Since ancient times, man has cared not only about food and housing, he sought to understand the world, compared various phenomena, created something new in nature and in his imagination. The fruits of centuries-old observations and thoughts of the people, their dreams and hopes were embodied in songs, fairy tales, legends, proverbs, sayings, riddles. So the people created their art, their poetry.

Fairy tales, epics, songs, proverbs and other types oral art called folklore. The word "folklore" English origin folklore. It means "folk wisdom", "folk knowledge".

It's hard to list everything artistic definitions that linguists give to the proverb. It is called folk wisdom, practical philosophy, oral school, a set of rules for life, historical memory people.

Unlike other genres of folklore, proverbs exist in speech, are introduced as complete sayings, ready-made quotations, the author of which is the people. A well-aimed expression, a successful comparison, a laconic formula, once said by someone, are picked up by others, become attributes. folk speech, due to the constant use in situations similar in meaning. The proverb is "the wisdom of many, the wit of each."

In conditions ancient society When there were no means of material consolidation of thought - writing, generalization and consolidation of labor experience, everyday observations in stable verbal formulas was a vital necessity. Still in the early stages community development certain rules of human coexistence, moral and ethical concepts and norms of society were developed, which were also formalized in the form of proverbial judgments, performing the role of unwritten laws and rules.

History of proverbs and sayings

The origin of proverbs dates back to ancient times. They focus and express in brief art form a body of knowledge, observations, will accept the working people. Proverbs consolidate the labor, everyday, social experience accumulated by the people and pass it on to subsequent generations.

The origins of proverbs are quite varied. The main ones are direct life observations of people, the socio-historical experience of the people. Some of the proverbs and sayings that exist among the people go back to book sources. Didactic poems from old manuscripts, poems of poets, as well as works that came out of the classical East, to a certain extent, replenished the composition of Eastern proverbs.

The fight against foreign invaders, ardent love for the motherland and hatred for its enemies, fortitude, courage and heroism of the Russian people - all this was found in short but wise sayings.

The working people who created all the wealth of the country and defended it from foreign invaders languished for many centuries under the heavy yoke of exploitation and enslavement. The people saw the culprits of their hard life, their suffering in the boyars, officials, churchmen, landlords, and then in the capitalists. Many proverbs have been created that reflect the difficult and hungry life a peasant, opposed to the well-fed and carefree life of the master who squeezes all the juice out of him (a poor peasant does not even eat bread, a rich man will eat a peasant; The boyar chambers are red, and the peasants have huts on their sides; The bars live full of peasant calluses). There are especially a lot of proverbs that caustically ridicule priests and monks, their greed, selfishness, selfishness (Ass and a thief fit everything; A wolf's mouth and priest's eyes are an insatiable pit).

The poor man had nowhere and no one to complain to. Officials stood guard over the same feudal lords (Where there is strength, there is law). It was impossible to come to court without a bribe, which was possible only for the rich. And, of course, the case was always decided in their favor. Where there is a court there is untruth.

Life constantly convinced the masses that neither the god they prayed to, nor the king they hoped for, bring the desired relief. God is high, the king is far away - such a conclusion is inevitable. One could only place one's hopes on own forces. In the most Hard times the people did not stop dreaming about freedom (In a stone bag, but the thought is free), about reprisals against their masters (There is a thunderstorm for hell; Let the red cock go), oh happy life(Every dog has his day). The class struggle, overt or covert, never ceased, and the well-aimed word was a sharp weapon in this struggle. It was not for nothing that such proverbs arose among the feudal lords: The serf's word is like a horn; A mortal look is worse than scolding.

But gradually the views and ideas of people changed. A particularly sharp change in the minds of the people came after the Great October revolution. For the first time in the history of mankind, a state of workers and peasants was created, workers received equal rights, women were freed from centuries of family and social slavery, the people became the true masters of their own destiny and won the conditions for free creative labor. Proverbs could not pass by these revolutionary transformations: Lenin's testament spread all over the world; There was a torch and a candle, and now Ilyich's lamp. These and many other sayings speak of fundamental changes in the life of working people.

