What does artistic culture mean? Artistic culture (2) - Abstract

The concept of "culture" is so ambiguous that there is still no single definition. We say "Greek culture", "work culture", "artistic culture". To better understand the meaning of this word, let's look at its origin.

original latin word « culture » meant "cultivation of the earth" and was opposed to the meaning of "natura", i.e. nature. The term "culture" can be used in other similar meanings: education, development, improvement.

Thus, the concept of "culture" means everything that is created by human labor as a result of the transformation of nature in an effort to achieve perfection. This is both the result and the very process of people's creative activity to transform nature, based on highly conscious activity. That is why culture does not exist outside of man and his activities. The history of human society is the history of world artistic culture.

Culture is a historically defined level of development of society and man, expressed in the types and forms of organization of life and activities of people.

Culture is a set of genetically non-inherited information in the field of human behavior.

Culture is the total volume of human creativity.

Culture is a set of material and spiritual values ​​produced by mankind throughout history.

Rice. 1. Conditional division of culture by type.

National culture - it is a set of symbols, beliefs, beliefs, values, norms, patterns of behavior that characterize the spiritual life of the human community in a particular country, state.

World culture is a synthesis best achievements all national cultures of various peoples, from ancient civilizations to the present day.

spiritual culture- the totality of all human knowledge and methods of activity to create spiritual values. The main types of spiritual creation are science, religion, art.

material culture- this is a culture, the objects of which are tools of labor, means of production, clothing, life, housing, means of communication - all that is the process and result of human material activity.

folk culture is the culture of the broad masses, which has been formed since the formation of the national state, passed down from generation to generation in the process of direct interaction. Folk culture is created by the people themselves, often by unknown authors. It includes: fairy tales, songs, folklore, myths, traditions, customs.

Mass culture- the culture of life, entertainment and information that prevails in modern society. It includes such phenomena as mass media (TV and radio), sports, cinema, music, popular literature, visual arts, etc.

Elite culture- This is a culture of privileged groups of society, characterized by closeness, aristocracy and self-sufficiency.

Culture is an integral part of the life of society, it is inseparable from a person as a social being: culture is a process vigorous activity human, aimed at the development, knowledge and transformation of the world. The degree of cultural development always depends on the specific historical stage of society. the main role culture in the life of society is that culture acts as a means of storing and transmitting human experience.

Hence the main cultural functions:

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In addition to the presented types of culture (Fig. 1), artistic culture is distinguished separately.

Art culture- one of the types of culture that solves the problems of intellectual and sensory reflection of being in artistic images.

This position of artistic culture is based on the ability of artistic creativity inherent only in man, which distinguishes him from other living beings. It is impossible to reduce artistic culture only to art or to identify it with cultural activity in general.

Rice. 2 Example artwork primitive man. Rock drawing of a bull from the cave of Altamira (Spain).

Art occupies a central place in artistic culture. Art is a kind of artistic assimilation of reality by a person, with the aim of forming and developing his ability to creatively transform the world and himself according to the laws of beauty.

We refer to art as: literature, painting, graphics, sculpture, architecture, music, dance, art photography, arts and crafts, theater, circus, cinema, etc. In each of them, works of art are created - books, paintings, sculptures, performances, films, etc.

Each people has its own culture, and together all the peoples of the world have created a world culture.

World Art- not a simple sum of cultures of equal peoples. This is a constant interaction of cultures. Each people "speaks" with other peoples, with people separated from it by centuries, with the language of its culture. And this universal language of culture should be understandable to you and me, like the language of mathematics or physics, as foreign language, the knowledge of which makes a person especially educated. Of course, we must learn to understand the language of culture.

Review questions:

1. Think about how culture affects a person?
2. Think about how a person influences culture?
3. What kinds of art do you know?
4. Using additional sources, find out what does physical culture have to do with culture?

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The word "culture" is in the list of the most used in the modern language. But this fact testifies not to the study of this concept, but to the ambiguity of the meanings hidden behind it, used as in Everyday life as well as scientific definitions.

Most of all, we are used to talking about spiritual and material culture. At the same time, it becomes clear to everyone that we are talking about theater, religion, music, gardening, agriculture and much more. However, the concept of culture is by no means limited to these areas. The versatility of this word will be discussed in this article.

Definition of the term

The concept of culture includes a certain historical level in the development of society, as well as the abilities and forces of a person, which find their expression in the forms and types of life organization. By this term, we also understand the spiritual and material values ​​created by people.

The world of culture, any of its phenomena and objects are not the result of natural forces. It is the result of human effort. That is why culture and society must be considered in inseparable connection. Only this will allow us to understand the essence of this phenomenon.

Main components

All types of culture that exist in society include three main components. Namely:

1. Concepts. These elements are usually contained in the language, helping a person to streamline and organize their own experience. Each of us perceives the world through the taste, color and shape of objects. However, it is known that reality is organized differently in different cultures. And in this regard, language and culture become inseparable concepts. A person learns the words that he needs for orientation in the world around him through the assimilation, accumulation and organization of his experience. How closely linked language and culture can be judged by the fact that some peoples believe that "who" is only a person, and "what" is not only inanimate objects the environment, but also animals. And here it is worth considering. After all, people who evaluate dogs and cats as a thing will not be able to treat them in the same way as those who see their smaller brothers in animals.
2. Relationship. The formation of culture occurs not only through the description of those concepts that indicate to a person what the world consists of. This process also involves certain ideas about how all objects are interconnected in time, in space, according to their purpose. Thus, the culture of the people of a particular country is distinguished by its own views on the concepts of not only the real, but also the supernatural world.
3. Values. This element is also inherent in culture and represents the beliefs existing in society regarding the goals that a person needs to strive for. Values ​​are different in different cultures. And it depends social structure. Society itself makes a choice of what is considered a value for it and what is not.

material culture

Modern culture is a rather complex phenomenon, which, for the sake of completeness, is considered in two aspects - static and dynamic. Only in this case, a synchronous approach is achieved, which makes it possible to study this concept as accurately as possible.

Statics leads the structure of culture, dividing it into material, spiritual, artistic and physical. Let's look at each of these categories in more detail.

Let's start with material culture. This definition refers to the environment that surrounds a person. Every day, thanks to the hard work of each of us, material culture is being improved and renewed. All this leads to the emergence of a new standard of living that changes the demands of society.

Features of culture of a material nature are concluded in the fact that its objects are the means and tools of labor, life and housing, that is, everything that is the result of human production activity. At the same time, several of the most important areas are distinguished. The first of these is agriculture. This area includes animal breeds and plant varieties bred as a result of selection work. This also applies to soil cultivation. From these links material culture The survival of a person directly depends, since from them he receives not only food, but also raw materials used in industrial production.

The structure of material culture also includes buildings. These are places intended for human life, in which various forms of being and various human activities are realized. The area of ​​material culture also includes structures designed to improve living conditions.

To ensure the whole variety of types of mental and physical labor man uses different tools. They are also one of the elements of material culture. With the help of tools, people directly affect the processed materials in all sectors of their activity - in communications, transport, industry, agriculture, etc.

Part of material culture is transport and all available means of communication. This includes:

• bridges, roads, airport runways, embankments;
• all transport - pipeline, water, air, rail, automobile horse-drawn;
• railway stations, ports, airports, harbors, etc., built to ensure the operation of the vehicle.

With the participation of this area of ​​material culture, the exchange of goods and people between settlements and regions is ensured. This, in turn, contributes to the development of society.

Another area of ​​material culture is communication. It includes post and telegraph, radio and telephone, computer networks. Communication, like transport, links people together, giving them the opportunity to exchange information.

Another obligatory component of material culture is skills and knowledge. They are technologies that find application in each of the above areas.

spiritual culture

This area is based on a creative and rational type of activity. Spiritual culture, unlike material culture, finds its expression in a subjective form. At the same time, it satisfies the secondary needs of people. The elements of spiritual culture are morality, spiritual communication, art (artistic creativity). Religion is one of its important components.

Spiritual culture is nothing but the ideal side material labor person. After all, any thing created by people was originally designed and subsequently embodied certain knowledge. And being designed to satisfy certain human needs, any product becomes a value for us. Thus, the material and spiritual forms of culture become inseparable from each other. This is especially evident in the example of any of the works of art.

Due to the fact that material and spiritual views cultures have such subtle differences, there are criteria for accurately attributing one or another result of activity to one or another area. For this purpose, the evaluation of objects according to their direct purpose is used. A thing or phenomenon designed to satisfy the secondary needs of people is referred to as spiritual culture. And vice versa. If objects are necessary to meet the primary or biological needs of a person, then they are classified as material culture.

