1. Socio-cultural features and problems of the development of Russian society. Possible alternatives for its development in the future.
Over the past ten years, Russian society has been characterized by a radical increase in inequality, changes in stratification, upward and downward personal and group mobility, and the formation of a middle class.
In the last few years, a certain correlation between the level of income and the level of education, especially higher education, has begun to appear. IN everyday life Russians include new values, goals, new life practices and behaviors are being approved.
value system Russian society is also undergoing a major transformation. In our life, the role of material values has increased: money and wealth, the value of intangible values has decreased
. The main features of the socio-cultural development of Russia - increased social stratification and the formation of new population groups. increased social inequality. The emerging new population groups (the rich, the middle classes, the middle and low-income) have formed their own ways of life.
"Mass culture" is mainly based on the values of money, selfish interest, and hence the corresponding influence that it has on the mass consciousness. Such consciousness forms knowledge, ideas, norms, values shared by a particular set of individuals developed in the process of their communication with each other and joint perception of social information.
Among the positive changes in the cultural life of Russia can be attributed the appearance of a large number of periodicals, as well as a large selection of various literature.
The spectrum of cultural undertakings is enriched through the development of various kinds of public associations, movements, clubs, and associations. The cultural exchange with other countries has become richer, the feeling of cultural isolation disappears. New radio stations are being created. New orchestras, including symphony ones, are organized, new theaters are opened. More and more films are being created that can already compete with Hollywood productions and are in demand by the audience. Domestic cinema continues to perform several basic functions: introductory, educational, critical.
Problems of development of the socio-cultural sphere of Russian society-decrease in demographic indicators, worsening living standards against the backdrop of rising prices and declining wages, social insecurity of the poor.
It can also be noted that, in general, Russians' view of the future is becoming more optimistic compared to the past decade. People attach more importance not only to economic and political issues, but also to relationships, careers, and a healthy lifestyle.
Also, the socio-cultural development of Russia is influenced by terrorism, the role of oligarchs in the political and economic life of the country, the environmental situation, bureaucracy, the presence of extremist and fascist youth groups. and use in everyday socio-cultural practice. The dynamism of modern life has caused a significant complication of the structure and content of people's relations with each other, with the natural and cultural environment. In addition, the possibilities for choosing forms and places for leisure, recreation, satisfaction of intellectual and aesthetic interests have significantly expanded.
But the biggest problem of modern Russian culture is the confrontation between "folk" culture and "mass culture". Incidentally, Russia has almost always been characterized by the fact that true art is always the art of the past, not the present.
Prospects for the development of Russian society
For the socio-cultural development of Russian society as a whole, there is a favorable forecast, despite a number of existing problems. In the socio-cultural complex, the process of forming a system of state entrepreneurship is underway. The development of cultural organizations is largely related to the prospects for the development of cultural tourism, enterprises that provide various forms leisure. For a modern Russian, the most significant socio-cultural values are a good education, a prestigious job, a happy family, doing what you love, creativity, material wealth, reliable friends, honesty throughout life, spiritual, intellectual and physical self-improvement, gaining new knowledge and traveling. All this confirms the fact of the formation of the middle class in Russia in the course of socio-cultural development.
At present, it is necessary to develop an effective state social and cultural policy. The federal targeted programs currently in force are poorly developed, they only indicate general priorities and directions of activity in the socio-cultural sphere, they are too abstract in nature, not taking into account the specifics of specific regions and territories.
The process of transition from traditional to modern society is very complicated.
The transition from traditional to modern society is very dramatic both for society as a whole and for the individual. Almost all life ideas, the system of priorities, rationality, mental make-up of the person dominating in society are changing.
The most common in world practice are two types of modernization.
The first type of modernization processes, called "catching up modernization. Russia moved along this path of development, starting with the Peter the Great reforms, when, in fact, they were recognized as a problem by the lack of economic, military, managerial (bureaucratic), educational potential, in general, the level of civilization in comparison with the countries of Western Europe.
Communications of the Russian society, linking the country with external environment, which during the New Age was, first of all, Western civilization, for a long time were controlled and limited. Ideology and practice iron curtain» in the USSR were, perhaps, the most a prime example manifesting this kind of control over communications.
Russia embarked on the path of "catching up modernization", when technological methods, instrumental knowledge related to the fields of industry, science, and military affairs were borrowed. Authoritarian character state power and political culture was practically unquestioned. Peter I, having visited Europe, was not interested in European democracy and individualism.
As part of the Russian modernization project, institutional and value transformations are needed. Such big country, like Russia, cannot rely on the exploitation of natural and cultural objects(for example, for the development of tourism as a locomotive national economy), which, however, is possible for less extensive countries.
A positive, adaptive way out for the Russian socio-cultural system is the removal of all obstacles, restrictions on the ways of intercultural interaction between the donor civilization, i.e. the West, and the recipient civilization, i.e. Russia. Natural constraints in this direction are national culture, language and level of economic development, the level of total solvency, the ability to pay for foreign cultural innovations.
The Russian sociocultural tradition is dichotomous since the moment of the Mongol-Tatar invasion, before that Kievan Rus developed as a European state.
In the conditions of Russia at the beginning of the 21st century, a potential contender for the role of an object of modernization, capable of taking risks, carrying out rational life choice, is middle class, the basis of the future civil society. Given a fairly stable development of the economy, the middle class, as a rule, occupies middle part political spectrum, remaining quite indifferent to both right-wing and left-wing extremism. Representatives of the middle class gravitate towards peaceful, evolutionary processes rather than revolutionary changes.
During the years of post-Soviet reforms, the first free generation of Russians was formed, whose primary socialization took place in conditions of freedom, mainly focused on the inclusion of Russia in the world, i.e. western civilization.
At the same time, some adaptation to the national social cultural tradition is important condition assimilation of implanted foreign cultural experience, including values, relationships, symbolic meanings and cultural codes. All this has gained some clarity in recent decades.
For successful Russian modernization in the nearest historical perspective, it is necessary to maintain a higher pace of socio-cultural dynamics than the pace that is natural for Western societies of "late modernity".
Sociocultural features of the Russian society are connected with the peculiarities of the culture of the largest ethnic group in Russia - the Russian. The culture of this ethnic group was formed as a result of its adaptation to external natural and social circumstances and development within the framework of these circumstances.
