Philosophical results of the novel fathers and sons. What is the meaning of the finale of the novel "Fathers and Sons"

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"Philosophical results of the novel by I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons""

Philosophical results of the novel by I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"

Target: to analyze the philosophical results of the novel; promote the transfer of theoretical knowledge into practical life students.

Tasks: Personal: active application of acquired knowledge to solve personally significant problems; formation of the competence of personal self-improvement through the conscious and active appropriation of new social experience; formation of a holistic view of the world.

Metasubject: teaching the transfer of theoretical knowledge into the practical activities of students; preparing students for real life and the formation of the ability to solve personally significant problems; formation of UUD taking into account real needs and interests in communication and cognition.

Subject: formation own attitude to a work of literature; own interpretation of the studied work; comprehension of imperishable life values and them modern sound.

Lesson type: a lesson in building a knowledge system.

Lesson resources: trailer for the movie "Fathers and Sons" in 2008, presentation, layout of the Tree of Life, symbolic "fruits" of life Evgenia Bazarova

ApplicationHow to write an essay?

TOPIC ___________________________________________ WHAT QUESTION SHOULD I ANSWER IN AN ESSAY? ______________________________________________

1.Introduction. INTERPRETATION OF THE KEYWORD /// START BY LISTING ABOUT NOUNS RELATED TO THE TOPIC /// ASK YOURSELF A QUESTION(S SEVERAL QUESTIONS) TO ANSWER /// GIVE A QUOTE THAT YOU WOULD LIKE TO THINK ON\ \\TELL ABOUT PERSONAL IMPRESSIONS.

2. Main part

3. Conclusion. I SHARE THE AUTHOR'S OPINION… Summarizing what has been said, I CAN MAKE A CONCLUSION… SO, SUMMING UP, WE UNDERSTAND AGAIN…, IN CONCLUSION, I WANT TO NOTICE…, SO, IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO ANSWER UNIFICATELY… BUT AT THE SAME TIME, IT IS POSSIBLE CONFIRM THAT… .,

