So, reminiscence. This word, as you “hear”, has Latin roots and basically has the meaning of “remembrance, remembrance, reminder”, in general, everything that is connected with our memory, or rather the actions it produces.
Reminiscence is usually understood as references in literary texts to previous cultural and historical facts, works and their authors.
Specific example
Let's say we read George Sand and meet with the following description of the heroine: “This is an impeccable marble Galatea with Tasso's heavenly gaze and Alighieri's bitter smile. This is a laid-back and chivalrous pose. young heroes Shakespeare: this is Romeo's poetic lover, this is a pale ascetic, this is the visionary Hamlet; this is Juliet, half-dead Juliet, who hides poison and the memory of a broken love on her chest.
Almost all of you are familiar with Shakespeare (read, watched, heard from those who read, watched) - so you can easily imagine his Prince Hamlet and young lovers, Romeo and Juliet. Many probably know who Galatea is. Someone will easily remember not only the name of the author of the famous " Divine Comedy", but also his appearance. Some may be familiar with Torquato Tasso, one of the greatest Italian poets of the 16th century. All the names listed in this paragraph are reminiscences, but, with one small condition— that you recognized them.
main function
Reminiscence becomes reminiscence only when it begins to fulfill its main function - the function of reminder. The reader who does not see anything unusual in a literary text, or who sees, but does not get the slightest idea of what the author is talking about, will pass by this peculiar artistic means. This is where it would be appropriate to say: "The more familiar with the previous culture, the better you comprehend the next." Modern culture postmodernism, by the way, is almost completely built on reminiscences, transforming the familiar to us artistic text into intertext, a text woven from samples of the previous and surrounding culture.
What are they?
very different, but as mine shows personal experience acquaintance with this topic, most often writers like to refer to their own kind, less often - to works and authors representing other (non-literary) art forms.
The form of reminiscences is also different. Most often, reminiscences are introduced into the text by mentioning one or another character, work, its episode, the author of the work, etc., etc., as was shown above. Rarely do we deal with citations.
The nature of reminiscences depends on their artistic function in the text. The author can both objectively describe the source (for example, if the reminiscence is introduced into the text as a historical component), and express his personal attitude to a particular author, work or cultural fact. Where it will be necessary to ridicule the character, the reminiscence will acquire features of parody; where to elevate - the author will be more serious than ever.
How do they arise?
Perhaps this question will seem silly to someone, but - personally, I think that it is worth it to answer it.
Supporters of the conscious creative process I will not discover anything new - most of the reminiscences, no doubt, are quite consciously introduced by the author into the text, and there is nothing surprising in this, as in the use of any artistic means. The uniqueness of reminiscences lies elsewhere - in their possible unconsciousness, in the fact that the author, on the wave of some extraordinary intuition, completely unconsciously puts into the text what he once knew, but was forgotten. Reminiscence in this case will be implicit, but can be unraveled by anyone, including the author himself.
On the eve of the Eleventh K2 Contest “THE TIME FOR EVERYTHING”, it's time to talk about such stylistic devices as reminiscence, allusion and quotation, because these are the skills that the contestants must demonstrate.
Stop! Don't faint yet, read the article to the end and you will understand how much you know without knowing about your knowledge (emoticon).
Yes exactly! I'll start the article with a suitable quote.
Philosophy teacher. For the reason, sir, that we can express our thoughts in no other way than prose or verse.
Mr Jourdain. Not otherwise than prose or poetry?
Philosophy teacher. Not otherwise, sir. Everything that is not prose is poetry, and everything that is not poetry is prose.
Mr Jourdain. And when we talk, what will it be?
Philosophy teacher. Prose.
Mr Jourdain. What? When I say, "Nicole, bring me shoes and a nightcap," is that prose?
Philosophy teacher. Yes, sir.
Mr Jourdain. Honestly, I had no idea that for more than forty years I have been speaking prose. Thank you very much for saying.
(Molière. Tradesman in the nobility)
So, with allusions / reminiscences, it happens one on one. Each of us has used these stylistic devices and sometimes did not know about it!
Finally, it's time to open your eyes and put your practical skills on a theoretical basis.
We open and let down.
Let's start with the simplest - with the reception of quoting.
QUOTATION - an excerpt from a literary work, cited with verbatim accuracy. It is used either for the sake of documentary accuracy or for the sake of expressiveness.