But, creating something new, the people do not throw away all the best that our ancestors have accumulated over the centuries. Of course, in order to preserve such a proverb, for example: The priest will buy money and deceive God, we have no conditions. But love for work, skill and craftsmanship, courage, honesty, love for the motherland, friendship and other qualities that could not manifest themselves in full force before, only in our time have received all the opportunities for the most complete disclosure. And proverbs that speak of these qualities will always be our companions. Proverbs that smash boastfulness, laziness, selfishness, hypocrisy and other vices in people's behavior have not lost their meaning. For example, the words will always be true: A lazy person is not worth a grave.

Life is not limited to the creation of new and the preservation of old proverbs. Many proverbs are rethought, remade in accordance with the new conditions. The life of individual proverbs can be traced over many centuries.

IN early XII century, the chronicler included in the "Tale of Bygone Years" an ancient proverb even for him: Died, like obre (they died like obri). It was about the images, or Avrs, who attacked the Slavic tribes and conquered some of them, but were defeated at the end of the 8th century. Similar proverbs were created about other enemies of the Russian people. We know the proverb: He died as a Swede over Poltava, which arose after the victory of the troops of Peter I over the Swedes in 1709. The defeat of the Napoleonic army in 1812 new version this proverb: Disappeared like a Frenchman in Moscow. After the overthrow of tsarism in 1917, a saying arose: He died without glory like a two-headed eagle.

Nowadays, many proverbs are being changed into new way. There was a proverb: Not an ax amuses, but a carpenter; now they say: Not a tractor plows, but a tractor driver. Previously, they always said: One is not a warrior in the field. For our soldiers, it sounded in a new way: If it is tailored in Russian, and there is one warrior in the field. During the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 proverbs: From the world on a thread - a naked shirt; Lying like a gray gelding - recorded in this form: From the world on a string - to Hitler a rope; Lying like gray Goebbels.

Russian writers make extensive use of inexhaustible reserves folk wisdom. However, they not only take vernacular, but also enrich it. Many successful expressions from the works fiction become proverbs and sayings. happy hours not watching; How not to get offended native person; Silencers are blissful in the world; Do not say hello from such praises; More in number, at a cheaper price - here are a few sayings from A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit", which exist in the language as proverbs. Love all ages; We all look at Napoleons; What will pass will be nice; And happiness was so possible - all these lines from the works of A.S. Pushkin can often be heard in oral speech. A man exclaiming: There is still gunpowder in the flasks! - may sometimes not know that these are words from the story of N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba".

I.A. Krylov, who relied in his work on a living colloquial and often introduced folk proverbs and sayings in his fables, he himself created quite a few proverbial expressions (And Vaska listens and eats; And things are still there; But I didn’t notice the elephant; A helpful fool is more dangerous than an enemy; The cuckoo praises the rooster for praising the cuckoo ; Why count gossips, isn’t it better to turn to your godfather?). Many proverbs, sayings, apt expressions have entered the colloquial language from the works of other Russian writers of the past and our time.

The collection dates back to the 17th century, when some amateurs began to compile handwritten collections. WITH late XVII centuries, proverbs are already printed in separate books. In the 30s-50s XIX years century by collecting proverbs, the Russian scientist and writer Vladimir Ivanovich Dal (1801-1872). His collection "Proverbs of the Russian people" includes about 30,000 texts. Since then, many collections of proverbs and sayings have been published, but in our time, the collection of V.I. Dalia is the most complete and valuable.

Russian proverbs and sayings.

Folklore provides not only historical picture spiritual development people. From the works of all his genres stands out the multifaceted and at the same time integral and unique character of the entire Russian people. Courageous, strong, severe - according to epics; cunning, mocking, mischievous everyday fairy tales; wise, observant, witty - according to proverbs and sayings - such is the Russian person in all his greatness, simplicity and beauty. In the richest treasury of Russian oral folk poetic creativity one of the significant places is occupied by proverbs and close to them in artistic structure and figurative system sayings. Representing concise, expressive, deeply meaningful interpretations of certain phenomena of reality, these genres have always been and are very popular.

A proverb is a short, poetically figurative, rhythmically organized work. folk art, summarizing the historical and social experience of generations, used for bright and in-depth characteristics different parties human life and activity, as well as the phenomena of the surrounding world. The proverb appears to the reader or listener as a general judgment, expressed in the form of a grammatically complete sentence.