“best novel Turgenev” and “one of the most brilliant works of XIX century ”called one of the researchers of I. Turgenev’s work, V. Nabokov, the novel“ Fathers and Sons ”. The writer finished his work on July 30, 1861, and published it in the Russian Messenger in 1862. When comparing these dates, Turgenev’s intention is immediately guessed - to show the moment of the formation of social forces that entered the political arena of Russia after the reform of 1861, to show the beginning of that dispute, which two years later led to a split social forces country into two camps: liberal nobles and raznochintsev democrats.
The work broadly outlines the crisis state of society, gripped by the fever of transformations. Heroes of all classes, each in his own way, are trying to show themselves as "advanced", renouncing the old. This is Arkady Kirsanov, and Sitnikov, and the Privy Councilor "of the young" Kolyazin, and the governor, audited by him, and even lackey Peter.
The author shows the clash of "fathers" and "children", thereby touching upon a burning problem for the 60s. This conflict is ideological character, reflects the philosophy of liberals and democrats. The disputes between Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov, a representative of the camp of the nobility, and Yevgeny Bazarov, a democratic revolutionary, touch upon topical issues of that time.
The problem of ideological confrontation between these two camps is already stated in the very title of the novel. Already from the first pages we see how different the characters shown in it are, and how different their views are. Even in the very description of the heroes, the reader finds opposition. When the author introduces Bazarov, we see a gloomy figure, fenced off from the world of people, we feel strength in her. Especially Turgenev draws attention to the mind of the protagonist. The description of Pavel Petrovich, whose life and deeds have been lost by everyone practical sense, consists almost of one adjectives. He wears an English suit and lacquered ankle boots in the countryside, taking care of the beauty of his nails. All his past is the pursuit of a mirage, while Bazarov is trying to do specific things.
The younger generation proposed to destroy everything old as obsolete, including historical and cultural values, traditions. In their opinion, natural Sciences not only the essence of biological life, but also the interests of the people, which must be considered from the point of view of “usefulness.” The essence of one of the disputes between Pavel Petrovich and Bazarov was to defend each of their positions.
Pavel Petrovich considered the people patriarchal, Bazarov agreed with him. However, the young man believed that these patriarchal prejudices of the people needed to be corrected, that educated people should not believe in what is the deepest faith of the people. It will not be of any use to currently.
Bazarov's denial in the novel is also the beauty of nature, the value of art, its charm. Talking with Pavel Petrovich, he speaks about nature: “Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it.” However, the hero recognizes the insignificance of man in comparison with nature. Quoting Pascal Arcadia, he says that man occupies too little place in the world. The time of action in the novel is timed to coincide with the author's active passion for the philosophy of Pascal, whose works Turgenev knew so well. The hero is seized by “boredom” and “anger”, as he realizes that the laws of nature even strong personality unable to overcome. Pascal, a French mathematician, philosopher and publicist, arguing this, also emphasized the strength of a person who does not want to put up with the laws of nature through his protest. Bazarov's pessimism does not make him give up, he wants to fight to the end, "mess with people." In this case, the author is completely on the side of the hero, expresses sympathy for him.
Turgenev leads Bazarov in circles life tests. The hero experiences a strong love passion, the power of which he previously rejected. He cannot cope with this feeling, although he tries with all his might to drown it out in his soul. In this regard, the hero has a longing for loneliness and even a kind of " world sorrow". The author discovers Bazarov's dependence on the ordinary laws of human life, his involvement in natural human interests and values, worries and suffering. Bazarov's initial self-confidence gradually disappears, life becomes more and more complex and contradictory. Gradually, the measure of the objective rightness and wrongness of the hero becomes clear. “Complete and ruthless denial” turns out to be partly justified as the only, according to the writer, serious attempt to really change the world, putting an end to contradictions that neither the efforts of public parties nor the influence of age-old ideals of humanism can resolve. However, for Turgenev it is indisputable that the logic of "nihilism" inevitably leads to freedom without obligations, to action without love, to search without faith.
The conflict of "fathers" and "children" unfolds throughout the novel, but has no denouement. The writer, as it were, grants his permission to the future. In the way Bazarov dies, the writer's universal human convictions are reflected. The hero dies courageously, with dignity. Nihilism, according to Turgenev, challenges the enduring values ​​of the spirit and the natural foundations of life. This is seen as the tragic guilt of the hero, the cause of his death.
The hero understands that little will change with his death. He says to Odintsova: "Live long, that's the best thing." In the epilogue, Turgenev talks about eternal nature, about endless life, which neither political nor other ideas can stop. The connection between the present and the future is possible only on the basis of love.
Thus, setting himself the goal of showing the clash of “fathers” and “children” in the novel, Turgenev expresses his attitude to various issues of life, reflects on the eternal philosophical problems. Row important issues raised in the novel is united by the problem of "fathers" and "children", which itself is only a part of that endless natural struggle between the old and the new. Who wins will be decided by the future.

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Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons" reveals several problems at once. One reflects the conflict of generations and clearly demonstrates a way to get out of it, preserving the main thing - the value of the family. The second one demonstrates the processes taking place in the society of that time. Through dialogues and skillfully crafted images of heroes, a type that has barely begun to emerge is presented. public figure denies all the foundations of the existing statehood and subjected to ridicule such moral and ethical values ​​as love feelings and sincere affection.

Ivan Sergeevich himself does not take sides in the work. As an author, he condemns both the nobility and representatives of new social and political movements, clearly showing that the value of life and sincere affection is much higher than rebelliousness and political passions.

History of creation

Of all the works of Turgenev, the novel "Fathers and Sons" was the only one written in a short time. From the moment the idea was born to the first publication of the manuscript, only two years passed.