Everyone knows the polemical trick - when their own arguments are over, the opponent is finished off with a skillfully selected quote from the great ones.
Do not think that quotations are relevant only in scientific texts. They are widely used in fiction for additional characterization of characters.
Damn it! So you were in London? Have you brought back from London the beautiful diamond that sparkles on your finger? Beware, dear d "Artagnan! A gift from the enemy is not a good thing. There is one Latin verse on this score ... Wait ...
- Yes, yes, of course, - answered d "Artagnan, who could never get even the rudiments of Latin into his head and with his ignorance drove the teacher to despair. - Yes, yes, of course, there must be some kind of verse ...
"And, of course, it exists," said M. de Treville, who had a taste for literature. - Recently, Monsieur de Benserade read it to me ... Wait ... Aha, I remembered! Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes. This means: beware of the enemy who brings you gifts ”(Dumas. The Three Musketeers)
Usually a quote is marked with graphic means (formulation of someone else's speech, italics, detente, etc.). However, quotations can be included in the text without graphic marking. Such unmarked quotations in most cases obey the context and are included in the structure of a complex sentence.
Epigraphs can be considered a particular type of quotation.
For example,
“Keep your honor from a young age. Proverb "- an epigraph to" Captain's daughter» Pushkin.
Or
"Vengeance is mine, and I will repay" - an epigraph to Tolstoy's "Anna Karenina".
In these cases, the quote gives additional expressiveness to the whole work.
Also, a quote can be used in the title. (M.M. Bakhtin introduced the term "foreign word").
Examples are the novels by A. Pristavkin “A golden cloud spent the night” and V. Kataev “A lonely sail turns white”. Both names, by the way, are quotes from Lermontov.
Thus, a quotation is a fragment of someone else's text, included by the author in his own. It is very important that the reader recognize this passage. Otherwise, he will not have the associations that the author was counting on, and the work will lose additional meanings.
In addition to explicit = literal quotations in work of art hidden (quotes) can also be used. Then they talk about the methods of reminiscence and allusion.
REMINISCENCE is a reference to the previous literary facts, a reminder of individual works or their groups.
Otherwise, reminiscence is the images of literature in literature, implicit or subtextual quotations.
By its nature, reminiscence is always secondary. However, the method of reminiscence itself is always intellectual and creative, which is different from ordinary copying, compilation, or, moreover, plagiarism.
As a rule, the authors use references to well-known works of art - and not necessarily literary ones. It can be architectural structures(Hugo. Cathedral Notre Dame of Paris), monuments (Pushkin. Bronze Horseman), musical works(Tolstoy. Kreutzer Sonata), painting (Maugham. Moon and penny).
And, of course, the main measure of values (aesthetic and ethical) are biblical images, motifs and plots. Moreover, these reminiscences can be present in works of various genres, starting with deep psychology(the theme of the Babylonian harlot in Tolstoy's novel "Resurrection") and ending with detective stories.
But here's the strange thing, - I said on the way to the station. - If the husband's name was James, and that unfortunate man was Henry, then what does David have to do with it?
“My dear Watson, that name alone should have opened my eyes if I were the perfect logician you like to describe me. This word was thrown into reproach.
- In reproach?
- Yes. As you know, the biblical David continually strayed from the true path and once wandered into the same place as Sergeant James Barclay. Remember that little deal with Uriah and Bathsheba? I'm afraid I've pretty much forgotten the Bible, but if my memory serves me right, you will find it in the first or second book of Kings. (Conan Doyle. Hunchback)
The effect of reminiscence is achieved if the reader notices the similarity and draws the analogy conceived by the author. That is, the intellectual baggage of the reader and the author should be approximately the same - otherwise the text turns into a puzzle that cannot be solved without a hint.
As an example, I would like to cite Pelevin's novels.
The ideas of his works are quite difficult for the reader to understand if he is not familiar with the works of Freud, Jung, Castaneda, Hesse and other philosophers. Exactly like writers. So, in the novel "S.N.U.F.F." there is a reminiscence with A. Green's story "The Forgotten", in "Omon Ra" - with the works of B. Polevoy "The Tale of a Real Man" and A. Platonov "The Pit". Pelevin also famously uses Sumerian and ancient Egyptian mythology, as, for example, in the novel "Generation P".
