Still life in painting - images of static inanimate objects combined into a single ensemble. Still life can be presented as an independent canvas, but sometimes becomes part of the composition. genre scene or the whole picture.
What is still life?
Such painting is expressed in the subjective attitude of a person to the world. This shows the master's inherent understanding of beauty, which becomes the embodiment public values and aesthetic ideal of the time. Still life in painting gradually transformed into a separate significant genre. This process took more than one hundred years, and each new generation of artists understood canvases and color according to the trends of the era.
The role of still life in the composition of a painting is never limited to simple information, an accidental addition to the main content. Depending on the historical conditions and public requests, objects can take a more or less active part in creating a composition or a hotel image, obscuring one or another goal. Still life in painting as an independent genre is designed to reliably convey the beauty of things that daily surround a person.
Sometimes a single part or element suddenly acquires deep meaning, gets its own meaning and sound.
Story
As an old and revered genre, still life in painting knew its ups and downs. Severe, ascetic and minimalistic helped to create immortal monumental generalized lofty heroic images. Sculptors with extraordinary expressiveness enjoyed the image of individual objects. Types of still life in painting and all sorts of classifications originated during the formation of art history, although the canvases existed long before the writing of the first textbook.
Icon painting traditions and still lifes
In ancient Russian icon painting big role played those few things that the artist dared to introduce into the strict laconism of canonical works. They contribute to the manifestation of everything immediate and demonstrate the expression of feelings in a work devoted to an abstract or mythological plot.
Types of still life in painting exist separately from icon-painting works, although a strict canon does not prohibit the depiction of some objects inherent in the genre.
still life renaissance
However, the works of the 15th-16th centuries play an important role in the Renaissance. The painter first drew attention to the world around him, sought to determine the significance of each element in the service of mankind.
Modern painting, still life as a popular and beloved genre originated in the Tricento period. Household items acquired a certain nobility and significance of the owner they served. On large canvases, a still life, as a rule, looks very modest and discreet - glass jar with water, the silver of an elegant vase or delicate lilies on thin stems more often huddled in a dark corner of the picture, like poor and forgotten relatives.
Nevertheless, in the image of beautiful and close things there was so much love in poetic form that modern painting, the still life and its role in it were already timidly peeping through the gaps in the landscapes and the heavy curtains of the genre scenes.
Crucial moment
Subjects gained a real element in paintings and a new meaning in the 17th century - an era when still life with flowers prevailed and dominated. Painting of this kind has gained numerous admirers among the nobility and the clergy. AT complex compositions with a pronounced literary storyline, the scenes got their place along with the main characters. Analyzing the works of the era, it is easy to see that important role still life similarly manifested itself in literature, theater and sculpture. Things began to "act" and "live" in these works - they were shown as the main characters, demonstrating the best and most beneficial aspects of objects.
Objects of art made by hardworking and talented craftsmen bear a personal imprint of thoughts, desires, and inclinations. specific person. painting is the best psychological tests help to track the psycho-emotional state and achieve inner harmony and integrity.
Things faithfully serve a person, adopting his enthusiasm for household items and inspiring owners to purchase new beautiful, elegant little things.
Flemish Renaissance
Gouache painting, still life as a genre people did not immediately accept. The history of the emergence, development and widespread implementation of various ideas and principles serves as a reminder of the constant development of thought. Still life became famous and fashionable in the middle of the 17th century. The genre began in the Netherlands, bright and festive Flanders, where nature itself is conducive to beauty and fun.
Gouache painting, still life flourished in times of great change, complete change political, social and religious institutions.
flanders current
The bourgeois direction of the development of Flanders was a novelty and progress for the whole of Europe. Changes in political life led to similar innovations in culture - the horizons that opened up before artists were no longer limited to religious taboos and were not supported by the appropriate traditions.
Still life became the flagship of the new art, which glorified everything natural, bright and beautiful. The strict canons of Catholicism no longer held back the flight of imagination and curiosity of painters, and therefore science and technology began to develop along with art.
Ordinary everyday things and objects, previously considered base and unworthy of mention, suddenly rose to the objects of close study. decorative painting, still life and landscapes have become a real mirror of life - daily routine, diet, culture, ideas about beauty.