The place of formation of the Russian ethnic groups was the Non-Chernozem region. Like most ethnic groups, the base of the Russian ethnic group was village, where the dominant agricultural labor. Because of this, the features of agricultural, peasant labor in the conditions of the Non-Black Earth Region with its infertile land and harsh climate, they largely determined the features of the Russian national character as an expression of the personal culture of representatives of the Russian ethnos. The terms of field work in the Non-Chernozem region, in contrast to the more southern or western regions, were much shorter: sowing in May and full harvesting of the entire crop in September, while, for example, in Western Europe only two or three winter months were unsuitable for agricultural work. Short time work forced the peasant to work with extreme exertion during the summer months, while winter was a period of forced idleness. A peculiar difference of two extremes arose (either a heroic breakthrough, or complete relaxation) reflected in the character of the Russian people, not inclined to follow the path of moderation, gradual, evolutionary transformations. From here it is possible propensity for various kinds of revolutionary transformations, preserved in Russian society still.
A large amount of work in the summer did not allow thinking about the quality of work. Largely from here in the culture of the Russian people the value of the quality of labor is not leading. It should be emphasized that the problem of labor quality is one of the most important, and today the low quality of products makes many types of domestic products uncompetitive.
severe natural conditions did not allow for a large harvest. Therefore, in order to survive in difficult periods for him, the peasant needed help from his neighbors. From here propensity for a communal, collectivist way of life. Mutual assistance, assistance to the poor, sick, orphans assumed equalization of living conditions. This gave great importance to the Russian people equality values. The extremely small volumes of surplus labor needed for national needs required extremely strict measures to withdraw it from the peasantry. This was connected with the emergence of serfdom in Russia. The community in this case acted as a means of collecting taxes from the peasantry. There was a collective responsibility: what the individual peasant did not pay, the community had to pay. Therefore, the community not only helped its members, but also put pressure on them, followed them. Similar type of business activity downplayed the importance of initiative, independence, freedom, self-esteem.Researchers note the still surviving desire of many people to entrust the solution of their personal problems to society, the state, the presence of the Russian population traits social infantilism.
The formation of the character of a people is affected not only by the qualitative parameters of the territory in which it lives, but also by the very size of this territory. The vast territory created opportunities for changing the place of residence, gave rise to the Russian people the mood of wandering, temporality, did not encourage to settle in the existing territory, to protect the natural environment . Restlessness, readiness to break away at any moment and go into the unknown is something inalienable from the Russian character.
The vastness of the territory of the formation of the Russian ethnos influenced the way the Russian people resolved conflicts. The vastness of the territory allowed the subjects of the conflict to disperse - so the peasants fled to the Don, to the Volga. The conflict arose when the parties to the conflict no longer had the opportunity to disperse. At the same time, he acquired extremely sharp forms. Unlike, for example, the Western European peoples, the Russian people there is no habit of living in a constant atmosphere of conflict, no traditions of their civilized resolution. Here again, extremes: either blissful silence and unanimity, or bloody excesses.
The formation of cultural characteristics is also of great importance for the circumstances of the historical plan - the features of the development of a particular country, region. Here, first of all, it is necessary to note the factor of neighbors.
Thus, the need for constant defense from external enemies made it a condition for the survival of the Russian people strong state. Individual, in order to preserve own life, partially gave up his freedom, trusting and obeying the state. This contributed to the formation of the Russian people collectivism, devotion to a common cause, selflessness. But it also contributed to the generation and traits paternalism when power is seen in the form of a strict but just father, whose favor can be earned by obedience. Until now, the population of Russian society does not have a rationalistic-critical attitude towards power, extreme emotions prevail - either love and unrealistic expectations associated with it, or disappointment in power and dissatisfaction with it, reaching hatred. Until now, neither the desire nor the skills to control power have been developed.
A deep imprint in the mentality of the Russian people, in the socio-cultural characteristics of Russian society was left by its age-old existence under the yoke of the Tatar-Mongols. Much in the principles of the relationship between the individual and society has developed under the influence of the Steppe. This influence is associated with the violence of the authorities, the powerless position of the individual in Muscovy, a kind of "Orthodox khanate." And even after being freed from Tatar yoke Russian state did not cancel the steppe arbitrariness in relation to their own people. The Russian commoner was in a state of constant fear that his rulers, the heirs of the Tatar khans, would take away all his property: I could not work out any guarantees of property, honor and dignity of the person of Russia for a long time.
The predominance of the state interest over the personal, the instability of the individual human existence gave rise to the Russian people inattention to the improvement of one's personal existence, neglect of the little things of life.
Constant material deprivation, moral humiliation formed in the Russian character such traits as tolerance, mental stamina, but this also gave rise to a certain insensitivity.
To a large extent, the sociocultural features of Russia are associated with the dominant religion on its territory - Orthodoxy. "Russian" and "Orthodox" were in the days of Muscovy-Russia almost identical concepts. Both the Russian ethnos and Russia expanded at the expense of the Finno-Ugric and Turkic ethnoses by converting representatives of these ethnic groups to Orthodoxy.
Researchers note motives in Orthodoxy pity for the fallen, compassion, mercy, participation in the fate of a person, rejection of his legalistic condemnation, reflected in the Russian character, in the socio-cultural characteristics of Russian society. To some extent here there is no beginning of exactingness to a person, strict exactingness towards him for the results of his activities.
A certain influence on the mentality of the Russian people was also played by certain features of the dogmatic side of Orthodoxy. Unlike Catholicism, the Orthodox religion "does not provide" purgatory as an intermediate option between heaven and hell. To some extent, this affects black and white Orthodox vision of the world, the absence of halftones, transitions from one to another, extremes of thought and action, unwillingness to compromise.
Interestingly, in Orthodoxy, the dogma of the Trinity is interpreted differently than in Catholicism. If in Orthodoxy it is believed that the Holy Spirit proceeds only from God the Father, then in Catholicism its origin is also recognized from God the Son, who unites in himself the heavenly and earthly principles. Thus, in Catholicism, to a certain extent, justified, sanctified earthly life , while Orthodoxy is characterized by a great aspiration to heavenly life, neglect of the earthly. This feature of Orthodoxy correlates with the focus of the Russian person on large transpersonal goals.
For Orthodox person a sense of belonging to the true faith was always characteristic, which determined to a large extent xenophobia and the attitude towards non-Orthodox as “non-Christians”. This was largely the reason for the feeling of superiority over the "foreigners" and involvement in the mission of bringing light. true faith. "Moscow is the third Rome" - this idea was inherent not only in the official Russian ideology , but it was the basis messianic attitude of the whole people. The Russian people were not content individual life, he wanted to have some kind of super-task as a justification for this individual existence: the messianism of Orthodoxy was replaced by the messianism of the world proletarian revolution. And now the Russian people are in a kind of confusion, not finding a “super task” corresponding to it. Therefore, it is no coincidence that the country's leadership and the scientific community are busy developing national idea of Russia, which could give the population some kind of integrating, mobilizing, inspiring goal.