The effect of reminiscence is achieved different ways. Most often, references relate to a particular character, a scene from another work, or the personality of the author himself. have a reminiscent nature artistic images, the names of some literary characters, individual motives, etc.
I loved you. Love is still possible
that just pain, drills my brains.
Everything was blown to pieces.
I tried to shoot myself, but it's difficult
with weapon.
Or there:
I loved you so much, hopelessly,
how God grant you others - but will not!
(I.A. Brodsky. "Twenty sonnets to Mary Stuart")
Reminiscences in the form of quotations constitute an essential variety of non-author's word. They signify either acceptance and approval by the writer of his predecessor, following him, or, on the contrary, arguing with him and parodying a previously created text: “for all the variety of citations, different and often dissimilar “voices” are always placed in such a context that allows you to hear behind someone else’s word author's (agreement or disagreement with this someone else's word).
A curious comparison of original and reminiscent expressions in a poetic text is given in his Poetic Dictionary by A.P. Kwiatkowski:
Farewell, free element.
(A.S. Pushkin)
Farewell, unwashed Russia.
(M.Yu. Lermontov)
I've been through a lot and a lot.
(P.A. Vyazemsky)
I changed a lot and a lot.
(V.Ya. Bryusov)
And dressed in black sable
Her glorious shoulders.
(A.S. Pushkin)
I covered with canvas
Her glorious shoulders.
(V.D. Fedorov)
There are frequent cases when reminiscence slips in the text intuitively. The author did not want to point to something specific, he did it subconsciously. Then the effect of reminiscence will not be so obvious, and not only the reader, but also the author himself will have to unravel it.
In addition to reminiscence, there is an allusion technique.
There is no exact boundary between allusion and reminiscence.
The main difference, according to most literary critics, is that allusion is always conscious, and reminiscence is most often unconscious. In allusion - a clear, explicit indication of another work, and reminiscence - a memory, an echo, an echo, "the image of literature in literature."
So,
ALLUSION is a stylistic figure containing a clear indication or a distinct allusion to some literary, historical, mythological or political fact, enshrined in textual culture or in colloquial speech.
An allusion differs from a quotation in that the elements to which the reference is contained are dispersed throughout the text and are not a complete statement.
Deciphering allusions implies that the author and reader have general knowledge sometimes very specific.
For example, V. Nabokov, an entomologist by training, playing on the similarity of the names of butterflies and heroes of myths and alternating their Latin and Cyrillic spelling, introduces combinations into his works, parts of which are at the same time poetic allusions.
One of the butterflies in The Gift is named Orpheus Godunov; the first part of the name corresponds to the name of the poet-singer Orpheus, the second, reproducing the first part of the hero’s surname and at the same time the surname of the Russian tsar, placed in the title of Pushkin’s tragedy “Boris Godunov”, when spelled in Latin paradoxically highlights the root God (God), the name of the hero of the novel - Fedor in Greek means "God's gift."
At the same time, the novel plays on the line of Pushkin (the “priest” of Apollo, the god of the arts): “Here Apollo is the ideal, there Niobe is sadness,” referring both to butterflies and gods: where in early June (cf. Pushkin's birthday - June 6) occasionally came across a small "black Apollo".
The colors are “black” and “white”, materialized in the “African heat” and the Russian “snow” also play all the time with Nabokov: therefore, “Black Apollo” is correlated in the framework of the novel with Pushkin-“Genius-Negr”, “which is in a dream. sees snow.
So everything is not easy for Nabokov.
In general, allusion as a stylistic device is very informative, but in order to catch it, one must exist (or at least be well oriented) in a certain cultural environment. After all, an allusion, in fact, is a hint at known circumstances. And for representatives of another culture, the text may be completely incomprehensible.
A classic example is Sallinger's The Catcher in the Rye (1951).
This novel was recognized as the best English-language work of the 20th century, literally "plowed" the whole of America, became a turning point in the development of world literature, and ... in Russia received practically no resonance.
If you think about it, the fact that the novel went unnoticed with us is more interesting than the fact that it was recognized "with them." And it's all about the misunderstood allusions that the text is saturated with.
Let's start with the name.
The original title of the novel is The Catcher in the Rye. The literal translation is "Catcher in the Rye". Here is a clear allusion to the gospel text, in which Christ calls himself "the fisher of the souls of men." The classic translation by Rita Wright-Kovaleva "lost" the meaning of the title, laid down by the author. The second translator, Nemtsov, tried to bring it back by naming the novel The Catcher in the Grain Field (2008), but the time has passed.