The first thoughts about the new story came to the writer in August 1860 during his stay in England on the Isle of Wight. This was facilitated by Turgenev's acquaintance with a provincial young doctor. Fate pushed them in bad weather on the railway and under the pressure of circumstances, they talked with Ivan Sergeevich all night. New acquaintances were shown those ideas that the reader could later observe in Bazarov's speeches. The doctor became the prototype of the main character.

(The Kirsanov estate from the film "Fathers and Sons", the location of the filming is the Fryanovo estate, 1983)

In the autumn of the same year, upon his return to Paris, Turgenev worked out the plot of the novel and began writing chapters. Within six months, half of the manuscript was ready, and he finished it after his arrival in Russia, in the middle of the summer of 1861.

Until the spring of 1862, reading his novel to friends and giving the manuscript for reading to the editor of the Russian Messenger, Turgenev made corrections to the work. In March of the same year, the novel was published. This version was slightly different from the edition that was published six months later. In it, Bazarov was presented in a more unsightly light and the image of the main character was a bit repulsive.

Analysis of the work

Main plot

The protagonist of the novel, the nihilist Bazarov, together with the young nobleman Arkady Kirsanov, arrives at the Kirsanovs' estate, where the protagonist meets his friend's father and uncle.

Pavel Petrovich is a refined aristocrat who absolutely does not like either Bazarov or the ideas and values ​​​​he shows. Bazarov also does not remain in debt, and no less actively and passionately, he speaks out against the values ​​and morals of the old people.

After that, young people get acquainted with the recently widowed Anna Odintsova. They both fall in love with her, but temporarily hide it not only from the object of adoration, but also from each other. The protagonist is ashamed to admit that he, who spoke vehemently against romanticism and love affection, now suffers from these feelings himself.

The young nobleman begins to be jealous of the lady of the heart for Bazarov, omissions occur between friends and, as a result, Bazarov tells Anna about his feelings. Odintsova prefers him a quiet life and a marriage of convenience.

Gradually, relations between Bazarov and Arkady deteriorate, and Arkady himself gets carried away younger sister Anna Ekaterina.

Relations between the older generation of the Kirsanovs and Bazarov are heating up, it comes to a duel, in which Pavel Petrovich is injured. This puts a bullet between Arkady and Bazarov, and the main character has to return to Father's house. There he becomes infected with a deadly disease and dies in the arms of his own parents.

At the end of the novel, Anna Sergeevna Odintsova marries for convenience, Arkady and Ekaterina, as well as Fenechka and Nikolai Petrovich, marry. They play their weddings on the same day. Uncle Arkady leaves the estate and goes to live abroad.

Heroes of Turgenev's novel

Evgeny Vasilyevich Bazarov

Bazarov is a medical student, social status, a simple man, the son of a military doctor. He is seriously interested in the natural sciences, shares the beliefs of nihilists and denies romantic attachments. He is self-confident, proud, ironic and mocking. Bazarov does not like to talk much.

Beyond love main character does not share admiration for art, has little faith in medicine, regardless of the education he receives. Not referring to himself as a romantic nature, Bazarov loves beautiful women and, at the same time, despises them.

Most interesting point in a novel, this is when the hero himself begins to experience those feelings, the existence of which he denied and ridiculed. Turgenev clearly demonstrates the intrapersonal conflict, at the moment when the feelings and beliefs of a person diverge.

Arkady Nikolaevich Kirsanov

One of central characters Turgenev's novel is a young and educated nobleman. He is only 23 years old and barely graduated from university. Due to his youth and temperament, he is naive and easily falls under the influence of Bazarov. Outwardly, he shares the beliefs of the nihilists, but in his heart, and later on in the story it is clear, he appears as a generous, gentle and very sentimental young man. Over time, the hero himself understands this.

Unlike Bazarov, Arkady likes to speak a lot and beautifully, he is emotional, cheerful and values ​​affection. He believes in marriage. Despite what is shown in the beginning of the novel conflict between fathers and children, Arkady loves both his uncle and his father.