Genre properties
It is from here, from the conscious, in-depth study environment has developed separate genre household painting, landscape, still life.
Art, which acquired certain canons in the 17th century, determined the main quality of the genre. The picture, dedicated to the world of things, describes the main properties inherent in the objects that surround a person, shows the attitude of the master and his hypothetical contemporary to what is shown, expresses the nature and completeness of knowledge about reality. The artist necessarily conveyed the material existence of things, their volume, weight, textures, colors, the functional purpose of household items and their life connection with human activity.
Tasks and problems of still life
Decorative painting, still life and domestic scenes absorbed the new trends of the era - the departure from the canons and the simultaneous preservation of the conservative naturalism of the image.
The still life of the revolutionary era during the complete victory of the bourgeoisie reflects the artist's respect for the new forms of national life of his compatriots, respect for the work of ordinary artisans, admiration for beautiful images beauty.
The problems and tasks of the genre formulated in the 17th century were not generally discussed in European schools until the middle of the 19th century. Meanwhile, artists constantly set themselves new and new tasks, and did not continue to mechanically reproduce ready-made compositional solutions and color schemes.
Modern canvases
Photos of still lifes for painting, prepared in modern studios, clearly demonstrate the difference between the perception of the world by a contemporary and a person of the Middle Ages. The dynamics of objects today exceeds all conceivable limits, and the statics of objects was the norm for that time. Color combinations of the 17th century are characterized by brightness and purity of color. Saturated shades harmoniously fit into the composition and emphasize the idea and idea of the artist. The absence of any canons in the best way influenced the still lifes of the 20th and 21st centuries, sometimes striking the imagination with their ugliness or deliberate variegation.
Methods for solving the problems of still life are rapidly changing every decade, methods and techniques do not keep up with the imagination of recognized and not so masters.
The value of today's paintings lies in the expression of reality through the eyes of contemporary artists; through the embodiment on the canvas, new worlds arise that can tell a lot about their creators to the people of the future.
Influence of Impressionism
The next milestone in the history of still lifes was impressionism. The whole evolution of the direction was reflected in the compositions through colors, technique and understanding of space. The last romantics of the millennium transferred life to the canvas as it is - quick, bright strokes and expressive details became the cornerstones of style.
Painting, still life contemporary artists certainly bear the imprint of the inspirational impressionists through color, ways and techniques of image.
Departure from the standard canons of classicism - three plans, central composition and historical heroes- allowed the artists to develop their own perception of color and light, as well as to demonstrate the free flight of emotions to the audience in an accessible and visual way.
The main tasks of the Impressionists are to change the pictorial technique and the psychological content of the picture. And today, even knowing the situation of that era, it is difficult to find the correct answer to the question of why impressionist landscapes, as joyful and unsophisticated as poetry, caused sharp rejection and rude ridicule from picky critics and an enlightened public.
Impressionist painting did not fit into the generally accepted framework, so still lifes and landscapes were perceived as something vulgar, unworthy of recognition along with other dregs of high art.
The art exhibition, which became a kind of missionary activity for famous artists of that time, was able to reach the hearts and demonstrate the beauty and grace. Images of objects and objects by all available means became business as usual even within the walls of formidable institutions professing only principles classical art. The triumphal procession of still life paintings has not stopped since the end of the 19th century, and the variety of genres and techniques today makes it possible not to be afraid of any experiments with color, textures and materials.
Irina Koloteva
GCD to introduce children to the art of "Still life, portrait, landscape"
Target. keep learning children analyze works art,display
on a piece of paper conceived, to do contour drawing with a simple pencil, talk about your action using verbs in the present, past, future tense, answer the same question in different ways;
secure at children's knowledge of the landscape,still life,portrait, the ability to position
image on the whole sheet of paper, improve the ability to draw watercolor paints, use the palette (for mixing colors);
develop coherent speech, orientation on a sheet of paper, eye, sense of color, shape;
cultivate a love for painting and objects art, aesthetic taste
vocabulary work: Portrait,portraitist,landscape,landscape painter,still life, nature, contour,
palette, background, light, shadow, painting, genre.
preliminary work: Introduction to landscape, still life, portrait viewing reproductions paintings: I. Levitan " gold autumn", I. E. Grabar "Kalinki", O. A. Kiprensky " Portrait Oh. A. Ryumina", " Portrait A. S. Pushkin, Nesterov " Portrait of a sculptor. Mukhina", Mashkov "Moscow food", G. Popov "Generous land", Krylov "Bells", drawing on the topic portrait,still life,landscape.