The second allusion in the title comes from a poem by Robert Burns.
It is familiar to Russian-speaking readers in Marshak's translation:
Making my way to the gate
Field along the boundary,
Jenny is soaked to the skin
Evening in the rye.
Very cold girl
Beats the girl trembling:
Soaked all the skirts
Walking through the rye
If someone called someone
Through thick rye
And someone hugged someone
What will you take from him!
And what do you care
If at the boundary
Kissed someone
Evening in the rye!
Question: What is this poem about? Difficult to answer?
And let's remember our, primordially Russian - "Oh, the box is full \ There is chintz and brocade in it."
Remember?
Come out, come out into the high rye,
I'll wait there until the night.
How I envy the black-eyed -
I will distribute all goods.
The plot of the song - a peddler appoints a "darling" with "scarlet lips" a date - by the way, at night and in rye - and promises to "spread all the goods" (this is at night, in the field! What kind of "goods" - a no brainer, and already clearer than they were going to do there). Yes, the song, in general, does not hide this, it directly sings:
Only the dark night knows
How did they get on.
Make way, high rye,
Keep the secret sacred.
True, it looks like “And what do you care, \ If at the boundary \ Kissed someone with someone \ In the evening in rye”?
And here we directly fall into the space of Sallinger's novel.
If you remember, in the thoughts of the protagonist, 16-year-old Holden Caulfield, great importance has sex. Here are memories of an unsuccessful date with a girl and a fight for her with a friend, a womanizer. And an attempt to have fun in the company of middle-aged tourists. AND night club, and as a culmination - unsuccessful communication with a prostitute.
The plot of the novel is a challenge to puritanical America (the time of action is 1949). Sallinger for the first time dared to expose the topic of sex, which until then had been bashfully hushed up. For which he received in full - the novel was categorically not recommended for "youthful" reading, was withdrawn from public libraries, condemned, etc.
And having got to us, on an alien ideological field, in a "softened" translation, he lost a good half of the allusions understandable to the Americans, and therefore did not receive such a resonance as in his homeland.
Thus, it is proved that in order to understand the allusion, the reader must belong to a certain culture. And even - subculture, as in the examples with the works of Pelevin or, say, the songs of Boris Grebenshchikov.
So we remembered stylistic devices - quotation, reminiscence, allusion. Agree, the names are complex, but in fact - everything is quite simple and - for sure! You have already used them in your works. Sometimes unconsciously - like Mr. Jourdain, who did not even suspect that he was speaking in prose (smiley).
It is assumed that these techniques will play a leading role in the upcoming competition "ALL THERE IS TIME".
After all, according to the task “The text should use and MANDATORY be conditioned by the context one of the maxims of the book of Ecclesiastes” (c)
This article, rather, is intended not for the contestants, who probably already present the plot of their story, but for potential critics. Let them have another tool for evaluation. It's so nice to exclaim: "well, the author wrapped the reminiscence - it's just lovely!" Or - "Well, the author, gave out - an allusion to your side!"
K2 wishes good luck to all participants of the competition and looks forward to the stories on the topic "ALL IN TIME".
© Copyright: Copyright Contest -K2, 2013
Publication Certificate No. 213072101281
Discussion here
Reminiscence - mysterious phenomenon, the mechanisms of which are not completely clear to researchers. Human memory is selective and those events and materials that were emotionally colored and had practical sense. But it would seem: a lot of time has passed and everything has been forgotten ... and suddenly it pops up in memory unexpectedly and so vividly.
What is reminiscence?
Each person has met with such a phenomenon as an unexpected recollection of a seemingly long-forgotten childhood event, an old song or poem - this is a reminiscence (Latin reminiscentia - a reminder), an effect in which traces of processed information remain throughout a person’s life, which cannot be erased and pop up in the memory of the incident time.
What is reminiscence in psychology?
Reminiscence in psychology is a phenomenon of memory. Pierre Janet, a French scientist who studied the phenomenon, came to the conclusion that reminiscence does not depend on external events and factors and is a completely automatic repetition of actions. Psychologists believe that memory reminiscence is normal condition psyche: during overcrowding with joyful or stressful events, a person’s mnestic processes are inhibited, due to overload - this. Subsequently, emotionally colored events are suddenly remembered.