Odintsova Anna Sergeevna is an early widowed rich person who at one time married not out of love, but out of calculation in order to save herself from poverty. One of the main characters of the novel loves peace and her own independence. She never loved anyone and never became attached to anyone.

For the main characters, she looks beautiful and inaccessible, because she does not reciprocate with anyone. Even after the death of the hero, she remarries, and again by calculation.

The younger sister of the widow Odintsova, Katya, is very young. She is only 20 years old. Catherine is one of the most endearing and pleasant characters in the novel. She is kind, sociable, observant and at the same time demonstrates independence and obstinacy, which only paint a young lady. She comes from a family of poor nobles. Her parents died when she was only 12 years old. Since then, she has been raised by her older sister, Anna. Ekaterina is afraid of her and feels uncomfortable under the gaze of Odintsova.

The girl loves nature, thinks a lot, she is direct and not flirtatious.

Father of Arkady (brother of Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov). Widower. He is 44 years old, he is a completely harmless person and an undemanding owner. He is soft, kind, attached to his son. By nature, he is a romantic, he likes music, nature, poetry. Nikolai Petrovich loves a quiet, calm, measured life in the countryside.

At one time he married for love and lived happily in marriage until his wife died. During for long years could not recover after the death of his beloved, but over the years he found love again and she became Fenechka, a simple and poor girl.

Refined aristocrat, 45 years old, uncle of Arkady. At one time he served as an officer of the guard, but because of Princess R. his life changed. social lion in the past, a heartthrob who easily won the love of women. All his life he built in the English style, read newspapers in foreign language, conducted business and life.

Kirsanov is a clear adherent of liberal views and a man of principles. He is self-confident, proud and mocking. Love at one time knocked him down, and from a lover of noisy companies, he became an ardent misanthrope who in every possible way avoided the company of people. In his heart, the hero is unhappy and at the end of the novel he finds himself far from his loved ones.

Analysis of the plot of the novel

The main plot of Turgenev's novel, which has become classic, is Bazarov's conflict with the society in which he found himself by the will of fate. A society that does not support his views and ideals.

The conditional plot of the plot is the appearance of the protagonist in the Kirsanovs' house. In the course of communication with other characters, conflicts and clashes of views are demonstrated, which test Evgeny's beliefs for stamina. This also happens within the main love line- in the relationship between Bazarov and Odintsova.

The opposition is main reception, which the author used when writing the novel. It is reflected not only in its title and is demonstrated in the conflict, but also reflected in the repetition of the protagonist's route. Bazarov ends up twice on the Kirsanovs' estate, visits Odintsova twice, and also returns twice to his parents' house.

The denouement of the plot is the death of the protagonist, with which the writer wanted to demonstrate the collapse of the thoughts expressed by the hero throughout the novel.

In his work, Turgenev clearly showed that in the cycle of all ideologies and political disputes there is a large, complex and diverse life, where traditional values, nature, art, love and sincere, deep affections always win.

The results of disagreements in the novel by I. S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons".

