Old Russian literature patristics
heyday Kievan Rus, the time of the triumph of Christianity. about four hundred churches were built in Kyiv alone. A variety of genres is encouraged, and the influence of folklore on Old Russian literature does not dry out. The priority of the book tradition is affirmed.
The style of monumental historicism continues to develop, as in images and frescoes, the prince in the annals is always official, as if addressed to the viewer. Christian worldview when depicting people, it was put at the service of strengthening the feudal system. It appeared mainly where it came to legal crimes: murders, fraud.
With regard to negative characters the writer is less official than with respect to goodies of his narration.
One of the most negative characters Ipatiev Chronicle - Vladimir Galitsky. His main feature: greed; he does not act directly, not by war, but by bribery, by money. In this image of Vladimir, the hatred of the representatives of the poor principality of Kyiv for the richer one in the 12th century was reflected. Principality of Galicia. Literary portraits princes are also laconic, vigorously inscribed in space.
On the icon of the XII century Tretyakov Gallery from the Novgorod Yuriev Monastery, George the Victorious stands with a shield behind his back, with a spear and a sword in his hands. The authors strive to emphasize the courage of the princes not only in the description, but also in the commendable characterization of the heroes, but also in the description of the action. There are almost no characters here and there is no connection between the development of historical events and characteristic features participants. Each prince performs his life's work as a representative of a certain kind, princes.
Dependent chroniclers tried to portray their prince from the point of view of ideal behavior. It was said mainly about the activities of certain strata of society. XII is characterized by the awakening of thought, Klyuchevsky believes. The initial Russian chronicle is, along with other monuments of Russian literature, a significant indicator of the growth, national self-consciousness in Ancient Rus'. The language of the annals, preserving in church narratives and in quotations from bible books vocabulary, a form of the Church Slavonic language in other cases, it is especially informative in the patericon that is part of the folk poetic living Russian language. New genres are partly formed at the intersection of folklore and literature.
The most outstanding monument of this era is "The Tale of Igor's Campaign". “The word was created in the 12th century. It was first uttered at the congress in Lubechi. The author saw the essence of this event in conveying the idea of unity. The theme of the restoration of the genre system. The work has a unity of composition. "The Word..." is dedicated to Igor's campaign. In the "Word ..." naturally, often unexpected transitions, from one part to another. the text of the Word is artistically homogeneous, in mood, thanks to a single picture of the Russian land. The theme of love and care dominates. The connection between "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" and oral folk poetry most clearly felt within two genres, most often mentioned in the word Lament and song glorification - "Glory": Yaroslavna's lamentation is mentioned at least 5 times, the lamentations of the same Russian soldiers, in Igor's campaign, the lamentation of Yaroslavna's mother Lamentation is meant by the author words when he speaks of the groans of Kiev and Chernigov and the whole Russian land, after the campaign of Igor. Twice the author cites the laments themselves: the lament of Yaroslavna, the lament of Russian wives. Repeatedly distracted from the narrative, resorting to exclamations. The proximity of the Word to weeping is strong in Yaroslavna's lamentation. The author of the Lay on Igor's Campaign constantly resorts to images of the animal world, never introduces foreign animals into his work, resorting only to images of Russian nature.
Pagan elements in the word about Igor's regiment are exposed, as you know, strongly. The harmony of the composition is maintained by dividing the word into a number of songs, the picture ends with a refrain. The poem is divided into stanzas. The composition is determined by the intention and lyrical nature, the author gives an assessment in the network of the catholic unity of the past and the present. Russian women embody care, love for the dead son. I.P. Eremin rightly notes in the "Tale of Igor's Campaign" many tricks oratory. In front of us in the Word, as in many ancient Russian monuments, the author more often feels like a speaker than a writer, his readers - listeners, not readers, his topic - a lesson, not a story.
The victory of weapons was forged in a righteous age. Focus on people who don't call different forces. The word about Igor's Campaign is a lyrical revelation to nature. In this era, genre formation takes place. The work outside the traditional genres is characteristic, to which the aforementioned "Word" and "Daniel the Sharpener's Prayer" belong.
"Prayer" was opened and partially published by N.M. Karamzin. The prayer did not come down to us in lists XVI-XVIII not earlier, with traces of later insertions and interpolations. All famous lists Prayers are clearly divided into 2 editions. The prayer of Daniel the prisoner is a letter of petition, a petition, from which it follows that a certain Daniel, judging by the text of the Prayer, is in prison. Prayer names different princes. The first is composed as follows: "The word of Daniil the Sharpener was written to his prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich." The second edition belongs to the XII century. in some sources, others - XIII century.