Equipment: Games: "Compose portrait(still life,landscape, landscape sheet, simple pencil, brushes No. 4, No. 8, eraser, watercolors, jars of water, napkins, palette, reproductions paintings: B. Kustodiev " Portrait Irina Kustodieva with the dog Shumka, I. E. Repin " Portrait P. M. Tretyakova, K. F. Yuon "Winter Sun", I. I. Shishkin "Before the Thunderstorm", I. K. Aivazovsky "Moonlight Night", F. P. Tolstoy "Bouquet of Flowers, a Butterfly and a Bird", E Voloshinov "Bow", G. Popov "Generous Land", O. Savrasov "The Rooks Have Arrived"
GCD progress
I. Children sit down at the tables. Dunno enters (he has drawings in his hands landscape, still life,portrait)and growls: "Just think, I forgot, mixed up, I'm also smart!"
Play Dunno, why are you so upset?
Dunno. I sit and draw. Suitable Znayka and asks: "What are you drawing Dunno?
And I say: "Landscape" (shows a picture that shows still life) . And he to me: "no that's not landscape,a still life".I already painted a still life(shows landscape) .And he laughs and says that I mixed everything up, and probably was not attentive in the classroom with the Pencil. Well, think about it, staring at the bird. "
Play Dunno, in the classroom you need to be very careful, not to be distracted by anything. I think we can help you. Today we just wanted to talk about the genres of painting. Sit down, Dunno, listen carefully and remember.
Guys, you probably already paid attention to the exhibition of paintings? They are all different in content, but there are paintings that belong to a certain genre of painting. And we need to determine to which genre this or that picture can be attributed. Listen riddle:
If you see: in the picture
The river is drawn
Or spruce and white frost,
Or a garden and clouds
Or a snowfield
Or a field and a hut,
Be sure to picture
It is called. (landscape)
Show pictures that belong to the genre landscape(children take turns leaving
and show pictures that depict landscape, tell what colors the artist used). What is landscape?What is the name of the artist who draws landscape? (landscape painter)
Now listen to another riddle:
If you see in the picture
A cup of coffee on the table
Or juice in a large decanter,
Or a rose in crystal
Or a bronze vase
Or a pear, or a cake,
Or all items at once
Know what it is. (still life)
Show which pictures still life. What is shown in still life? (objects that surround us)
What does the artist show still life? (the beauty of objects)
How is the main thing shown in the picture? I suggest compiling still life.
And now, Dunno, a riddle for you (child makes a riddle)
If you see that from the picture
Someone looks at us
Or a prince in an old cloak,
Or a climber in a robe,
Pilot or ballerina
Or Kolya, your neighbor,
The picture must be called. (portrait)
Children go out, show pictures, which depict portrait, answer questions: Who is pictured? What mood does this person have? What colors did the artist use? What is the name of the artist writing portrait?If the artist
draws himself, what is the name of the picture? (self-portrait) .And if there are several people? (group portrait)
II. Game "Compose still life,landscape,portrait"
The children are divided into three teams still life,portrait,landscape, and then they tell what they made up and from what.
III. And now you will become artists. Maybe one of you will landscape painter, somebody portrait painter and someone will draw still life which we have already compiled. Before you start drawing, think carefully and choose what genre you are. will draw where to start, what colors do you use. Where will mix colors? (on palette)
IV.Work children.
Questions: What are you going to draw?
Where do you start drawing?
What have you already drawn?
What's left to draw?
How did you get this or that color? etc.
V. Fizminutka:
We drew today
Our fingers are tired.
We'll get some rest
Let's start drawing again.