So, proverbs and sayings, with their well-known proximity, also have significant differences that make it possible to clearly distinguish between these remarkable genres of Russian folk poetry. As noted by the latest research work, a folklore textbook for universities, one of characteristic features is “the combination in them of the general and the specific, more precisely: in a concrete form, the general features and signs of phenomena in nature are transmitted, public life, personal relationships of people. Proverbs are characterized by certain forms of generalization. These are, first of all, judgments of a general nature ... ". The image of generalized facts and typical phenomena inherent in proverbs, as well as pronounced allegoricalness, allow the works of this genre to be widely used in different cases.

Often the original meaning of the proverb is forgotten, since the phenomenon that gave rise to it passes away, but it is used in an allegorical sense. This is the proverb: To love heat - to endure smoke. It arose when peasant huts did not have pipes and were heated in black, i.e. the smoke from the stove went into the room and then slowly went out the window. And, of course, it was impossible to get heat without smoke.

Proverbs that become incomprehensible disappear from live speech. A somewhat different matter with proverbs. Often we pronounce them without thinking about the original meaning. They say, for example: “To work carelessly”, “to find out the real truth”, “to find out all the ins and outs”. Each of these sayings arose on the basis of real phenomena. The expression "to work carelessly" has come from the times of Muscovite Rus', when the boyars wore clothes with sleeves that reached the knees. Of course, it was impossible to do anything with such sleeves. There was a proverb: You can't tell the whole truth, so you can tell the whole story. This is about torture. "Genuine truth" - those testimonies of the accused, which were obtained from them during torture with a long bar (special sticks for torture). If it was not possible to achieve the necessary answers, in this way, nails and needles were driven under the nails. Hence - the ins and outs.

Proverbs about proverbs :

Proverb to the word says.

The old proverb never breaks.

Proverbs are not sold in the bazaar.

A proverb is a flower, a proverb is a berry.

Proverbs about parents:

The child does not cry - the mother does not understand.

When the sun is warm, when the mother is good.

The parental word is not spoken to the wind.

Proverbs about friendship and love:

Good brotherhood is stronger than wealth.

Friendly - not heavy, but apart - at least drop it.

An old friend is better than two new ones.

Love is really strong.

Not nice for good, but good for nice.

Proverbs about good and evil:

What you do not know how to praise, do not blaspheme.

The evil Natalya has all the people of the canal.

Chinese proverbs.

IN Chinese, as in Russian, there are stable speech turns called proverbs and sayings. Their origin is different, but the function is quite definite - stylistic. They serve to give speech a certain style and emotional coloring. In Chinese they are called chengyu (chengyu) and usually consist of four syllables, although sometimes more. main backbone chengyu make up the expressions left over from wenyan (wenyan)- ancient Chinese written language. Because wenyan has very little to do with modern language, understand the meaning of many chengyu by comprehending the constituent hieroglyphs is very difficult. They just need to be studied. Therefore knowledge chengyu is a sign of education. But not all chengyu are aliens from antiquity. There are a lot of those that are of recent origin and therefore their meaning is clear.

qi hu nan xia
Literal translation: Who sits on a tiger, it is difficult for him to get off
Meaning: Willy-nilly, you have to continue what you started
Russian variant: I took hold of the tug, don't say that it's not hefty

Lao ma shi tu
Literal translation: The old horse knows the way
Meaning: whatever one may say, but experience - important thing
Russian variant: The old horse does not spoil the furrow

Yi qiu zhi he
Literal translation: Jackals from one hill
Russian variant: smeared with one world; birds of a feather

Guan guan xiang hu
Literal translation: Officials protect each other
Meaning: cover for each other. A kind of guild solidarity.
Russian variant: a raven will not peck out a crow's eye

Xia ma kan hua
Literal translation: Get off the horse to look at the flowers
Meaning: evaluate the situation on the spot; go to the bottom to find out the situation on the ground
Russian variant: go to the people

Qing yi wu jia
Literal translation: Friendship has no price
Russian variant: Do not have a hundred rubles, but have a hundred friends