The spiritual realm is complex. It includes the following types of culture:

Moral, including ethics, morality and morality;

Religious, which includes modern teachings and cults, ethnographic religiosity, traditional denominations and confessions;

Political, representing traditional political regimes, ideology and norms of interaction between political subjects;

Legal, which includes legislation, legal proceedings, law-abiding and executive system;

Pedagogical, considered as the practice and ideals of upbringing and education;

Intellectual in the form of science, history and philosophy.

It should be borne in mind that cultural institutions such as museums and libraries, concert halls and courts, cinemas, and educational institutions also belong to the spiritual world.

This area has another gradation. It includes the following areas:

1. Projective activity. It offers drawings and ideal models of machines, structures, technical structures, as well as projects for social transformations and new forms of the political system. Everything that was created at the same time has the greatest cultural value. Today, projective activity is classified according to the objects it creates into engineering, social and pedagogical.
2. The totality of knowledge about society, nature, man and his inner world. Knowledge is the most important element of spiritual culture. Moreover, they are most fully represented by the scientific sphere.
3. Value-oriented activity. This is the third area of ​​spiritual culture, which is in direct connection with knowledge. It serves to evaluate objects and phenomena, filling the human world with meanings and meanings. This sphere is divided into such types of culture: moral, artistic and religious.
4. Spiritual communication of people. It occurs in all forms determined by the objects of communication. The spiritual contact that exists between partners, during which information is exchanged, is the greatest cultural value. However, this communication does not only take place on a personal level. The results of the spiritual activity of society, constituting its accumulated long years fund of culture, find expression in books, speeches and works of art.

Communication of people with each other is extremely important for the development of culture and society. That is why it is worth considering a little more.

Human communication

The concept of speech culture determines the level of a person's spiritual development. In addition, she speaks about the value of the spiritual wealth of society. The culture of speech is an expression of respect and love for one's own mother tongue directly related to the traditions and history of the country. The main elements of this sphere are not only literacy, but also the observance of generally recognized norms of the literary word.

The culture of speech includes the correct use of many other means of language. Among them: stylistics and phonetics, vocabulary, etc. Thus, truly cultural speech is not only correct, but also rich. And it depends on the lexical knowledge of a person. In order to improve the culture of speech, it is important to constantly replenish your vocabulary, as well as read works of various thematic and stylistic trends. Such work will allow you to change the direction of thoughts from which words are formed.

The modern culture of speech is a very broad concept. It includes not only the linguistic abilities of a person. This area cannot be considered without common culture a person who has his own psychological and aesthetic perception of people and the world around him.

Communication is one of the highlights his life. And in order to create a normal communication channel, each of us needs to constantly maintain the culture of our speech. In this case, it will consist in politeness and attentiveness, as well as in the ability to support the interlocutor and any conversation. The culture of speech will make communication free and easy. After all, she will allow you to express your opinion without offending or hurting anyone. In well-chosen beautiful words contains stronger power physical strength. Speech culture and society are closely interconnected with each other. After all, the way of life of the entire people is reflected in the level of the linguistic spiritual sphere.

Art culture

As mentioned above, in each of the specific objects of the surrounding world, there are two spheres at the same time - material and spiritual. This can be said about the artistic culture, which is based on the creative, irrational type of human activity and satisfies his secondary needs. What gave rise to this phenomenon? The ability of a person to creativity and emotional-sensual perception of the surrounding world.

Artistic culture is an integral element of the spiritual sphere. Its main essence is to display society and nature. For this, images are used.

This type of culture includes:

• art (group and individual);
• artistic values ​​and works;
• cultural institutions that ensure its dissemination, development and preservation (demonstration sites, creative organizations, educational institutions, etc.);
• spiritual atmosphere, that is, the perception of art by society, state policy in this area, etc.

In a narrow sense, artistic culture is expressed in graphics and painting, literature and music, architecture and dance, circus, photography and theater. All these are objects of professional and household art. Within each of them, works are created artistic nature- performances and films, books and paintings, sculptures, etc.

Culture and art, which is its integral part, contribute to the transfer by people of their subjective vision of the world, and also help a person to assimilate the experience accumulated by society and the correct perception of collective attitudes and moral values.

Spiritual culture and art, in which all its functions are represented, are an important part of the life of society. So, in artistic creativity there is a transformative activity of man. The transmission of information is reflected in culture in the form of human consumption of works of art. Value-oriented activity serves to evaluate creations. Art is also open to cognitive activity. The latter manifests itself in the form of a specific interest in works.

Such forms of culture as mass, elite, folk are also referred to as artistic. This also includes the aesthetic side of legal, economic, political activities and much more.

World and national culture

The level of material and spiritual development of society has one more gradation. It is distinguished by its carrier. In this regard, there are such basic types of culture as world and national. The first of them is a synthesis of the best achievements of the peoples living on our planet.

World culture is diverse in space and time. It is practically inexhaustible in its directions, each of which impresses with its richness of forms. Today, this concept includes such types of cultures as bourgeois and socialist, developing countries, etc.

The pinnacle of the level of world civilization is the success in the field of science, developed Newest technologies, accomplishments in art.

But national culture is the highest form of development of ethnic culture, which is appreciated by world civilization. This includes the totality of the spiritual and material values ​​of a particular people, as well as the methods of interaction practiced by them with the social environment and nature. Manifestations national culture can be clearly seen in the activities of society, its spiritual values, moral standards, features of lifestyle and language, as well as in the work of state and social institutions.

Types of crops according to the principle of distribution

There is another gradation of material and spiritual values. According to the principle of their distribution, they are distinguished: the dominant culture, subculture and counterculture. The first of these includes the totality of customs, beliefs, traditions and values ​​that guide the bulk of the members of society. But at the same time, any nation includes many groups of national, demographic, professional, social and other nature. Each of them has its own system of rules of behavior and values. Such small worlds are referred to as subcultures. This form can be youth and urban, rural, professional, etc.

A subculture may differ from the dominant one in demeanor, language, or outlook on life. But these two categories are never opposed to each other.

If any of the small cultural strata is in conflict with the values ​​that dominate society, then it is called a counterculture.

Gradation of material and spiritual values ​​by level and origins

In addition to those listed above, there are such forms of culture as elite, folk and mass. Such a gradation characterizes the level of values ​​and their creator.

For example, an elite culture (high) is the fruit of the activities of a privileged part of society or professional creators who worked on its order. This is the so-called pure art, which, in its perception, is ahead of all artistic products existing in society.

Folk culture, unlike elite culture, is created by anonymous creators who have no professional training. That is why this type of culture is sometimes called amateur or collective. In this case, such a term as folklore is also applicable.

Unlike the two previous types, mass culture is not a carrier of either the spirituality of the people or the frills of the aristocracy. The greatest development of this trend began in the middle of the 20th century. It was during this period that the penetration of the media into most countries began.

Mass culture is inextricably linked with the market. This is art for everyone. That is why it takes into account the needs and tastes of the whole society. The value of mass culture is incomparably lower than that of elite and popular culture. She satisfies the momentary needs of members of society, quickly responding to every event in the life of the people and reflecting it in her works.

Physical Culture

This is a creative, rational type of human activity, expressed in a bodily (subjective) form. Its main focus is to improve health with the simultaneous development of physical abilities. These activities include:

• culture of physical development from general health-improving exercises to professional sports;
• recreational culture that maintains and restores health, which includes tourism and medicine.

Artistic culture is one of the components in the system of functioning of the “second nature” of a person. This is one of the most stable humanitarian components of culture, in which the ideas of each specific type of culture about the spiritual values ​​of a given cultural era are expressed in a special sign-symbolic form.

Artistic culture is one of the critical components spiritual culture. Together with cognitive, religious, moral, political culture, it is called upon to form the inner world of a person, to promote the development of a person as a creator of cultural values. The core of artistic culture is art as a form of artistic and figurative interpretation of the real and the imaginary. The types of art - literature, theater, painting, sculpture, architecture, music, through the use of various means of expression, master reality in the form of a uniquely individual artistic image. These forms can be different - from metaphorical to realistic, and they always reflect the fate of people and peoples, ideas and problems of their time.

In the everyday, widespread idea of ​​what culture is, the idea that culture is that which is associated with aesthetic activity in general and with art in particular prevails. It is in the sphere of artistic culture that holistic vision all the features, complexities and patterns of the existence of culture, expressed in a special form of languages ​​of specific types of art. IN archaic cultures ah, this feature of the functioning of artistic culture found its expression in syncretism, i.e. integrity, multifunctionality primitive art(art is included as an integral element in different kinds activities and performs several important functions for archaic cultures - this is an element of magical rituals, and proper aesthetic activity, and a special kind of knowledge of reality).

