This material presents an analysis of the results psychological test, which can be accessed by the link: !
Initially, this method of personality diagnostics was proposed by M.A. Panfilova for children 3–7 years old. However, it will not be superfluous for adults to learn a little more about themselves. You can take this test with your child, friend, loved one.
Results:
Interpretation of adult drawings
General characteristics of the drawing:
1. The position of the picture on a sheet of paper. The position of the cactus relative to the horizontal middle of the sheet indicates the level of self-esteem of the painter. Adequate self-esteem - the cactus is located approximately in the middle of the leaf. People with low self-esteem, those prone to inferiority complexes tend to draw at the bottom of the page. The drawings of those who have high self-esteem tend to the top. If the cactus occupies more than the left half of the leaf, then this person most likely likes to focus on his past, reminisces. Future-oriented people are more likely to draw a cactus on the right side of the paper. Those who are focused on the present will depict a cactus approximately in the center.
2. Pattern size can also tell about the level of self-esteem. If the cactus takes up less than ⅓ of the page, then this person may have complexes in relation to himself. On the contrary, cactus occupies more than ⅔ of the page for those who strive to stand out, emphasize their superiority, leadership.
3. The nature of the lines. A clear, almost continuous line is characteristic of people with a "firm hand" - confident, resolute. If you see hatching on a cactus, then this person may be prone to a state of anxiety and anxiety. About impulsivity may indicate a fuzzy, broken line.
4. Pressing force. Pay attention to the brightness of the lines that draw the cactus. That is why the test is best done using a simple pencil. A bold, “pressure” line indicates the tension experienced by the person drawing. Pay attention to which particular detail of the cactus is especially highlighted? Weak lines - an indicator of low vitality, loss of strength, fatigue.
Cactus Features:
5. Needles, their number, shape and direction talk about the level of aggression. Large (in relation to the general proportions of the cactus), thick, long, poisonous, especially underlined - such needles are more likely to be drawn by a person experiencing anger, aggression, irritation. It can be expressed in normal behavior, and may be hidden as an unacceptable form of interaction. About focus You can recognize aggression by the direction of growth of the needles. Needles grow up - aggression is directed towards people who are higher than a person in status (parents, bosses), social and financial status; to the sides - to peers, colleagues, "equals"; down - to the weaker, dependent, lower in the social hierarchy (subordinates, children, animals).
6. The shape of the cactus. Cactus unusual shape, "creative" - this means that a person is characterized by a certain demonstrativeness, a desire to manifest and show himself. If the shoots of a cactus protrude beyond the main "body" - then this person is quite open to other people, sociable. If additional the processes are concentrated inside, do not protrude beyond the contour of the cactus - you are dealing with a rather closed and cautious person.
7. Where the cactus grows. A home cactus growing in a pot is usually drawn by people seeking protection, finding home warmth and comfort, family and close circle. If the cactus grows in the wild (in the desert) - such people are characterized by the experience of loneliness, self-centeredness, isolation. However, if other cacti, plants grow next to the “wild” cactus, there are still living objects (animals, people), this may mean that a person strives to gain personal freedom, independence, strives to become strong and independent.
8. Additional cactus details. Jewelry, flowers, the unusual color of the cactus is manifested in those who are prone to narcissism, the manifestation of femininity and coquetry.
9. The colors and "mood" of the cactus show the current state of the person. dark colors, small shading, the general downward slope of the cactus (as if it is withering, or it lacks water) can signal the predominance of negative conditions, symptoms of depression. A joyful, bright, strong cactus, reaching for the sun, is most likely to be drawn by a positive, easy-going person, open to the world.
10. The presence of "kids" on the cactus. It is believed that "kids" on a cactus denote in fact children, either existing or planned in the future. Most often, "kids" are found on "domesticated" cacti, which already means the desire to create a family.
An example of the interpretation of the drawing test "Cactus"
Drawing of a girl 20 years old:
The cactus is located in the middle of the leaf, takes about ⅔ in height - this indicates adequate self-esteem.
The spines are small, but there are quite a lot of them. According to the girl, “you can touch it, the cactus is soft, but if it pricks, it will pinch.” That is, the girl is friendly, but if they offend, she will show aggression (will defend herself).
The cactus is round, there are protruding processes, the flower is femininity and demonstrativeness(Pay attention to me!).