Ge an guan huo
Literal translation: Watch the fire from the opposite bank
Meaning: indifferently observe the troubles of others
Russian variant: My house is on the edge

Yang hu yi huan
Literal translation: Destruction and disaster from a nurtured tiger
Russian variant: warm the snake on the chest

Mai du huan zhu
Literal translation: Having bought a treasury, return the pearls
Meaning: not to see the true meaning, not to understand the essence, not to catch the main
Russian variant: throw the baby out with the water

De long wang shu
Literal translation: Having received Long, wish Sichuan
Meaning: insatiable greed
Russian variant: give me a finger - bite off the elbow

Japanese proverbs

Ancient Japanese proverbs are a mirror of the then state of society. They reflect the psychology ethnic community of people. Proverbs talk about the worldview of the Japanese, national character, which has already been formed by the period described, about the feelings, aspirations of this ancient nation.

1. Where people grieve, grieve you too.

2. Rejoice, too, if others rejoice.

3. Happiness comes to a house where they laugh.

4. Do not be afraid to bend a little, straighten up straighter.

5. Trouble has come - rely on yourself.

6. Friends in misfortune pity each other.

7. And Confucius was not always lucky.

8. There is no light without shadow.

9. Both good and evil are in your heart.

10. Evil cannot defeat good.

11. God lives in an honest heart.

12. The endurance of a horse is known along the way, the temper of a person - over time.

13. Where power is right, right is powerless.

14. Talents are not inherited.

15. And a sage from a thousand times, let him make a mistake once.

16. A servant, like a falcon, must be fed.

17. Likes to stir up tea.

18. Who was born under the roar of thunder, he is not afraid of lightning.

19. A woman wants to - she will pass through the rock.

20. Heartless children Father's house blame.

21. What a soul at three years old, such is it at a hundred.

22. There is no dispute about customs.

23. He who feels shame also feels duty.

24. Meekness often breaks strength.

25. With those who are silent, keep your ears open.

26. Who can swim, he can drown.

There is some connection between Russian proverbs and Japanese small forms. Here are some proverbs in free Japanese translation:

I follow with my eyes
behind the crane flock
with a bird in hand
* * *
no matter how much you measure
spoil the cut if
hands are crooked
* * *
feed the pig
will complain that
lay sideways
* * *
not the trouble
the roof is thin, but what
make a mess
* * *
looking at myself
what a handsome man
in a twisted mirror

Korean proverbs

All Korean art and literature are based not on optimism, but on the so-called "khan" - that is, the principle of inescapable sadness and suffering. This is manifested in very specific stereotypes of Korean art - the hero of a Korean novel or film must suffer a lot, variously and completely passively, and it is desirable to die at the end at a young age so that readers or viewers cry heartily. However, there is another, more active and positive side in the Korean mentality, as today's proverbs prove to us. The leitmotif of all of them is the same: do not take to heart all worldly failures, such as poverty, hunger, and so on. To live, proverbs assure us, is still better than to lie dead. Similar proverbs are also found in Dahl's dictionary of Russian proverbs: "To live a roll is to die astringently", "no matter how sickening it is to live, it is more terrible to die." Despite all the arguments Orthodox Church that death brings deliverance to the living, man has always been afraid of it. For Koreans, the religion did not promise any special liberation as a result of death, so life has always been valued here.

Here are the proverbs we find in the dictionary: “Although you lie on a field fertilized with dog manure, it’s still good White light"(Koreans fertilized the fields, including dog manure)" Even if they hang you upside down, the white light is still dear to you. "And you wallow in horse manure, but life is good." all the same, this light is good." "Although one eats a hard persimmon, life is good." All these proverbs are similar in stylistic form, and each option, in fact, is only one of the symbols of trouble.
But proverbs built according to a different scheme - each of them is also a variation on the same theme: " live dog better than dead monk", "a live pig is better than a dead rich man", "to die in a large or small funeral stretcher is still worse than wearing torn clothes and sitting on a dry field. "A dog and a pig (piglet), being animals, of course, cannot be compared with man according to his position in life. Although, in principle, the attitude of Koreans towards these animals was different: dogs were despicable animals, and pigs were a symbol of wealth and prosperity. It is still believed that seeing a pig in a dream is for money (people run to buy after that lottery ticket). Sitting in torn clothes on the edge of a dry field (such a field was less profitable) - this, of course, means poverty, the position of a poor peasant. But nevertheless, all these three despicable positions were better than the position of people respected, but dead. True, a Buddhist monk cannot be counted among respected people - the townsfolk treated them as beggars and secret debauchees. The rest are rich and dead man in large or small funeral stretchers - they were respected in society. As for the rich man, it’s understandable, but why was it honorable to lie in a stretcher? Yes, because the stretcher relied on a respected official who was given a magnificent state funeral. But nevertheless, the position of a corpse on any, the most luxurious stretcher for a Korean is always worse than the position of a living person, even if he is a simple impoverished peasant. And finally - good wishes: "Walk along the wide road with a song." That is, do not whine that everything is wrong with you. Live with joy.