Undoubtedly, the socio-cultural characteristics of Russian society are not something invariable. Both in the Soviet period, and especially in the post-Soviet period, there have been significant shifts in the minds of people, in their personal culture, and hence in the specifics of their activities. However, even to this day, Russian society, in comparison with Western society, is characterized by certain distinctive features, which does not allow many social institutions of Western society, transferred to Russian soil, to function effectively. That's why in the process of social transformations in Russia, it is necessary to take into account its socio-cultural characteristics Otherwise, even the best goals will not be achieved.
But taking into account these socio-cultural features should not mean some kind of admiration for them. In order to withstand competition with other societies, Russian society must, in essence, change its cultural code, the Russian people must get rid of the shortcomings inherent in it and develop in themselves new culture allowing him to have a decent prospect in the third millennium.
Chapter I. Features of the study of rural society in the sociology of culture.
1.1. Settlement Theory and Approaches to the Sociological Description of Rural Residents
1.2. Sociocultural aspects rural community analysis.
Chapter II. Basic values and lifestyle of the Russian rural community
2.1. Labor life and labor values of rural residents.
2.2. Family values of the inhabitants of the Russian village.
Chapter Sh. Problems and prospects of transformation of basic values and way of life of the Russian rural community.
3.1. Social deviations as a result of the transformation of the axiospace of the villagers.
3.2. Values of Preservation of Cultural Tradition and Values of Development
Dissertation conclusion on the topic "Sociology of culture, spiritual life", Tsapok, Sergey Viktorovich
These findings confirm the prevalence of “high earnings as a value of labor” and a steady tendency to consider labor as “... an activity whose main goal is to satisfy the consumer needs of the worker and his family”2.
1 Patrushev V.D. Dynamics of the use of time budgets by the urban and rural population // Sotsiol. research 2005. No. 8. P. 50.
2 Magoon B.C. Labor values of the Russian society // Social sciences and modernity. 1996. No. b. S. 22.
Preferred characteristics of the parties to work
Labor Characteristics Rank
Salary 1
Independence at work 4
Opportunity to help people 2
Social significance of labor 5
Comfortable working conditions 3
Work on fresh air 5
The problem of low evaluation of labor as a value lies in the combination of two factors: excessive labor load with its low return. Over 40% of surveyed workers Agriculture considered their total workload excessive, "wear and tear". 38% of men and 47% of women say that such work has a negative impact on health1. But at the same time, only 14% believed that the total work of the family would improve their financial situation. This position is justified. The reduction in the work of peasants in social production in the 1990s due to the collapse of the public economy forced the villagers to shift the center of gravity of work to their personal farmstead. Personal subsidiary farms in the system of employment of rural residents have always been a sphere that provides secondary employment. And in Soviet time personal subsidiary farming took a lot of time and effort (up to 40 hours a week), since 1990, work in personal household plots has become the basis of existence.
Given the low wages and the irregularity of payments, many were forced to run personal subsidiary farms - workers in agricultural enterprises and the social sphere. Only work at non-agricultural enterprises and outside a rural settlement, except
1 Positive influence noted only 10% of men and 13% of women.
2 Artemov V.A. Village in the 1990s: trends in the daily activities of the rural population // Sotsiol. research 2002. No. 2. S. 67.
On May 70, a lot of time and providing more or less good wages, made it possible to reduce the time spent on household plots, although vegetable gardens for intra-family consumption are preserved. The role of household plots for intra-family consumption of deprived categories is great: pensioners, the unemployed, large families and single mothers. Farms of single pensioners with meager pensions can be quite large. If health permits, then pensioners plant gardens, keep cattle, often helping their children with food and money, especially since the readiness of pensioners to invest in work on a personal farmstead is determined by their usual way of life and the habit of working. Big role Private household plots play in the process of sustenance of people in settlements that do not have an employer. The number of such settlements is difficult to estimate, since the employer can only be de jure. Those. the enterprise is just registered, in fact there are no jobs or remuneration is not paid.
The attitude to work in private household plots has changed over the past 10 years. In the early 1990s, a personal farmstead significantly reduced the burden of reforms for the villagers and allowed them to survive. The illusion of the emergence of a "master of the land" on the basis of personal farmsteads was preserved. But then the limitations of the development of private household plots were revealed, its compensatory socio-economic functions, its “survival” character, appeared. In the 2000s, this type of labor is valued rather low in economic and sociocultural terms. Sociologists have obtained data on the dynamics of the value of various types of labor and leisure activities among the villagers. Thus, among rural residents there is a decrease in the value of labor in household plots from 31% in 1993 to 13% in 2005. The value of labor in personal subsidiary plots for women was already low, and in 2005 it fell to 6%. The value of domestic work, which was high among women in 1993 (40%), fell to 46% in 1999 and 33% in 2005 (see Table b1). Neither the peasant vein, nor the economic independence
1 Novokhatskaya O. V. Decree. op. P. 54. The bridge does not appear in the volumes of household plots. So, only 16% of men in the countryside in 1999 considered working on a personal farmstead "a manifestation of a peasant vein, essence", in 2005 their number decreased to 5%, the number of those who believe that private plots allow you to be independent decreased from 13% up to 7% respectively1. Moreover, there is a rather large number of villagers who believe that employment in household plots impedes the implementation of their main labor activity, negatively affects family relationships, mood, and state of mind.
CONCLUSION
The development of the modern Russian village is usually considered in the modernization paradigm as overcoming the signs traditional society and the formation of qualities characteristic of modern industrial society. But at the same time, the process of modernization, the movement from a traditional society to a modern one, is conceived linearly. The rural way of life is represented as a sphere of existence of traditional values, the elimination of which is considered a condition for successful modernization. The linearity of the consciousness of progressive-minded reformers determines the logic of modernization - the creation of formal institutions of modern society, the formation of values through the massive processing of consciousness in the media. All those who have not adapted to the given conditions are declared in advance to be conservatives, traditionalists. But the peasant culture, on whose shoulders the village rests, is conservative in its agricultural essence. The peasant cannot “abandon” it without losing the paradigm basis of his existence.
The conservatism of the rural way of life is determined by the peculiarities of agricultural production. It cannot but take into account the biological limits of its growth - more than laid down by nature, a plant will not produce, animals will not give birth. The cycle of agricultural production is unchanging and uninterrupted. A peasant cannot interrupt for a strike or a rally - he will miss the sowing time, he will not feed the cattle. Agricultural production capacities cannot be "frozen" in the event of an unfavorable market situation. The agricultural process can be intensified, streamlined, but radically revolutionized - no. That is why the village gravitates toward tradition, sustainability, and conservative values. Attempts to introduce values that contradict the paradigm basis of agriculture and the rural way of life deform the axiospace of the village instead of its development and modernization. The consequence of deformation is social degradation, and then the physical extinction of the village. The loss of the village in the settlement structure is fraught with irreversible consequences. On a global scale, it will lead to disturbances and imbalances in the processes of human settlement on Earth. Selected countries will face the problems of losing control over their territories, which will lead to a surge in geopolitical conflicts, loss of developed cultural space, the loss of the ethno-cultural identity of the planet.
