What is encaustic?
List of lessons:
Far from new and not quite familiar, but this wonderful hobby called encaustic - wax painting technique. Painting, where multi-colored melted wax is used instead of paints.
A bit of history
Many ancient Christian icons were depicted in this type of painting. The earliest specimens were found in the Fayum oasis of Egypt (hence the Fayum portraits). On the found samples were afterlife images of the dead.
Further, the Greeks began to use this painting technique to create the first icons. The most colorful iconographic painting of encaustics is the image of Christ Pantocrator in the VI century, located in the Sinai monastery.
WITH mid-nineteenth century there were attempts to restore the encaustic.
In the middle of the 20th century, Moscow artists V.V. and T.V. Khvostenko.
What is the originality of the work
Paintings created with wax can be preserved for a long period of time, without losing all the picturesque characteristics. The fact is that the wax is quite durable to the effects of the surrounding climate. It is considered the most reliable material for art. The evidence is paintings over a thousand years old, which have survived to the present day.
Encaustic fascination feature adds uniqueness end result, because it is difficult to guess. And this, if you do not create abstract painting. But the still life - how the wax will behave, what surprises from mixing and combining will be - it is not possible to assume.
Drawing skill
The image of a drawing involving an iron seems to be a very unusual and impossible task. However, everything is simple, almost like elementary drawing. The iron in this special technique of painting images is a brush.
Currently, a special encaustic iron has been created, but it is both difficult and expensive to buy it.
Before starting work, the iron must be heated to the melting temperature of the wax. To check the temperature, you need to touch the surface of the iron with a wax pencil: if it spreads smoothly, then the iron is ready.
Wax must not be allowed to boil.
When the iron is ready to work, they begin to create a masterpiece. Wax of the desired color is melted on the iron and applied with gentle, gentle touches to glossy cardboard.
Learning the tricks of this painting is easy, and it is not necessary to be a painter.
The whole highlight of needlework is that you can create a masterpiece both alone and together with your child, having told him in advance about the rules for handling a hot iron.
What is the temptation
This type of needlework has many positive aspects:
1. Great way to relax. In order not to lose heart from the monotony of everyday life, it is possible to distract yourself with encaustics, and all negative emotions transfer to cardboard.
2. The materials for this art are in the public domain. Glossy cardboard and wax pencils They are inexpensive and can be purchased at any stationery.
3.You can do without a special ironing. A common Soviet iron with a smooth sole will do (this is fundamentally important). Even a travel iron will do.
4. Cleanliness and tidiness. You don’t have to wipe the paint off the floor, you don’t need to wash your hands either. Wax in different sides does not splatter, manicure does not deteriorate.
5. It takes 10-30 minutes to create a painting. Thanks to this beautiful plain sight creativity, everyone can show their individual vision and skill. This unique technique gives you the opportunity to be creative and experiment. Having mastered the art of drawing unusual method, you can decorate your home, make original gifts.
Passion for encaustic from a hobby can easily turn into small business. Everyone knows that handmade work is very valuable. Thus, it will be possible to combine business with pleasure.
Categories:// dated 11/13/2017
Today I want to introduce you to the technique in painting and decorative arts- "ENCAUSTIC" Someone certainly knows this technique.
Actually, I want to present you my term paper (additional), which I passed at the B.M. Nemensky Institute in advanced training courses.
ENCAUSTIKA (Greek enkaustike, from encaio - I burn, I burn out), the technique of painting with paints mixed with wax, which were applied and fixed by heating. It was used in ancient times in Egypt, Greece and Rome for wall paintings, in portrait painting, in sculpture and architecture for polychrome coloring statues and buildings. Although highly prized as an exterior decoration for buildings and ships, which it protected from heat and the damaging effects of salt water, encaustics were primarily used for wall paintings, usually with red and black backgrounds, that covered the porous plaster surfaces of ancient Greek and Roman houses. The Egyptians used encaustics to decorate sarcophagi. Ancient Greek painters Zeuxis and Parrhasius painted in this technique (5th-4th centuries BC, not preserved).
