From time immemorial, man has been striving for perfection, seeking harmony in the world that surrounds him. Finding beauty, he tries to find a way to preserve this beauty and bring it to his descendants. Fine art is one of the few methods invented by man back in primitive times. Then the ancient people painted on the rocks and walls of caves, depicting scenes of the life of their people. This is how the art of painting began to emerge in primitive society. Over time, artists have learned to use a variety of means and methods of drawing. New genres and types of painting appeared. Passing on the accumulated knowledge and experience from generation to generation, people managed to preserve the picture of the world in its original form. And today we have the opportunity to admire all parts of the world, looking at the works of artists different eras.

Difference from other types of fine art

Painting, unlike other ways of transmitting visual images, is done by applying paint to canvas, paper or other surface. This type of fine art has an unusual art style expressions. The artist, playing with imagination and shades of colors, is able to give the viewer not just a display visible world, but by adding fresh images from yourself, convey your vision and emphasize something new and unusual.

Types of painting and their brief description

This type of art is characterized depending on what paints and materials are used. There are various different techniques and types of painting. There are 5 main varieties: miniature, easel, monumental, theatrical and decorative and decorative.

miniature painting

It began to develop even before the invention of printing, in the Middle Ages. At that time, there were handwritten books, which the masters of art decorated with finely drawn intros and endings, as well as decorated texts with colorful miniature illustrations. In the first half of the 19th century, miniature painting was used to create small portraits. For this, artists preferred watercolors, because thanks to pure and deep colors and their combinations, portraits acquired a special grace and nobility.

easel painting

This art of painting got its name due to the fact that the paintings are made using an easel, that is, a machine tool. Canvases are painted most often on canvas, which is stretched on a stretcher. Also, paper, cardboard, and wood can be used as a material basis. A picture painted on an easel is a completely independent work. It can depict both the fictional by the artist and the actual in all its manifestations. It can be both inanimate objects and people, both modernity and historical events.

monumental painting

This kind visual arts is a painting on a grand scale. Monumental painting is used to decorate the ceilings and walls of buildings, as well as various building structures. With its help, artists identify significant social and historical events that affect the development of society and contribute to the formation of people in the spirit of progress, patriotism and humanity.

Theatrical and decorative painting

This type is used for make-up, props, decoration of costumes and scenery, helping to reveal the plot of the performance. Costumes, make-up and scenery are made according to the sketches of the artist, who seeks to convey the style of the era, social status and personal character of the characters.

decorative painting

It refers to the decoration of the interior and buildings, using colorful panels, which create a visual increase or decrease in the size of the room, the illusion of breaking through the wall, etc.

Painting in Russia

We have listed the main types of painting, which differ in the way the painter uses material for creativity. Now let's talk about the features of this type of art inherent in our country. Russia has always been famous for its vast expanses with rich flora and fauna. And each artist sought to capture on canvas all the beauty of nature and convey to the viewer the splendor of the images.

Various types of landscapes in painting can be observed on the canvases of famous creators. Each of them, using his own technique, tried to convey to the viewer his own emotions and his own vision. Russian painting is glorified by such masters as Levitan, Shishkin, Savrasov, Aivazovsky and many others. To write your famous paintings they used different techniques. And just as varied inner worlds masters of painting, and ultimately their creations and emotions evoked in the audience are multifaceted. The most sincere and deep feelings give rise to famous works our painters.

So, for example, “Morning in a Pine Forest” by Shishkin fills us with subtle light and gives us peace of mind. We seem to feel the morning Fresh air plunging into the coniferous atmosphere and watching the cubs play. While Aivazovsky's "Seashore" takes us into the abyss of worries and anxiety. rustic autumn scenery Levitan is presented with a portion of nostalgia and memories. And Savrasov's creation "The Rooks Have Arrived" envelops with a slight sadness and gives hope.

Confirmation of the colossal potential and talent of the Russian people, as well as love for their homeland and nature, is Russian painting. Everyone can verify this by looking at the pictures of our compatriots. And the main task is to preserve the living Russian painting tradition and Creative skills people.