Literature

1. Compiled by V.N. Morokhin “Small genres of Russian folklore”. Reader. M. " graduate School» 1986

2. Compiled by F.M. Selivanov "Anthology on folklore". M. "Enlightenment" 1972

3. Collection of V. Dal "Proverbs and sayings of the Russian people." M. 1957

4. Permyakov G. L. Proverbs and sayings of the peoples of the East. - "Labyrinth", M., 2001.

The beauty of a rose is in the flower, the dignity of the word is in brevity.

For a long time it was believed that statements, proverbs and sayings collected in bible book Proverbs. With deciphering writing ancient egypt Egyptian proverbs and sayings were also discovered several millennia older than the Hebrew ones. And that's not it. Already in one of ancient states East - Sumer, people perfectly knew how to use witty expressions, in fact, little different from modern ones. In this civilization, for the first time in the history of existence ancient world, Eastern wisdom - proverbs, sayings, sayings, was clothed in written form.

Eastern wisdom about life

And again Ancient Sumer. Thousands of years ago, the Sumerians were tormented by the same thought about the frailty of being as modern Europeans:

“Life goes by fast. Why save, let's squander everything.

“But still live a long time. Let's dig.

Centuries passed, civilizations changed, the minarets of the Arab East rose to the sky, marvelous temples of India and pagodas of China and Korea were built. And throughout the populous East, fables, parables, aphorisms, proverbs and sayings were composed by the people. different different peoples, and at the same time having many common features. Below are examples of proverbs, sayings, sayings, characteristic of different peoples.

China. An absolutely unusual civilization for a European. On the one hand, the cruelty of the Chinese rulers has become a byword. On the other hand, the conscience of the nation was Confucius and Lao Tzu, whose apt statements have been living for millennia.

When in friendship they proceed only from profit, they sow hostility and anger. (Confucius)
Be as strict with yourself as possible, be as gentle with others as possible. So there will be no human hostility. (Confucius)
There will certainly be many difficulties along the way, if you hope for an easy road. (Lao Tzu)
The human heart is like a snake - always full of poison. (Lao Tzu)

Interestingly, in Chinese, as well as in Russian, there are set expressions called proverbs. Yes, and they are talking about familiar concepts for us:

About friendship: "There is no price for the sea, the sun and friendship."
About the experience: "The old horse will find its way home."
About betrayal and ingratitude: "He raised a tiger from a tiger cub - he received suffering and destruction."
About immoderate greed: "The rich man, having received Long, wanted to receive Sichuan."

Japan. The country is an amazing mixture of Buddhism and ancient beliefs. A country of samurai honor, talented calligraphers and poets who described the whole world and all human experiences in three or five lines of haiku and tanka. Japanese- the language of metaphors, allegories, figurative comparisons, many of which have become proverbs and sayings. And the themes and images of the proverbs of the Japanese so distant from us are familiar and understandable:

On irresistible injustice: "Right is powerless where force rules."
On perseverance and patience: "A stone dam will collapse from an ant hole."
On the ability to rejoice in the happiness of others: "If others rejoice, rejoice too."
About tolerance: "there is no dispute about the customs established in the house."