VI. Analysis of work (children talk about what they have drawn)
In the 17th century, the division of genres of painting into "high" and "low" was introduced. The first included historical, battle and mythological genre s. The second included mundane genres of painting from Everyday life, for example, household genre, still life, animalistics, portrait, nude, landscape.
historical genre
The historical genre in painting depicts not a specific object or person, but a certain moment or event that took place in the history of past eras. It is included in the main painting genres in art. Portrait, battle, everyday and mythological genres are often closely intertwined with the historical.
"Conquest of Siberia by Yermak" (1891-1895)
Vasily Surikov
Artists Nicolas Poussin, Tintoretto, Eugene Delacroix, Peter Rubens, Vasily Ivanovich Surikov, Boris Mikhailovich Kustodiev and many others painted their paintings in the historical genre.
mythological genre
Legends, ancient legends and myths, folklore- the image of these plots, heroes and events has found its place in the mythological genre of painting. Perhaps, it can be distinguished in the painting of any nation, because the history of each ethnic group is full of legends and traditions. For example, such a plot of Greek mythology as secret romance the god of war Ares and the goddess of beauty Aphrodite are depicted in the painting "Parnassus" Italian artist named Andrea Mantegna.
"Parnassus" (1497)
Andrea Mantegna
Mythology in painting was finally formed in the Renaissance. Representatives of this genre, in addition to Andrea Mantegna, are Rafael Santi, Giorgione, Lucas Cranach, Sandro Botticelli, Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov and others.
Battle genre
Battle painting describes scenes from military life. Most often, various military campaigns are illustrated, as well as sea and land battles. And since these fights are often taken from real history, then battle and historical genre We find here our point of intersection.
Fragment of the panorama "Battle of Borodino" (1912)
Franz Roubaud
Battle painting took shape in times Italian Renaissance in the work of artists Michelangelo Buonarroti, Leonardo da Vinci, and then Theodore Gericault, Francisco Goya, Franz Alekseevich Roubaud, Mitrofan Borisovich Grekov and many other painters.
household genre
Scenes from everyday, social or privacy ordinary people, be it urban or peasant life, depicts the everyday genre in painting. Like many others painting genres, everyday paintings are rarely found in their own form, becoming part of the portrait or landscape genre.
"Seller of Musical Instruments" (1652)
Karel Fabricius
The origin of everyday painting took place in the 10th century in the East, and it passed to Europe and Russia only in XVII-XVIII centuries. Jan Vermeer, Karel Fabricius and Gabriel Metsu, Mikhail Shibanov and Ivan Alekseevich Ermenev are the most famous artists household paintings during that period.
Animal genre
The main objects of the animalistic genre are animals and birds, both wild and domestic, and in general all representatives of the animal world. Initially, animalistics was included in the genres Chinese painting, since it first appeared in China in the 8th century. In Europe, animalism was formed only in the Renaissance - animals at that time were depicted as the embodiment of the vices and virtues of man.
"Horses in the Meadow" (1649)
Paulus Potter
Antonio Pisanello, Paulus Potter, Albrecht Durer, Frans Snyders, Albert Cuyp are the main representatives of animalistics in the visual arts.
Still life
In the still life genre, objects that surround a person in life are depicted. These are inanimate objects grouped together. Such objects may belong to the same genus (for example, only fruits are depicted in the picture), or they may be heterogeneous (fruits, dishes, musical instruments, flowers, etc.).
"Flowers in a Basket, Butterfly and Dragonfly" (1614)
Ambrosius Bosschaert the Elder
Still life as an independent genre took shape in the 17th century. Flemish and dutch school still life. In this genre, representatives of the most different styles, from realism to cubism. One of the most famous still lifes painted by the painters Ambrosius Bosschaert the Elder, Albertus Jonah Brandt, Paul Cezanne, Vincent van Gogh, Pierre Auguste Renoir, Willem Claes Heda.
Portrait
Portrait - a genre of painting, which is one of the most common in the visual arts. The purpose of a portrait in painting is to portray a person, but not just him. appearance, but also to convey the inner feelings and mood of the person being portrayed.
Portraits are single, pair, group, as well as a self-portrait, which is sometimes distinguished as a separate genre. And most famous portrait of all time, perhaps, is a painting by Leonardo da Vinci called "Portrait of Mrs. Lisa del Giocondo", known to everyone as "Mona Lisa".