The number of styles and trends is huge, if not endless. Styles in art do not have clear boundaries, they smoothly pass one into another and are in continuous development, mixing and opposition. Within the framework of one historical artistic style, a new one is always born, and that, in turn, passes into the next. Many styles coexist at the same time and therefore there are no “pure styles” at all.

Abstractionism (from lat. abstractio - removal, distraction) - artistic direction in art, which abandoned the depiction of forms close to reality.

avant-garde, avant-garde (from French avant-garde - advanced detachment) - the general name of artistic trends in the art of the 20th century, which are characterized by the search for new forms and means of artistic display, underestimation or complete denial of traditions and absolutization of innovation.

Academicism (from French academisme) - a direction in European painting of the 16th-19th centuries. Based on dogmatic adherence to external forms classical art. Followers characterized this style as a reflection on the art form of the ancient ancient world and the Renaissance. Academism replenished the traditions ancient art in which the image of nature is idealized, while compensating for the norm of beauty. Annibale, Agostino and Lodovico Carracci wrote in this style.

Actionism (from the English action art - the art of action) - happening, performance, event, process art, demonstration art and a number of other forms that arose in the avant-garde art of the 1960s. In accordance with the ideology of actionism, the artist must organize events and processes. Actionism seeks to blur the line between art and reality.

Empire (from the French empire - empire) - a style in architecture and decorative art that arose in France in early XIX century, during the First Empire of Napoleon Bonaparte. Empire - the final development of classicism. For the embodiment of majesty, sophistication, luxury, power and military strength, the Empire is characterized by an appeal to ancient art: ancient Egyptian decorative forms (war trophies, winged sphinxes ...), Etruscan vases, Pompeian paintings, Greek and Roman decor, Renaissance frescoes and ornaments. The main representative of this style was J. L. David (paintings "The Oath of the Horatii" (1784), "Brutus" (1789))

underground (from the English underground - underground, dungeon) - a number of artistic trends in contemporary art that oppose mass culture, the mainstream. The underground rejects and violates the political, moral and ethical orientations and types of behavior accepted in society, introducing antisocial behavior into everyday life. In the Soviet period, due to the severity of the regime, almost any unofficial, i.e. not recognized by the authorities, art turned out to be underground.

Art Nouveau (from French art nouveau, literally - new art) - the name of the Art Nouveau style common in many countries (Belgium, France, England, USA, etc.). The most famous artist of this direction of painting: Alphonse Mucha.

Art Deco (from French art deco, abbreviated from decoratif) - a trend in art in the middle of the 20th century, which marked the synthesis of avant-garde and neoclassicism, replaced constructivism. Features in this direction: fatigue, geometric lines, luxury, chic, expensive materials (ivory, crocodile skin). The most famous artist of this trend is Tamara de Lempicka (1898-1980).

Baroque (from Italian barocco - strange, bizarre or from port. perola barroca - an irregularly shaped pearl, there are other assumptions about the origin of this word) - an artistic style in art late Renaissance. Distinctive features of this style: exaggeration of size, broken lines, an abundance of decorative details, heaviness and colossality.

Revival, or Renaissance (from French renaissance, Italian rinascimento) is an era in the history of European culture that replaced the culture of the Middle Ages and preceded the culture of modern times. Approximate chronological framework era - XIV-XVI centuries. Distinctive feature renaissance - the secular nature of culture and its anthropocentrism (that is, interest, first of all, in a person and his activities). There is an interest in ancient culture, there is, as it were, its “revival” - and this is how the term appeared. Drawing pictures of traditional religious themes, the artists began to use new artistic techniques: building a three-dimensional composition, using a landscape in the background, which allowed them to make the images more realistic and lively. This sharply distinguished their work from the previous iconographic tradition, replete with conventions in the image. Most famous artists of this period: Sandro Botticelli (1447-1515), Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), Raphael Santi (1483-1520), Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564), Titian (1477-1576), Antonio Correggio (1489-1534) , Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516), Albrecht Durer (1471-1528).

Woodland (from English - forest land) - a style in art, originating in symbolism rock carvings, myths and legends of North American Indians.