Artistic culture develops the sphere of artistic values ​​that are most directly related to the aesthetic values ​​represented in culture. The concept of the aesthetic is a broader concept than the artistic one, since the aesthetic, being included in the system of cultural values, does not necessarily have a man-made nature. So, for example, one can talk about various ways aestheticization of nature (i.e. its inclusion in human value relations) in various types of cultures (nature in Eastern cultures- and the idea of ​​the aesthetic in nature in the Western European tradition).

Aesthetic activity is based on the idea of ​​beauty as a central universal aesthetic category. In addition, it presents the sublime, comic, tragic and other aesthetic categories. Aesthetic activity is realized in extremely diverse spheres of human activity:

• 1) practical activities (landscape architecture, design)
• 2) artistic and practical activities (carnivals, holidays, rituals, ceremonies)
• 3) creation of works of art - creative activity
• 4) perception of works of art, appreciation, artistic taste, aesthetic ideals, etc.

Artistic culture is a complex systemic formation, in the existence of which two most important aspects can be distinguished:

Firstly, this is what is connected with the organizational side of the functioning of artistic culture. In any historical type of culture, there are special social institutions who are responsible for ensuring the conditions for the functioning of artistic culture, for the creation, dissemination and perception of aesthetic values. This is, first of all, a system of educational institutions, education in which allows you to join the artistic traditions, which ensures a certain continuity in relation to aesthetic values; publishing institutions, organizations engaged in concert and exhibition activities, etc. These are research organizations of the widest profile - from art history groups to sociological laboratories that study the patterns of functioning of artistic culture, features artistic perception, the audience. In the modern cultural situation, mass media acquire special significance in the dissemination and broadcasting of artistic values.

Most early form mass communication was printing, the significance of which as a means of mass dissemination of artistic culture manifested itself only in late XIX century after the expansion of the system of educational institutions in Europe. In addition, the invention of cinema, radio, television, and later the Internet system made it possible to speak of truly mass communication. It was thanks to these inventions that an almost unlimited opportunity arose to demand any cultural information and familiarize with the artistic values ​​and achievements of human culture. For example, this is the possibility of forming humanistic ideas through the appeal of mass culture to universal values, and, as a result, the possibility of intracultural and intercultural dialogue.

An important role is played by the educational potential of mass culture, when one or another innovative idea in the field of artistic creativity becomes available to a mass audience, due to which the contradiction between traditional, well-established, familiar art forms and innovative ideas related to the field of form creation, the search for new ones, is overcome. means of expression. This often leads to simplification, primitivization of the true meanings of artistic culture, however, it allows the perceiving subject to master the world in new artistic images, and, consequently, to adapt a point of view that was initially alien to him, to become a "cultural polyglot".

Secondly, this is that part of artistic culture that is directly related to creative activity in the field of art and the results of this activity. These are, first of all, the works of art themselves with their special language inherent in each type of art separately, the creative process of their creation, the special relationship between the author and the work of art created by him, the relationship between the author - the work - and the recipient (the one who perceives the work of art) .

It is thanks to art that it is possible to perceive the world in its entirety, in the inseparable unity of personal experience, the existence of culture and the experience of all mankind.

Art is a complex functioning system, the logic of development of which cannot be reduced to some schemes. It can only be studied as complete system, in which you can find several options for the interaction of art with other areas of human existence. culture choreographic artistic dance

We can talk about a certain dependence of the development of art on the state of society and its main institutions (for example, in Soviet culture, ideology was the most powerful tool for regulating artistic processes, the logic of the relationship between form and content in a work of art - at least at the level of officially approved art - was ideology).

The logic of the development of art cannot be reduced to the idea of ​​a rigid dependence of art on the mode of social production, on the spiritual values ​​that dominate in a given culture. Those. this is a certain independence of the development of art, the possibility of its breakthrough into the sphere of the new, the unknown in its desire to expand the creative possibilities of man, which ultimately leads to an expanded reproduction of the entire culture.

In addition, art forms very often develop unevenly: for a particular cultural epoch, a situation is possible when some types of art develop absolutely full-blooded and dynamically, while others go into the shadows. Moreover, some works of art can have a radical impact on the spiritual life of society. The range of this influence is unusually wide - starting from the influence on a fashionable suit and type social behavior and ending with influence on political mindsets.

Art is a special kind of creative activity and the results of this activity to transform the world according to the laws of beauty, which results in the creation of an artistic-figurative system. This is, first of all, creativity, i.e. innovative activity, search for a new art form. Hence - one of the most acute problems of the existence of art - a feeling of the exhaustion of form, fear of epigonism, repetition in the sense of simply doubling what has already been done in art. The existence of art is both a process and a result of creative assimilation of the world. The most important concept in art is the category of "beautiful", which sets the coordinate system, relative to which other aesthetic categories are built, they are subordinated and coordinated in relation to the beautiful. Each cultural era forms his ideal of "beautiful". The most important factors that, as a rule, influence the formation of the ideal of beauty are:

• 1) natural conditions characteristic of this particular culture;
• 2) some initial idea of ​​biological expediency, of natural harmony;
• 3) artistic traditions given historical type of culture;
• 4) national idea of ​​the ideal of "beautiful";
• 5) the social-class concept of "beautiful".

Art is one of the main constituent parts artistic culture. Accordingly, culture and art (as its subsystem) perform the same functions:

• 1) socially transformative;
• 2) cognitive-heuristic;
• 3) artistic and conceptual;
• 4) foresight;
• 5) information and communication;
• 6) educational;
• 7) suggestions;
• 8) aesthetic;
• 9) hedonistic.
• 1. Socially transformative function (art as an activity). It manifests itself in the fact that a work of art has an ideological and aesthetic impact on people, includes them in a holistically directed activity, and thereby participates in the transformation of society. In addition, the process of creativity itself is a transformation, with the help of imagination, of impressions, facts from real life. Any material with which the artist works is subject to processing, as a result of which a new quality appears. Some scientific schools deny or belittle the possibility of art's participation in the transformation of the existing world. They reduce the significance of art to the fulfillment of a compensatory function - art in the sphere of the Spirit helps to restore the lost harmony. Such action is inherent in art, but ideas talented artist sooner or later they "wake up" the consciousness of the audience, make it perceive a familiar phenomenon in a new way.
• 2. Cognitive-heuristic (art as knowledge and enlightenment). Despite the fact that the greatest philosophers of the world, Plato and Regel, considered art to be the lowest form of knowing the truth, which cannot compete with either philosophy or religion, the cognitive possibilities of art are nevertheless enormous. Art is able to explore those aspects of life that are inaccessible to science. Art masters the richness of the subject-sensory world, discovers something new in already known things, in the ordinary-unusual.
• 3. Artistic and conceptual (art as an analysis of the state of the world). Art strives for global thinking, solving global problems, understanding the state of the world. The artist is also interested in the fate of his heroes, and of humanity as a whole, he thinks on the scale of the universe and history, coordinates his work with them. In modern science, a strong and anti-intellectual trend that comes from the intuitionism of Henri Bergson, in psychology - from Sigmund Freud, in art - is the current surrealism, which recognizes "automatic writing", "sleep epidemic", "switching off the mind".
• 4. Prediction function. In this case, we are talking about the use of intuition. If the scientist draws a conclusion inductively, then the artist is able to figuratively imagine the future. An artist, relying on intuition, can reliably predict the future by extrapolation - a probable continuation of the line of development of an already existing one.
• 5. Informational and communicative (art as communication and communication). The analysis of this particular function of art underlies modern aesthetic theories which are developed by semiotics, etc. Art is considered as a kind of communication channel, as a sign system that carries information. At the same time, the information possibilities of the artistic language are much wider, emotionally stronger than colloquial speech.
• 6. Educational (formation of a holistic personality). educational value philosophy is to influence the formation of a worldview, politics - to political views, but art has a complex effect on both the mind and the soul of a person, forms a holistic personality. Art influences the personality through the aesthetic ideal, which manifests itself in both positive and negative images.
• 7. The function of suggestion. Art is able to inspire a way of thinking, feelings, an almost hypnotic influence on the human psyche. This ability is especially evident in difficult periods of history.
• 8. Aesthetic (shaping value orientations). Under the influence of art, aesthetic tastes are formed, awakening creativity personality, her desire to create according to the laws of beauty.
• 9. Hedonistic (function of enjoyment). This feature is due to the fact that there is a game aspect artistic activity. The game as a manifestation of freedom brings aesthetic pleasure, joy, spiritual inspiration.

These are the most important functions of art, although their list is not limited to those mentioned. Despite the absence of a direct pragmatic expediency, the existence of people without art is impossible. Art forms a personality comprehensively, forms moral principles, aesthetic tastes, broadens horizons, knowledge, imagination, fantasy. The universal need for art follows, according to the German philosopher G. Hegel, from the reasonable desire of a person to spiritually master the inner and outer worlds, presenting them as an object in which he recognizes his own "I".