Homemade cactus (in a pot, on a napkin, on a windowsill, next to a curtain) - high value family relations. There is a sad cat nearby - in this case, this is a wish that has not yet come true to have a cat. However, there are no other living creatures in the picture - this may indicate some loneliness, undivided interests.
According to the girl, she had such a cactus at the age of 14 and she really liked it. And in the figure, the cactus is slightly tilted to the left - to the past. Thus, that period in her life is a resource for her: a pleasant memory from which you can draw strength.
The dominant color in the drawing is blue (although there were 24 pencils in the set) - this is a calm and satisfied state at the moment.
“The cactus will no longer grow, it is already an adult” - the feeling of being an adult, a mature personality. “He will only have shoots” - this may be the implementation of plans, ideas, or the desire to have children.
Interpretation of children's drawings
When processing the results, the data corresponding to all graphical methods are taken into account, namely:
attitude
picture size
line characteristics
pressure force on the pencil
In addition, specific indicators characteristic of this particular technique are taken into account:
characteristic of the "image of a cactus" (wild, domestic, feminine, etc.)
characteristic of the manner of drawing (drawn, schematic, etc.)
characteristics of needles (size, location, number)
Based on the results of the processed data on the drawing, it is possible to diagnose the personality traits of the child being tested:
Aggressiveness - the presence of needles, especially a large number of them. Strongly protruding, long, closely spaced needles reflect a high degree of aggressiveness.
Impulsivity - jerky lines, strong pressure.
Egocentrism, the desire for leadership - a large drawing located in the center of the sheet.
Self-doubt, addiction - a small picture located at the bottom of the sheet.
Demonstrativeness, openness - the presence of protruding processes in the cactus, pretentiousness of forms.
Stealth, caution - the location of zigzags along the contour or inside the cactus.
Optimism - the image of "joyful" cacti, the use of bright colors in the version with colored pencils.
Anxiety - the predominance of internal shading, dashed lines, the use of dark colors with colored pencils.
Femininity - the presence of soft lines and shapes, jewelry, flowers.
Extroversion - the presence in the picture of other cacti or flowers.
Introversion - the figure shows only one cactus.
The desire for home protection, a sense of family community - the presence of a flower pot in the picture, the image of a home cactus.
Lack of desire for home protection, a feeling of loneliness - the image of a wild, desert cactus.
Interpretation of colors
The color of the plant indicates how mobile the child's psyche is:
green symbolizes constancy and confidence;
yellow - fear of being rejected by society;
blue - the baby is comfortable in the conditions in which he is in a specific period of time;
red - the subject is experiencing strong emotional arousal;
gray - the child has a neutral attitude to everything that happens;
White color sometimes it indicates that the test person has vision problems, and he does not notice that he is losing the plot in terms of color;
black - the tested person is used to contradicting his relatives in everything, perhaps he is too spoiled.
After completing the drawing, the child can be asked questions as an addition, the answers that will help clarify the interpretation:
Is this cactus domestic or wild? Where does it grow (at someone's home or in the desert)?
Can this cactus be touched? Does he wobble?
Does anyone care about him? He likes it?
Does this cactus grow alone or with some plant in the neighborhood?
When the cactus grows, how will it change? (volume, needles, processes)
Marina Alexandrovna Panfilova– Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Clinical Psychology, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation
Target: assessment of the state of the emotional sphere of a person, the presence of aggressiveness, its direction, intensity, etc.
During the diagnosis, the subject is given a sheet of white paper. standard size A4 and a simple pencil. A variant is possible with the use of pencils of eight "Lusher" colors, in this case, the corresponding indicators of the Luscher test are taken into account when interpreting.
Instruction. "On a sheet of white paper, draw a cactus - the way you imagine."
Questions and additional explanations are not allowed.
When processing the results, the data inherent in all graphic methods are taken into account: the spatial arrangement and size of the drawing, the characteristics of the lines, and the pressure of the pencil. In addition, indicators specific to this technique are taken into account: the characteristic of the “image of a cactus” (wild, domestic, primitive, detailed, etc.), the characteristic of needles (size, location, number).
The following qualities of the subjects may appear in the figure:
Aggression - the presence of needles. Strongly protruding, long, closely spaced needles show a high degree of aggressiveness.
Impulsivity - jerky lines, strong pressure.
Egocentrism, the desire for leadership - a large drawing, the center of the sheet.
Self-doubt, dependence - a small drawing, the location at the bottom of the sheet.