Gothic (from Italian gotico - unusual, barbaric) - a period in the development of medieval art, covering almost all areas of culture and developing on the territory of Western, Central and partly of Eastern Europe from the 12th to the 15th century. Gothic completed the development of European medieval art, having arisen on the basis of the achievements of the Romanesque culture, and during the Renaissance, the art of the Middle Ages was considered "barbaric". gothic art was cult in purpose and religious in theme. It appealed to the highest divine powers, eternity, the Christian worldview. Gothic in its development is divided into Early Gothic, Heyday, Late Gothic.

Impressionism (from French impression - impression) is a trend in European painting that originated in France in the middle of the 19th century, main goal which was the transmission of fleeting, changeable impressions.

Kitsch, kitsch (from German kitsch - bad taste) - a term denoting one of the most odious phenomena mass culture, a synonym for pseudo-art that focuses on extravagance appearance, the loudness of its elements. In fact, kitsch is a kind of postmodernism. Kitsch is mass art for the elect. A work belonging to kitsch must be made at a high artistic level, it must have a fascinating plot, but this is not a real work of art in a high sense, but a skillful fake for it. There may be deep psychological collisions in kitsch, but there are no genuine artistic discoveries and revelations.

Classicism (from Latin classicus - exemplary) is an artistic style in art, the basis of which was the appeal, as an ideal aesthetic standard, to the images and forms of ancient art and the Renaissance, requiring strict adherence to a number of rules and canons.

Cosmism (from Greek cosmos - organized world, kosma - decoration) is an artistic and philosophical worldview, which is based on knowledge of the Cosmos and the idea of ​​a person as a citizen of the World, as well as a microcosm similar to the Macrocosm. Cosmism is associated with astronomical knowledge about the universe.

Cubism (from French cube - cube) - modernist direction in art, depicting objects of reality decomposed into simple geometric shapes.

Lettrism (from the English letter - letter, message) is a direction in modernism based on the use of images similar to a font, unreadable text, as well as compositions based on letters and text.

Metarealism, metaphysical realism (from the Greek. meta - between and healis - material, real) is a direction in art, the main idea of ​​which is to express the superconsciousness, the superphysical nature of things.

Minimalism (derived from the English minimal art - minimal art) is an artistic movement that comes from the minimal transformation of the materials used in the creative process, simplicity and uniformity of forms, monochrome, creative self-restraint of the artist. Minimalism is characterized by the rejection of subjectivity, representation, illusionism. Rejecting classical techniques and traditional art materials, minimalists use industrial and natural materials simple geometric shapes and neutral colors (black, gray), small volumes, serial, conveyor methods of industrial production are used.

Modern (derived from the French moderne - the latest, modern) - an artistic style in art, in which the features of the art of different epochs are rethought and stylized with the help of artistic techniques based on the principles of asymmetry, ornamental news and decorations.

Neoplasticism is one of the early varieties abstract art. Created by 1917 by the Dutch painter P. Mondrian and other artists who were part of the "Style" association. Neoplasticism is characterized, according to its creators, by the desire for "universal harmony", expressed in strictly balanced combinations of large rectangular figures, clearly separated perpendicular lines black and painted in local colors of the main spectrum (with the addition of white and gray tones).

Primitivism, naive art, naive - a style of painting in which the picture is deliberately simplified, its forms are made primitive, like folk art, the creativity of a child or primitive man.

Op art (from the English optical art - optical art) is a neo-avant-garde trend in the visual arts, in which the effects of spatial movement, merging and "floating" of forms are achieved by introducing sharp color and tonal contrasts, rhythmic repetitions, crossing spiral and lattice configurations, wriggling lines.

Orientalism (from Latin oriens - east) - direction to European art which uses the themes, symbols and motifs of the East and Indochina

Orphism (from French orphisme, from Orp?ee - Orpheus) - a direction in French painting of the 1910s. Name given in 1912 French poet Apollinaire painting by artist Robert Delaunay. Orphism is associated with cubism, futurism and expressionism. The main features of this style of painting are aestheticism, plasticity, rhythm, elegance of silhouettes and lines.
Masters of Orphism: Robert Delaunay, Sonia Turk-Delaunay, Frantisek Kupka, Francis Picabia, Vladimir Baranov-Rossine, Fernand Léger, Morgan Russell.

pop art

Postmodernism (from French postmodernisme - after modernism) is a new artistic style that differs from modernism in its return to the beauty of secondary reality, narrative, appeal to the plot, melody, and harmony of secondary forms. Postmodernism is characterized by the unification within the framework of one work of styles, figurative motifs and artistic techniques borrowed from different eras, regions and subcultures.