Allusion and reminiscence - differences
Allusions and reminiscences are almost identical concepts in the literary sphere. An allusion is a "hint" or "joke" referring to another literary work, event author, specific person. Elements of allusion are dispersed throughout the text. Without knowing the source to which the allusion refers, it is difficult for the reader to perceive the text. The concept of reminiscence differs from allusion in that it is always an unconscious “memory”, an echo of “literature within literature”, while an allusion is a clear, clear reference to another source.
Reminiscence - types
The phenomenon of reminiscence as a process can be seen in various fields applied sciences, art, Everyday life. Most known species reminiscences:
- Historical and philosophical reminiscence. ancient greek philosopher Plato reasoned that all the surrounding phenomena and objects are related to each other and thanks to this, everything can be remembered about everything. Any knowledge is a memory or recollection. In his work Phaedra, Plato claims that reminiscence is like the sacrament of initiation and approach to the spiritual.
- Cinematic reminiscence. Bright stylistic devices and effects, what attracts the viewer in the cinema. Reminiscence in cinema - frequent use. The viewer's attention is sent to any cross-events, a return to the past, works of art by great artists are used, such as in L. Riefenstahl's film "The Triumph of the Will", when an analogy with C. Monet's painting "Saint-Denis Street on the Day" is shown. national holiday»: waving flags, without designation of figures holding banners.
- Reminiscence - as a phenomenon of the psyche. Delayed recall of some material or event.
- Philological (literary) reminiscence. Text reminiscences are of the following varieties:
Reminiscence- this is a mnemonic effect characterized by a sudden recollection of perceived material without repeating it through long time(from one day to 7, or even a longer period of time). Reminiscence is a mental phenomenon that often occurs during the perception of information material with internal logical connections of content that makes a strong emotional impression on the individual. Explicit reasons for the occurrence of a sudden memory have not yet been studied.
What is reminiscence?
Reminiscence is called such a phenomenon that appears after memorizing information without directly reproducing it immediately after, but after a certain period of time without the action of a stimulus row on a person.
The term reminiscence was proposed in psychology by the Serbian scientist V. Urbancic in 1907. The scientist studied the phenomenon that was observed in subjects when memorizing material (verbal, non-verbal nature and sensorimotor movements).
The effect of reminiscence is most pronounced in preschool age and at junior schoolchildren. In the field of psychology, scientists have identified higher quality indicators of delayed reproduction of memorized material than the reproduction of information immediately after it has been memorized.
P. Ballard studied sudden reproduction of material after memorization. His experimental studies involved individuals who memorized stimulus material, but there was not enough time for sufficient mastery. After a time interval of 24 hours - 7 days, the subjects reproduced the material. The best results were shown by reproduction after a 2-3 day interval. The results obtained were quantitatively high, which was fixed in psychological science about memory as a Ballard phenomenon.
Also in psychology, the scientist Pierre Janet studied reminiscence. In his writings, he described the phenomenon as an automatic repetition of actions independent of external factors.
Reminiscence is a phenomenon that is quite widespread, and the frequency of its occurrence depends largely on the nature of the material to be remembered.
In the studies of the scientist D. I. Krasilshchikova, the reproduction of semantic material was revealed to a much greater extent than the incoherent reproduction of the material. Experimental studies have established that interest in the material significantly affects the manifestation of reminiscence.
The occurrence of the phenomenon of sudden memory is influenced by the degree of mastery of the content of the material by the memorizer. Provided that he has not sufficiently mastered the content of the information material, a sudden memory will not take place. If the memorizer tries to reproduce the material immediately after memorization, then he relies on associations that appear between images and concepts, and if the reproduction is more delayed, then the subject relies on a logical connection.
An example of reminiscence is the passing of a test by a student who memorizes the necessary information without understanding or comprehending it. Before passing the test, an individual may have a "porridge in his head", but at the necessary moment the information is remembered. And after passing the test, the student forgets everything, without understanding the meaning of the memorized. Or, for example, some verse from a schoolboy, wording, concept. In many learning models, the main thing is the mindless memorization of actions, phrases or words, which is achieved by frequent repetition of stimulus material.