But the difficulties of embedding new values in the traditional peasant consciousness does not mean a rejection of the modernization of the countryside. Modernization is the main way of human development. Despite the difficulties and challenges it poses, most it solves the problems facing humanity. Traditional pre-industrial society could not develop productive forces to a level that satisfies the needs of people, could not overcome diseases, create comfortable living conditions. The peasant class and villages in the traditional world quickly became the social periphery with the advent of cities. The return of the leading position of the village is in principle impossible. The theory of modernization legitimizes the subdominant position of the village in relation to the city (in the dichotomy "tradition - modernity"), supplementing it with the demand for urgent and unconditional modernization of the village.
It seems that by imposing some value system, you can make the world change according to the logic of this system. The results of our research cast doubt on the fundamental possibility of such a transformation through the imposition of progressive values, advanced European (American) values, etc. Values act as a way of mastering social space, life world and the way of its constitution. Forcing modernization absolutizes only one side of the value development of the world. But the imposed values, like the synchrophasotron brought to the collective farm yard, are being adapted to equip the chicken coop. In the absence of nuclear physicists on the collective farm, a very reasonable and rational decision.
The optimal variant of modernization is the awareness of the inherent value of the village and its way of life, the recognition of the multiplicity of options for its existence in modern world. It is necessary to abandon attempts to squeeze social and economic policy in the countryside into Procrustean bed dichotomies "right - wrong", linking assessments with the Western model. It is possible to preserve the symbiosis of the collective and personal economy on a strict legal basis with the definition of responsibility and degree of participation. It is impossible to unequivocally condemn the use of the subsidized mechanism for supporting farms as a relic of the Soviet collective farm system. In a healthy social fabric, subsidies are useful in certain situations. It is necessary to abandon the unambiguous interpretation of traditional values as an antithesis to the market and to admit that they are the basis of the rural way of life, supported by the ideas of patriotism, morality and spirituality, they become the basis for the creation effective way farming on earth.
List of references for dissertation research Candidate of Sociological Sciences Tsapok, Sergey Viktorovich, 2009
1. Avraamova, E., L. Ovcharova, Quantitative estimates of the Russian middle class by the method of feature concentration / E. Avraamova, L. Ovcharova // Vopr. economy. 2001. - No. 1.
2. Altukhov, A. Methodology and methodology for determining the level of food security of the country / A. Altukhov // APK: economics, management. 2006. - No. 8.
3. Altukhov, A. Formation of regional agrarian policy / A. Altukhov // APK: economics, management. - 2005. No. 11.
4. Andreev, A.JI. Value and worldview aspects social inequality/ Andreev A.L. // Sociol. research 2007. - No. 9.
5. Anufrieva, P.A. Personal life style: theoretical and methodological problems / P.A. Anufriev. Kyiv, 1982.
6. Artamonov, A.D. Politics for the development of rural territories in Russia: settlements of the XXI century / A.D. Artamonov, O.I. Betin, I.Ya. Bogdanov, A.B. Gordeev, A.B. Merzlov, I.I. Sergeev. Tambov: Yulis Publishing House LLC, 2005.
7. Artemov, V.A. The village of the 90s: trends in the daily activities of the rural population / V.A. Artemov // Sociol. research 2002. - No. 2.
8. Akhiezer, A.C. Territorial migration - the realization of the need for the fullness of being /A.C. Akhiezer // Social sciences and modernity. -2007.-№3.
9. Barsukova S.Yu. Informal practices in the implementation of the national project of the agro-industrial complex / S.Yu. Barsukova // Sociol. research - 2008. - No. 3.
10. Barsukova S.Yu. reciprocal interactions. Essence, functions, specifics / S.Yu. Barsukova // Sociol. research 2004. - No. 9.
11. Batygin, G.S. Conceptual model of lifestyle and indicators system / G.S. Batygin // Social Sciences. - 1981. No. 2.
12. Bestuzhev-Lada, I.V. The content and structure of the category lifestyle / I.V. Bestuzhev-Lada // Theoretical and methodological problems of lifestyle research. - M., 1979.
13. Blinova, T.V. Social sustainability of the rural community / T.V. Blinova, R.P. Kutenkov, V.N. Rubtsova // Sociol. research 1999. - No. 8.
14. Bondarenko, L. Socio-psychological climate in the Russian village / J1. Bondarenko // APK: economics, management. 2005. - No. 11.
15. Bondarenko, L.V. Development of social processes in the countryside / L.V. Bondarenko. M., VNIIESKh, 1995.
16. Brodel, F. Material civilization, economy and capitalism, XV-XVIII centuries. / F. Braudel // F. Braudel. Op. Peace time. M., 2007. - T. 3.
17. Bulgakov, S.N. Orthodoxy / S.N. Bulgakov. M., 1991.
18. Butenko, A.P. Socialist way of life (methodological problems of research) / A.P. Butenko, A.S. Tsipko, V.P. Kiselev. M., 1975.
19. Varlamova, S.N. Family and children in the life attitudes of Russians / S.N. Varlamova, A.B. Noskova, H.H. Sedova // Sociol. research 2006. -№11.
20. Great stranger. Peasants and farmers in the modern world. -M.: Progress-Academy, 1992.
21. Great, P.P. Entrepreneurial potential of the rural population / P.P. Great, N.P. Kuznik, L.G. Khaibulaeva // Sociol. research 1998. - No. 12.
22. Great, P.P. Rural reality (sociological perspective) / V.P. Great // Sociol. research 1996. - No. 6.
23. Vinogradsky, V. Baiat means to speak / V. Vinogradsky. - M.: Agrarian Development Research Fund, 1996 Electronic resource. // http://www.fadr.msu.ru/mailserv/fadrnews/msq00083.html.
24. Vinogradsky, V.G. Peasant communities today (South Russian version) / V.G. Vinogradsky // Sociol. research 1996. - No. 6. P. 126-131.
25. Vishnevsky, A.G. Russian village in the demographic dimension / A.G. Vishnevsky, E.A. Kvasha, T.L. Kharkov, E.M. Shcherbakova // World of Russia.-2007.-No. 1.
26. Taker, A.A. Social types of farmers and trends in the development of the farmer movement / A.A. Taker // Sociol. research 1994. - No. 10.
27. Gavrilyuk A.G. Citizenship, patriotism and youth education / A.G. Gavrilyuk, V.V. Malenkov // Sociol. research 2004. - No. 7.