Realism (from lat. gealis - material, real) is a trend in art characterized by the depiction of social, psychological and other phenomena that is as close to reality as possible.

Rococo (derived from the French rococo, rocaille) is a style in art and architecture that originated in France in the early 18th century. He was distinguished by grace, lightness, intimate-flirtatious character. Having replaced the ponderous baroque, rococo was both the logical result of its development and its artistic antipode. With the Baroque style, Rococo is united by the desire for completeness of forms, but if Baroque gravitates towards monumental solemnity, then Rococo prefers elegance and lightness.

Symbolism (from French symbolisme - a sign, an identifying sign) is an artistic direction in art, based on the embodiment of the main ideas of the work through the many-valued and many-sided associative aesthetics of symbols.

Socialist realism, socialist realism is an artistic trend in art, which is an aesthetic expression of a socialist conscious concept of the world and man, due to the era of socialist society.

Hyperrealism, superrealism, photorealism (from the English hyperrealism - over realism) is a direction in art based on an accurate photographic reproduction of reality.

Surrealism (from French surrealisme - over + realism) is one of the directions of modernism, the main idea of ​​which is to express the subconscious (to combine dream and reality).

Transavant-garde (from Latin trans - through, through and French avantgarde - avant-garde) is one of the modern trends of postmodernism that arose as a reaction to conceptualism and pop art. Transavant-garde covers the mixing and transformation of styles born in the avant-garde, such as cubism, fauvism, futurism, expressionism, etc.

Expressionism (derived from the French expression - expressiveness) is a modernist trend in art that considers the image of the outside world only as a means for expressing the subjective states of the author.

Painting

(from Russian lively and write) - a type of fine art, which consists in creating paintings, paintings, most fully and realistically reflecting reality.

A work of art made with paints (oil, tempera, watercolor, gouache, etc.) applied to a hard surface is called painting. Main means of expression painting - color, its ability to evoke various feelings, associations, enhances the emotionality of the image. The artist usually draws up the color necessary for painting on a palette, and then turns the paint into color on the plane of the picture, creating a color order - coloring. By the nature of color combinations, it can be warm and cold, cheerful and sad, calm and tense, light and dark.

The images of painting are very clear and convincing. Painting is able to convey on the plane volume and space, nature, to reveal complex world human feelings and characters, to embody universal ideas, events of the historical past, mythological images and flight of fancy.

Painting is divided into easel and monumental. The artist paints pictures on canvas, stretched on a stretcher and mounted on an easel, which can also be called an easel. Hence the name "easel painting".

And the very word "monumental" speaks of something big and significant. monumental painting is large paintings on the internal or external walls of buildings (frescoes, panels, etc.). Work monumental painting cannot be separated from its base (walls, supports, ceilings, etc.). Themes for monumental paintings are also chosen significant: historical events, heroic deeds, folk tales and others. Mosaics and stained-glass windows, which can also be attributed to decorative art, merge directly with monumental painting. Here it is important to achieve the stylistic and figurative unity of monumental painting and architecture, the synthesis of arts.

It is necessary to distinguish such types of painting as decorative painting, icon painting, miniature, theatrical and decorative painting. Each type of painting has its own specifics. technical execution and solving artistic and figurative problems.

Unlike painting as an independent type of fine art, the pictorial approach (method) can also be used in its other types: in drawing, graphics, and even in sculpture. The essence of the pictorial approach lies in the depiction of an object in relation to its surrounding spatial light and air environment, in a fine gradation of tonal transitions.

Variety of objects and events the world around, the keen interest of artists in them led to the emergence during the XVII-XX centuries. genres of painting: portrait, still life, landscape, animalistic, domestic ( genre painting), mythological, historical, battle genres. In works of painting, a combination of genres or their elements can be found. For example, a still life or landscape can successfully complement a portrait image.