The system of folklore genres was sufficiently adapted, mainly, to reflect the needs of the pagan tribal community. A cult of the brothers Boris and Gleb is being created, who meekly submitted to the hand of the murderer, the followers of Svyatopolk. Princes Boris and Gleb were the first saints canonized by the Russian Church. Boris and Gleb were the first chosen ones of the Russian Church to be crowned, the first recognized miracle workers, its recognized heavenly prayer books for the new Christian people. Boris and Gleb were not martyrs for Christ, but fell victim to a political crime in the princely civil strife, like many before and after them.
The literature of Ancient Rus' arose in the 11th century. and developed over the course of seven centuries until the Petrine era. Old Russian literature is a single entity with all the variety of genres, themes, and images. This literature is the focus of Russian spirituality and patriotism. On the pages of these works, there are conversations about the most important philosophical, moral problems that heroes of all centuries think about, talk about, meditate on. The works form love for the Fatherland and their people, show the beauty of the Russian land, therefore these works touch the innermost strings of our hearts.
Significance ancient Russian literature as the basis for the development of new Russian literature is very large. So the images, ideas, even the style of compositions were inherited by A. S. Pushkin, F. M. Dostoevsky, L. N. Tolstoy.
Old Russian literature arose not on empty place. Its appearance was prepared by the development of the language, oral folk art, cultural ties with Byzantium and Bulgaria, and was conditioned by the adoption of Christianity as a single religion. First literary works, which appeared in Rus', translated. Those books that were necessary for worship were translated.
The very first original works, that is, written by the Eastern Slavs themselves, belong to the end of the 11th-beginning of the 12th century. V. There was a formation of Russian national literature, its traditions were formed, features that determine its specific features, a certain dissimilarity with the literature of our days.
The purpose of this work is to show the features of ancient Russian literature and its main genres.
II. Features of ancient Russian literature.
2. 1. Historicism of content.
Events and characters in literature, as a rule, are the fruit of the author's fiction. Authors of fiction, even if they describe true events real faces, conjecture a lot. But in ancient Rus', everything was completely different. The Old Russian scribe told only about what, according to his ideas, really happened. Only in the XVII century. Everyday stories appeared in Rus' with fictional characters and plots.
Both the ancient Russian scribe and his readers firmly believed that the events described actually happened. So the chronicles were a kind of legal document for the people of Ancient Rus'. After the death in 1425 of the Moscow prince Vasily Dmitrievich, his younger brother Yuri Dmitrievich and son Vasily Vasilyevich began to argue about their rights to the throne. Both princes turned to the Tatar Khan to judge their dispute. At the same time, Yuri Dmitrievich, defending his rights to reign in Moscow, referred to ancient chronicles, which reported that power had previously passed from the prince-father not to his son, but to his brother.
2. 2. Manuscript nature of existence.
Another feature of Old Russian literature is the handwritten nature of existence. Even the appearance of the printing press in Rus' did little to change the situation until mid-eighteenth V. The existence of literary monuments in manuscripts led to a special reverence for the book. What even separate treatises and instructions were written about. But on the other hand, handwritten existence led to the instability of ancient Russian works of literature. Those writings that have come down to us are the result of the work of many, many people: the author, editor, copyist, and the work itself could continue for several centuries. Therefore, in scientific terminology, there are such concepts as "manuscript" (handwritten text) and "list" (rewritten work). The manuscript may contain lists different compositions and can be written both by the author himself and by scribes. Another fundamental concept in textual criticism is the term "edition", i.e. purposeful processing of the monument, caused by socio-political events, changes in the function of the text, or differences in the language of the author and editor.
The existence of a work in manuscripts is closely related to such specific trait Old Russian literature as a problem of authorship.
The authorial principle in ancient Russian literature is muted, implicit; Old Russian scribes were not careful with other people's texts. When rewriting the texts, they were reworked: some phrases or episodes were excluded from them or some episodes were inserted into them, stylistic “decorations” were added. Sometimes the ideas and assessments of the author were even replaced by the opposite ones. Lists of one work differed significantly from each other.
Old Russian scribes did not at all seek to reveal their involvement in literary writing. Very many monuments remained anonymous, the authorship of others was established by researchers on indirect grounds. So it is impossible to attribute to someone else the writings of Epiphanius the Wise, with his sophisticated "weaving of words." The style of Ivan the Terrible's epistles is inimitable, impudently mixing eloquence and rude abuse, learned examples and the style of a simple conversation.