28. Gachev G. Cosmo-Psycho-Logos: National Images of the World / G. Ga-chev. M., 2007.
29. Gilinsky, Ya.I. Sociology of deviant behavior as a special sociological theory/ ME AND. Gilinsky // Sociol. research 1991. - No. 4.
30. Girenok, F.I. Moral economy: the third way / F.I. Girenok // Philosophy of economy. 1999. - No. 1.
31. Gololobov, I.V. Village as a non-political community: social (dis)organization of the world of proper names / I.V. Gololobov // Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology. 2005. - Vol. VIII. - No. 2. - S. 40-49.
32. Gorbacheva, T.P. Using data from a survey of the population on employment in Russia to determine the parameters of the shadow economy / T.JI. Gorbachev // Vopr. statistics. 2000. - No. 6.
33. Goricheva, L. Natural and natural conditions for the development of national economies in Russia and Western Europe / JI. Goricheva // World economy And international relationships. 2004. - No. 2. - S. 48-59; No. 3. - S. 27-36.
34. City and village in European Russia: a hundred years of change. M.: OGI, 2001.
35. Gorshkov, M.K. Russian society in the context of transformation / M.K. Gorshkov. M., 2000.
36. Goryachenko, E.E. Territorial community in a changing society / E.E. Goryachenko // Social trajectory of reformed Russia. - Novosibirsk: Science, 1991.
37. Gumilyov, JI.H. Rhythms of Eurasia: Epochs and civilizations / JI.H. Gumilev.-M., 2007.
39. Dementieva, I.F. Transformation value orientations in a modern Russian family / I.F. Dementieva // Vestnik RUDN University. Ser. Sociology. 2004. - No. 6-7.
40. Dmitriev, A.B. Territorial migration: philosophical and conflictological aspects / A.V. Dmitriev // Social policy and sociology. 2008.-№ 2.
41. Draganova, M. Social identification of residents of rural settlements and small towns / M. Draganova, P. Starosta, V. Stolbov // Sotsiol. research.-2002.-№2.
42. Eurasia. Historical views of Russian emigrants. - M., 1992.
43. Zaionchkovskaya, Zh.A. Russia in different time scales / Zh.A. Zayonchkovskaya. M., 1999.
44. Zaslavskaya, T.N. Sociology of economic life: Essays on theory / T.I. Zaslavskaya, R.V. Ryvkin. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1991.
45. Zider, R. "The Golden Age" and the crisis of the family in Europe from 1960 to the present day / R. Zider // Psychology of the family. Samara, 2002.
46. Ilyin, I.A. General doctrine of law and the state. On the essence of legal consciousness / I.A. Ilyin / I.A. Ilyin. Sobr. cit.: In 10 t. M .: Russian book, 1994.-T. 4.
47. Ilyin, I.E. Agrarian reform in a multi-ethnic region / I.E. Ilyin. Cheboksary, 2006.
48. Interview with D.N. Zamyatin // SottypkaB / Community. - 2005. - №2 Electronic resource. // http://ecsocman.edu.ru/images/pubs/2006/03/16/ 0000272937/2-Cottipka822005gatuwipe^£
49. Kagansky, V.L. Landscape and culture / V.L. Kagansky // Social sciences and modernity. 1997. - No. 1. - S. 134-145; No. 2. - S. 160-169.
50. Kalugina, Z.I. Paradoxes of agrarian reform in Russia: sociological analysis of transformational processes / Z.I. Kalugin. Novosibirsk: IEiOPP RAN, 2000.
51. Karnaukhov, S.G. Agrarian reform in one village / S.G. Karnaukhov, N.A. Cheremnykh // Sociol. research 2006. - No. 5.
52. Kartseva, L.V. Model of the family in the context of the transformation of Russian society / L.V. Kartseva // Sociol. research 2003. - No. 7.
53. Kogay, E.A. Social ecology. Man in the urban environment / E.A. Kogai // Social and humanitarian knowledge. 2000. - No. 1. - S. 116-131.
54. Kogan, L.B. To be citizens / L.B. Kogan. - M.: Thought, 1990.
55. Kogan, L.B. Urbanization, globalization and urban policy / L.B. Kogan // City Administration. 2007. - No. 12.
56. Korel, L.V. To the question of the connection between potential and real migration of rural residents to the cities / L.V. Korel // Social economic development villages and population migration. Novosibirsk, 1972.
57. Kosova, L.B. Dynamics of value orientations: analysis of the results of empirical research / L.B. Kosova // Sociol. research 1994. -№2.
58. Peasant studies: Theory. Story. Modernity: Yearbook 1996 / Ed. V. Danilova and T. Shanina. Moscow: Aspect Press, 1996.
59. Kutsenko, V.I. socialist lifestyle and comprehensive development personality / V.I. Kutsenko. - Kyiv, 1979.
60. Lapin, N.I. Social values and reforms in crisis Russia / N.I. Lapin // Sociol. research 1993. - No. 3.
61. Lapin, N.I. Sociocultural approach and societal-functional structures / N.I. Lapin // Sociol. research 2000. - No. 7.
62. Lapin, N.I. The status of the regions of Russia and the imbalance of their socio-cultural functions / N.I. Lapin // World of Russia. 2006. - Vol. XV - No. 2.
63. Lapin, N.I. Values as components sociocultural evolution modern Russia/ N.I. Lapin // Sociol. research 1994. - No. 5.
64. Levashev, B.K. Patriotism in the context of modern socio-political realities / V.K. Levashev // Sociol. research - 2006. - No. 8.
65. Lerner, M. The development of civilization in America / M. Lerner. - M., 1992.
66. Lue / skov, Yu. Agrarian program of capitalism in modern Russia / Yu. Luzhkov // Economics of agriculture in Russia. - 2006. - No. 2.
67. Lulskov, Yu.M. Rural capitalism in Russia: a collision with the future. Agrarian issue to the government / Yu.M. Luzhkov. M.: Moscow textbooks and Cartolithography, 2005.
68. Magoon, B.C. Labor values of the Russian society / V.C. Ma-gun // Social sciences and modernity. 1996. - No. 6.
69. Marx, K. From early works/ K. Marx, F. Engels. M., 1956.
70. Martynov, C.B. The current state of the Russian village: Sanitary and economic description of the village of Malyshev, Voronezh district / C.V. Martynov. Saratov: Saratov Zemstvo Week, 1903. - App. No. 3.
71. Marchenko, T.A. Needs as an internal determinant of lifestyle / Т.А. Marchenko. Rostov n / a, 1993.
72. Marchand, 77. Metropolises and economic development of Russia / P. Marchand, I. Samson // Questions of Economics. 2004. - No. 1.