"Mona Lisa" (1503-1506)
Leonardo da Vinci
The first portraits appeared millennia ago in ancient Egypt - they were images of the pharaohs. Since then, most artists of all time have dabbled in this genre in one way or another. Portrait and historical genres of painting can also intersect: the image of the great historical personality will be considered a work of the historical genre, although at the same time it will convey the appearance and character of this person as a portrait.
nude
The purpose of the nude genre is to depict the naked body of a person. The Renaissance period is considered the moment of the emergence and development of this type of painting, and the main object of painting then most often became female body which embodied the beauty of the era.
"Country Concert" (1510)
Titian
Titian, Amedeo Modigliani, Antonio da Correggio, Giorgione, Pablo Picasso are the most famous artists who painted pictures in the nude genre.
Landscape
The main theme of the landscape genre is nature, environment city, countryside or wilderness. The first landscapes appeared in ancient times when painting palaces and temples, creating miniatures and icons. As independent genre the landscape takes shape already in the 16th century and has since become one of the most popular painting genres.
It is present in the work of many painters, starting with Peter Rubens, Alexei Kondratievich Savrasov, Edouard Manet, continuing with Isaac Ilyich Levitan, Piet Mondrian, Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque and ending with many contemporary artists of the XXI century.
"Golden Autumn" (1895)
Isaac Levitan
Among landscape painting genres such as sea and urban landscapes can be distinguished.
Veduta
Veduta is a landscape, the purpose of which is to depict the appearance of an urban area and convey its beauty and color. Later, with the development of industry, the urban landscape turns into an industrial landscape.
"Saint Mark's Square" (1730)
Canaletto
You can appreciate urban landscapes by getting acquainted with the works of Canaletto, Pieter Brueghel, Fyodor Yakovlevich Alekseev, Sylvester Feodosievich Shchedrin.
Marina
Seascape, or marina depicts the nature of the sea element, its greatness. Perhaps the most famous marine painter in the world is Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky, whose painting The Ninth Wave can be called a masterpiece of Russian painting. The heyday of the marina occurred simultaneously with the development of the landscape as such.
"Sailboat in a Storm" (1886)
James Buttersworth
Katsushika Hokusai, James Edward Buttersworth, Alexei Petrovich Bogolyubov, Lev Feliksovich Lagorio and Rafael Montleon Torres are also known for their seascapes.
If you want to learn even more about how the genres of painting in art arose and developed, watch the following video:
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PAINTING GENRES (French genre - genus, type) - a historically established division of paintings in accordance with the themes and objects of the image.
Although the concept of "genre" appeared in painting relatively recently, certain genre differences have existed since ancient times: images of animals in caves of the Paleolithic era, portraitsancient egyptand Mesopotamia from 3000 BC, landscapes and still lifes in Hellenistic and Roman mosaics and frescoes. The formation of the genre as a system in easel painting began in Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries. and ended mainly in the 17th century, when, in addition to the division visual arts the concept of the so-called genre appears on the genres. "high" and "low" genres, depending on the subject of the image, theme, plot. The “high” genre included historical and mythological genres, while the “low” genre included portrait, landscape, and still life. This gradation of genres lasted until the 19th century. albeit with exceptions.
So, in the 17th century. in Holland, it was precisely the “low” genres that became the leading ones in painting (landscape, everyday genre, still life), and formal portrait, which formally belonged to the "low" genre of portraiture, did not belong to such. Having become a form of reflection of life, genres of painting, with all the stability common features are not invariable, they develop along with life, changing as art develops. Some genres are dying out or gaining new meaning(for example, the mythological genre), new ones arise, usually within the previously existing ones (for example, within the landscape genre, architectural landscape and marina). There are works that combine various genres(ex. combination household genre with a landscape, a group portrait with a historical genre).
SELF-PORTRAIT(from French autoportrait) - a portrait of oneself. Usually refers to a picturesque image; however, self-portraits are also sculptural, literary, cinematic, photographic, etc.
Rembrandt "Self-portrait".