Arabic East. Bukhara, Baghdad, the hot deserts of Yemen and the green gardens of Agra - all this is the Arab East. The world of deceit, flattery, nobility and courage. The world of great politicians, scientists, poets and folk wits. The East is the world of Omar Khayyam, Nizami Ganjavi, Hamid Momand. And also these are folk thieves' short stories - "poppies" - complete collection fables, parables, proverbs and sayings. Here, by the way, is one of them - a short excerpt from the novel:

“Once upon a time there was an old donkey. And one day he fell into a well. The owner thought and thought, but did not figure out how to help the trouble. And he decided to bury both the donkey and the well. He called the neighbors for help, and they began to fill up the well. The donkey screamed and cried, and then he began to stand with his feet on every thrown clod of earth. Higher and higher the donkey rose until it jumped out of the well.

And proverbs and sayings - thousands, if not tens of thousands. About courage, courage, deceit, friendship, work - about everything in the world. Here are some of them:

Hyenas celebrate when a lion dies. (Afghan proverb)
Whoever said and did not do is a donkey, who did and said is a man, who did not say and did is a lion.
You can consult even with a thousand people, but do not reveal your secret. (Persian proverb)
Two people can know about the secret, provided that one of them is in the grave. (Persian proverb)
The future of the lazy bull is selling to butchers. (Arabic proverb)
Anything done hastily will bring disaster. (Kurdish proverb)

Eastern wisdom about family and marriage

The uniqueness of the East and in its "dual" attitude towards women. On the one hand, her position is subordinate to a man, on the other: “I’m ready to give both Samarkand and Bukhara for one of your moles.”

Equally ambivalent is the attitude towards marriage. A long time ago, in Sumer they said: "One happiness is in marriage, and if you think about it, the second is in divorce." They are supported by the Iranians in the saying: "Marriage is happiness for a month, marriage is sadness for all the remaining years." But Kazakh proverb says: “Happiness is the first son, half of happiness is good wife". There is an expression in Laos: "In a good family, husband and wife are like chopsticks - always a couple, always together." In general, a good wife is very important, otherwise there may be the same troubles as in the Jewish proverb: “What can be worse than rain? Bad wife. The rain will at least drive it into the house, and a bad wife will drive it out of it. Worse than rain, according to the Pashtun tribes, there can only be tight shoes, and a bad wife, respectively: “A bad wife is like uncomfortable shoes, and presses and crushes.” And always, happiness is children: “A yurt without children is like a hearth without fire,” the Kazakhs used to say.

In the East they also said: “The first month after the wedding is like pink flower, the second - like bitter wormwood. But love's eyes are blind, and when it is: "Wounds from smallpox are as beautiful as dimples on the cheeks."

It often happens like this: a girl fell in love with a poor guy. Years lived together, and prosperity came to the house, and even wealth. old wife seems ugly and boring. Japanese proverb says: "Love the wife who loved you as a poor man."

Eastern wisdom about love says:

Three things are not subject to reason: the wind blowing from the mountains, the sun making its run across the sky, love that has settled in the heart of a person.
The khan has advisers, the emir has advisers, love does not need advisers.
Love brings. Evil is ugliness.
It is not a sin to wear rags in the name of love.

In conclusion, we can cite the statement of an unknown Chinese author: “Here is sadness, so sadness. Both my wife and mistress love me at the same time. Do I feel like a god? Oh no. I feel like a resident of heaven and a resident of hell at the same time.

In Eastern philosophy, and there is much that is incomprehensible to us, the West and the East are too different in terms of worldview. And yet, Eastern wisdom: quotes, aphorisms, statements are quite applicable to today's European realities.

Essay on ethnopedagogy

Subject: "Russian and Oriental Proverbs".

Introduction

History of proverbs and sayings

Russian proverbs and sayings.

Chinese proverbs.

Japanese proverbs

Korean proverbs

Literature

Introduction

From time immemorial, man has cared not only about food and housing, he sought to understand the world around him, compared various phenomena, created something new in nature and in his imagination. The fruits of centuries-old observations and thoughts of the people, their dreams and hopes were embodied in songs, fairy tales, legends, proverbs, sayings, riddles. So the people created their art, their poetry.

Fairy tales, epics, songs, proverbs and other types of oral art are called folklore. The word "folklore" of English origin is "folklore". It means "folk wisdom", "folk knowledge".