73. Matveeva, E.V. On the causes of poverty / E.V. Matveeva // Internet conference "60th anniversary of the publication of the "Great Transformation" by Karl Polanyi: lessons for Russia". 2004 Electronic resource. // http://ecsocman.edu.ru/db/msg/! 81116.html
74. Methodology and methods of systematic study of the Soviet village / Otv. ed. T.I. Zaslavskaya, R.V. Ryvkin. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1980.
75. Methodology of research and quality of life of the rural population of Russia and the USA / Ed. V.V. Patsiorkovsky, David-J.O "Vgat. - Moscow-Columbia, 1996.
76. Migration of the rural population / Ed. T.I. Zaslavskaya. M.: Thought, 1970.
77. Sweet, JI.B. Great Russian plowman and features of the Russian historical process / J1.B. Milov. M.: ROSSPEN, 2001.
78. Miloserdov, V. A multi-layered economy of the agro-industrial complex, state and prospects / V. Miloserdov // APK: economics, management. - 2002. - No. 2.
79. Mindrin, A.C. Employment of the rural population is the main factor in the sustainable development of rural areas / A.S. Mindrin // APK: economics, management. 2005. - No. 7.
80. Mironov, A.B. The crisis of spiritual values in the socio-cultural space of modern Russia / A.V. Mironov // Social and humanitarian knowledge. 2007. - No. 2.
81. Mironov, B.N. attitude towards work in pre-revolutionary Russia/ B.N. Mironov // Sociol. research 2001. - No. 10.
82. Mironov, B.N. social history Russia ( XVIII beginning XX century) / B.N. Mironov. - SPb., 1999.
83. Mikheev, P.A. Dynamics life values rural youth / P.A. Mikheev // Sociol. research 2005. - No. 4.
84. Mnatsakanyan, M.O. social behavior, social communities, social reality (On the nature of the subject of sociological science) / M.O. Mnatsakanyan // Sociol. research 2001. - No. 3.
85. A mixed agrarian economy and the Russian village. M.: Kolos, 2001.
86. Mosienko, N.L. Local territorial communities: socio-territorial structure and real boundaries / N.L. Mosienko // Region: economics and sociology. 2007. - No. 2.141
87. Nefedova, T.G. Between the city and the countryside / T.G. Nefedova, A.I. Treyvish // World of Russia. 2002. - No. 4.
88. Nikiforov, JI.B. Socio-economic integration of the city and the countryside: (content, goals, ways, conditions) / JI.B. Nikiforov. - M.: Nauka, 1988.
89. Nikolsky S.A. Agriculture and peasantry as natural and historical phenomena / S.A. Nikolsky // Questions of Philosophy. 1991. -№2.
90. Nikonov, A.A. Spiral of centuries-old drama: agrarian science and politics in Russia (XVIII-XX centuries) / A.A. Nikonov. M., 1995.
91. Nikulin, A.M. Kuban collective farm - into a holding or a hacienda? / A.M. Nikulin // Sociol. research 2002. - No. 1.
92. Novikov, A.A. Agrarian policy of the state in the transitional period of development of society / A.A. Novikov. Rostov n / a, 1999.
93. Novokhatskaya, O.V. Everyday activities of the villagers: the tender aspect / O.V. Novokhatskaya // Sociol. research 2008. - No. 3.
94. Ovchintseva, JT.A. Employment of villagers: measurement difficulties / JI.A. Ovchintseva // World of Russia. 2000. - V. 9. Electronic resource. // http://ecsocman.edu.rU/images/pubs/2007/01/21/00003 00166/2000pZr 116-127.pdf
95. Okolskaya, JI.A. Russian formula of labor: a historical digression / JI.A. Okolskaya // Man. 2006. - No. 4.
96. Okolskaya, JI.A. The evolution of labor values and norms in Western Europe / JI.A. Okolskaya // Sociological studies: Sat. articles of graduate students / Under the general. ed. M.K. Gorshkov; comp. T.N. Korotkova, JI.A. Okolskaya. - M., 2006.
97. Oleinik, N.P. Is a middle class possible in rural settlements (regional profile) / N.P. Oleinik // Sociol. research 2005. - No. 4.
98. Osipov, Yu.M. Economy / Yu.M. Osipov // Philosophy of economy. - 2000.-№ 1.
99. Pankratova, N.V. Social and biological aspects of parenthood / N.V. Pankratova // Sociol. research 2006. - No. 10.
100. Paptsov, A. Directions state support agriculture in developed countries/ A. Paptsov // APK: economics, management. - 2005. - No. 11.
101. Parygin, B.D. Soviet way of life and socio-psychological problems of personality formation / B.D. Parygin. Kyiv, 1975.
102. Patrushev, VD Dynamics of the use of time budgets by the urban and rural population / V.D. Patrushev // Sociol. research - 2005. - No. 8.
103. Patsiorkovsky, V.V. Rural Russia: 1991-2001 / V.V. Patsi Orc. M.: Finance and statistics, 2003.
104. Patsiorkovskiy, V.V. Social reality and the problem of the meaning of action in the transitional period /V.V. Patsiorkovsky // Vopr. sociology. -1996.-Iss. 6.
105. Petrikov, A. Specifics of agriculture and modern agrarian reform in Russia / A. Petrikov M.: Encyclopedia of Russian villages, 1995.
106. A. Pivovarov, Yu.L. World urbanization and Russia on the threshold of the XXI century / Yu.L. Pivovarov // Social Sciences and Modernity. -1996.-№3.
107. Popper, K. open society and his enemies / K. Popper. M., 1992.
108. Privatization and reorganization of agricultural enterprises in Russia. -M.: International Finance Corporation, 1995.
109. Problems of systematic study of the village / Nauch. ed. T.I. Zaslavskaya, R.V. Ryvkina. Novosibirsk: IEiOPP SO AN SSSR, 1975.
110. Rassadina T.A. Moral orientations of the inhabitants of the Russian provinces / T.A. Rassadina // Sociol. research - 2004. No. 7.
111. Implementation of the national project "Development of the agro-industrial complex" // APK: economics, management. 2006. - No. 7.
112. Remezkov, A. State regulation of the agrarian sector of the economy / A. Remezkov // APK: economics, management. - 2006. - No. 6.
113. Reutov, E.V. Land as a value in Russian proverbs and sayings / E.V. Reutov // Sociol. research 2002. - No. 9.
114. Rinkevicius, JI. The concept of community (Gemeinshaft/community) and its specificity in the virtual space / JI. Rinkevičius, E. Butkevicienė // Sociol. research 2007. - No. 7.
115. Ryekina, R.V. Lifestyle of the rural population / R.V. Ryvkin. - Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1979.