It happens that in the manuscript one or another text was signed by the name of an authoritative scribe, which may equally correspond or not correspond to reality. So among the works attributed to the famous preacher St. Cyril of Turov, many, apparently, do not belong to him: the name of Cyril of Turov gave additional authority to these works.
The anonymity of literary monuments is also due to the fact that the Old Russian “writer” deliberately did not try to be original, but tried to show himself as traditional as possible, that is, to comply with all the rules and regulations of the established canon.
2. 4. Literary etiquette.
A well-known literary critic, researcher of ancient Russian literature, academician D. S. Likhachev proposed special term to designate the canon in the monuments of medieval Russian literature - "literary etiquette".
Literary etiquette is composed of:
From the idea of how this or that course of an event should have taken place;
From ideas about how it should have behaved actor according to their position;
From the ideas of what words the writer had to describe what is happening.
Before us is the etiquette of the world order, the etiquette of behavior and verbal etiquette. The hero is supposed to behave in this way, and the author is supposed to describe the hero only in appropriate terms.
III. The main genres of ancient Russian literature.
The literature of modern times is subject to the laws of the "poetics of the genre". It was this category that began to dictate the ways of creating a new text. But in ancient Russian literature, the genre did not play such an important role.
A sufficient number of studies have been devoted to the genre originality of Old Russian literature, but there is still no clear classification of genres. However, some genres immediately stood out in ancient Russian literature.
3. 1. Hagiographic genre.
Life is a description of the life of a saint.
Russian hagiographic literature has hundreds of works, the first of them were written in the XI century. Life, which came to Rus' from Byzantium along with the adoption of Christianity, became the main genre of ancient Russian literature, that literary form in which the spiritual ideals of Ancient Rus' were clothed.
The compositional and verbal forms of life have been polished for centuries. High theme - story about a life that embodies the ideal service to the world and God - determines the image of the author and the style of narration. The author of the life narrates with excitement, he does not hide his admiration for the holy ascetic, admiration for his righteous life. The emotionality of the author, his excitement paint the whole story in lyrical tones and contribute to the creation of a solemn mood. This atmosphere is also created by the style of narration - high solemn, full of quotations from the Holy Scriptures.
When writing a life, the hagiographer (the author of the life) had to follow a number of rules and canons. The composition of the correct life should be three-part: an introduction, a story about the life and deeds of a saint from birth to death, praise. In the introduction, the author apologizes to the readers for their inability to write, for the rudeness of the narration, etc. The life itself followed the introduction. It cannot be called a “biography” of a saint in the full sense of the word. The author of the life selects from his life only those facts that do not contradict the ideals of holiness. The story about the life of a saint is freed from everything everyday, concrete, random. In a life compiled according to all the rules, there are few dates, exact geographical names, names historical figures. The action of life takes place, as it were, outside historical time and concrete space, it unfolds against the backdrop of eternity. Abstraction is one of the features of hagiographic style.
At the conclusion of the life there should be praise to the saint. This is one of the most important parts of life, which required a lot of literary art, good knowledge rhetoric.
The oldest Russian hagiographic monuments are two lives of princes Boris and Gleb and The Life of Theodosius of Pechora.
3. 2. Eloquence.
Eloquence is an area of creativity characteristic of ancient period development of our literature. Monuments of church and secular eloquence are divided into two types: instructive and solemn.
Solemn eloquence required depth of conception and great literary skill. The orator needed the ability to effectively build a speech in order to capture the listener, set it up in a high way, corresponding to the topic, shake him with pathos. There was special term to denote a solemn speech - "word". (There was no terminological unity in ancient Russian literature. The “Word” could also be called military tale.) Speeches were not only delivered, but written and distributed in numerous copies.
Solemn eloquence did not pursue narrowly practical goals, it required the formulation of problems of a wide social, philosophical and theological scope. The main reasons for the creation of "words" are theological issues, issues of war and peace, defense of the borders of the Russian land, domestic and foreign policy, the struggle for cultural and political independence.
The oldest monument of solemn eloquence is Metropolitan Hilarion's Sermon on Law and Grace, written between 1037 and 1050.
Teaching eloquence is teachings and conversations. They are usually small in volume, often devoid of rhetorical embellishments, written in the Old Russian language, which was generally accessible to the people of that time. Teachings could be given by church leaders, princes.
Teachings and conversations have purely practical purposes, they contain the information necessary for a person. "Instruction to the brethren" by Luka Zhidyata, Bishop of Novgorod from 1036 to 1059, contains a list of rules of conduct that a Christian should adhere to: do not take revenge, do not say "shameful" words. Go to church and behave in it quietly, honor elders, judge by the truth, honor your prince, do not curse, keep all the commandments of the Gospel.