Almost everyone can observe reminiscence. It happens that an individual unexpectedly recalls a particular song, verse or minor events. The peculiarity of this effect is that this reproduction of the material occurs without targeted efforts. A person does not draw from memory, does not try to remember the lines from the song, they themselves emerge from the depths of memory.
Reminiscence in psychology
Scientists have not sufficiently studied the causal series of the emergence of a sudden memory, the factors that cause sudden memory, but the mechanism of the reminiscence effect itself has been studied based on the works of domestic and foreign researchers.
The mechanism of the sudden onset is due to the effect of affective inhibition, due to a pronounced emotional experience, impressions from the perceived information material. Emotional inhibition affects the nature of the reproduced material. When reproducing memorized information, the story begins with the part that made the most vivid impression, while the logical connection between the reproduced information is lost. In the case of delayed playback, the information does not lose its logical sequence.
From the point of view of psychology, reminiscence is the process of normalizing the state of fatigue after intense physical, intellectual or emotional stress. Information material after its perception by an individual, it is ordered in the head, after which it becomes easier for a person to voice it.
Also, sudden memory occurs in the absence of layering of many details of one logical phenomenon, in which confusion occurs. Conditional forgetting may occur, but after an interval during which the stimulus material does not act on the individual and there is no additional load on the memory, a sudden recall may appear.
Reminiscence depends on allusion, which is only a hint, a hint that pushes the right thought. In the individual, as a result of the occurrence of an allusion, a sudden memory arises. is external phenomenon, a stimulus factor that provokes the appearance of an internal phenomenon of reminiscence.
The phenomenon of reminiscence is also considered from the point of view of pathology in psychology, when a traumatic event takes place and memories take on the character of obsessive and negative ones. Getting into external circumstances similar to the circumstances of a traumatic event, a person may experience emotional discomfort associated with the effect of obsessive reminiscence. This state directly depends on the initial emotional state individual.
The phenomenon of sudden memory in an obsessive form can be observed in persons with. Reminiscence in these cases is manifested in dreams with memories of the acquired traumatic experience.
Sudden reproduction of previously perceived information is often a natural feature of human memory.
If we consider reminiscence from psychiatry, then it can be a symptom of such diseases as traumatic brain injury, alcohol or infectious intoxication, brain pathologies, and others.
Reminiscence in psychiatry is considered as a form, as a manifestation, as a symptom in depressive states, manifested by uncontrolled chaotic thoughts. Sudden memories can appear with, and phobias.
The manifestation of reminiscence as a pathological symptom is characterized by the obsession of thoughts and images, and also causes a rather expressive emotional reaction(anxiety, fear).
Reminiscence can become an object of attention in the practical activities of a psychologist, activities of a corrective orientation in order to replace negative experiences with positive ones, in the treatment of conditions associated with psychotraumatic situations. Specialist interventions require both obsessive reminiscences with negative emotional symptoms, and the complete absence of this memory effect, which may signal violations of the central nervous system or beginner.
If a sudden memory occurs in a pathological manifestation, then the intervention of a specialist is necessary, who will determine the medical principles for the treatment of the disease, the manifestations of which have become reminiscence. Also, a qualified specialist should select an effective and adequate psychotherapeutic tactic for the disease.
Article on artistic techniques modern poetry related to citation methods. Citation techniques: allusion, application, contamination. Svetlana Skorik. Artistic techniques of quoting: Allusion Application Contamination Reminiscence Intertext.Allusion examples Application examples Contamination examples Reminiscence examples An example of intertext in postmodernism
Artistic techniques of quoting: allusion, application, contamination, reminiscence, intertext.
allusion
Allusion - literary technique of quoting using link to good known fact or a person, a proverb, a saying, a quote from a well-known work, the use of a walking expression in a poem.
Examples of allusion:
And the lightning will come in
Like music without words.
Like an impressionist
Into the grass where are you and breakfast.
(Natalia Belchenko)
The last example of allusion plays on the title of the painting "Breakfast on the Grass" by the French Impressionist painter Claude Monet.
As you can see, quoting often occurs in the form of a comparison, although this is not necessary: widely famous images, parts of proverbs can naturally intersperse in the text, thus referring to their source and causing stable associations. Very often they are used as a joke:
This allusion uses the name literary hero Cervantes Don Quixote, which in this case, softening the abusive expression "what the hell" (or "god"), gives the whole sentence an ironic connotation.