Summing up, we can conclude that artistic culture is a multilateral process and the result of the aesthetic transformation of the sphere of human life, the "objectification" and "deobjectification" of aesthetic information. Artistic culture is the creation, distribution (through channels and mass media), collective and individual perception, spiritual and material development of aesthetic, artistic values. All links and components of the dynamics of artistic culture mutually presuppose and mediate each other, forming a complex structured system.

ART CULTURE

ART CULTURE

one of the specialized spheres of culture, functionally solving the problems of intellect.-sensual reflection of being in art. images, as well as various aspects of ensuring this activity.

The study of H. to. traditionally engaged in philosophy and aesthetics (as a branch of philosophy), history sciences, lawsuit-doing and literary-doing. At the same time, H.k. was considered mainly as a combination of several types of art, which were studied in ontological, genetic, historical and chronological, formal style, artistic and technological. and other "intraart." perspectives on knowledge. Main the emphasis was mainly on the analysis of the spiritual worldview. and creative. problems of art, in art. quality of works and prof. the skill of their authors, on the psychology of creativity, perception and interpretation of the artist. images. A more or less holistic view of art was formed in the main. aesthetics (philosophy of art) in the perspective of comprehending the essence of beauty and creativity as a way of expressing it. Vnevorch. aspects of H.C. (social, functional, communicative, etc.), as well as its place in the system of culture as a whole, were hardly touched upon or analyzed only from the standpoint of "spiritual production", opposed to material production. Beings, a shift in scientific understanding of H.K. occurred with the emergence of semiotics and semantics of culture, interpreting the entire set of objects of H.C. as a system of meaningful texts, and the phenomenon of art. image as specific. type of semantheme carrying socially significant information. This made it possible to move from purely subjective, qualitative (in essence, to the extent of art-critical.) assessments of the phenomena of art to more objectified scientific studies of the signs and parameters of H.C. For its part, a serious contribution to the objectification of approaches to the study of H.C. introduced anthropology, which considered the issues of the genesis and social functions of the artist. activities in the archaic. message In recent decades, works have also appeared on the sociology of art and H.K. (primarily mass H. to.), significantly expanding the perspective of understanding this phenomenon in its socially integrative and regulatory functions. From cultural positions structurally includes subsystems: the actual artist. creativity (both individual and group); its organizational infrastructure (creative associations and organizations for placing orders and selling art products); its physical infrastructure (production and demonstration sites); artistic education and advanced training (including the practice of creative competitions); organized reflection of the processes and results of the artist. creativity (art. criticism and press, various areas of scientific art history); aesthetic education and enlightenment (a set of means to stimulate the interest of the population in art); restoration of radio and preservation of art. heritage; tech. aesthetics and design (artistically designed products for utility purposes); artistic and creative. self-activity of the population; state H.C. policy and a number of other subsystems of a more particular order.

Contain, the core of H.K. - art (including artistic literature) as one of the most important mechanisms for cognition of the phenomenon of man and the world around him, the accumulation of this knowledge and the social experience of people (primarily the moral aspect of their interactions), generation and selection specific. value orientations of the individual. and the collective existence of people and the actualization of these values ​​by objectifying them in art. images. Artistic images are built on verbal, visual, sound or plastic. imitation of observed or represented objects, processes, collisions, sensations, etc. in order to design some reference samples of normative consciousness and behavior (often presented in contrast to their antipodes) having ultimately didactic. purpose, as well as stimulation from the standpoint of these value standards of the corresponding social practice of people.

In fact, art projects the world of imaginary realities (or observable, but subjected to subjective author's interpretation), built in such a way as to focus people's attention on those morals., ethical, aesthetic. and other issues that are updated in this work. At the same time, the problems raised are presented in a bright, emotionally colored form, initiating a response of emotion. the experience of the viewer, reader, listener, his conscious or latent correlation of himself with the subject of experience, and at the same time they "train" him on this example, cause him to strive to imitate the images and models he likes (i.e. recommended standards). Unlike other forms of knowledge of the world, analytically dividing it into separate. cognizable segments and objects, art strives to cognize and figuratively display reality in its holistic, synthesized form by creating its complex models with specifically placed accents of opposing the positive principle (contributing to the consolidation and mutual understanding of people) negative (leading ultimately to social destruction and separation of people).

Sociocultural functions of art and art as a whole in means, to the extent connected, firstly, with morals. comprehension and generalization of the social experience of people and the formation, on the basis of this, of reference samples of value-normative behavior and images of consciousness, embodied in art. images. In this function, H.k. correlates with religion and philosophy, although it implements such tasks with its specificity. way. Secondly, with the tasks of socialization and inculturation of the individual, introducing it into the system of morals that is relevant for the community. and aesthetic values, behavior patterns and reflective positions, generalized into morals. aspect of the real social experience of a person. interactions, as well as in artificially constructed morals. experience built on the basis of invented images and life conflicts. This leads to creatures, an expansion of the total volume of this kind of experience mastered by people, an increase in the number of indications. examples, recommended cultural samples. This kind of function turns art into one of the most important tools for the social regulation of the life of society, leads to the inclusion of its elements in the work of the mechanisms of influence on the consciousness of people who are distinguished by the most massive distribution (to the systems of mass education, mass media, to the tools of polit, agitation and propaganda, etc.). And thirdly, the most important function of H.K. is the task of designing an aesthetically organized (in space, decorative, intellectual, emotional and other aspects) human habitat, saturated with reference samples generated by art of artistic and cultural values. This function closely links art with the sphere of material production and construction, at the junction with which there are design, arts and crafts, architecture and monumental genres. art.

Both the value-socializing and the environment-organizing functions of H.c. were already embedded in history. the origin of this phenomenon. In this regard, it should be noted that the artist activity (generating value in figurative terms) and art (creativity and skill) have different genesis, the specificity of which to a large extent determined the main. H.C. characteristics as integrity. Artistic activity originated in the Upper Paleolithic (40 thousand years ago) as an element of magic-ritual religion. practices (depictive and dynamic imitation of methods and objects of hunting, symbolism of the cult of the reproductive functions of women, etc.), from all sorts of etiquette ceremonies and ways of teaching youth practical. skills of hunting and other social life (in oral and demonstrative forms, which also turned into ritual actions). One way or another, but it was primarily about dec. imitative-game forms of behavior or depict fixations of their significant essences. And throughout almost the entire history of mankind until the end of the Middle Ages, the artist. activity was predominantly an industry that "served" the religions. , polit., educated. and other social functions, standing out in an independent, sphere of activity only at the beginning of the New Age. Even the era of antiquity was not an exception in this sense, although the special anthropomorphic nature of ancient religions and their paraphernalia gives rise to the illusion of the predominance of secular features in Kh.k. that time.

Art, on the other hand, as a special type of activity, distinguished by a creative and innovative method of production, increased craftsmanship and pronounced individual authorial features of each product, which by definition is a unique work not subject to variable reproduction, was born mainly from craft in the era the formation of urban civilizations in 4-3 thousand BC. With the beginning social stratification about-va, with the advent of the category of social prestige and customers who, for reasons of this prestige, are ready to pay for the manufacture of consumer goods for them, which are distinguished by high quality, beauty and other unique characteristics, a special type of handicraft production on an expensive individual order has also emerged. with characteristic features of the author's style of the performer. The process of gradual convergence and merging of this handicraft, decorative and applied activity with the practice of the artist proper. lasted for many centuries, until that synthesis of art was formed. images and re-crafts (skill!) his performance, which is called art in modern. understanding of this word.

Although H.K. and is distinguished by a creative and innovative approach to figurative modeling of reality, it is nevertheless a highly normative field of activity, constantly regulated by aesthetics. preferences of "social contracting"" (including artistic fashion), expressed in the actual judgments of the artist. criticism and the dominant artist. style; practical market. demand for certain authors, performers, genres, works, etc.; intraprofessional criteria of quality and craftsmanship, specific. technologies of work with material and principles of formation of art. images based on historically established traditions (academicism), reproduced primarily "classic." artistic education, determined by creativity. competitions, etc.; philosophy of art, formulating its main. aesthetic categories, etc.

H.k. - one of the most dynamic areas of cultural practice in the variability of its forms, sensitively responding to the slightest changes in social, economic. , watered, and other living conditions of the community and the associated fluctuations in the "social order" and the market demand for this or that art. products. Being one of the most innovative directions in the field of forms of created products, Kh.k. at the same time remains one of the most traditional. spheres of culture in matters of social morality. content of works focused on " Eternal values"human being, associated with the stability of the main anthropological and social interests of people and the resulting moral problems of their interpersonal interaction, which is expressed in art in the same kind of stability of a large number of "typical" plot collisions, "wandering" plots, "eternal" images and themes.