Theodosius of Pechersk, founder of the Kiev Caves Monastery. He owns eight teachings to the brethren, in which Theodosius reminds the monks of the rules of monastic behavior: do not be late for church, make three bows to the earth, observe deanery and order when singing prayers and psalms, and bow to each other when meeting. In his teachings, Theodosius of Pechorsky demands a complete renunciation of the world, abstinence, constant prayer and vigil. The abbot severely denounces idleness, money-grubbing, intemperance in food.
3. 3. Chronicle.
Chronicles were called weather records (according to "years" - according to "years"). The annual entry began with the words: "In the summer." After that, there was a story about events and incidents that, from the point of view of the chronicler, were worthy of the attention of posterity. These could be military campaigns, raids by steppe nomads, natural disasters: droughts, crop failures, etc., as well as simply unusual incidents.
It is thanks to the work of chroniclers that modern historians have an amazing opportunity to look into the distant past.
Most often, the ancient Russian chronicler was a learned monk, who sometimes spent time compiling the chronicle. long years. In those days, it was customary to start a story about history from ancient times and only then move on to the events of recent years. The chronicler had first of all to find, put in order, and often rewrite the work of his predecessors. If the compiler of the chronicle had at his disposal not one, but several chronicle texts at once, then he had to “reduce” them, that is, combine them, choosing from each one that he considered necessary to include in his own work. When the materials relating to the past were collected, the chronicler proceeded to present the incidents of his time. This great job became chronicle. After some time, this code was continued by other chroniclers.
Apparently the first major monument of ancient Russian chronicle writing became an annalistic code compiled in the 70s of the 11th century. The compiler of this code is believed to have been the abbot of the Kiev Caves Monastery Nikon the Great (? - 1088).
Nikon's work formed the basis of another annalistic code, which was compiled in the same monastery two decades later. IN scientific literature he received the conditional name "Initial Code". Its nameless compiler supplemented Nikon's code not only with news last years, but also chronicle information from other Russian cities.
"The Tale of Bygone Years"
Based on the annals of the tradition of the 11th century. The greatest annalistic monument of the era of Kievan Rus - "The Tale of Bygone Years" was born.
It was compiled in Kyiv in the 10s. 12th c. According to some historians, its likely compiler was the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk monastery Nestor, also known for his other writings. When creating The Tale of Bygone Years, its compiler drew on numerous materials with which he supplemented the Initial Code. Among these materials were Byzantine chronicles, texts of treaties between Rus' and Byzantium, monuments of translated and ancient Russian literature, and oral traditions.
The compiler of The Tale of Bygone Years set as his goal not only to tell about the past of Rus', but also to determine the place Eastern Slavs among European and Asian peoples.
The chronicler tells in detail about the resettlement Slavic peoples in antiquity, about the settlement by the Eastern Slavs of territories that would later become part of the Old Russian state, about the customs and customs of different tribes. The "Tale of Bygone Years" emphasizes not only the antiquities of the Slavic peoples, but also the unity of their culture, language and writing, created in the 9th century. brothers Cyril and Methodius.
The chronicler considers the adoption of Christianity to be the most important event in the history of Rus'. The story about the first Russian Christians, about the baptism of Rus', about the spread new faith, the construction of temples, the emergence of monasticism, the success of Christian enlightenment occupies a central place in the Tale.
The wealth of historical and political ideas reflected in The Tale of Bygone Years suggests that its compiler was not just an editor, but also a talented historian, a deep thinker, and a bright publicist. Many chroniclers of subsequent centuries turned to the experience of the creator of the "Tale", sought to imitate him and almost always placed the text of the monument at the beginning of each new chronicle collection.
Is it possible today to imagine a life in which there are no books, newspapers, magazines, notepads? Modern man so accustomed to the fact that everything important and requiring ordering should be written down that without this knowledge would not be systematized, fragmentary. But this was preceded by a very difficult period, stretching for millennia. Literature consisted of chronicles, chronicles and lives of saints. Works of art began to write much later.
When did ancient Russian literature originate?
The prerequisite for the emergence of ancient Russian literature was various forms oral folklore, pagan traditions. Slavic writing originated only in the 9th century AD. Until that time, knowledge, epics were passed from mouth to mouth. But the baptism of Rus', the creation of the alphabet by the Byzantine missionaries Cyril and Methodius in 863 opened the way for books from Byzantium, Greece, and Bulgaria. Through the first books transmitted Christian doctrine. Since there were few written sources in antiquity, it became necessary to rewrite books.