The artistic reception of allusion is very popular among all modern "living classics", since the original masters of the word always liked to engage in dialogue with other poets - predecessors and contemporaries. Allusion is an artistic technique that is also popular with the intellectual reader, since it involves his memory and sense of linguistic harmony - in fact, "the center of aesthetic pleasure."
However, all good things should be in moderation. An excessive abundance of allusions in a poem leads to a dimming of the meaning, distracts from the stated topic and actually turns the work into a set beautiful phrases, a trinket devoid of original interesting thoughts. In such poems, the allusion, under the guise of demonstrating the erudition of the author, is designed to hide the fact that he has absolutely nothing to say.
Application
Application - quotation technique, artistic technique inclusion in the text of the poem of a direct quote or quote in a slightly modified form. A line with a direct quote is not quoted, but organically enters the text of the poem, often being a reference line from which some conclusions follow about the stated thought, and often not reinforcing, but rather refuting the quote. In such cases, direct quoting must be used by everyone famous work famous classic or saying. Otherwise, if the quotation is direct, but belongs to a not too well-known author, it must first be placed as an epigraph before the poem, always indicating who it belongs to.
Application examples:
And lost at the bottom
Love is the last coin...
Of course, with Her no light is needed,
But is there still light in me? -
But is there still light in me...
E. Pugachev
and ends his poem with a direct quote, refuting the idea inherent in it:
"But is there still light in me..."
Or maybe you don't need light?
Shines the last coin!
At least at the very bottom.
An example of an application as a method of quoting in a modified form:
Put a leash on my mouth,
pull the Word by the melodious tongue.
(Irina Ivanchenko)
In this application, the saying “You can’t throw a scarf on someone else’s mouth” is played up.
In the application of Natalia Belchenko " IN china shop
meaning eternal elephant” the proverb-comparison “like an elephant in a china shop” is played up, and in the application “ Later Danube delta sleeves"- the expression" sleeveless ".
Application by Irina Ivanchenko “Stop, the driver is strange, / my wandering around the countries, / my walking in the dark”is based on the playful use of the titles of the works - “Journey beyond the three seas” by Afanasy Nikitin and “Journey through the torment” by Alexei Tolstoy.
Usually, the quote included in the application is not really directly related to the subject in question in the poem, and is included deliberately - as a joke. Therefore, it should not be confused with contamination (see below). The artistic technique of the application is very popular with well-read readers, as it involves their sense of subtle irony, imagination, and creative thinking.
In many ways, it was precisely from the artistic technique of appliqué - as a parody of the previous style of traditional poetry - in the 60s-70s of the twentieth century. new directions have grown - neomodernism, underground and conceptualism.
It is appropriate to recall here such a variety of poetic errors as when the beginning of one phraseological turnover unintentionally, out of ignorance, is connected with the ending of another. This causes a completely unforeseen and undesirable humorous effect in a pathos or sincere work.
Application of the artistic technique of application testifies to developed sense language, since it requires the author to be able to play with the used expression, its sound, direct and figurative meanings.
Contamination
- Contamination as an artistic method of quoting- inclusion famous expression into the text of the poem not in the form of a quote, but as an organically relevant detail in this case.
- Examples of contamination.
Mysterious digital codes
I want to invest in iron verse...(Natalia Belchenko)
This example of contamination goes back to Lermontov: "And boldly throw an iron verse in their eyes, / Drenched in bitterness and anger."
Not because it is necessary
But because next to him is another.(L. Nekrasovskaya)
Compare this example of contamination with Innokenty Annensky: "Not because it is light, / But because it does not need light."
Get ink, cry still...
It's already March, and still there is no rest!Compare this example of contamination and its literary source- B. Pasternak: “February. Get ink and cry! .. "
Is memento mori?! What is it, uncle, memento,
when there are five sixes on the hand, and Vaskin's entry!(Stanislav Minakov)
is an example of contamination in the description of a card game.
- Contamination as a method of word creation and graphic technique- combining several words into one.
My year! My tree! (S. Kirsanov) Significantly whistling (Stanislav Minakov) - i.e. "whistling God knows what."
What you whisper, whispers,
Branch-good-branch-evil?
Will I perish barking,
Didn't cross Saturday?