116. Savchenko, E. The choice of priorities for Russian agrarian policy in modern conditions/ E. Savchenko // APK: economics, management. 2000. -№3.
117. Sergeev, V.M. Network dynamics of globalization and the typology of "global gates" / V.M. Sergeev, A.A. Kazantsev // Polit, research. 2007. - No. 2.
118. Serkov, A. Philosophical aspects of socio-economic transformations in agriculture in Russia / A. Serkov // APK: economics, management. 2005. - No. 11.
119. Sillaste, G.G. The influence of the media on the life plans of rural student youth / G.G. Sillaste // Sociol. research 2004. - No. 12.
120. Scott, J. Moral Economics of the Peasantry as an Ethic of Survival / J. Scott // The Great Stranger: Peasants and Farmers in the Social World. -M.: "Progress-Academy", 1992.
121. Smelser, N. Sociology / N. Smelser. -M., 1994.
122. Sogomonov, A.Yu. Fate and prophecy of Pitirim Sorokin / A.Yu. Sogomonov // P.A. Sorokin. Human. Civilization. Society. Moscow: Politizdat, 1992.
123. Sorokin, P.A. Human. Civilization. Society / P.A. Sorokin. -M.: Politizdat, 1992.
124. The state of the social and labor sphere and proposals for its regulation. M., 2007.
125. Socio-economic development of the Siberian village / Ed. ed. T.I. Zaslavskaya, Z.V. Kupriyanov. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1987.
126. Social indicators of the way of life of the Soviet society: Methodological problems / Otv. ed. I.V. Bestuzhev-Lada. M., 1980.
127. Social mechanism of economic reform: methodology and experience of economic and sociological research. Method, development / (R.V. Ryvkina, L.Ya. Kosals, S.Yu. Pavlenko and others). Novosibirsk: IEiOPP SO AN SSSR, 1990.
128. Stanek, O. Satisfaction with the place of residence in small settlements: an environmental factor / O. Stanek, P. Starosta, V. Stolbov // Sotsi-ol. research - 2001. No. 7.
129. Staroverov, V.I. On the history of the revival of Russian rural sociology / V.I. Staroverov // Sociol. research 2008. - No. 10.
130. Staroverov, V.I. Results of the liberal modernization of the Russian countryside / V.I. Staroverov // Sociol. research 2004. - No. 12.
131. Staroverov, V.I. Rural sociology / V.I. Old Believers. M., 2003.
132. Strukov, E.V. Socialist way of life / E.V. Strukov. -M., 1977.
133. Tapilina, B.C. How much does Russia drink? Volume, dynamics and differentiation of alcohol consumption / V.C. Tapilina // Sociol. research 2006. -№2.
134. Tarasov, N. Priority national project "Development of the agro-industrial complex" from the point of view of the profitability of agricultural labor / N. Tarasov, M. Skalnaya // APK: economics, management. 2006. - No. 8.
135. Tennis, F. Community and society. Basic concepts of pure sociology / F. Tennis. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House "Vladimir Dal", 2002.
136. Todorov, A. Quality of life. Critical analysis of bourgeois concepts / A. Todorov. -M., 1980.
137. Thorner, D. Peasant economy as social category// Great stranger / D. Thorner; ed. T. Shanina. -M.: Progress, 1992.
138. Trotskoesky, A.Ya. Transformation of the socio-territorial structure of the region / A.Ya. Trotskovsky // Social trajectory of the reformed Russia. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1991.
139. Ugiachev, I. The role and place of agriculture in the Russian economy / I. Ushachev // APK: economics, management. - 2003. - No. 5.
140. Ushachev, I. Stolypin reform and priorities of modern agrarian policy / I. Ushachev // APK: economics, management. 2006. - No. 12.
141. Fadeeva, O.P. Economic structures in the modern Russian village / O.P. Fadeeva // Sociol. research 2007. - No. 11.
142. Fedorov, V. Russian patriotism - true and imaginary / V. Fedorov // Russian newspaper. 2006 - Dec 22
143. Filippov, A.F. F. Tennis as the founder of German sociology / A.F. Filippov // History of theoretical sociology M., 1997. -T. 1.
144. Forsova, V.V. Orthodox family values / V.V. Forsova // Sociol. research 1997. - No. 1.
145. Foucault, M. Words and things. Archeology humanities/ M. Foucault.-SPb., 1994.
146. Khagurov A.A. Some methodological aspects of the study of the Russian village / A.A. Khagurov // Sociol. research - 2009. No. 2.
147. Tsylee, V.R. The diversity of the phenomenon of patriotism of young Mur-Manchans / V.R. Tsylev, T.V. Mulina // Sociol. research 2009. - No. 6.
148. Chayanov A.B. Peasant economy / A.B. Chayanov. M.: Economics, 1989.
149. Chetyrova, L. Social construction of labor / JI. Chetyrov. - Samara: Samara University Publishing House, 2002.
150. Shanin, T. Methodology of double reflexivity in the studies of the modern Russian village / T. Shanin // E.M. Kovalev, I.E. Steinberg. Qualitative methods in field sociological research. - M.: Logos, 1999.
151. Shanin, T. The concept of the peasantry / T. Shanin // The Great Stranger / Ed. T. Shanina. M.: Progress. - 1992.
152. Shaposhnikov, A.N. Socio-economic analysis of the formation of incomes of the rural population (on the example of the Novosibirsk region) /
153. A.N. Shaposhnikov. - Novosibirsk: Science, Siberian branch, 1983.
154. Shatova, A.B. Personal subsidiary farming in a transitional economy / A.V. Shatova, T.V. Zubkova, L.N. Dubova. Penza, RIO PGSKhA, 2005.
155. Shilov, V.N. Political values: specifics and functions /
156. B.N. Shilov // Social and humanitarian knowledge. 2003. - No. 6.
157. Shingarev, A.I. Dying village. Experience of sanitary and economic research of two villages of the Voronezh district / A.I. Shingarev. -2nd ed. St. Petersburg: Library of public benefit, 1907.
158. Shirokalova G.S. The realities of the Russian village / G.S. Shirokalova, M.V. Zinyakova // Sociol. research 2006. - No. 7 Electronic resource. // http://ecsocman.edu.ru/images/pubs/2008/10/30/0000325025/shiro-kalova/pdf.
159. Shmelev, GK Agrarian policy and agrarian relations in Russia in the XX century / G.I. Shmelev. M., 2000.
160. Elbakyan, E.S. The influence of religious values on the economic preferences of believing Russians / E.S. Elbakyan, S.V. Medvedko // Sociol. research-2001. -#8.
161. Poisons, V.A. Social and socio-psychological mechanisms of the formation of the social identity of the individual / V.A. Yadov // World of Russia. 1995. -№ 3-4.