Demonstrativeness, openness - the presence of protruding processes in the cactus, pretentiousness of forms.
Stealth, caution - the location of zigzags along the contour or inside the cactus.
Optimism - the use of bright colors, "joyful" cacti.
Anxiety - the use of dark colors (variant with colored pencils), the predominance of internal shading with broken lines.
Femininity - the presence of jewelry, flowers, soft lines and shapes.
Extroversion - the presence in the picture of other cacti or flowers.
Introversion - the picture shows one cactus.
The desire for home protection, the presence of a sense of family community - the presence of a flower pot in the picture, image houseplant.
Lack of desire for home protection, the presence of a feeling of loneliness - wild, "desert" cacti.
FEEDBACK
Feedback questionnaire (G.L. Bardier)
Target.
Instruction. Please, in writing on a 10-point system, evaluate the following three statements about your participation in the implementation given task(or training in general). Answers should be explained in words:
1. I understood something new for myself:
Score: ... Explanation: ...
2. Got an emotional charge:
Score: ... Explanation: ...
3. New plans have appeared:
Score: ... Explanation: ...
Feedback questionnaire (T.B. Gorshechnikova)
Target. Providing feedback after the training.
Instruction. Please answer the questions below:
1. Have you participated in similar trainings before?
2. What goal did you set for yourself at the first lesson?
3. The most vivid impression of the class?
4. What did you like about the group's work?
5. What effective communication skills did you learn during the course?
6. What information about your personal characteristics did you receive in the group?
7. How can you determine the effectiveness of the training for yourself? For a group?
8. How, in your opinion, can the effectiveness of classes be improved?
9. The atmosphere in the group can be assessed as ... Please mark the score closest to any of the following poles:
10. What color do you associate with the atmosphere in the group?
Thank you!
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Introduction.......................................................................................................... 3
Exemplary thematic plan .................................................................. 4
Theoretical block .............................................................. ...................................... 7
Psychology of groups .............................................................. ............................................... 7
Fundamentals of psychological training .............................................................. ............ 8
Preparation of the leading psychological training .............................................. 16
Practice block..................................................................................... 21
Tasks for students .............................................................. ................................. 21
Examples of rituals in training .......................................................... ................... 25
Metaphor in training ....................................................... ................................. 25
Examples of training exercises ............................................................... .......... 29
Warm-up exercises .................................................................. ................... 29
Communication exercises .................................................................. ............. thirty
Exercises aimed at relieving emotional stress. 35
Exercises personal growth............................................................ 38
Exercises aimed at developing abilities .............................. 41
Game in training .............................................. ......................................... 43
Diagnostics in training .............................................................. ............................... 48
Feedback.......................................................................................... 70
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Getting into new team The child is under stress. And it doesn’t matter at all with what mood the baby begins to go to school or kindergarten: the desire or unwillingness to visit these institutions is directly related to how he perceives others and how they treat him. It is in the study of the emotional sphere of preschoolers and junior schoolchildren and the Cactus technique helps.
The essence of the technique "Cactus"
The technique, developed in the 90s of the twentieth century by the teacher of the Department of Clinical Psychology of the Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Marina Alexandrovna Panfilova, is considered one of the simplest, nevertheless it is very informative. Its essence is simple: the child is invited to draw a cactus as he imagines it. When compiling the test, the author was guided by the fact that it is projective methods, drawing in particular, that are most useful for diagnosing children. This is due to the fact that through the drawing the baby unconsciously demonstrates:
- attitude to the world;
- his place among the people around him;
- formed worldview;
- level of mental development;
- psychophysical state.
The "Cactus" technique helps to identify the characteristics of the psycho-emotional state of the subject, determine his resistance to stress and susceptibility to aggression (as well as its intensity) and understand the causes that cause negative feelings The child has. After analyzing the diagnostic results, the experimenter can easily conclude whether the baby is purposeful, impulsive, egocentric, secretive or demonstrative.
The English writer Iris Murdoch said: “Art is an inconvenient thing, it is bad to joke with it. The drawing expresses the only truth that ultimately matters. Only in the light of art can human affairs be corrected.”
The procedure for conducting diagnostics among younger students
Testing in small groups is allowed
The technique can be used in working with children over 3 years old, that is, with those who are confident enough to hold a pencil in their hand. At the same time, it does not matter how well the child masters the writing subject - all the strokes and lines that will then be explored do not require artistic skills. It is advisable to test in individual form, but if necessary, several children can be combined into small group. For the subject, you need to prepare a sheet of A4 paper, pencils and colored pencils.