Like other specialists areas of culture, Kh.k. socially stratified. Her original division into prof. and folk (folklore) art over time was supplemented by the allocation of even narrower zones of art. practices: religious. , aristocratic (elitist), children's (for children), military (for military), prison (by the prisoners themselves) etc. From ser. 19th century develops and such a kind. phenomenon, as a massive H. to., in a swarm on quite prof. artistic level. skill sets out a simplified, infantilized semantic content, and the artist. images and forms are reduced to intellect, and aesthetic. level of the most unassuming. consumer.

If for most of its history H.K. was a predominantly indie field. creative efforts, where the artist in addition to the actual prof. tasks he solved all organizational, technical. and other problems (for major masters, the situation was somewhat facilitated by the presence of students, who were assigned various auxiliary functions), then during the New and modern times, H.k. gradually turned into a developed industry for the manufacture of art. products, provision and implementation of a swarm took over numerous. service subsystems H.k., in their own way. equipment is now one of the most high-tech industries.

It should be noted that H.k. for all types of societies. The device has always existed predominantly according to the laws of the free market, developing in a tough creative environment. competition and "selling" their products, as a rule, at prices regulated by the objective level of demand. At the same time, at almost all times and in all communities, secular and ecclesiastical authorities tried to control and manipulate the content and forms of art in their own interests. creativity, perfectly understanding will exclude the ideological and propaganda effectiveness of the impact of art on the consciousness and psyche of people. The problem of the relationship between the artist and the authorities has always been highly relevant in the cultures of many peoples and gave rise to the phenomenon of "underground" art, not recognized by the authorities and dominant societies, preferences.

Modern H.k. post-industry countries one of the most developed and highly profitable industries of social services. With the obvious attenuation of the traditions of folk folklore art (or, more precisely, the movement of the practice of non-professional artistic creativity from the rural to the urban social environment and the gradual merging of this phenomenon with elements of urban mass culture) in H.K. in general, there has been a tendency to change the principle of its internal. differentiation from socially conditioned genres to a hierarchy of commercial levels. profitability of certain artists. phenomena (both "high" and "low" genres). A similar social restructuring of H.K. associated primarily with the formation of nat. H.k. - a phenomenon not encountered in the pre-industry. era. H.k. characterized primarily by the absence of pronounced boundaries of the social stratified (tm) subcultural phenomena, def. artistic level. erudition and involvement in nat. artistic the values ​​of almost all members of the community, which ultimately increases the effectiveness of the socially integrative functionality of H.C. Beings, the means of mass reproduction and replication of works of art and their remote broadcasting by electronic media play a role in this process.

In general, although in cultural life In post-industrial countries, in recent decades, there has been an outstripping development of the phenomena of mass cold storage. as the most cost-effective with t. sp. will consume, demand, "classic." directions H.K. remain quite an actual area of ​​cultural practice and perform their value-creative, socializing and inculturating functions in full, corresponding to the objective social needs of communities; reasoning about the crisis "class-sich." genres appear to be unfounded.

Lit.: Artistic culture in pre-capitalist formations. L., 1984; Artistic culture in the capitalist about-ve. L., 1986; Artistic culture and humanization of education. SPb., 1992; Artistic culture and folk art. M., 1994; Artistic culture and education of Russia of the XX century. Yekaterinburg, 1995; Artistic culture of the Russian estate. M.. 1995; Kagan M.S. Philosophy of culture. SPb., 1996.

AND I. Flier

Culturology. XX century. Encyclopedia. 1998 .

Art culture

☼ one of the specialized areas of culture, functionally problem solving intellect.-sensual reflection of being in art. images, as well as various aspects of ensuring this activity.

The study of H. to. traditionally engaged in philosophy and aesthetics (as a branch of philosophy), history. sciences, lawsuit-doing and literary-doing. At the same time, H.k. was considered mainly as a combination of several types of art, which were studied in ontological, genetic, historical and chronological, formal style, artistic and technological. and other "intraart." perspectives of knowledge. Main the emphasis was mainly on the analysis of the spiritual worldview. and creative. problems of art, on art. quality of works and prof. the skill of their authors, on the psychology of creativity, perception and interpretation of the artist. images. A more or less holistic view of art was formed in the main. aesthetics (philosophy of art) in terms of understanding the essence of beauty and creativity as a way of expressing it. Vnevorch. aspects of H.C. (social, functional, communicative, etc.), as well as its place in the system of culture as a whole, were hardly touched upon or analyzed only from the standpoint of "spiritual production" opposed to material. Creatures. shift in scientific understanding of H.K. occurred with the emergence of semiotics and semantics of culture (see Semiotics, Cultural semantics), which interpreted the entire set of objects of H.K. as a system of meaningful texts, and the phenomenon of art. Image a as specific. type of semantheme carrying socially significant information. This made it possible to move from purely subjective, qualitative (in essence, artistically critical) assessments of the phenomena of art to more objective scientific studies of the features and parameters of art. For its part, a serious contribution to the objectification of approaches to the study of H. to. introduced Anthropology, which considered the issues of the genesis and social functions of the artist. activities in the archaic. message In recent decades, there have also appeared works on the sociology of art and art. (first of all mass H. c.), which significantly expanded the perspective of understanding this phenomenon in its social-integrative and regulatory functions. From cultural positions structurally includes subsystems: the actual artist. creativity (both individual and group); its organizational infrastructure (creative associations and organizations for placing orders and selling art products); its material infrastructure (production and demonstration sites); artistic education and advanced training (including the practice of creative competitions); organized reflection of processes and results of art. creativity (art. criticism and the press, various areas of scientific art history); aesthetic upbringing and education (a set of means to stimulate the interest of the population in art); restoration and preservation of art. heritage; tech. aesthetics and design (artistically designed products for a utilitarian purpose); artistic and creative. self-activity of the population; state H.C. policy and a number of other subsystems of a more particular order.

Contain. core H. to. - art (including artistic literature) as one of the most important mechanisms for understanding the phenomenon of man and the world around him, the accumulation of this knowledge and the social experience of people (primarily the moral aspect of their interactions), the generation and selection of specific. value orientations of the individual. and the collective existence of people and the actualization of these values ​​by objectifying them in art. images. Artistic images are built on verbal, visual, sound or plastic. imitation of observed or represented objects, processes, collisions, sensations, etc. with the aim of designing some reference samples of normative consciousness and behavior (often presented in contrast to their antipodes), which ultimately have didactic. purpose, as well as stimulation from the standpoint of these value standards of the corresponding social practice of people.

In fact, art projects a world of imaginary realities (or observable, but subjected to the author's subjective interpretation), built in such a way as to focus people's attention on those morals, ethics, aesthetics. and other issues that are updated in this work. At the same time, the problems raised are presented in a bright, emotionally colored form, initiating a response of emotion. the experience of the viewer, reader, listener, his conscious or latent correlation of himself with the subject of experience, and at the same time they “train” him on this example, cause him to strive to imitate the images and models he loves (i.e. recommended standards). Unlike other forms of knowledge of the world, analytically dividing it into separate. cognizable segments and objects, art seeks to cognize and figuratively display reality in its holistic, synthesized form by creating its complex models with specifically placed accents of opposing the positive (which contributes to the consolidation and mutual understanding of people) to the negative (leading ultimately to social destruction and separation of people ).

Sociocultural functions of art and art as a whole means. least connected, firstly, with morals. comprehension and generalization of the social experience of people and the formation on the basis of this reference samples of value-normative behavior and images of consciousness, embodied in art. images. In this function, H.k. correlates with religion and philosophy, although it implements such tasks with its specificity. way. Secondly, with the tasks of socialization and inculturation of the individual, introducing it into the system of morals that is relevant for the community. and aesthetic values, behavior patterns and reflective positions, generalized into morals. aspect of the real social experience of a person. interactions, as well as in artificially constructed morals. experience built on the basis of invented images and life conflicts. It leads to beings. expanding the total volume of this kind of experience mastered by people, increasing the number of indications. examples, recommended cultural samples. This kind of function turns art into one of the most important instruments of social regulation of the life of the community, leads to the inclusion of its elements in the work of the mechanisms of influence on the consciousness of people who are most widely distributed (into the systems of mass education, the media, into the tools of political agitation and propaganda, etc.). And thirdly, the most important function of H. to. is the task of designing an aesthetically organized (in terms of space, decorative, intellectual, emotional and other aspects) human habitat, saturated with reference samples of artistic and cultural values ​​generated by art. This function closely links art with the sphere of material production and construction, at the junction with which there are design, arts and crafts, architecture and monumental genres. art.