According to the techniques and materials used, painting can be divided into the following types: oil, tempera, wax (encaustic), enamel, glue, water-based paints on wet plaster (fresco), etc. In some cases it is difficult to separate painting from graphics. Works made in watercolor, gouache, pastel, can refer to both painting and graphics.

Painting can be single-layer, performed immediately, and multi-layer, including underpainting and glazing, transparent and translucent layers of paint applied to the dried paint layer. This achieves the finest nuances and shades of color.

important means artistic expressiveness in painting are, in addition to color [color], the spot and the nature of the stroke, the processing of the colorful surface (texture), the valerae, showing the subtlest changes in tone depending on the lighting, the reflexes that appear from the interaction of adjacent colors.

The construction of volume and space in painting is associated with linear and aerial perspective, the spatial properties of warm and cold colors, light and shade modeling of the form, and the transfer of the general color tone of the canvas. To create a picture, in addition to color, you need nice drawing and expressive composition. The artist, as a rule, begins work on the canvas by searching for the most successful solution in sketches. Then in numerous picturesque sketches from nature he works out necessary elements compositions. Work on a painting can begin with drawing a composition with a brush, underpainting and directly painting the canvas with one or another pictorial means. Moreover, even preparatory sketches and sketches sometimes have an independent artistic value, especially if the brushes belong famous painter.

Painting is very ancient art, which has evolved over many centuries from Paleolithic rock paintings to the latest trends in painting of the 20th century. Painting has a wide range of possibilities for embodying an idea from realism to abstractionism. Enormous spiritual treasures have been accumulated in the course of its development.

In ancient times, there was a desire to reproduce the real world the way a person sees it. This caused the emergence of the principles of chiaroscuro, elements of perspective, the emergence of three-dimensional pictorial images. New thematic possibilities for depicting reality by pictorial means were revealed. Painting served to decorate temples, dwellings, tombs and other structures, was in artistic unity with architecture and sculpture.

medieval painting was predominantly religious. It was distinguished by the expression of sonorous, mostly local colors, expressive contours.

The background of frescoes and paintings, as a rule, was conditional, abstract or golden, embodying the divine idea in its mysterious shimmer. Color symbolism played a significant role.

In the Renaissance, a sense of the harmony of the universe, anthropocentrism (a person in the center of mixing pure colors, and the effects of transferring texture. Artists went out to paint their paintings in the open air.

IN late XIX-XX centuries the development of painting becomes especially complex and contradictory. Various realistic and modernist movements are gaining their right to exist.

Abstract painting appears (see avant-garde, abstractionism, underground), which marked the rejection of figurativeness and the active expression of the artist’s personal attitude to the world, the emotionality and conventionality of color, the exaggeration and geometrization of forms, the decorativeness and associativity of compositional solutions.

In the XX century. the search for new colors and technical means of creating paintings, which will undoubtedly lead to the emergence of new styles in painting, but oil painting still remains one of the most beloved techniques of artists.

The process of development of European painting in the XVII - XVIII centuries. complicate, add up national schools, each with its own traditions and characteristics. Painting proclaimed new social and civic ideals, psychological problems deepened, a sense of the conflicting relationship between the individual and the world around him. Appeal to diversity real life, especially to the everyday environment of a person, led to a clear formation of a system of genres: landscape, still life, portrait, everyday genre, etc. Various pictorial systems were formed: dynamic baroque painting with its characteristic open, spiral composition; rococo painting with a play of exquisite nuances of color, light tones; painting of classicism with a clear, strict and clear pattern.

In the 19th century painting played an active role in public life. The painting of romanticism was distinguished by an active interest in the dramatic events of history and modernity, the contrast of light and shadow, and the saturation of color.

Gothic(from Italian gotico - unusual, barbaric) - a period in the development of medieval art, covering almost all areas of culture and developing in Western, Central and partly Eastern Europe from the 12th to the 15th century. Gothic completed the development of European medieval art, having arisen on the basis of the achievements of the Romanesque culture, and during the Renaissance, the art of the Middle Ages was considered "barbaric". Gothic art was cult in purpose and religious in subject matter. It appealed to the highest divine powers, eternity, the Christian worldview. Gothic in its development is divided into Early Gothic, Heyday, Late Gothic.