It is difficult to list all the artistic definitions that linguists give to a proverb. It is called folk wisdom, practical philosophy, oral school, a set of rules for life, the historical memory of the people.

Unlike other genres of folklore, proverbs exist in speech, are introduced as complete sayings, ready-made quotations, the author of which is the people. A well-aimed expression, a successful comparison, a laconic formula, said by someone once, are picked up by others, become attributes of folk speech, thanks to the constant use in situations similar in meaning. The proverb is "the wisdom of many, the wit of each."

In the conditions of ancient society, when there were no means of material consolidation of thought - writing, generalization and consolidation of labor experience, everyday observations in stable verbal formulas was a vital necessity. Even at the first stages of social development, certain rules of human coexistence, moral and ethical concepts and norms of society were developed, which were also formalized in the form of proverbial judgments, performing the role of unwritten laws and rules.

History of proverbs and sayings

The origin of proverbs dates back to ancient times. They concentrate and express in a brief artistic form a set of knowledge, observations, and signs of the working people. Proverbs consolidate the labor, everyday, social experience accumulated by the people and pass it on to subsequent generations.

The fight against foreign invaders, ardent love for the motherland and hatred for its enemies, fortitude, courage and heroism of the Russian people - all this was found in short but wise sayings.

The working people who created all the wealth of the country and defended it from foreign invaders languished for many centuries under the heavy yoke of exploitation and enslavement. The people saw the culprits of their hard life, their suffering in the boyars, officials, churchmen, landlords, and then in the capitalists. A lot of proverbs have been created that reflect the difficult and hungry life of a peasant, opposed to the well-fed and carefree life of a gentleman squeezing all the juice out of him (a poor peasant does not eat bread, a rich man will eat a peasant; The boyar chambers are red, and the peasants have a hut on their side; Peasant calluses bars live well). There are especially a lot of proverbs that caustically ridicule priests and monks, their greed, selfishness, selfishness (Ass and a thief fit everything; A wolf's mouth and priest's eyes are an insatiable pit).

Life constantly convinced the masses that neither the god they prayed to, nor the king they hoped for, bring the desired relief. God is high, the king is far away - such a conclusion is inevitable. One could only rely on one's own strength. In the most difficult times, the people did not stop dreaming about freedom (In a stone bag, but the thought is free), about reprisals against their masters (There is a thunderstorm; Let the red rooster go), about a happy life (There will be a holiday on our street). The class struggle, overt or covert, never ceased, and the well-aimed word was a sharp weapon in this struggle. It was not for nothing that such proverbs arose among the feudal lords: The serf's word is like a horn; A mortal look is worse than scolding.

But gradually the views and ideas of people changed. A particularly sharp change in the minds of the people came after the Great October Revolution. For the first time in the history of mankind, a state of workers and peasants was created, workers received equal rights, women were freed from centuries of family and social slavery, the people became the true masters of their own destiny and won the conditions for free creative labor. Proverbs could not pass by these revolutionary transformations: Lenin's testament spread all over the world; There was a torch and a candle, and now Ilyich's lamp. These and many other sayings speak of fundamental changes in the life of working people.

At the beginning of the 12th century, the chronicler included in the Tale of Bygone Years an ancient proverb even for him: Pogibosha, like obre (they died like obri). It was about the images, or Avrs, who attacked the Slavic tribes and conquered some of them, but were defeated at the end of the 8th century. Similar proverbs were created about other enemies of the Russian people. We know the proverb: He died as a Swede over Poltava, which arose after the victory of the troops of Peter I over the Swedes in 1709. The defeat of the Napoleonic army in 1812 gave a new version of this proverb: He disappeared like a Frenchman in Moscow. After the overthrow of tsarism in 1917, a saying arose: He died without glory like a two-headed eagle.

In our time, many proverbs are being remade in a new way. There was a proverb: Not an ax amuses, but a carpenter; now they say: Not a tractor plows, but a tractor driver. Previously, they always said: One is not a warrior in the field. For our soldiers, it sounded in a new way: If it is tailored in Russian, and there is one warrior in the field. During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 proverbs: From the world on a thread - a naked shirt; Lying like a gray gelding - recorded in this form: From the world on a string - to Hitler a rope; Lying like gray Goebbels.