Instructions for the child:
- Imagine that you saw a beautiful cactus.
- Remember all the details of this image and, on a signal, start drawing a flower.
- You can't get distracted and ask questions.
If the baby has not seen the plant until this moment, it does not matter: an adult just needs to tell about the existence of a flower with thorns.
The test is given as much time as the child needs to create a drawing, however, the period of work on the task should not last more than 30 minutes. The technique allows the creation of both black and white and color images. The interpretation of the painted picture is recommended to be carried out with a professional child psychologist, since only he will be able to correctly draw conclusions from such a multi-level test.
To create more complete picture after the child completes the drawing, an adult needs to ask a few leading questions:
- Did you draw a domestic cactus or a wild one?
- Is it possible to touch him? Is he very prickly?
- Does this cactus enjoy being looked after? Watering, fertilizing?
- What will your "pet" be like when he grows up? Describe the size, needles, processes.
Processing and interpretation of results
Drawing style analysis
The pressure force and the nature of the lines
To evaluate the first parameter, one should consider the image with reverse side sheet. If the pressure is strong, then this indicates the growing tension of the child. When one detail is emphasized by hardness, this is evidence of the subject's impulsiveness. But a weak, barely noticeable pressure speaks of an oppressed state of mind, general physical and mental weakness.
The broken lines in the figure speak of impetuosity in the character of the child. Such children quickly light up with some business, but rarely finish what they started. If the cactus is depicted with strokes, then this indicates that little artist something is very worried, unsure of himself. When all the lines run clearly and evenly, it can be argued that the subject is able to adequately assess the situation and does not doubt his abilities.
Location and size
If the kid drew a plant at the bottom of the leaf, this clear sign low self-esteem. The location at the top, on the contrary, speaks of too high an opinion of yourself.
It is also worth paying attention to the direction in which the depicted cactus gravitates: to the right - the child is focused on the future, to the left - the subject is prone to constant analysis of the past. The norm is a picture located in the middle, this position signals that the testee is focused on the events that happen to him in the present.
An important characteristic is the size of the image. If the cactus occupies less than a third of the leaf, then the child's self-esteem is underestimated. The drawing, the size of which is more than 2/3 of the sheet, indicates an overestimated conceit. The cactus turned out to be large - we can say that the baby strives for leadership, and in his character there is an obsession with himself. A small plant gives out uncertainty, weakness and dependence of the subject on the opinions of others - such a baby does not make decisions without the approval of an adult.
Consideration of the plot of the drawing
All the details of the drawing matter: the size, color of the cactus, needles or their absence, and even whether the plant is “placed” in a pot or not.
This part of the analysis includes consideration of the cactus itself, the background and other possible characters.
When studying the image of a plant, the following moment is taken into account: whether it looks like a real flower or is depicted as a cartoon character. In the first case, we can say that the child has a very realistic approach to life, he knows where to behave “like an adult”, and when you can remain a baby. For example, the subject understands that if he performs the task differently from what is expected of him, he will not only upset his parents, but may not go to school (or not move to the next class). When the cactus is drawn as animation character, this indicates the infantility of the tested, rich imagination.
The test conditions do not imply the image of additional characters, but they may be present in the child's drawing. Any creatures that the baby added to the cactus, as well as shoots, flowers, or any objects indicate that the subject a good relationship with other people, he is comfortable in society and it is hard to work alone.
Experts came to the conclusion that in children's drawings, a number of common features, which give a clear picture of the nature of the child:
- malice is expressed in the image a large number needles, while they are long and sticking out;
- one can speak about the demonstrativeness of the subject when the flower is of a simple form and is drawn in bold lines with rare needles;
- evidence of optimism tested - a large cactus with a smile from ear to ear;
- anxiety is manifested by the creation of an image in dark shades with thick spines;
- a simple and lonely cactus means the introversion of the child;
- the test subject needs home protection if he draws a potted plant;
- the image of a flower in the desert speaks of the loneliness of the baby.