ABC contributed cultural development Eastern Slavs. Because the Old Russian language similar to Old Bulgarian, then Slavic alphabet, which was used in Bulgaria and Serbia, could be used in Rus'. The Eastern Slavs gradually mastered the new script. In ancient Bulgaria, culture reached its peak of development by the 10th century. The works of the writers of John the Exarch of Bulgaria, Clement, Tsar Simeon began to appear. Their work also influenced ancient Russian culture.
The Christianization of the ancient Russian state made writing a necessity, because without it it is impossible public life, public, international connections. The Christian religion is not able to exist without teachings, solemn words, lives, and the life of the prince and his court, relations with neighbors and enemies were reflected in the annals. There were translators and scribes. All of them were church people: priests, deacons, monks. It took a long time to rewrite, but there were still few books.
Old Russian books were written mainly on parchment, which was obtained after special processing of pig, calf, and sheep skin. Manuscript books in the ancient Russian state were called "charate", "harati" or "veal". Durable, but expensive material made books expensive, which is why it was so important to find a replacement for the skin of pets. Foreign paper, called "overseas" appeared only in the XIV century. But until the 17th century, parchment was used to write valuable government documents.
Ink was obtained by combining old iron (nails) and tannin (growths on oak leaves, which were called "ink nuts"). In order for the ink to be thick and shiny, glue from cherries and molasses was poured into them. Ferrous ink having brown shade, were characterized by increased durability. To give originality and decorativeness, colored ink, sheet gold or silver were used. For writing, goose feathers were used, the tip of which was cut off, and a cut was made in the middle of the point.
What century does Old Russian literature belong to?
The first ancient Russian written sources date back to the 9th century. Old Russian state Kievan Rus occupied a place of honor among other European states. Written sources contributed to the strengthening of the state and its development. ending Old Russian period in the 17th century.
Periodization of ancient Russian literature.
- Written sources of Kievan Rus: the period covers the XI century and the beginning of the XIII century. At this time, the chronicle was the main written source.
- Literature of the second third of the XIII century and the end of the XIV century. The Old Russian state is going through a period of fragmentation. Dependence on the Golden Horde set back the development of culture for many centuries.
- The end of the XIV century, which is characterized by the unification of the principalities of the northeast into one Moscow principality, the emergence of specific principalities, and the beginning of the XV century.
- XV - XVI centuries: this is the period of centralization of the Russian state and the emergence of journalistic literature.
- XVI - late XVII century is the New Time, which accounts for the appearance of poetry. Now the works are released with the indication of the author.
the oldest of famous works Russian literature is the Ostromir Gospel. It got its name from the name of the Novgorod posadnik Ostromir, who ordered the scribe Deacon Gregory to translate it. During 1056 - 1057. translation has been completed. It was the posadnik's contribution to the St. Sophia Cathedral, erected in Novgorod.
The second gospel is the Arkhangelsk, which was written in 1092. From the literature of this period, there is a lot of secret and philosophical meaning hidden in the Izbornik of the Grand Duke Svyatoslav in 1073. The Izbornik reveals the meaning and idea of mercy, the principles of morality. The gospels and apostolic epistles formed the basis of the philosophical thought of Kievan Rus. They described earthly life Jesus, and also described his miraculous resurrection.
Books have always been a source of philosophical thought. Translations from Syriac, Greek, Georgian penetrated into Rus'. There were also translations from European countries: England, France, Norway, Denmark, Sweden. Their works were revised and copied by ancient Russian scribes. Ancient Russian philosophical culture is a reflection of mythology and has Christian roots. Among the monuments Old Russian writing the “Messages of Vladimir Monomakh”, “The Prayers of Daniil the Sharpener” stand out.
The first ancient Russian literature is characterized by high expressiveness and richness of language. To enrich the Old Slavonic language, they used the language of folklore, speeches of orators. Two literary style, one of which is “High” solemn, the other is “Low”, which was used in everyday life.
Genres of literature
- lives of saints, include biographies of bishops, patriarchs, founders of monasteries, saints (they were created in compliance with special rules and demanded a special style of presentation) - patericons (the life of the first saints Boris and Gleb, abbess Theodosia),
- the lives of the saints, which are presented from a different point of view - apocrypha,
- historical works or chronicles (chronographs) - brief records of the history of ancient Rus', Russian chronograph of the second half of the 15th century,
- works about fictional travels and adventures - walking.