ALLEGORY(Greek allegoria - allegory) - expression abstract ideas through specific artistic images. Example: "justice" - a woman with scales.
Moretto da Brescia "Allegory of Faith"
ANIMALISTIC(from lat. animal - animal) - a genre associated with the image of animals in painting, sculpture and graphics.
D. Stubbs. Mares and foals in a landscape by the river. 1763-1768
BATTLE(from the French bataille - battle) - dedicated to the image of military operations and military life.
Averyanov Alexander Yurievich. href="http://www.realartist.ru/names/averyanov/30/">Waterloo.
DOMESTIC- associated with the image of everyday life of a person.
Nikolay Dmitrievich DMITRIEV-ORENBURGSKY (1837-1898). Fire in the village
GALLANT- "suave, polite, amiable, courteous, interesting" is obsolete. associated with the depiction of exquisite lyrical scenes from the life of court ladies and gentlemen in art, mainly in the 18th century.
Gerard ter Borch the Younger. Gallant soldier.
HISTORICAL- one of the main genres of fine art, dedicated to historical events past and present, socially significant phenomena in the history of peoples.
Pavel Ryzhenko. Peresvet's victory.
CARICATURE- a genre of fine art that uses the means of satire and humor, grotesque, caricature, an image in which comic effect created by exaggeration and sharpening of characteristic features. The caricature ridicules the lack or depravity of the character in order to attract him and the people around him, in order to force him to change for the better.
MYTHOLOGICAL- dedicated to the events and heroes about which myths tell. Gods, demiurges, heroes, demons, mythical creatures, historical and mythological characters. In the 19th century, the mythological genre served as the norm for high, ideal art.
Alexander Ivanov. Bellerophon goes on a campaign against the Chimera.
STILL LIFE- genre of fine arts, images inanimate objects placed in a real household environment and organized into a specific group; a picture depicting household items, flowers, fruits, game, caught fish, etc.
Aenvanck Theodore (Aenvanck, Theodoor)
NUDE(nude) - artistic genre in sculpture, painting, photography and cinema, depicting the beauty of a naked human body, mostly female.
Venus of Urbino, Titian
PASTORAL(French pastorale - shepherd, rural) - a genre in literature, painting, music and theater, an image of the idyllic life of shepherds and shepherdesses in nature.
LANDSCAPE(French paysage, from pays - country, area), - a genre dedicated to the image of any area: rivers, mountains, fields, forests, rural or urban landscape.
Href="http://solsand.com/wiki/doku.php?id=ostade&DokuWiki=7593bff333e2d137d17806744c6dbf83" >Adriana van Ostade
PORTRAIT(French portrait, “reproduce something the devil in the devil”) - a genre of fine art dedicated to the image of a person or group of people; varieties - self-portrait, group portrait, formal, chamber, costume portrait, portrait miniature.
Borovikovsky V. "Portrait of M. I. Lopukhina"
PLOT-THEMATIC PICTURE- the definition of a kind of crossing of traditional genres of painting, which contributed to the creation of large-scale works on the social significant topics with a clearly defined plot, plot action, multi-figure composition. Briefly: - mixing traditional genres of painting everyday, historical, battle, compositional portrait, landscape, etc.
Robert, Hubert - Inspection of the old church
CARTOON or FRIENDLY CARTOON(fr. charge) - humorous or satirical image, in which are changed and underlined character traits models are within the norm, with the aim of making fun, and not to humiliate and insult, as is usually done in caricatures.
Genres of painting appeared, gained popularity, faded away, new ones arose, subspecies began to be distinguished within the existing ones. This process will not stop as long as a person exists and tries to capture the world around him, whether it be nature, buildings or other people.
Previously (before the 19th century), there was a division of the genres of painting into the so-called "high" genres (French grand genre) and "low" genres (French petit genre). Such a division arose in the 17th century. and was based on what subject and plot were depicted. In this regard, to high genres attributed: battle, allegorical, religious and mythological, and low - portrait, landscape, still life, animalism.
The division into genres is rather arbitrary, because. elements of two or more genres can be present in the picture at the same time.