Interpretation of colors
The color of the plant indicates how mobile the child's psyche is:
Interpretation of answers to additional questions
Answers to questions do not have independent interpretations as such, because the conversation is conducted with the child only in order to confirm the conclusions that will be made when analyzing the picture. For example, if a child says that he drew a wild cactus, it is more likely to say: he strives for loneliness, independence, freedom. Description home plant- an indicator that the baby is comfortable in those emotional and psychological conditions in which his life passes. If, according to the subject, the cactus is “bald”, then the child is completely open to others, but the story about the prickly flower speaks of the aggressiveness of the test. The realization that the “pet” needs to be looked after shows, on the contrary, the absence of malice and friendliness in character.
Psychologists apply different techniques. Basically, all research is carried out in a playful way. But sometimes, to determine certain characteristics of a person, it is enough to draw something. It is this technique that implies the Cactus technique. M. A. Panfilova is a child psychologist who is the author of this study.
What can be revealed
When carrying out this technique, the emotional and personal sphere of the child is investigated. With its help, you can determine whether the baby is prone to aggression, how intense it is and what it is aimed at. The Cactus technique is used by psychologists in working with children over three years old, because it is necessary that the baby knows how to hold a pencil well and draw.
The essence of the technique
So what is it graphic technique"Cactus"? For its implementation, it is necessary to prepare for each child one sheet of paper and a pencil. Ideally, the study is conducted alone with a psychologist, but in the absence of such an opportunity, the lesson can also be a group session.
So, all the young participants in the study are given “tools”. Since the technique is called "Cactus", then each child should draw this particular plant. Moreover, no questions can be asked to an adult, there should be no hints and explanations. The kid must depict the cactus as he represents it. Perhaps he does not quite know what it looks like, but this is precisely the essence of such a study as the Cactus technique.
Additional questions
After the drawing is ready, the psychologist asks the child additional questions in order to be able to correctly interpret the results. This will help you see the whole picture more clearly. So, what questions does the Cactus method offer? M. believes that you can better understand the condition of the child if you ask him the following:
Does he have a homemade cactus in the picture or is it wild?
Is it possible to touch it? Is he very prickly?
Does this cactus like being watered and fertilized, cared for?
Does any other plant live next to the cactus? If yes, then what?
What will he be like when he grows up? How will its needles, processes, volume change?
Interpretation of results
Conclusions are drawn both on the basis of the picture and on the basis of the answers of the little test subject. At the same time, considering the image, take into account such details as:
The force of pressure on the pencil;
The location of the cactus on the leaf;
Image size;
Line characteristics.
The "Cactus" technique allows you to identify the following qualities of a child's personality:
1. Impulsivity. Its presence is indicated by strong pressure on the writing instrument and jerky lines.
2. Aggressiveness. First of all, as you might guess, needles speak about it, especially if there are a lot of them. A high degree of aggressiveness takes place if they are long, stick out strongly in different sides and are located close to each other.
3. Egocentrism (otherwise - the desire to be a leader in everything). About availability given quality the child shows big size drawing and its location in the very center of the sheet.
4. Openness, demonstrativeness. This can be judged by some pretentiousness of the forms in the figure and protruding processes on the cactus.
5. Caution and secrecy. In the drawing of a child who has such qualities, one will notice zigzags directly inside the plant or along its contour.
6. Optimism. We will be told about it bright colors, if the work was used or just a "happy" cactus with a cheerful smile.
7. Anxiety. This quality is reflected in the picture in the form of broken lines, internal shading. If colored pencils were used, then dark colors will prevail here.
8. Femininity. You can talk about it if the drawing has soft shapes and lines, flowers and all kinds of decorations - everything that a true lady likes so much.
9. Extroversion. People with this quality are very sociable. So the cactus of an extroverted child will be surrounded by other plants.
10. Introversion. This quality is completely opposite characteristic. Accordingly, there will be only one cactus on the sheet.
11. Craving for home defense. If the child has a sense of family community, the drawing may show a cactus in a flower pot, that is, a house plant.
12. Feeling of loneliness. A desert, wild-growing cactus speaks of its presence.
conclusions
As you can see, the "Cactus" technique allows, on the basis of just one drawing, to draw specific conclusions about the emotional state of the child. preschool age. Sometimes this is very important, because not all children openly make contact with adults. If not too encouraging results were obtained, you need to carefully consider the strategy further action so as not to scare little man but to win him over and try to help him.
The results of diagnostics according to the "Cactus" method (M. A. Panfilova)
Sasha P. Protruding, long needles located close to each other - evidence of the aggressiveness of the child. A large drawing located in the center of the sheet is an indicator of egocentrism, a desire for leadership. Optimism - use of pencils of bright colors, the image of "joyful" cacti.
