youthful inexperience "); Hamlet - " Something is rotten in the slate of Denmark"("Something is rotten in the Danish kingdom", "something is wrong").

Many "Shakespearean" proverbs in English have retained their original form, such as:

« The biter is sometimes bit"("The thief stole the baton from the thief"), " Brevity is the soul of wit"("Brevity is the soul of the mind"), " Sweet are the uses of adversity"("There would be no happiness, but misfortune helped"), " Cowards die many times before their death("A coward dies many times").

Others are adaptations of his sayings, for example:

« A rose by any other name would smell as sweet"("A rose smells like a rose, call it a rose, or not").

The original sources of English proverbs literary origin also are fairy tales and fables. So the fairy-tale character Fortunatus is reflected in the saying " Fortunatus's purse" (meaning "an inexhaustible purse"), and the expressions " The whole bag of tricks"("The whole arsenal of tricks, tricks") and "(In) borrowed plumes"("Crow in peacock feathers").

Proverbs taken from the Bible can be considered both literary and borrowed, since the Bible is translated from Hebrew, and its wise sayings reflect the consciousness of the Hebrew society. In the old days, the Bible was read quite widely, so that many of its sayings became part of public consciousness to such an extent that only a few now guess the biblical origin of certain proverbs. Some English proverbs are taken entirely from Scripture, for example: " You cannot serve God and mammon"("You can not serve God and the devil"), " The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak"("The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak"), " As you sow, so you reap" ("What goes around comes around!"), " Don't cast your pearls before swine"("Do not cast beads (pearls) in front of pigs"), " Cast not the first stone"("Do not throw the first stone"), " Charity covers a multitude of sins"(" Mercy atones for many sins ")," Do not put new wine into old bottles"("Do not pour wine into old dishes)," A house divided against itself cannot stand"("A house divided in itself cannot stand"), " If the blind lead the blind, both shall fall into the aitch"("If the blind lead the blind, both will fall into the pit"), "Bone of the bone and flesh of the flesh" ("Bone from bone and flesh from flesh").

Proverbs of biblical origin are also revealed, in which some words are changed: “ Spare the rod and spoil the child"("Spare the rod, spoil the child"), " You can't make bricks without straw"("You can't make a brick without straw").

Another important source of English proverbs is proverbs and sayings that originated in other cultures and are reflected in other languages. It is very difficult to establish their original source, because a proverb, before becoming English, could exist in Latin, French or Spanish, and before that it was borrowed from some other language. However, the origin of some proverbs is established precisely.

Proverb " Evil be to him who evil thinks» came to English language from French " Honi soit qoi mal y pense».

English proverb " Through hardships to the stars "("Through thorns to the stars") is of Latin origin" Per aspera ad astra", and another proverb" Man is to man wolf"("Man is a wolf to man") from latin expression Homo homini lupus est.

A large number of borrowed proverbs remained in the original. Among them: " noble oblige"("Nobility obliges"), " In vino veritas"("Truth in wine").

Some proverbs originated from the sayings of famous people.

Winston Churchill said on American radio on February 9, 1941: Give us the tools, and we will finish the job"("Give us the opportunity, and we will finish the job") - and these words of his later became a proverb.

Quote by a famous American general: I do not allow myself, gentlemen, to call myself the most smart person in the country, but in this case I am very similar to the old Dutch farmer who remarked that it would not be the best option to change horses at the crossing ... made during the civil war became a real catch phrase. Today the English proverb sounds like " Don't change horses in mid-stream"("They don't change horses at the crossing").

English proverbs have various origins, but most linguists agree that proverbs and sayings are generated by oral folk art or are borrowed from certain literary sources, losing touch with them, but, nevertheless, they generalize the experience of the people, derived from its social practice.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Zhukov, V.P. Semantics phraseological units. Tutorial for students of pedagogical institutes in the specialty "Russian language and literature" - M .: Education, 1978. - 160 p.

2. Orkina, A.N. Aspectual-temporal characteristics of statements with the semantics of conditionality in the modern Russian language. Dissertation abstract - St. Petersburg, 2000.

3. Berezhan, S.G. On the question of the range of variation of phraseological units // Studies in semantics. Semantics of language units different levels. - Ufa, 1988. - 148 p.

4. Rideout, R., Whitting, K. Explanatory dictionary of English proverbs. - St. Petersburg: Lan, 1997. - 256 p.