Encaustic, or art wax painting, has been known for a long time. It is believed that encaustic art is older than oil painting.
Attempts to revive the encaustic were made from the middle of the 19th century. in Russia in the middle of the 20th century. Moscow painters V.V. worked in this technique. and T.V. Khvostenko.
PORTRAIT OF ANTIQUE WOMAN. Wax. Tree
PORTRAIT OF A MAN WITH A BEARD. 1st–2nd centuries Encaustic
Preheated paints (wax, resins, oil, pigment) were applied with a brush and a red-hot bronze rod with a spoon and a spatula at the ends (Latin - cautery) on a heated base, after which the painting was melted down using a brazier. Gradually, the encaustic technique began to use less laborious " cold way”, which can be traced on the evolution of the Fayum portraits (1st century BC - 4th century, Egypt) and on Byzantine icons 6th–12th centuries
Don Icon Mother of God was written by Theophanes the Greek
St. Sergius and Bacchus (VI-VII centuries)
Encaustic is the destruction of stereotypes. Wax painting is interesting for its unpredictability and amazing results. Consonance inner peace the artist and the outside world of the picture turns into a play of meanings and associations... Roll calls, responses... Variations, nuances, gradations, halftones... Countless transformations... Where do these roads lead?
To create such drawings, you will need special heating tools and colored wax.
At home, you can use improvised means: An iron without a steamer, wax crayons and cardboard.
Turn on the iron at minimum power and apply wax crayons to the soleplate. You can have several colors at once, they do not mix. Just do not delay the time, because the crayons melt quickly. Then, what happened on the iron, transfer to paper with applying or stroking movements.
reception the first - smoothing. Represents an elementary ironing movement with an iron.
Holding the cardboard with one hand, apply the iron right side at a distance of about one third of the sheet height from the edge. Lightly run the iron through the entire sheet to get a solid wavy line horizon. Do not lift the iron.
Now gently move the iron in the opposite direction, leaving the second strip of wax below the first. Continue to zigzag over the entire sheet to the bottom edge, adding more wax to the iron if necessary.
The second technique - an impression - creates veins. The iron is applied to the cardboard, and then lifted for a few seconds. Lift the cardboard off the table and use the complex print method to draw greenery in the lower third of the sheet. If the streaks are not visible, add more wax to the iron.
The third technique is to work with the side of the iron. With the edge of the iron, draw blades of grass in the foreground. Change the length and thickness of the lines. Some of them should rise above the horizon line and give the picture depth.
The fourth technique is drawing with the tip of the iron. Dip the tip of the iron in dark wax and mark small dots in the sky. Clean the iron and then shape the dots into the shape of birds in flight. And finally, in the same way, draw flowers among the grass with bright wax.
Realism in this case is achieved through natural colors, a distinct horizon line and the irregular shape of blades of grass.
A lot depends on imagination, the ability to combine colors, intuition and ... good luck!
Draw dreams and moods - what could be more interesting?
Good luck, inspiration and a sea of positive in this extraordinary and fantastic view creativity.
These were the works of craftswomen from the "Country of Masters", for impression and inspiration, and being inspired by their works, I want to present MY works to your judgment.
My samples
To date, a large number of various kinds art and creativity in which anyone can realize himself. Many of them have a century-old history, many appeared quite recently. And many, having arisen before the beginning of time, are experiencing their second birth in our day. It is about this type of creativity that we will talk today. It's called beautiful word"encaustic".
Encaustic - (from other Greek ένκαυστική - "He burned") is a technique of painting with hot wax. Here is what is written about her in the Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron (1890-1907):
"Encaustic - among the ancient Greeks and Romans, a method of painting with wax paints. What exactly the technique of this now lost method consisted of remains unclear.