Both the value-socializing and the environment-organizing functions of H.c. were already embedded in history. the origin of this phenomenon. In this regard, it should be noted that the artist activity (generating values ​​in figurative terms) and art (creativity and skill) are different. genesis, the specificity of which to a large extent determined the main. H.C. characteristics as integrity. Artistic activity originated in the Upper Paleolithic (40 thousand years ago) as an element of the magic-ritual religion. practices (pictorial and dynamic imitation of methods and objects of hunting, symbolism of the cult of women's reproductive functions, etc.), from various kinds of etiquette ceremonies and methods of teaching young people practical. skills of hunting and other social life (in oral and demonstrative forms, which also turned into ritual actions). One way or another, but it was primarily about dec. imitative-game forms of behavior or portray. fixations of their significant entities. And throughout almost the entire history of mankind until the end of the Middle Ages, the artist. activity was predominantly an industry that "served" religious, political, educational. and other social functions, standing out as independent. sphere of activity only by the beginning of the New Age. Even the era of antiquity was not an exception in this sense, although the special anthropomorphic nature of ancient religions and their paraphernalia gives rise to the illusion of the predominance of secular features in Kh.k. that time.

Art as a special type of activity, distinguished by a creative and innovative method of production, increased craftsmanship and pronounced individual authorial features of each product, which by definition is a unique work that is not subject to variational reproduction, was born mainly from craft in the era of the formation of urban civilizations in 4- 3 thousand BC With the beginning of the social stratification of the society, with the emergence of a category of social prestige and customers who, for reasons of this prestige, are ready to pay for the manufacture of consumer goods for them that are of high quality, beauty and other unique characteristics, a special type of handicraft production on an expensive individual order with characteristic features artist's style. The process of gradual convergence and merging of this handicraft, decorative and applied activity with the practice of the artist proper. lasted for many centuries, until that synthesis of art was formed. image and craft (skill!) of its execution, which is called art in modern. understanding of this word.

Although H.K. and is distinguished by a creative and innovative approach to figurative modeling of reality, it is nevertheless a highly normative field of activity, constantly regulated by aesthetics. preferences of the "social order" (including art. fashion), expressed in the actual judgments of the artist. criticism and the dominant artist. style; practical market. demand for certain authors, performers, genres, works, etc.; intraprofessional criteria of quality and craftsmanship, specific. technologies of work with material and principles of formation of art. images based on historically established traditions (academism), reproduced primarily "classic." artistic education, determined by creativity. competitions, etc.; philosophy of art, formulating its DOS. aesthetic categories, etc.

H.k. - one of the most dynamic areas of cultural practice in the variability of its forms, sensitively responding to the slightest changes in social, economic, political. and other living conditions of the community and the associated fluctuations in the "social order" and the market demand for a particular art. products. Being one of the most innovative directions in the field of forms of created products, Kh.k. at the same time remains one of the most traditional. spheres of culture in matters of social morals. content of works focused on the "eternal values" human. life, associated with the stability of the main. anthropopol. and the social interests of people and the resulting morals. problems of their interpersonal interaction, which is expressed in art in the same kind of stability of a large number of "typical" plot collisions, "wandering" plots, "eternal" images and themes.

Like other specialists areas of culture, Kh.k. socially stratified. Her original division into prof. and folk (folklore) art was supplemented over time by the allocation of even narrower zones of art. practices: religious, aristocratic. (elite), children's (for children), military (for the military), prison (by the forces of the prisoners themselves), etc. From the middle. 19th century develops and such a kind. phenomenon, as a massive H. to., in a swarm on quite prof. artistic level. skill sets out a simplified, infantilized semantic content, and the artist. images and forms are reduced to intellect. and aesthetic level of the most unassuming. consumer.

If for most of its history H.K. was a sphere predominantly of the individual. creative efforts, where the artist in addition to the actual prof. tasks he solved all organizational, technical. and other problems (for major masters, the situation was somewhat facilitated by the presence of students, who were assigned various auxiliary functions), then during the New and Recent Times, Kh.k. gradually turned into a developed industry for the manufacture of art. products, provision and implementation of a swarm assumed numerous. service subsystems H.k., in their own way. equipment which is now one of the most high-tech industries.

It should be noted that H.k. in all types of societies. The device has always existed mainly according to the laws of the free market, developing in a tough creative environment. competition and "selling" their products, as a rule, at prices regulated by an objective level of demand. At the same time, at almost all times and in all communities, secular and ecclesiastical authorities tried to control and manipulate the content and forms of art in their own interests. creativity, perfectly understanding will rule out. ideological and propaganda effectiveness of the impact of art on the consciousness and psyche of people. The problem of the relationship between the artist and the authorities has always been highly relevant in the cultures of many nations and gave rise to the phenomenon of "underground" art, not recognized by the authorities and dominant societies. preferences.

Modern H.k. post-industry countries is one of the most developed and highly profitable industries of social services. With the obvious attenuation of the traditions of folk folk art(or, more precisely, the movement of the practice of non-professional artistic creativity from the rural to the urban social environment and the gradual merging of this phenomenon with elements of urban mass culture) in H.K. in general, there has been a tendency to change the principle of its internal. differentiation from socially conditioned genres to a hierarchy of commercial levels. the profitability of certain artists. phenomena (both "high" and "low" genres). A similar social restructuring of H.K. associated primarily with the formation of national H.k. - a phenomenon that was not encountered in the pre-industry. era. H.k. characterized primarily by the absence of pronounced boundaries of social stratification of subcultural phenomena, def. artistic level. erudition and involvement in nat. artistic the values ​​of almost all members of the community, which ultimately increases the effectiveness of the socially integrative functionality of H.c. Creatures. a role in this process is played by the means of mass reproduction and replication of works of art and their remote broadcast by electronic media.

In general, although in the cultural life of post-industrial countries in recent decades there has been an outstripping development of the phenomena of mass cold-weaving. as the most cost-effective in terms of sp. will consume demand, "classic." directions H.k. remain a very relevant area of ​​cultural practice and perform their value-creative, socializing and inculturating functions in full, corresponding to the objective social needs of communities; reasoning about the crisis is "classic." genres appear to be unfounded.

Lit.: Artist. culture in pre-capitalist formations. L., 1984; Artistic culture in the capitalist about-ve. L., 1986; Artistic culture and humanization of education. SPb., 1992; Artistic culture and folk art. M., 1994; Artistic culture and education of Russia of the XX century. Yekaterinburg, 1995; Artistic culture of the Russian estate. M.. 1995; Kagan M.S. - (from lat. cultivation, upbringing, education, development, veneration) a set of artificial orders and objects created by people in addition to natural, memorized human forms. behavior and activities, acquired knowledge, ... ... Encyclopedia of cultural studies

- ☼ radical new and previously unknown types of art. and philosophy. self-expression: tech. arts (cinema, later digital arts), fundamental scientific theories that profoundly transform philosophy. methods and art. thinking. In the structure... ... Encyclopedia of cultural studies

Modern Encyclopedia

culture- (from the Latin cultura cultivation, upbringing, education, development, veneration), a historically determined level of development of society, the creative forces and abilities of a person, expressed in the types and forms of organizing the life and activities of people, in ... ... Illustrated encyclopedic Dictionary

- (from Latin cultura cultivation, upbringing, education, development, veneration), a historically determined level of development of society, the creative forces and abilities of a person, expressed in the types and forms of organizing the life and activities of people, in their ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

A historically determined level of development of society, the creative forces and abilities of a person, expressed in the types and forms of organizing the life and activities of people, in their relationships, as well as in the material and spiritual values ​​\u200b\u200bcreated by them. ... ... Historical dictionary

s; and. [lat. cultura] 1. The totality of the achievements of human society in industrial, social and spiritual life. Material k. Spiritual k. Achievements of culture. History of culture. TO. ancient world. TO. Ancient Rus'. Medieval k. 2.… … encyclopedic Dictionary

Plan.

Artistic culture and art.

Functions and types of art.

Directions, trends and styles of art.

Topic 4.1. Artistic culture and art.

Art culture- these are perfect, corresponding to the standards accepted in society, art classes and contributing to its functioning and development.

Artistic culture is the occupation of society, group, individual art, about it And in connection with him. The first activity is subdivided into the creation of art, which together with the performing arts is often called artistic creativity, and the consumption of it. The second activity consists of the creation, knowledge and dissemination of information about art. The third is mainly in the functional use of art, for example, in the artistic arrangement of everyday life and the provision of artistic influence on different areas of life. Consequently, artistic culture is not limited to the pursuit of art, is not limited to artistic activity. Art is just its core, central part. An important activity is the assimilation of various information about art, which enlightens people about it, makes them artistically erudite, seriously helps them in the perception of art.

Usually people who only know about art are not considered artistically cultured. But can they refuse it? What’s more, there are actually quite a few of them. I think not. But as far as the fullness of their artistic culture is concerned, it certainly turns out to be limited. This follows from the difference between doing art, including its consumption, and activity about art, which consists in obtaining information about art and exchanging it with other people. The first is carried out in order to experience a special experience - aesthetic pleasure, and the second - in order to replenish knowledge about art and better comprehend it.