Genres of Old Russian literature table
Central among the genres of ancient Russian literature is chronicle writing, which has developed over the centuries. These are weather records of the history and events of Ancient Rus'. The chronicle is a surviving written annalistic (from the word - summer, records begin "in the summer") monument from one or more lists. The names of chronicles are random. This may be the name of the scribe or the name of the area where the chronicle was written. For example, Lavrentievskaya - on behalf of the scribe Lavrenty, Ipatievskaya - on the name of the monastery where the chronicle was found. Chronicles are often vaults that combine several chronicles at once. Protographs were the source for such vaults.
The chronicle, which served as the basis for the vast majority of ancient Russian written sources, is the Tale of Bygone Years of 1068. common feature Chronicles of the XII-XV centuries is that the chroniclers no longer consider political events in their annals, but focus on the needs and interests of "their principality" (Annals of Veliky Novgorod, Pskov annals, annals of the Vladimir-Suzdal land, Moscow annals), and not events of the Russian land as a whole, as it was before
What work do we call a monument of ancient Russian literature?
"The Tale of Igor's Campaign" of 1185-1188 is considered the main monument of ancient Russian literature, describing not so much an episode from the Russian-Polovtsian wars as reflecting events of an all-Russian scale. The author connects Igor's failed campaign in 1185 with strife and calls for unity in order to save his people.
Sources personal origin are heterogeneous verbal sources that are united common origin: private correspondence, autobiographies, travel descriptions. They reflect the author's direct perception of historical events. Such sources first appear in the princely period. These are the memoirs of Nestor the chronicler, for example.
In the 15th century, the heyday of chronicle writing begins, when voluminous chronicles and short chroniclers coexist, telling about the activities of one princely family. Two parallel trends emerge: the official point of view and the opposition point of view (the church and princely descriptions).
Here it should be said about the problem of falsifying historical sources or creating documents that never existed before, amending original documents. To do this, developed a whole system of methods. In the 18th century, interest in historical science was universal. This gave rise to a large number falsification, presented in epic form and presented as the original. A whole industry of falsifying ancient sources is emerging in Russia. Burnt or lost annals, such as the "Word", we study from the surviving copies. So copies were made by Musin-Pushkin, A. Bardin, A. Surakadzev. Among the most mysterious sources is the Book of Veles, found in the Zadonsky estate in the form of wooden boards with text scrawled on them.
Ancient Russian literature of the 11th-14th centuries is not only teachings, but also rewriting from Bulgarian originals or translation from Greek of a huge amount of literature. The large-scale work done allowed the ancient Russian scribes to get acquainted with the main genres and literary monuments of Byzantium over two centuries.
5. Monuments of ancient Russian literature Monuments of ancient Russian literature 6. Living evidence of the past Living evidence of the past 1. Old Russian chronicle book Old Russian chronicle book 2. The first Russian libraries The first Russian libraries 3. The book is a witness to history The book is a witness to history 4. How the Tale was preserved of Bygone Years? How was The Tale of Bygone Years preserved? Plan Tests
Old Russian handwritten book Handwritten books appeared in our Fatherland in connection with the spread of Christianity, that is, more than ten centuries ago. Ostromir Gospel
Then books began to be written in Rus'. The Tale of Bygone Years says that the Grand Duke Yaroslav the Wise gathered many book writers who translated from Greek into Slavic and they wrote many books. “This Yaroslav loved books and wrote many and placed them in Hagia Sophia, which he himself created.” Miniature of the Radziwill Chronicle
Printing books in Rus' began a little more than four centuries ago, Mr. Apostol Ivan Fedorov and Peter Mstislavets
Many ancient handwritten books perished during the Mongol-Tatar invasion of Rus' and different reasons in subsequent centuries. A lot of old books have been lost already in this century. The defense of Ryazan from the Mongol-Tatar hordes of Batu Khan in December 1237
A little more than two dozen books have survived from the 11th century, when the Grand Dukes Vladimir the Red Sun and Yaroslav the Wise lived. Among the books of the Gospel that have come down to us, several liturgical books, biographies of saints and works of church writers. The book is a witness to history. Ostromir Gospel
In total, about five hundred manuscripts have remained from the 11th-13th centuries to our time. Most of them are books for performing church services. Almost all of them are written not on paper, but on parchment. Miniature from the Miroslav Gospel of Svyatoslav's Izbornik
Ostromilov Gospel, Deacon Gregory's entry at the end of the book Books were often made with notes and notes by which one can determine the author of the work or the scribe, or the owner of the book, the time of writing, and even find out about events that are not related to the content of the book.
The book, which has come down to us from ancient times, is itself a witness to the era when it was created. Therefore, the handwritten books of Ancient Rus' will always be an inexhaustible source for studying the history of the Russian people, their language, literature and art.