Animalism, or animalistic genre
Animalism, or animalistic genre (from lat. animal - animal) - a genre in which the main motive is the image of an animal. We can say that this is one of the most ancient genres, because. drawings and figures of birds and animals were already present in the life of primitive people. For example, on a wide famous painting I.I. Shishkin "Morning in pine forest» Nature is depicted by the artist himself, and bears are depicted by a completely different one, who specializes in depicting animals.
I.I. Shishkin "Morning in a pine forest" How can a subspecies be distinguished Ippian genre(from the Greek hippos - horse) - a genre in which the image of a horse acts as the center of the picture.
NOT. Sverchkov "Horse in the stable" Portrait
Portrait (from the French word portrait) is a picture in which the image of a person or a group of people is central. The portrait conveys not only an external resemblance, but also reflects the inner world and conveys the artist's feelings towards the person whose portrait he paints.
I.E. Repin Portrait of Nicholas IIThe portrait genre is subdivided into individual(picture of one person) group(image of several people), by the nature of the image - to the front when a person is depicted in full height against a conspicuous architectural or landscape background and chamber when a person is depicted chest-deep or waist-deep against a neutral background. A group of portraits, united according to some attribute, forms an ensemble, or portrait gallery. An example is portraits of members of the royal family.
Separately allocated self-portrait on which the artist depicts himself.
K. Bryullov Self-portrait The portrait is one of the oldest genres - the first portraits (sculptural) were already present in ancient egypt. Such a portrait acted as part of the cult of afterlife and was the "double" of man.
Landscape
Landscape (from French paysage - country, area) is a genre in which the image of nature is central - rivers, forests, fields, sea, mountains. In a landscape, the main point is, of course, the plot, but it is equally important to convey the movement, the life of the surrounding nature. On the one hand, nature is beautiful, admired, and on the other hand, it is rather difficult to reflect this in the picture.
C. Monet "Field of poppies at Argenteuil" The subspecies of the landscape is seascape, or marina(from French marine, Italian marina, from Latin marinus - sea) - an image of a sea battle, the sea or other events unfolding at sea. Bright representative marine painters - K.A. Aivazovsky. It is noteworthy that the artist wrote many details of this picture from memory.
I.I. Aivazovsky "The Ninth Wave" However, often artists also strive to draw the sea from nature, for example, W. Turner to paint the painting “Snowstorm. The steamer at the entrance to the harbor gives a distress signal, hitting the shallow water, "spent 4 hours tied up on the captain's bridge of a ship sailing in a storm.
W. Turner “Snowstorm. The steamer at the entrance to the harbor gives a distress signal, hitting the shallow water. The water element is also depicted in the river landscape.
Separately allocate cityscape, in which city streets and buildings are the main subject of the image. The urban landscape is Veduta- the image of the urban landscape in the form of a panorama, where the scale and proportions are certainly maintained.
A. Canaletto "Piazza San Marco"There are other types of landscape - rural, industrial and architectural. In architectural painting, the main theme is the image of the architectural landscape, i.e. buildings, structures; includes an image of the interiors ( interior decoration premises). Sometimes Interior(from French intérieur - internal) is distinguished as a separate genre. In architectural painting, another genre is distinguished — Capriccio(from Italian capriccio, caprice, whim) - an architectural fantasy landscape.
Still life
Still life (from the French nature morte - dead nature) is a genre dedicated to the depiction of inanimate objects that are placed in a common environment and form a group. Still life appeared in the 15th-16th centuries, but as a separate genre was formed in the 17th century.
Despite the fact that the word "still life" is translated as dead nature, in the pictures there are bouquets of flowers, fruits, fish, game, dishes - everything looks "like a living thing", i.e. like real. From its inception to the present day, still life has been an important genre in painting.
C. Monet "Vase with flowers" How can a separate subspecies be distinguished Vanitas(from Latin Vanitas - vanity, vanity) - a genre of painting in which the central place in the picture is occupied by a human skull, the image of which is intended to remind of the vanity and frailty of human life.