162. Bauman, Z. Community: Seeking Safety in an Insecure World / Z. Bauman. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001.
163. Scott, J. Weapons of the Weak. Everyday Forms of Peasants Resistance / J. Scott. New Haven: Yale Unviersity Press, 1985.
164. Theodorson, G.A. A Modern Dictionary of Sociology / G.A. Theo-dorson, A.G. Theodorson. - N.Y.: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1969.
165. Thomas, W. The Polish Peasant in Europe and America: A Classic Work in Immigration History / W. Thomas, F. Znaniecki. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1927.
Please note that the scientific texts presented above are posted for review and obtained through recognition original texts dissertations (OCR). In this connection, they may contain errors related to the imperfection of recognition algorithms. There are no such errors in the PDF files of dissertations and abstracts that we deliver.
It can be argued that as a result of the economic, social and political processes of the last 15-20 years, Russian society has not yet been able to consolidate around common goals and values. At present, it is a gradually becoming more complex set of microcommunities that have arisen for a variety of reasons.
It is somewhat more difficult to determine the exact list of problems. It is the public services, their leaders and their representatives that most often become producers of "social problems", the solutions of which they themselves then propose. It is the state that then turns to the professional community of experts to substantiate the formulation of such problems and substantiate options for their solutions.
Non-profit organizations and civil society structures most often do not have sufficient financial resources to pay for orders for in-depth and objective research.
Therefore, even in the presence of a variety of opinions and assessments, the Russian expert community most effectively defends the priorities and interests of the state, and not citizens.
However, among them, one can single out the main problems, the presence of which is beyond doubt: a drop in demographic indicators, a deterioration in living standards against the backdrop of rising prices and lower wages, social vulnerability of the poor, an increase in alcoholism, drug addiction, and tuberculosis.
According to the Foundation's survey " Public opinion"FOM, held on January 21-22, 2006 in 44 regions of Russia, 51% of Russians consider high prices for housing and communal services to be the most painful social problem.
Also to the main social problems Russians attribute the lack of money for food and goods (37%), rising prices and inflation (35%), alcoholism (33%) and high prices for medical services and medicines (32%).
According to another FOM survey conducted on November 23, 2006 (1500 survey participants), the majority of respondents named the main problems as low wages and housing problems. Thus, we can add to the number of socio-cultural problems of Russian society financial difficulties population by various reasons, poor organization of health and education systems, personal problems of people caused by an unhealthy psychological atmosphere in society.
The listed problems of social and cultural development are supplemented and exacerbated by political instability in the world, the development of the financial crisis affecting the growth of the Russian economy, as well as cultural problems. Workers of cultural infrastructure are reduced. The cultural infrastructure in Russia is quite developed, but at the same time it remains ossified, technically and morally obsolete. A strong imprint on it was left by the former social order and the cultural policy inherent in it; the consequence of this is the focus on centralized management and direct budgetary content, a noticeable deficit own initiative cultural institutions, their unpreparedness for existence in the conditions of social and economic pluralism and the free market. As a result, there is a cooling of the population's interest in the heritage of Russian and world civilization. The average Russian considers going to a bar or watching a TV show as cultural leisure. It is also a result of the mass craze for cinema, the Internet, and the high cost of other cultural entertainment. The level of political culture, the ability to adapt in society, the quality of the performance of professional duties directly depend on the general level of culture.
In the field of healthcare, a multiformity and fragmentation have formed, which worsens the quality of medical services provided.
The second feature of modern health care is its rise in price. With the elimination of the Iron Curtain, modern diagnostic and therapeutic technologies poured into the country in a wide stream. Their appearance, on the one hand, improved the quality of diagnostics, improved the results of treatment, and reduced the time for restoring lost health. On the other hand, it led to an increase in the cost medical care by several orders of magnitude.
The next problem is the lack of funding, ie. discrepancy between the real needs of healthcare and the allocated financial resources.
The fourth is a costly healthcare model with an excess bed capacity. Weak equipment of pre-perestroika health care, the lack of effective medicines and advanced technologies were compensated by a large number of hospitals, an entire army of doctors and a strong clinic. Over the past 10 years, the preventive component of healthcare has weakened, and from preventive it has become curative. And we inherited an inflated bed network and a large number of inefficient hospitals.
Health care and education, as the most significant social institutions, continue to suffer from high level corruption. In 2004, bribes to prestigious universities increased by 15-20%. The amount of a bribe for admission to the law and economics departments of universities ranged from 10-25 thousand euros in the capital and 9-22 thousand dollars in the provinces. For humanities faculties of universities, these figures ranged from 8-15 thousand euros in the capital and 8-12 thousand dollars in the provinces, and for science faculties - 6-8 thousand euros in the capital and 3-5 thousand dollars in the provinces.
According to the monitoring data of the Higher School of Economics, 70% of families admit that significant investments are needed for a child to successfully enter a university, but only 60% of the respondents are solvent. Children from high-income families chose such specialties as journalism, architecture and design, children from low-income families - pedagogical specialties (data for 2002-2003).
This trend reflects the mood of society, which continues to consider education the key to a secure future for their children.
It can also be noted that, in general, Russians' view of the future is becoming more optimistic compared to the 1990s. People attach more importance not only to economic and political issues, but also to relationships, careers, and a healthy lifestyle. The desire for the latter is especially expressive against the background of the problems of alcoholism and drug addiction. According to the data given at the international scientific and practical conference dedicated to the 20th anniversary of the national scientific center narcology of Roszdrav, more than 3.5 million Russians - 2.4 percent. of the total population of the country suffer from alcoholism and drug addiction. About 70,000 drug addicts die every year, most of them young people barely 25 years old.
The AIDS epidemic also undermines the Russians. In general, about 336 thousand HIV-infected people are officially registered in Russia today, of which 7952 have died. And this is just the beginning - according to the estimates of the Federal Scientific and Methodological Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS, about 1 million Russians are actually infected. Moreover, if before 90 percent. of all HIV-infected people were drug addicts, today there are only 12-15% of them. Increasingly, pregnant women and mothers, adolescents who engage in unsafe sex are becoming victims of AIDS.
Among the causes of drug addiction and alcoholism, social factors can be noted: psychological shock, political shock, economic shock that occurred after the fundamental breakdown of the state system, the prevalence of drug addiction in the region, unemployment and personal: seed problems, lack of attention and love, lack of harmony in relationships.
Also, the socio-cultural development of Russia is influenced by terrorism, the role of oligarchs in the political and economic life of the country, the environmental situation, bureaucracy, the presence of extremist and fascist youth groups.
The aggravated ideological and socio-cultural problems of modern Russia are reflected in the state of the whole society, first of all, the modern family reacts to the ongoing changes and transformations.