Xenia S. Protruding, long needles located close to each other are evidence of the child's aggressiveness. small drawing, located at the bottom, suggests that the child is not self-confident. Extraversion - the presence in the picture of other cacti or some plants, flowers. Lack of desire for home protection, feeling - wild, desert cacti are drawn.
Daria O. The abruptness of the lines, strong pressure speak of his impulsiveness, even nervousness. Optimism - use of pencils of bright colors, the image of "joyful" cacti. The desire for home protection, a sense of family community - the presence of a flower pot in the picture, the image of a houseplant, for example, standing on a windowsill. The small drawing at the bottom suggests that the child is not self-confident.
Artem L. Protruding, long needles located close to each other - evidence of the aggressiveness of the child. The jerky lines, strong pressure speak of his impulsiveness, even nervousness. The desire for home protection, a sense of family community - the presence of a flower pot in the picture, the image of a houseplant, for example, standing on the windowsill.
Anastasia A. The abruptness of the lines, strong pressure speak of his impulsiveness, even nervousness.
The small drawing at the bottom suggests that the child is not self-confident. Optimism - use of pencils of bright colors, the image of "joyful" cacti.
Christina C. Sticking out, long needles located close to each other - evidence of the aggressiveness of the child. A large drawing located in the center of the sheet is an indicator of egocentrism, a desire for leadership. The desire for home protection, a sense of family community - the presence of a flower pot in the picture, the image of a houseplant, for example, standing on a windowsill.
Alexander S. A large drawing located in the center of the sheet is an indicator of egocentrism, a desire for leadership. About demonstrativeness, openness is indicated by the presence of protruding islands near the cactus, the pretentiousness of the depicted forms. Optimism - use of pencils of bright colors, the image of "joyful" cacti.
Ilya D. Protruding, long needles located close to each other - evidence of the aggressiveness of the child. The desire for home protection, a sense of family community - the presence of a flower pot in the picture, the image of a houseplant, for example, standing on a windowsill.
Table 6 Results of diagnostics according to the "Cactus" method.
The frequency of occurrence of individual elements indicating the presence of aggressiveness in adolescents is shown in Figure 2.
Fig 3.
It can be seen from the figure that the frequency of appearance of details in the drawings indicates the presence of signs of aggression. For example: Artem L., Kristina C. Ilya D. have almost all the main criteria for indicators of aggressiveness in their drawings (needles are sharp, long, large drawing, occupies 2/3 of the sheet in height, frequent needles located throughout the drawing, overshot lines, not falling into one point).
After analyzing the data obtained during the diagnostics, the following conclusions were made: in some children, high degree aggressive behaviour. (Artem L., Kristina Ch., Ilya D., Anastasia A.). In others it is weak. (Sasha P., Ksenia S., Daria O., Alexander S.) With low level manifestations of aggression in behavior performed tasks very creatively; they were open and in good contact with others. Some of them showed themselves; were prone to vanity and arrogance.
The children had fairly adequate self-esteem, although they were not always self-confident. They actively proceeded to the implementation of their plans, made all decisions on their own, did not make frivolous conclusions, and were not anxious.
Children with an average level of aggression are timid, shy, often rude; there is repressed aggression, isolation; need for love, care and support.
Not always confident in themselves, sometimes they were afraid. Only an insignificant part of the plans was realized, but they often made impulsive decisions, sometimes made frivolous conclusions and were anxious.
Children with high level the severity of aggression in behavior during the implementation of the methods, the children experienced a sense of rejection, a sense of guilt; there were tendencies towards alienation and opposition; experienced difficulty in trying to open up to others; aggressive, anxious.
The children showed high or inflated self-esteem, dissatisfaction with their own position in society. They are sometimes impulsive in making decisions, were dissatisfied with their actions, decisions, and also quite energetic.
From all of the above, we can conclude that younger students with mental retardation have a pronounced aggressive behavior. Some are more pronounced, some less. All children use profanity to express their emotions, but under different circumstances. This is due to the reasons that influence this emotional condition. After analyzing all the data obtained, we came to the conclusion that the most common reasons that influence aggressive behavior are the following: cruel upbringing of a child by parents (constant beatings, punishments, swearing), ignoring the child (giving the child a small amount of time), raising a teenager by parents - alcoholics, parents with drug addiction. Definitely requires corrective work aimed at reducing the level of aggressive behavior.