The masterpieces of the Gothic style are the famous European cathedrals, which tourists love to photograph in great detail. In the interior design of Gothic cathedrals important role given to color solutions. An abundance of gilding reigned in the exterior and interior decoration, the luminosity of the interior, the openwork of the walls, and the crystalline dissection of space. Matter was devoid of heaviness and impenetrability, it was, as it were, spiritualized.

The huge surfaces of the windows were filled with stained-glass windows with compositions reproducing historical events, apocryphal legends, literary and religious plots, images domestic scenes from the life of ordinary peasants and artisans, who were a unique encyclopedia of the way of life in the Middle Ages. Kona were filled from top to bottom with figured compositions, which were enclosed in medallions. The combination of light and color painting in the stained glass technique gave increased emotionality. artistic compositions. A variety of glasses were used: thick scarlet, fiery, red, pomegranate, green, yellow, dark blue, light blue, ultramarine, cut along the contour of the pattern ... The windows warmed like precious gems, penetrated by outside light - they transformed the entire interior of the temple and tuned his visitors to a sublime mood.

Thanks to the Gothic color glass, new aesthetic values ​​were born, and the colors acquired the highest sonority of radiant color. Pure color gave rise to the atmosphere of the air environment, painted in various colors due to the play of light on the columns, floor, stained-glass windows. The color became a source of light that deepened the perspective. Thick glasses, often uneven, were filled with not quite transparent bubbles, which enhanced the artistic effect of the stained glass. The light, passing through the uneven thickness of the glass, was crushed and began to play.

The best examples of genuine Gothic stained-glass windows are open to the public in the cathedrals of Chartres, Bourges and Paris (for example, "The Virgin and Child"). Filled with no less splendor, as well as "Fiery wheels" and "Throwing lightning" in Chartres Cathedral.

From the middle of the 1st century, complex colors began to be introduced into the colorful range, obtained by duplicating glass. Such unusual stained-glass windows in gothic style preserved in the Sainte-Chapelle (1250). brown enamel paint was applied to the contours of the glass, while the forms had a planar character.

The Gothic era was the heyday of the art of the miniature book, as well as artistic miniatures. The strengthening of secular tendencies in culture only intensified their development. Illustrations with multi-figure compositions on religious themes included various realistic details: images of birds, animals, butterflies, ornaments of plant motifs, everyday scenes. The works of the French miniaturist Jean Pussel are filled with a special poetic charm.

In the development of the French Gothic miniature of the 13th-14th centuries leading place was occupied by the Parisian school. The Psalter of St. Louis is replete with multi-figure compositions framed by one motif gothic architecture, which is why the narrative acquires extraordinary harmony (Louvre, Paris, 1270). the figures of ladies and knights are graceful, their forms are distinguished by flowing lines, which creates the illusion of movement. The richness and density of colors, as well as the decorative architecture of the drawing, turn these miniatures into unique works of art and precious page decorations.

The style of the Gothic book is distinguished by pointed forms, angular rhythm, restlessness, filigree openwork pattern and slouchness of sinuous lines. It is worth noting that in the 14th and 15th century, secular manuscripts were also illustrated. Books of hours, scientific treatises, love song collections and chronicles are filled with gorgeous miniatures. The miniature, illustrating works of courtly literature, embodied the ideal of chivalrous love, as well as scenes from ordinary surrounding life. A similar creation is the Manes manuscript (1320).

Over time, the narrative intensified in Gothic. The “Great French Chronicles” of the 14th century clearly demonstrate the artist’s desire to penetrate the meaning of the event he depicts. Along with this, the books were given decorative elegance through the use of exquisite vignettes and frames of bizarre shapes.

The Gothic miniature had a great influence on painting and brought a lively stream to the art of the Middle Ages. Gothic has become not just a style, but an important link in general cultural development society. Masters of style with incredible accuracy were able to reproduce the image of their contemporary in the subject and natural environment. Majestic and spiritual Gothic works are surrounded by an aura of unique aesthetic charm. Gothic gave rise to a new understanding of the synthesis of the arts, and its realistic conquests paved the way for the transition to the art of the Renaissance.

Painting is a type of fine art, which consists in creating paintings, paintings that most fully and lifelike reflect reality.