Russian writers make extensive use of the inexhaustible reserves of folk wisdom. However, they not only take from the national language, but also enrich it. Many successful expressions from works of fiction become proverbs and sayings. Happy hours are not observed; How not to please a loved one; Silencers are blissful in the world; Do not say hello from such praises; More in number, at a cheaper price - here are a few sayings from A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit", which exist in the language as proverbs. Love all ages; We all look at Napoleons; What will pass will be nice; And happiness was so possible - all these lines from the works of A.S. Pushkin can often be heard in oral speech. A man exclaiming: There is still gunpowder in the flasks! - may sometimes not know that these are words from the story of N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba".

I.A. Krylov, who relied in his work on a living colloquial language and often introduced folk proverbs and sayings into his fables, himself created quite a few proverbial expressions (And Vaska listens and eats; But things are still there; But I didn’t notice the elephant; A helpful fool is more dangerous than an enemy; A cuckoo praises a rooster for praising a cuckoo; Why count gossips, isn’t it better to turn to yourself, godfather?). Many proverbs, sayings, apt expressions have entered the colloquial language from the works of other Russian writers of the past and our time.

The collection dates back to the 17th century, when some amateurs began to compile handwritten collections. Since the end of the 17th century, proverbs have been printed in separate books. In the 30-50s 19th century collecting proverbs, Russian scientist and writer Vladimir Ivanovich Dal (1801-1872). His collection "Proverbs of the Russian people" includes about 30,000 texts. Since then, many collections of proverbs and sayings have been published, but in our time, the collection of V.I. Dalia is the most complete and valuable.

Russian proverbs and sayings.

Folklore provides not only a historical picture of the spiritual development of the people. From the works of all his genres stands out the multifaceted and at the same time integral and unique character of the entire Russian people. Courageous, strong, severe - according to epics; cunning, mocking, mischievous - according to everyday fairy tales; wise, observant, witty - according to proverbs and sayings - such is the Russian person in all his greatness, simplicity and beauty. In the richest treasury of Russian oral folk poetry, one of the significant places is occupied by proverbs and sayings close to them in terms of artistic structure and figurative system. Representing concise, expressive, deeply meaningful interpretations of certain phenomena of reality, these genres have always been and are very popular.

And a long journey begins with a close one ... Laconically and at the same time very deep. We invite you to get acquainted with the spiritual wealth and philosophy of life in Japan.

1. If the problem can be solved, then you should not worry about it; if it cannot be solved, then it is useless to worry about it.
2. Having thought - make up your mind, and having decided - do not think.
3. Do not delay the departing, do not drive away the newcomer.

4. Fast is slow, but without interruptions.
5. It's better to be the enemy good man than another bad.
6. Without ordinary people there are no great ones.

7. To ask is ashamed for a minute, and not to know is a shame for life.
8. When you draw a branch, you need to hear the breath of the wind.
9. Victory goes to the one who endures half an hour more than his opponent.

10. There are no great people without ordinary people.
11. Whoever strongly desires to go upstairs will invent a ladder.
12. A husband and wife should be like a hand and eyes: when the hand hurts, the eyes cry, and when the eyes cry, the hands wipe away the tears.

13. He who drinks does not know about the dangers of wine; who does not drink, he does not know about its benefits.
14. The sun does not know the right. The sun knows no wrong. The sun shines without the purpose of warming someone. The one who finds himself is like the sun.
15. And a long journey begins with a close one.

16. Even if the sword is needed once in a lifetime, it must always be worn.
17. Beautiful flowers do not bear good fruit.
18. No one stumbles while lying in bed.

19. The sea is large because it does not disdain small rivers.
20. One good word can warm three winter months.
21. Make way for fools and lunatics.

22. Check seven times before you doubt a person.
23. Grief, like a torn dress, must be left at home.
24. Do your best and leave the rest to fate.

25. Excessive honesty borders on stupidity.
26. Happiness comes to a house where they laugh.
27. When there is love, smallpox ulcers are as beautiful as dimples on the cheeks.

28. It happens that a leaf sinks, and a stone floats.
29. Cold tea and cold rice are tolerable, but a cold look and a cold word are unbearable.
30. A woman wants to - she will pass through the rock.