Here, the last two examples of contamination are especially interesting, which are graphic techniques, i.e. methods that encourage artistic expressiveness by deliberately changing the accepted spelling of words and distorting their standard form. The contamination of "Shepcheshtoty" is based on the intersection of two "sh" and on cutting off the matched sound: whisper sh sh then you. Such a connection is a method using continuous spelling to convey an indistinct muttering, a whisper in which individual words are difficult to distinguish, one deaf shu-shu-shu is heard. The verb "zavo-zalaya" is a humorous author's neologism. It was formed by conjoint writing (but through a hyphen) of two different verbs, with the ending cut off from the first of them. An unexpected and very funny effect.
Reminiscence
Reminiscence (lat. reminiscentia, recollection) is a quoting technique, an artistic technique, which consists in the fact that the author reproduces rhythmic-syntactic constructions from someone else's poem.
Reminiscence example
And we ourselves are still in good health,
And our children go to school in the morning
Along Kirov street, Voykov street,
Along Sacco-Vanzeti street.
(Konstantin Simonov)
Using the classic stanza Soviet literature Konstantin Simonov, but already describing the junction of the era of stagnation with the period of perestroika, when the “new thinking” was introduced with difficulty, Yuri Kaplan writes:
After all, we ourselves are still in poor health,
And our children still go to school
Along the streets of Zhdanov and Voroshilov
And even on Brezhnev Square.
Intertext
Intertext is an artistic technique in postmodernism, which consists in the implicit, hidden conscious construction by the author of his entire work on other people's quotes or images of painting, music, cinema, theater and on reminiscences to other people's texts that require a solution. In this case, the quote ceases to play a role. additional information, references to something, but, recalling the original meaning, serves to express a different meaning in a new context, sets dialogicity, polyphony and makes the text open for multidimensional reader reading and understanding.
Osip Mandelstam wrote: “A quotation is not an excerpt. A quotation is a cicada - inexorability is characteristic of it. Anna Akhmatova put it this way about the essence of 20th-century poetry: "But perhaps poetry itself is one magnificent quotation." However, it is precisely the artistic device “intertext” that tends to sin with the multidimensionality of allegedly embedded meanings and the deliberate demonstration of the author’s erudition in the absence of any global, original differences the thoughts of the author from the thoughts present in the quote. Thus, this artistic technique may completely lose its meaning, since it ceases to be a technique and turns into its imitation. What is detrimental to a poem that is overly full of allusions creates a breeding ground for intertexts that flourish in postmodernism, which already cease to play the role of dialogue and polyphony, because dialogue cannot be based on one-dimensional replicas embedded in one mental plane, only confirming what was known and before. So the declared "polyphony" gradually slips into a literary cacophony.
An example of intertext in postmodernism
Ismar killed Hippomedon, Lead killed Eteocles...
note: another, not that, because: Polyneices and Eteocles
(Oedipal vision) in the morning the good are dead, shining with stones of the wrists,
such is the news of the onset of the last winter
on groves of rare olives beyond black, where it seems.
Books must be read, even counted. Flip through. Burn.
Forget. White stones or teeth in a dream, or lilies
tart drops in pebble ice through a hair of displacement.
But Amphidiac kills Parthenopaeus. However,
according to sources smoldering on both rivers from the archive,
It was not he who killed Partenopeus at all, but a certain Periclimen, the son of Poseidon.
Oh, only names! .. which also needs to be taken into account
in the light of future events rolling like millstones across the plain.
Hollow Troy with dry Helen inside. Troy, where
Elena child-and-soldiers-and-peas - who built your walls
V children's city sore throats? Sisters in white coats
under which there is nothing like the heart of ashmavedha,
bright mercury at the barrier of dreams known to all.
Meanwhile, Melanippus - Tydia wounds in the stomach.
(Arkady Dragomoshchenko. Excerpt from The Theban Flashback)
There is no need to quote the entire text, since even this passage shows what lies ahead for the reader.
Thus, using artistic techniques quoting, it is necessary to observe the measure so that the “pendulum effect” does not turn out, as with the direction of “poetry for the sake of poetry”, when at first it was absolutized and brought to a complete separation from life, from reality, and in later historical periods- just because of this - they were generally eliminated from the "ship of modernity".
Modern poetic techniques: content
© Svetlana Skorik 07/17/2011
Citation techniques: Allusion Application Contamination Reminiscence Intertext. Allusion examples Application examples Contamination examples Reminiscence examples An example of intertext in postmodernism
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