The peculiarity of artistic culture, its difference from other cultures, is determined by the specifics of art. The latter is a great simulacrum - an imitation of reality. However, unlike other simulacra, art appears not as an imitation of false models, ersatz, but as the result of such a doubling of reality, which carries about it artistic truth. Therefore, the standards of artistic activity are special, they prescribe for people to stay not in a really existing, but in an artistically depicted world, in which simulative thinking and appropriate actions are necessary.

Artistic culture is not only a professional, but also an amateur artistic activity of people, which they indulge in in their free time. Therefore, the subjects of artistic culture are not only those who are professionally engaged in art, but also all people who amateurly produce and consume it.

Artistic culture individual people does not happen to be their own, but is the result of their familiarization with one of the artistic cultures existing in society. This is expressed in the presence of public, group artistic views in a person. A person's choice of artistic culture is rarely associated with his social affiliation, it is determined more by the characteristics of his artistic taste. His acceptance of artistic culture leaves room for its individual development. Great importance individual vision of art, often with a claim to its artistic culture, has to create and perform works of art. To a certain extent, this also applies to all consumption of art.

It is important to emphasize that in all its manifestations, artistic culture appears as an activity carried out according to the standards existing in society and groups. This primarily applies to artistic creativity. The criterion for the cultural consumption of art is the comprehension of art criticism by people, the degree of familiarization with it.

Since artistic culture includes V studies about art and in connection with it, its standards are those that prescribe their exemplary implementation.

Art is one of the most important areas of culture, and unlike other areas of activity (occupation, profession, position, etc.), it is universally significant, without it it is impossible to imagine people's lives. The beginnings of artistic activity are noted even in primitive society long before the advent of science and philosophy. And, despite the antiquity of art, its irreplaceable role in human life, the long history of aesthetics, the problem of the essence and specificity of art still remains largely unresolved. What is the secret of art and why is it difficult to give a strictly scientific definition of it? The thing is, first of all, that art is not amenable to logical formalization, attempts to reveal its abstract essence have always ended either in approximation or in failure.

Three different meanings of this word can be distinguished, closely related to each other, but differing in their scope and content. In the broadest sense, the concept of “art” (and this, apparently, is its most ancient application) means any skill, skillfully, technically performed activity, the result of which is artificial in comparison with natural, natural. It is this meaning that follows from the ancient Greek word "techne" - art, skill.

The second, narrower meaning of the word "art" is creativity according to the laws of beauty. This kind of creativity is a wide range activities: the creation of useful things, machines, this should also include the design and organization of public and personal life, the culture of everyday behavior, communication between people, etc. Nowadays, creativity is successfully functioning according to the laws of beauty in various areas of design. A special kind of social activity is actually artistic creativity, the products of which are special spiritual aesthetic values ​​- this is the third and narrowest sense of the word "art". It will be the subject of further consideration.

Art- a form of culture associated with the ability of the subject to aesthetic, practical-spiritual exploration of the world; a special side of social consciousness and human activity, which is a reflection of reality in artistic images; one of the most important ways of aesthetic understanding of objective reality, its reproduction in a figurative and symbolic way, relying on the resources of creative imagination; a specific means of holistic self-affirmation by a person of his essence, a way of forming the “human” in a person.

Characteristic features of art:

serves as a strong means of communication between people;

associated with experiences and emotions; presupposes predominantly sensory perception and certainly subjective perception-vision of reality;

it is imaginative and creative.

Modern science has established that art originated in the era of the Upper Paleolithic, i.e. about 30-40 millennium BC The polyphony of art also implies a variety of points of view on the reasons for its origin.

Religious theory. In accordance with it, beauty is one of the names of God, and art is a concrete-sensual expression of the divine idea. The origin of art is associated with the manifestation of the divine principle.

Game theory (G. Spencer, K. Bucher, W. Fritsche, F. Schiller). It lies in the fact that art is considered a game in itself, devoid of any content. Due to the fact that the game is a biological phenomenon inherent in all animals, then art is declared one of the natural phenomena. Since play is older than labor, art is older than the production of useful objects. Its main purpose is pleasure, enjoyment.

Erotic (N. Nardau, K. Lange, 3. Freud, etc.). Supporters of this point of view believed that art arises as a means of luring individuals of the other sex by representatives of one sex. For example, one of the most ancient forms of art - decoration - was created in order to produce the greatest sexual attraction.

Theory of imitation (Democritus, Aristotle, etc.). Here an attempt is expressed to connect the cause of the emergence of art with the social purpose of man. Aristotle saw in art "imitation" of mother nature and one of the means of "purifying" the feelings of a person, educating him beautiful, noble, courageous ("Poetics"). He considered the natural inclinations of man to imitate, imitate nature to be the reasons for the birth of art.

Functions and types of art

Social functions of art.

Cognitive (epistemological) function. Reflecting reality, art is one of the ways of understanding the spiritual world of people, the psychology of classes, nations, individuals and public relations. The specificity of this function of art lies in the desire to penetrate into the sphere of innermost spirituality and moral motives of the individual.

The axiological function of art is to assess its impact on a person in the context of defining ideals (or denying certain paradigms), i.e. generalized ideas about the perfection of spiritual development, about that normative model, the orientation towards which and the desire for which is set by the artist as a representative of society.

communicative function. Summarizing and concentrating in itself the diverse experience of the life of people from different eras, countries and generations, expressing their feelings, taste, ideal, views of the world, their worldview and worldview, art is one of the universal means of communication, communication between people, enriching the spiritual world of an individual the experience of all mankind. Classical works unite cultures and eras, pushing the horizons of the human worldview. “Art, all art,” wrote L.N. Tolstoy, - in itself has the ability to connect people. Any art does what people who perceive the feeling conveyed by the artist, unite in soul, firstly, with the artist and, secondly, with all people who have received the same impression.

The hedonic function is that genuine art brings people pleasure (and rejection of evil), spiritualizes them.

aesthetic function. By its nature, art is the highest form of mastering the world "according to the laws of beauty." It, in fact, arose as a reflection of reality in its aesthetic originality, expressing the aesthetic consciousness and impact on people, forming an aesthetic worldview, and through it the whole spiritual world of the individual.

heuristic function. The creation of a work of art is an experience of creativity - the concentration of the creative forces of a person, his fantasy and imagination, the culture of feelings and the height of ideals, the depth of thought and skill. The development of artistic values ​​is also a creative activity. Art itself carries an amazing ability to awaken the thoughts and feelings inherent in a work of art, and the very ability to create in its universal manifestation. The impact of art does not disappear with the cessation of direct contact with a work of art: productive emotional and mental energy is protected, as it were, “in reserve”, enters into a stable basis of personality.

educational function. The whole system of human relations to the world is expressed in art - the norms and ideals of freedom, truths, goodness, justice and beauty. A holistic, active perception of a work of art by the viewer is co-creation, it acts as a way of the intellectual and emotional spheres of consciousness in their harmonious interaction. This is the purpose of the educational and praxeological (activity) role of art.

Patterns of functioning of art:

the development of art is not of a progressive nature, it goes on, as it were, in jolts;

works of art always express the subjective vision of the world by the artist and have a subjective assessment on the part of the reader, viewer, listener;

artistic masterpieces are timeless and relatively independent of changing group and national tastes;

art is democratic (it affects people regardless of their education and intellect, does not recognize any social barriers);

genuine art, as a rule, is humanistically oriented; interplay of tradition and innovation.

Thus, art is a specific type of spiritual activity of people, which is characterized by a creative, sensual perception of the surrounding world in artistic and figurative forms.

Art, as the most important part of culture, finds its expression in the boundless variety of specific types of artistic creativity, the number and complexity of which - from rock drawings or primitive dance to the grandiose "show" or film series of our time - is steadily increasing as the aesthetic consciousness of mankind grows.

Principles of classification of art forms.

First of all, among the types of art there are:

fine (painting, graphics, sculpture, art photography) and

non-pictorial (music, architecture, decorative applied art, choreography).

The difference between them lies in the fact that the visual arts reproduce life in a form similar to it (depict it), while the non-pictorial ones directly convey the inner state of the spirit of people, their experiences, feelings, moods through a form that is “dissimilar” directly to the object of display.

The fine arts turn to reality as a source of the formation of the human world, non-fine arts - to the results of the impact of reality on the spiritual world of the individual (the worldview of people, their feelings, experiences, etc.).

The division of the arts into:

static (spatial) and

dynamic (temporary).