Based on the testimony of Pliny the Younger ("Histor. natur", XXXV, 11, 39 and 41) and Vitruvius ("De architectura", VII, 9), it must be assumed that there were two kinds of E. Sometimes colorful substances mixed with wax , superimposed on the painted surface with a dry brush, after which it was passed over with a heated metal spatula (cauterium); from its warmth, the wax paints blossomed, merged one with the other and firmly stuck to the surface. In other cases, wax paints were used in a liquid state (obtained by heating them on fire or by adding to them a substance like turpentine); they were written with a brush, just as they are painted with water paints, and then they were fused together and smoothed out by repeatedly approaching them with a brazier with hot coal. E. samples have come down to us in portraits of mummies of the Hellenistic era of Egypt, painted on boards, found in the Fayum oasis, as well as in some of the wall decorative ornaments discovered in Herculaneus and Pompeii.
IN modern times attempts were repeatedly made to revive this long ago, back in the Middle Ages, abandoned kind of painting, by the way, such attempts were made by the technologist Fernbach, the painters J. Schnorr, Rottman, Preller, and others; but everything that has been done on this part has little in common with the methods of ancient E.
Yes, yes, the encyclopedists were right - 100 years ago only experts knew about encaustics. I think they could not even imagine that very soon it would become known and accessible to everyone.
But back to history....
"Who first came up with the idea of writing with wax and burning a picture is unknown". This phrase, written by the ancient Roman historian Pliny the Elder almost 2,000 years ago, is still true today. Not only because we still do not know the name of the first encaust. The history of this area is still very little studied (the last Siberian finds of ancient stones painted with encaustic colors date back to the 32nd millennium BC).
The most famous examples of ancient encaustics are the so-called. "Fayum portraits" - funerary picturesque images of the dead (the first real "portraits" in history!). They belong to the period of the Roman conquest of Egypt (I-III centuries) and got their name from the Fayum oasis in Egypt, where they were first found and described in 1887 by a British expedition led by Flinders Petrie. Their prototypes were funeral masks common in ancient Egypt.
Having studied such masks in the collections of the Museum fine arts them. A. S. Pushkin and State Hermitage, scientists found wax paints on them. This discovery was facilitated by a thorough study of the paint layer: it shows distinct streaks (blue, black, yellow paint), cracks (ocher, white, sienna) and even traces of paint effervescence, which suggests that the ancient Egyptian artists knew several techniques for applying wax paint: they applied melted (fluid) paints and combined them with dry paints, which were then melted with fire. This suggests that the art originates in ancient Egypt.
Evidence of another, "Roman" version of the emergence of encaustics can serve as fragments of Roman wall paintings stored in the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art and dating back to the 1st century BC. e. They are masterfully executed on plaster using the encaustic technique.
Encaustic painting was common in Ancient Greece. With what reverence they treated the works of encausts there, one can judge at least from such a legend: when Demetrius Poliocret besieged Rhodes and he had to take the city from the side where the workshop of the famous encaust Protogenes was located, Poliocret, for fear of damaging the workshop, lifted the siege.
Unfortunately, not a single easel encaustic painting of Ancient Greece has come down to us - the main part of the works of the best Greek encausts was transported to Rome and, presumably, died during a fire in 410 AD, during the capture of Rome by Alaric.
However, scientists were waiting for another amazing discovery: during excavations ancient city Khalcheyan on the territory of modern Uzbekistan (mid-1st millennium BC - III century AD), saponified wax paintings were discovered, reminiscent of Egyptian tomb masks and Faiyum ones in terms of execution technique. And later - wax paintings on stone, bones, gold were found during excavations on the territory of modern Mexico, Peru, Easter Island.
It turns out that encaustic art is a very ancient and international art.
How did the ancient masters work?
Here is how the ancient Roman poet Anacreon describes the process of creating a picture in his ode addressed to the encaust artist: "Arise, O best of artists! Draw, O best of artists, master of the Art of Rhodes, draw, as I say, my distant friend. Draw, first of all, her black soft hair, and if your wax can do it, draw it above the eyelids draw a brow white as ivory under the dark locks. flame. Let them be azure-shining, like Athena's, and wet, like Cytheria's. Draw her nose and cheeks, mixing milk and roses, and draw lips, like Peyto's, sweetly attracting to a kiss. At the chin and marble neck, let haritas are hovering. Dress her, finally, in radiant purple, and let her body shine a little. Stop! Now I can already see her! Another moment - and you, wax, will stammer!"