In the autumn of 1860, Turgenev began work on a new novel, the hero of which was to be the "Russian Insarov". Turgenev gave this novel great importance, he wanted to sum up in it his differences with Dobrolyubov - disputes between liberals and democrats.
The title of Turgenev's novel "Fathers and Sons" immediately states the problem social conflict between people of the old and new worlds. The theme of the novel is the disagreement, sometimes turning into an open struggle, between the liberal nobility and the revolutionary democracy during the period of the abolition of serfdom. Over time, the situation around changes, and this cannot but leave an imprint on the formation of the consciousness of the younger generation, on its attitude to life. Often people of the older generation, whose worldview was formed in completely different conditions, are unable or unwilling to understand new views and new image life. There are situations when this misunderstanding develops into enmity. If by the same period of formation younger generation complicated by false social transformations in the life of society, disagreements between fathers and children turn into an abyss separating them. This is typical of the events taking place in our society at the present time. In Turgenev's novel, liberals, as supporters of old views, are called "fathers," and democrats, who defend new ideas, are called "children."
Pavel Petrovich - smart, strong-willed person, possessing certain personal virtues: he is honest, noble in his own way, faithful to the morality learned in his youth. But he does not feel the movement of time, does not understand modernity, adheres to firm principles, without which, according to his concepts, only immoral and immoral people can live. empty people. But his principles came into conflict with the so-called progressive views of the older generation. Pavel Petrovich calls himself a man "liberal and loving progress." But it's his own opinion about himself, but from the author's point of view, behind his liberalism is a supporter of the old system, the old rules. Bazarov felt this already at the first conversation with Pavel Petrovich, when he asked about his views on life, on the existing political system: "Well, what about other decisions adopted in human life, do you adhere to the same negative direction?" - "What is this, an interrogation?" asked Bazarov. Pavel Petrovich turned slightly pale ... ". Bazarov does not believe in the nobility of an aristocrat, he sees that this person does not share his convictions, and most importantly, he cannot and will not try to understand him, and prefers not to be frank with him.
Outwardly, his brother, Nikolai Petrovich, is directly opposite to Pavel Petrovich. He is kind, gentle, sentimental. Unlike the idle Pavel Petrovich, Nikolai Petrovich tries to take care of the household, but at the same time shows complete helplessness. He is trying to change something, therefore, he takes a step towards somehow bringing himself closer to the circumstances of a new life - this is already progress.
Arkady Kirsanov by age represents the younger generation. He grows up in an environment different from the one that raised his father and uncle. Arkady reaches out to Bazarov and seriously considers himself his follower. But in reality it turns out to be only able to imitate Eugene. Arkady himself is very suggestible, and away from home he is fond of Bazarov as a strong personality, unlike others. But the views of his father and uncle are still much closer to Arkady. In his native estate, he gradually moves away from Bazarov. Acquaintance with Katya Lokteva finally alienates them from each other. Subsequently, Arkady becomes a more practical master than his father - it is in this that one can see true progress and positive influence new time. But still, Arkady wants to be attributed to the representatives of the old generation, despite his young age.
In my opinion, the novel shows one representative of the "children" - Evgeny Bazarov. He's the one new hero, which can be called "Russian Insarov". Raznochinets Bazarov is opposed to the nobles Kirsanov. This opposition is the conflict and meaning of the novel. Bazarov, in a conversation with Pavel Petrovich, emphasizes his connection with the people: "My grandfather plowed the land. Ask any of your men, in which of us - in you or in me - he rather recognizes a compatriot you and you don’t know how to talk with him. "
Of particular importance for the characterization of Bazarov is his relationship to Odintsova. In all Turgenev's works, the hero is tested by love. Such a test falls to the lot of Bazarov. IN love conflict Bazarov and Odintsova is something new, different from those that we see in other novels by Turgenev. Bazarov was capable of selfless love, which scared Odintsova. "No," she finally decided, "God knows where this would lead, you can't joke about it, calmness is still the best thing in the world." In the person of Odintsova, Turgenev showed one of the best representatives of the nobility. But the mores of that time sincere and smart person make them cold and calculating. She does not understand Bazarov, it is difficult and scary for her, she feels that they are separated by an abyss of misunderstanding, and refuses him. For her, this is the easiest way out of this situation. Showing that she refuses the storm of passions, preferring them to her usual peace, Turgenev refers her to the generation of "fathers".
And at the same time, Turgenev draws his hero as a person who is not inclined to give his life for the good of the people. Bazarov does not idealize the Russian peasant. He condemns his dullness, backwardness and lack of education. Village peasants treat Bazarov well, because they see in him a simple and intelligent, but at the same time a stranger who does not understand them.