The painting by F. de Champagne presents three symbols of the frailty of being - Life, Death, Time through the images of a tulip, a skull, an hourglass.
historical genre
Historical genre - a genre in which the paintings depict important events and socially significant phenomena of the past or present. It is noteworthy that the picture can be dedicated not only to real events, but also to events from mythology or, for example, described in the Bible. This genre is very important for history as for history. individual peoples states, and humanity as a whole. In the paintings, the historical genre is inseparable from other types of genres - portrait, landscape, battle genre.
I.E. Repin "Cossacks write a letter Turkish sultan»
K. Bryullov "The Last Day of Pompeii" Battle genre
The battle genre (from the French bataille - battle) is a genre in which the paintings of which depict the climax of the battle, military operations, the moment of victory, scenes from military life. For battle painting characteristic image in the picture a large number of people.
A.A. Deineka "Defense of Sevastopol" Religious genre
Religious genre - a genre in which the main story line- biblical (scene from the Bible and the Gospel). According to the subject matter, iconography also belongs to religious, their difference lies in the fact that paintings of religious content do not participate in the services held, and for the icon this is the main purpose. icon painting translated from Greek. means "prayer image". This genre was limited by strict limits and laws of painting, because. designed not to reflect reality, but to convey the idea of God's beginning, in which artists are looking for an ideal. In Rus', icon painting reached its peak in the 12th-16th centuries. Most famous names icon painters - Theophanes the Greek (frescoes), Andrei Rublev, Dionysius.
A. Rublev "Trinity" How the transitional stage from icon painting to portrait stands out Parsuna(distorted from lat. persona - personality, person).
Parsuna of Ivan the Terrible. author unknown household genre
The paintings depict scenes from everyday life. Often the artist writes about those moments of life, of which he is a contemporary. Distinctive features of this genre - the realism of the paintings and the simplicity of the plot. The picture can reflect the customs, traditions, structure of the everyday life of a particular people.
Household painting includes famous paintings like “Barge haulers on the Volga” by I. Repin, “Troika” by V. Perov, “ Unequal marriage» V. Pukireva.
I. Repin "Barge haulers on the Volga" Epic-mythological genre
Epic-mythological genre. The word myth comes from the Greek. "mythos", which means tradition. The paintings depict the events of legends, epics, legends, ancient Greek myths, ancient legends, plots of folklore.
P. Veronese "Apollo and Marsyas" allegorical genre
Allegorical genre (from the Greek allegoria - allegory). Pictures are painted in such a way that they have hidden meaning. Intangible ideas and concepts, invisible to the eye (power, good, evil, love), are transmitted through the images of animals, people, other living beings with such inherent characteristics that have symbolism already fixed in the minds of people, and help to understand common sense works.
L. Giordano "Love and vices disarm justice" Pastoral (from French pastorale - shepherd, rural)
A genre of painting that glorifies and poetizes the simple and peaceful rural life.
F. Boucher "Autumn Pastoral" Caricature (from Italian caricare - to exaggerate)
A genre in which, when creating an image, a comic effect is deliberately used by exaggerating and sharpening features, demeanor, clothing, etc. The purpose of a caricature is to offend, unlike, for example, a cartoon (from French charge), the purpose of which is simply to play a joke. Closely related to the term "caricature" are such concepts as splint, grotesque.
Nude (from French nu - naked, undressed)
Genre in which the nude is depicted human body most often female.
Titian Vecellio "Venus of Urbino" Deception, or trompley (from fr. trompe-l'œil - optical illusion)
A genre that is characterized by special tricks, creating an optical illusion and allowing you to erase the line between reality and the image, i.e. the deceptive impression that the object is three-dimensional, while it is two-dimensional. Sometimes snag is distinguished as a subspecies of still life, but sometimes people are also depicted in this genre.
Per Borrell del Caso "Escape from Criticism" For the completeness of the perception of tricks, it is desirable to consider them in the original, because. a reproduction is unable to fully convey the effect that the artist depicts.
Jacopo de Barberi "The Partridge and the Iron Gloves" Plot-thematic picture
A mixture of traditional genres of painting (everyday, historical, battle, landscape, etc.). In another way, this genre is called a figurative composition, its characteristic features are: the main role is played by a person, the presence of an action and a socially significant idea, relationships (a conflict of interests / characters) and psychological accents are necessarily shown.
V. Surikov "Boyar Morozova" 