The very fact that the word "wax" in ancient art served as a synonym for the word "paint", you can guess what role encaustic played in ancient Greek art.
If you carefully study the Fayum portraits, you will notice a special three-dimensional character of the stroke (pasto, as experts say). At the beginning, each stroke is more vague, at the end - more subtle and dense. Obviously, such strokes were made with pre-melted colored wax: while it was liquid, the paint spread, when the wax cooled and hardened, the stroke turned out to be embossed. The direction of the strokes usually followed the shape of the face - on the nose, cheeks, chin and in the contours of the eyes, paint was applied in a dense layer. The contours of the face and hair were painted with more liquid paints, with a large addition of oil. Then the picturesque layer was melted down with the fire of a brazier or an open flame. The heated wax was often covered with gold foil.
They used ancient encausts and special tools - cauteria: they were discovered during excavations of the burial places of ancient Roman artists in Saint-Medar-des-Pres (France) and Saint-Huber (Belgium). The first tools were bronze rods, ending on one side with a flat spatula with rounded edges, and on the other side with an elongated spoon.
And the antique sarcophagus, found in 1900 in Kerch, painted with wax paints, depicts the workshop of an ancient encaust artist and allows you to imagine how ancient masters worked. On the mural, the artist with a cautery in his hands is depicted sitting near a brazier, on which he heats his tools. In front of him stands a box with cells for paints, exactly the same as that found in the burial, and an easel with the base of the picture fixed on it.
Later researchers restored the technique of this ancient painting. When the artist needed to make a smear of a certain color with cautery, he took out a lump of the color he needed from the cell of the box in which ready-made paints were stored and separated the necessary piece of paint from it with heated cautery (exactly one stroke!). At the same time, the paint melted and flowed onto one side of the spoon. This side of the spoon with wax paint flowing on it was brought to the base, a smear was made. This smear inevitably acquired specific form: it had a notch in the middle along the entire length and a characteristic drop at the place where the instrument was torn off. All smears that were made with the same cautery were the same. If the artist wanted to make a brushstroke of a different shape or size, he took a different cautery.
And since it is impossible to mix paints on cautery, tone transitions were achieved due to closely spaced strokes of different shades.
A cautery with a flat spatula could smooth the surface, for example, to layer one stroke on top of another. This cautery was often used heated.
In addition to the cautery, the artists also used a brush. To work with a brush, molten paints were needed: they were placed in ceramic jars and heated. Moreover, the master had to constantly ensure that the paints remained in a molten state, but at the same time they did not overheat and did not lose their color and properties. But in this way it was possible to mix paints of various colors, achieving the necessary shades.
The portrait was painted with a brush several times. At first more liquid, then more and more pasty. Each layer of smears was then melted down with a red-hot brazier. This was done for better adhesion of the layers and to remove air bubbles that accidentally got into the picturesque layer. But most importantly, as a result of melting, the painting acquired its characteristic unique brilliance.
The Hellenistic technique of encaustic was borrowed by Byzantine masters of early icon painting. The most striking iconographic examples of the encaustic technique are the image of Christ Pantocrator (VI century), located in the monastery of St. Catherine on Sinai, as well as four icons - "Sergius and Bacchus", "The Virgin and Child", "Martyr and Martyr", "John the Baptist "- now they are stored in the Kiev state museum Western and Eastern art.
Early Christian encaustic painting - icons painted in Byzantium, Northern Egypt and Asia Minor - was more perfect in terms of execution technique and differed from the Fayum portraits. Underpainting and a special primer were used. Paints on a wax binder were applied here with a brush, in a liquid state and, judging by the nature of the stroke, very quickly, with an imperceptible transition into each other. Faces were painted (one might say - "sculpted") very confidently and energetically in several layers, with the participation of several colors, as a result of which the details of the face turned out to be embossed, with subtle transitions of shades.