The former include painting, graphics, sculpture, architecture, arts and crafts, artistic photography; to the second - literature, music, dance. Spatial arts with great power reproduce the visible beauty of reality, the harmony of space, are able to draw attention to certain aspects of the reflected world, to every detail of the work itself, which makes them indispensable in aesthetic education, teaching beauty. At the same time, they are powerless to directly convey the changes in life, its course. This is successfully done by temporary arts that can recreate both the course of events (literature) and the development of human feelings (music, choreography).

Not all types of art can be "ranked" to one or another clearly delimited type. On the basis of the synthesis of simple arts, synthetic arts arise. These include theatre, cinema and television. They, as a rule, combine the features of the fine and non-pictorial, spatial and temporal arts, so that they are sometimes even referred to as a special group of spatio-temporal arts.

According to the method of practical artistic development of the material, art can be divided into types that use natural material - marble, granite, wood, metal, paint, etc. (architecture, painting, graphics, sculpture, arts and crafts), sound (music), the word (primarily fiction), as well as the arts in which the person himself acts as the “material” (theater, cinema, television, stage, circus). A special place here is occupied by the word, the use of which is widely used by various types of art.

We also note the division of the arts into utilitarian (applied) and non-utilitarian (elegant; sometimes they are also called pure). In the works of utilitarian arts (architecture, arts and crafts) in recent decades, there has been an increasing utilitarian use of some types of fine arts (music in production and in medicine, painting in medicine), their purpose for practical material purposes and the proper aesthetic are organically intertwined. purposefulness.

Traditional aesthetics divides works of art, primarily on the basis of their relationship to the categories of space and time, into two large groups: spatial and temporal. In accordance with this criterion, the first group includes such types of artistic creativity in which movement is not detected: architecture, sculpture, painting, graphics, etc. To the second - music, ballet, theater, other types of "spectacular" art. However, it is easy to see that far from all types of art are subject to such a “rigid” classification, many of which, if not all, could be called spatio-temporal.

The classification itself distinguishes the types of art - visual, musical, "synthetic", "technical", arts and crafts, etc.

Fine art affects a person visually, i.e. through visual perception. Works of fine arts, as a rule, have an objective (material) form and do not change in time and space (with the exception of cases of damage and destruction). Painting, sculpture, graphics, monumental art, and to a large extent arts and crafts belong to the spatial art.

Synthetic arts are types of artistic creativity, which are an organic fusion or a relatively free combination of different types of arts, forming a qualitatively new and unified aesthetic whole.

The "technical arts" in developed forms arose comparatively recently; it is a kind of symbiosis of art and technology. A typical example is the creation of “light music”, the essence of which is the desire to merge into a kind of organic synthesis the “melody” of changing light and color effects, on the one hand, and the actual melody, on the other.

Decorative and applied art is perhaps one of the most ancient. Its name comes from lat. “desogo” - I decorate, and the definition of “applied” contains the idea that it serves the practical needs of a person, while simultaneously satisfying his individual aesthetic needs.

A special area of ​​decorative and applied art is all its manifestations, using nature itself as a source material, as if “connected” to the process of aestheticization of the human environment. “It is necessary to take under protection not only architectural monuments, but also entire landscapes, as is done, for example, in Scotland, where the entire “view” to the horizon is preserved,” wrote D.S. Likhachev. “Outstanding landscapes should be taken into account and preserved as monuments of culture (human and natural).”

Kinds of art- these are historically established, stable forms of creative activity that have the ability to artistically realize the content of life and differ in the ways of its material embodiment. Art exists and develops as a system of interconnected types, the diversity of which is due to the versatility of the real world itself, displayed in the process of artistic creation.

Each type of art has its own specific arsenal of visual and expressive means and techniques.

Qualitative characteristics of art forms.

Architecture- the formation of reality according to the laws of beauty when creating buildings and structures designed to serve human needs in housing and public spaces. Architecture is a kind of art, the purpose of which is the creation of structures and buildings necessary for the life and activities of people. It performs in people's lives not only an aesthetic function, but also a practical one. Architecture as an art form is static, spatial. The artistic image here is created in a non-pictorial way. It reflects certain ideas, moods and desires with the help of the ratio of scales, masses, shapes, colors, connection with the surrounding landscape, that is, with the help of specifically expressive means.

applied arts- these are things that surround and serve us, create our life and comfort, things made not only as useful, but also as beautiful, having a style and artistic image that expresses their purpose and carries generalized information about the type of life, about the era, about worldview of the people. The aesthetic impact of applied art is daily, hourly, every minute. Works of applied art can rise to the heights of art.

decorative arts- aesthetic development of the environment surrounding a person, artistic design of a “second nature” created by a person: buildings, structures, premises, squares, streets, roads. This art invades everyday life, creating beauty and comfort in and around residential and public spaces. Works of decorative art can be a doorknob and a fence, a stained-glass window and a lamp that enter into a synthesis with architecture.

Painting- an image on the plane of pictures of the real world, transformed by the creative imagination of the artist; the allocation of the elementary and most popular aesthetic sense - the sense of color in a special sphere and its transformation into one of the means of artistic exploration of the world.

Graphic arts is based on a single-color drawing and uses a contour line as the main visual means: a dot, a stroke, a spot. Depending on the purpose, it is divided into easel and applied printing: engraving, lithography, etching, caricature, etc.

Sculpture- spatial and visual art, mastering the world in plastic, images that are imprinted in materials that can convey the life image of phenomena. Sculpture reproduces reality in volume-spatial forms. The main materials are: stone, bronze, marble, wood. According to its content, it is divided into monumental, easel, sculpture of small forms. According to the shape of the image, they distinguish: three-dimensional three-dimensional sculpture, relief-convex images on the plane. The relief, in turn, is subdivided into bas-relief, high relief, counter-relief. Basically, all genres of sculpture developed in the period of antiquity. In our time, the number of materials suitable for sculpture has expanded: works of steel, concrete, and plastic have arisen.

Literature is a written form of the art of the word. It creates a real living being with the help of the word. Literary works are divided into three types: epic, lyric, drama. The epic literature includes the genres of the novel, story, short story, essay. Lyrical works include poetic genres: elegy, sonnet, ode, madrigal, poem. Drama is meant to be staged. Dramatic genres include: drama, tragedy, comedy, farce, tragicomedy, etc. In these works, the plot is revealed through dialogues and monologues. The main expressive and visual means of literature is the word. The word is an expressive means and mental form of literature, the symbolic basis of its figurativeness. Imagery lies at the very foundation of the language, which is created by the people, absorbs all their experience and becomes a form of thinking.

Theater- an art form that artistically masters the world through a dramatic action carried out by actors in front of the audience. Theater is a special kind of collective creativity that unites the efforts of a playwright, director, artist, composer, and actors. Through the actor, the idea of ​​the performance is embodied. The actor turns on the action and gives theatricality to everything that is on the stage. The scenery creates on the stage the interior of the room, the landscape, the view of the city street, but all this will remain a dead props if the actor does not spiritualize things with stage behavior.

Music- an art that consolidates and develops the possibilities of non-verbal sound communication associated with human speech. Music, based on the generalization and processing of the intonations of human speech, develops its own language. The basis of music is intonation. The structure of music is rhythm and harmony, which in their combination give a melody. Loudness, timbre, tempo, rhythm and other elements also play a significant, meaning-forming role in music.

Choreography- the art of dance, the echo of music.

Dance- a melodic and rhythmic sound that has become a melodic and rhythmic movement of the human body, revealing the characters of people, their feelings and thoughts about the world. Emotional condition of a person is expressed not only in voice, but also in gestures, the nature of movements. Even a person's gait can be swift, joyful, sad.

Circus- the art of acrobatics, balancing act, gymnastics, pantomime, juggling, tricks, clowning, musical eccentricity, horse riding, animal training. The circus is not a record holder, but an image of a person demonstrating his highest capabilities, solving super-tasks, creating in accordance with his super-task, according to the laws of eccentricity.

Photo art- the creation by chemical-technical and optical means of a visual image of a documentary value, artistically expressive and authentically capturing an essential moment of reality in a frozen image. Documentary is the "golden backing" of a photo that captures forever the fact of life.

Movie- the art of visual moving images created on the basis of the achievements of modern chemistry and optics, art that has acquired its own language, widely embracing life in all its aesthetic richness and synthetically absorbing the experience of other art forms.

A television- a means of mass video information capable of transmitting aesthetically processed impressions of being at a distance; a new kind of art that provides intimacy, domesticity of perception, the effect of the presence of the viewer (the effect of "momentary"), the chronicle and documentary nature of artistic information.

Art forms are closely related to each other, mutually influence each other. Even such seemingly distant art forms as cinema and architecture, music and painting are interconnected. Art forms have a direct influence on each other. Even in ancient times, architecture interacted with monumental sculpture, painting, mosaics, and icons.

Interacting with each other, various types of art solve a common problem - the task of aesthetic education of people, the formation and development of their spiritual world.