A work of art made with paints (oil, tempera, watercolor, gouache, etc.) applied to a hard surface is called painting. The main expressive means of painting is color, its ability to evoke various feelings, associations, enhances the emotionality of the image. The artist usually draws up the color necessary for painting on a palette, and then turns the paint into color on the plane of the picture, creating a color order - coloring. By the nature of color combinations, it can be warm and cold, cheerful and sad, calm and tense, light and dark.

The images of painting are very clear and convincing. Painting is capable of conveying volume and space, nature on a plane, revealing the complex world of human feelings and characters, embodying universal ideas, events of the historical past, mythological images and a flight of fancy.

Unlike painting as an independent type of fine art, the pictorial approach (method) can also be used in its other types: in drawing, graphics, and even in sculpture. The essence of the pictorial approach lies in the depiction of an object in relation to its surrounding spatial light and air environment, in a fine gradation of tonal transitions.

Variety of objects and events of the surrounding world, close

artists' interest in them led to the emergence during the XVII -

XX centuries genres of painting: portrait, still life, landscape, animalistic, everyday (genre painting), mythological, historical, battle genres. In works of painting, a combination of genres or their elements can be found. For example, a still life or landscape can successfully complement a portrait image.

According to the techniques and materials used, painting can be divided into the following types: oil, tempera, wax (encaustic), enamel, glue, water-based paints on wet plaster (fresco), etc. In some cases, it is difficult to separate painting from graphics. Works made in watercolor, gouache, pastel, can refer to both painting and graphics.

Painting can be single-layer, performed immediately, and multi-layer, including underpainting and glazing, transparent and translucent layers of paint applied to the dried paint layer. This achieves the finest nuances and shades of color.

Important means of artistic expression in painting are, in addition to color (color), the stain and the nature of the stroke, the treatment of the colorful surface (texture), the valerae, showing the subtlest changes in tone depending on the lighting, the reflexes that appear from the interaction of adjacent colors.

The construction of volume and space in painting is associated with a linear and aerial perspective, the spatial properties of warm and cold colors, light and shade modeling of the form, and the transfer of the general color tone of the canvas. To create a picture, in addition to color, you need a good drawing and expressive composition. The artist, as a rule, begins work on the canvas by searching for the most successful solution in sketches. Then, in numerous pictorial sketches from nature, he

works out the necessary elements of the composition. Work on a painting can begin with drawing a composition with a brush, underpainting and

directly writing the canvas by one or another pictorial means. Moreover, even preparatory sketches and sketches sometimes have an independent artistic value, especially if they belong to the brush of a famous painter. Painting is a very ancient art that has evolved over many centuries from Paleolithic rock paintings to the latest trends in painting of the 20th century. Painting has a wide range of possibilities for embodying an idea from realism to abstractionism. Enormous spiritual treasures have been accumulated in the course of its development. In ancient times, there was a desire to reproduce real world the way the person sees it. This caused the emergence of the principles of chiaroscuro, elements of perspective, the emergence of three-dimensional pictorial images. New thematic possibilities for depicting reality by pictorial means were revealed. Painting served to decorate temples, dwellings, tombs and other structures, and was in artistic unity with architecture and sculpture.

Medieval painting was predominantly religious in content. It was distinguished by the expression of sonorous, mostly local colors, expressive contours.

The background of frescoes and paintings, as a rule, was conditional, abstract or golden, embodying the divine idea in its mysterious shimmer. Color symbolism played a significant role.

In the Renaissance, a sense of the harmony of the universe, anthropocentrism (man in the center of the universe) was reflected in pictorial compositions on religious and mythological themes, in portraits, domestic and historical scenes. The role of painting has increased, having developed a scientifically based system of linear and aerial perspective, chiaroscuro.

Abstract painting appears, which marked the rejection of figurativeness and the active expression of the artist's personal attitude to the world, the emotionality and conventionality of color, exaggeration and geometrization

forms, decorativeness and associativity of compositional solutions.

In the XX century. the search for new colors continues technical means creating paintings, which will undoubtedly lead to the emergence of new styles in painting, but oil painting is still one of the most beloved techniques of artists.