However, in the 6th century, the art of encaustic art gradually fell into decline. The active spread of Christianity required a large number icons. Encaustics, with its labor-intensive and time-consuming technology, was no longer able to meet the growing demand every year. And gradually the encaustic is replaced by a lighter and faster tempera.
The revival of encaustics began in the 18th century in Germany and Belgium, influenced by the discovery archaeological sites Greco-Roman world. On the wave of popularity ancient art encaustic quickly became fashionable - European artists they created canvases in this technique for almost a whole century (at that time the Fayum portraits had not yet been discovered and studied, and many masters invented the technology themselves).
Encaustics also had a third birth - it fell on the middle of the 20th century. It was then that Moscow painters, father and daughter V. and T. Khvostenko, made an attempt to exactly revive the technology of ancient encaustic art. It is believed that many secrets were revealed by them, but they invented many new methods of wax painting themselves.
Perhaps it was then that interest in ancient art captured the souls of non-professionals. Ancient techniques were simplified, but did not lose their two main attributes - "wax" and "warmth" True, wax in modern encaustic can be represented wax crayons or wax pastels, and instead of a brazier, encausts of our days often use ... the most ordinary household irons! That is why this type of creativity is called “painting with an iron”. As it happens, demand creates supply, and now it is not difficult to find special encaustic wax, special irons, soldering irons, cauteria, spatulas and other attributes of wax painting in needlework stores.
By the way, encaustic classes do not require the ability to draw. But the sense of color, fantasy, creativity will certainly be needed ... And as a result, a moment frozen in bright wax will remain on the cardboard. Not a century. After all, wax paints, as we remember, do not fade with time.
Melted by the flame of a brazier, wax paints acquired an amazing ability to maintain brightness and richness of color for thousands of years.
Unconventional technique drawing. Encaustic
Master class with step by step photo. Encaustic drawing.
Stages of work:
For work it is necessary to prepare work surface under the cardboard, so as not to stain the necessary material around with melted wax. We lay the material in two layers, then newspapers, but put cardboard on the newspapers.
We set the temperature regulator to "silk" or "wool". There are irons with dots. We put between one and two dots.
In encaustic, there are five basic methods of working with an iron.
The first step is smoothing.
We apply a certain color to the sole of the iron with wax crayon
We iron the cardboard from one side of the edge to the other without stopping. Draw the sky.
We wipe the remnants of crayons from the sole of the iron with paper towels.
Apply wax crayons to the sole of the iron again
We iron the bottom of the cardboard. Draw the ground.
The main background of the work turned out. We change the substrate from newspapers to a clean one.
The second method of drawing is a print.
We apply the iron to work, and then sharply lift it up. We got streaks.
The print can be done as follows: on the tip of the iron, melt the wax crayon of the desired color. Then we apply the iron to work and raise it sharply - it turns out a bush.
Third reception - work iron edge.
We put the iron with an edge to work with the finished background and lead it up. This is how white
lines (grass, bushes)
In this photo, the techniques of imprinting with the tip of the iron and the edge are clearly visible.
Fourth reception - drawing spout iron
With this technique, you can draw small details (flowers, birds)
We put a dot on the nose of the iron with a wax crayon and transfer it to the drawing. From the dot we draw a check mark - a bird.
The fifth technique is drawing with the sole up.
We put the work on top of the iron, when the cardboard heats up, you can draw details with wax crayons.
The photo clearly shows this drawing technique (dark flowers in the distance, yellow flowers, in the upper right corner - a bird)
We rub the finished drawing with a soft cloth or paper towel until it shines.
The picture will become bright.
Work is ready!!!
Thank you for your attention!
Encaustic drawing technique. Master class with step by step photos
Drawing master class. "Evening in the mountains" Unconventional drawing technique - encaustic
Novoaleksandrova Elena Borisovna, educator MBDOU kindergarten"Teremok", Ryazan region, Ryazan region, Murmino settlement.Purpose of work: drawing master class designed for children preschool age from 6 years old. The picture can be used to decorate the interior and as a gift.