Nestor was not the first chronicler of Ancient Rus'. But he was the first who compiled such a detailed and harmonious narrative of ancient Russian history. Settlement of the Eastern Slavs in the second half of the 9th century How was the Tale of Bygone Years preserved?
The first chronicle of Ancient Rus' was the Kiev Chronicle of Years. Later, in the years, it was reworked and became part of the oldest Kyiv code, which was maintained at the church of Hagia Sophia at the behest of Prince Yaroslav the Wise. original view Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv 1034 (reconstruction) Yaroslav the Wise
This code was subsequently also repeatedly processed and copied by monks. Kiev-Pechersk monastery, until it took on its final form and became known as The Tale of Bygone Years. Kiev-Pechersk monastery in the XII-XIII centuries. Graphic card-reconstruction
This chronicle that has come down to us sets out the events of Russian history up to the 10s of the XII century. Its first edition was compiled around 1113 by Nestor, a monk of the Kiev Caves Monastery, commissioned by Prince Svyatopolk II Izyaslavich. Grand Duke Svyatopolk II Izyaslavovich Rev. Nestor the Chronicler
The manuscript of The Tale of Bygone Years, written by the hand of Nestor the chronicler himself, unfortunately, has not survived, like almost all lists of handwritten chronicles of the 11th-13th centuries. “Askold and Dir of growth are in this city ... and often reign ...”. Miniature of the Radziwill Chronicle
But from Kyiv, the chronicle of Nestor through rewriting began to spread to other cities of Rus', where, at the request of the princes or with the blessing of the bishops Russian chronicle continued. Baptism of Princess Olga in Tsargrad. Miniature of the Radziwill Chronicle
In 1118, in Pereyaslavl, an anonymous chronicler created the third edition of The Tale of Bygone Years for Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich. Grand Duke Mstislav I Church of the Transfiguration in Pereslavl-Zalessky
Only the Novgorod Chronicle has preserved to this day a more or less complete text of the first edition of the "Tale" as part of the code of 1118, with amendments by Dobrynya Yadreikovich. ancient plan Novgorod Kremlin
In 1119, Presbyter Basil, who was close to Vladimir Monomakh, edited the text of The Tale of Bygone Years for the fourth time, and the Ipatiev Chronicle has preserved it for us. The arrival of Vladimir Monomakh to reign
Solar eclipse of 1236. In the process of repeated correspondence, the text of Vasilyeva's edition of The Tale of Bygone Years became part of the Tver Code of 1305, which has come down to us in the Laurentian Chronicle of 1377.
In those distant times, the chronicle, copied by the monk Lavrenty, was probably not an exceptional phenomenon. Similar chronicles were kept in other large ancient Russian cities. But the manuscript of the monk Lawrence turned out to have a special purpose. It was she who has survived to this day, while other chronicles of that time have not been preserved. Page from the Laurentian Chronicle
The ancient Russian writer, who compiled chronicles, stories or biographies of saints, probably did not think that he was creating monuments. But after some time, descendants evaluate the work as a monument if they see in it something outstanding or characteristic of the era when this monument was created. The legend "About the Letters" of the Chernoriz Khrabr, copy of 1348
To the number outstanding monuments ancient Russian literature include "The Tale of Bygone Years" by Nestor the Chronicler, "The Tale of Boris and Gleb", "The Tale of Igor's Campaign", "The Life of Sergius of Radonezh", "The Tale of Mamaev massacre”, “Chronicle Tale of the Battle of Kulikovo” and other heroic works of Ancient Rus'. "The Legend of the Mamaev Battle". 17th century list
Question: What event is associated with the appearance of handwritten books in Rus'? 4. With the construction of the Hagia Sophia in Kyiv. Read the question carefully and mark the correct answer 2. With the baptism of Rus' by the Holy Prince Vladimir. 3. With the creation of the alphabet by the holy brothers Cyril and Methodius. 1. With the beginning of the work of the first state printing house for printing books.
Question: In what year was the alphabet created by Saints Cyril and Methodius? d. Read the question carefully and mark the correct answer y y d.
Question: Scholars have reliably established that there were hundreds and thousands of handwritten books in princely and church libraries. How many manuscripts and their fragments have survived to our time from the 11th-13th centuries? Read the question carefully and mark the correct answer 3. about 100 manuscripts 2. about 500 manuscripts and fragments of manuscripts
Question: How did The Tale of Bygone Years come down to us? Read the question carefully and mark the correct answer 3. In the form of a list in the Vladimir Chronicle of 1305. 4. In the form of a list as part of the annalistic code of 1377, which was copied by the monk Lavrenty. 1. In the form of a manuscript written by the Monk Nestor the chronicler in 1113. 2. In the form of a list, which was copied by the monk Sylvester in 1116.