Target: the study of drawing techniques in the encaustic technique.
Tasks:
teach how to use the iron, using safety precautions;
learn how to create a drawing with an iron and wax;
develop creative imagination, thinking, hand motility;
cultivate accuracy at work;
to instill the ability to see the beauty of nature.
Materials: wax crayons, glossy cardboard, iron (a small "travel" iron will do, without holes in its "sole"), paper napkins, backing (newspaper, wallpaper, used paper will do).
Encaustic(Greek Enkaustiké - burn, burn out) - the art of wax painting, arose more than 2500 years ago, and was known to the ancient Greeks, Romans and Egyptians. Pictures in this technique are very resistant, since the wax does not oxidize, and in general it is absolutely insoluble in water. It is necessary to work with the iron at minimum power and apply crayons to the sole. In encaustic, as in many other techniques, there are 5 basic tricks iron work.
First reception- smoothing. This is a smooth stroking movement of the iron on the surface of the cardboard.
Second reception called an imprint. The surface of the iron is applied to the cardboard, and then the iron is lifted for a few seconds.
Third reception consists in working with the edge of the iron. So we can get different lines, such as bushes, thin trees, grass.
Fourth reception- drawing with the tip of the iron, you can get small details (flowers, birds and small animals).
And the fifth trick- this is when the iron is turned over and cardboard is applied on top of it. Then lines are drawn on cardboard with wax crayons. It takes 4-6 minutes for a child to draw one picture. I deal with each child individually.
Progress:
1. For work you will need:
2. Let's prepare the substrate for the cardboard, it should be soft and larger than the cardboard in area. In addition, there should be several substrates (sheets of paper), since they get dirty very quickly.
3. Turn on the iron and adjust the minimum temperature. Hold the iron with the sole up. We bring a wax crayon to the sole and begin to draw on the sole, painting over the surface of the iron. The chalk should melt well and spread a little, but not much. Otherwise, adjust the temperature on the iron. You can apply several colors at once.
4. Now turn the iron upside down and run it over the paper. We carry out the iron smoothly, slowly and without separation from the cardboard, without strong pressure.
To make the sky with clouds, we will once again iron over the already applied wax on cardboard.
5. We wipe the sole of the iron with a paper towel before the next application of wax.
6. To draw mountains, paint over half of the sole of the iron. Mountains can be brown, black, with snowy peaks.
7. Draw the tops of the mountains without leaving the cardboard.
8. For the image of hills, grass, melt brown and green wax.
9. Draw a hill with an iron smoothly, slowly and without leaving the cardboard.
10. We will attach the iron to the surface of the cardboard, and then sharply raise it. Air will rush into the space between the iron and the cardboard, and streaks will form on the surface of the wax.
11. These are the plants that grow on the hill.
12. In the foreground of the picture, the grass is brighter, so we melt the light green wax, you can add yellow.
13. Draw another hill.
14. We finish the vegetation on the hills by applying and lifting the sole of the iron.
15. These are the beautiful plants that grow on our hills.
16. To draw a mountain river, melt blue wax.
17. We carry out the iron smoothly, slowly and without leaving the cardboard, without strong pressure.
18. Now draw the waves with the side of the iron. Let's put the iron so that its edge slides over the wax like a skate blade, so we create various lines, for example, wavy.
19. And here are the waves on the river.
20. To draw tall grass, melt the wax on the sides of the iron.
21. From the bottom up with the side of the iron, draw lines of different heights.
22. For drawing small parts, for example, flowers, melt the wax on the tip (nose) of the iron.
23. Touching the tip of the iron, draw flowers.
24. A mountain river cannot be without stones. To draw the stones, turn the iron over and put cardboard on top of it. Then we wait until the cardboard warms up, and draw the necessary details with wax crayons.
25. For drawing birds, melt the wax on the sides of the iron.
26. With the tip of the iron, draw two small semicircular lines, here are the mountain eagles.
27. The drawing is ready.
28. And if you put it in a frame, this is a good gift or a picture for the interior.