Question: Where is the surviving copy of The Tale of Bygone Years located? Read the question carefully and mark the correct answer 3. In Novosibirsk, at the State Public Scientific and Technical Library. 1. In St. Petersburg, in the State National Library. 2. In Moscow, in the State Russian Library.
Question: Which of the following objects are written historical sources? Read the question carefully and mark the correct answers 3. page from the "Tale of the Battle of Mamaev" 2. Monomakh's hat 1. page from the "Radzivilov Chronicle" 4. wooden utensils 5. weapon of the Golden Horde warrior
Question: Which of the following objects are material historical sources? Read the question carefully and mark the correct answers 5. Monomakh's hat 3. The weapon of a Golden Horde warrior 4. A page from the Radzivilov Chronicle 2. Wooden utensils 1. A page from The Tale of the Battle of Mamaev
Chapter 1 Lesson 1. Origins and sources Lesson 2. Witnesses and testimonies Lesson 3. Traces of the past that spoke Chapter 2. At the dawn of Russian history. Lesson 4. Ancient Slavs Lesson 5. Creators Slavic writing Lesson 6. Byzantium and Ancient Rus' Lesson 7. Beginning of Kievan Rus Lesson 8. Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Princess Olga Chapter 3. Enlightenment of Rus'. Lesson 9 Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir Lesson 10. Baptism of Rus' Lesson 11. Yaroslav the Wise and his time Lesson 12. Laws and orders in Rus' during the time of Yaroslav the Wise Lesson 13. The flourishing of culture in Russia under Yaroslav the Wise Lesson 14. Kiev-Pechersk Lavra Chapter 4. Strife and civil strife in Rus'. Lesson 15. Discord in Rus' under the children of Yaroslav Lesson 16. Vladimir Monomakh Lesson 17. A word about Igor's regiment Chapter 5. Expansion of Rus'. Lesson 18. The choice of Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky Lesson 19. The ancient Russian city and its population Lesson 20. The art of Ancient Rus' Chapter 6. Shield and glory of Rus'. Lesson 21 Velikiy Novgorod Lesson 22 Lesson 26 Reverend Sergius Radonezh Chapter 8. Revived Rus' Russia. Lesson 32
With the advent of writing and the spread of literacy, ancient Russian literature developed.
Chronicles are monuments of historical writing and literature of Ancient Rus'. The narration in them was carried out by years: the chroniclers consistently recorded the events that occurred in a particular year. The appearance of the first historical writings refers to the time of Yaroslav the Wise. Chronicles were created in Kyiv and Novgorod, on their basis, the monk Nestor in the 11th century compiled the annalistic code that has come down to us. "The Tale of Bygone Years"(The Primary Chronicle), which contains a summary of the ancient history of the Slavs, as well as the history of Rus' until 1100.
The NIRO library invites you to familiarize yourself with the book "Old Russian Chronicles", in which you will find the text of the Primary Chronicle, as well as the Kyiv and Galicia-Volyn Chronicles.
"The Tale of Bygone Years" became part of Laurentian Chronicle, which got its name from the monk Lawrence, who copied it in 1377. The chronicle, together with The Tale of Bygone Years, contains a description of the events that took place in the southern Russian principalities, and then in Vladimir-Suzdal Rus'. Full text"Tales" according to the Laurentian list can be found in the book
Thanks to Lawrence, we have not only the most ancient list The Tale of Bygone Years, but also the only text of Vladimir Monomakh's Teachings to Children. "Instruction to Children" by Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh is addressed not only to children - heirs state power but also to everyone who reads it. You can get acquainted with the text of the "Instruction" and its translation by clicking on the link.
"The Tale of Igor's Campaign"- literary monument XII century, which is based on a historical event - the unsuccessful campaign of Novgorod-Northern Prince Igor Svyatoslavovich against the Polovtsians in 1185.
Edition spread
"The Tale of Igor's Campaign"
The only copy of the Lay has come down to us as part of a collection that was kept in the library of the Spaso-Yaroslavl Monastery. The name of the author and the exact date of writing the "Lay" is unknown. Most researchers believe that it was created in late XII century.
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Domostroy is one of the most famous ancient Russian monuments literature. It reflects the ideals of the spiritual, social and family life, brightly shown pictures medieval life, rituals associated with centuries-old Russian traditions are described.
