The history of the origin of surnames in Russia is similar to European states. The period of formation of surnames fell on the 15th-18th centuries. Like other peoples, the first owners of surnames in Russia were representatives of the wealthy classes, and a little later this privilege also affected the peasants.
Names, nicknames, professions and geographical names became the main source of the meaning of surnames. Each Russian surname consists of a mandatory semantic basis, supplemented by endings, suffixes and prefixes. The lexical meaning of the basis indicates the source of its origin. So, for example, the surname Plotnikov will be formed from the profession of a carpenter. It was this specialty that the ancestor of the owner of the surname had.
Additions in the form of endings, suffixes and prefixes are optional when forming a surname. A significant number of Russian surnames have suffixes. Most often, surnames answer the question "whose?". For example, Andreev, Kuzmin, Fedorov.
If we analyze the formation of Russian surnames from a grammatical point of view, then we can see that the suffix "ov" is added to the stem if the nickname or name from which it is formed ends with a solid consonant. For example, Ignat - Ignatov, Peter - Petrov, Ivan - Ivanov. If the base of the source has a soft consonant, then the suffix "ev" is added. For example, Savely - Savelyev, Yuri - Yuriev. If the source ends with the vowel "a" or "ya", then the surname is formed using the suffix "in". For example, Foma - Fomin, Yerema - Eremin, Beard - Borodin, Fish - Rybin. In addition, some Russian surnames are characterized by suffixes and endings "sky", "skoy", "yn", "tsky", "tskoy". For example, Spitsyn, Trubetskoy, Resurrection. Even less often you can find surnames in which there are suffixes "oh". Such as Cheremnykh, Belykh.
Smirnov is considered the most common among Russian surnames. given surname worn by over 2.5 million people worldwide. Total There are more than 200 thousand surnames in the Russian language.
In relation to world culture in Russia, such an element of naming as a surname was established rather late. It is worth noting that many of them take their origin from nicknames, names or patronymics. Residents of Veliky Novgorod were the first to use surnames. They adopted this custom from the Lithuanian principality. After some time, Moscow princes and boyars received surnames.
According to statistics, Russian surnames most often originate from personal names. There are also groups of surnames that were formed on the basis of the names of various settlements, church holidays and the names of saints. For example, Rozhdestvensky, Pokrovsky, Belozersky, Ilyinsky. Such surnames are historical relationship with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
Many Russian surnames come from the name of the grandfather. It was with the help of dedicism that the hereditary name of a certain kind was fixed. So the roots of each family became clear. If the grandfather had a different birth and baptismal name, then the surname was usually formed from the one that was in use.
According to the name of the grandfather, many surnames for the inhabitants were recorded Central Asia and Transcaucasia in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
In the Russian clergy, surnames were usually given according to the name of the parish. Some of them were specially created in the seminary. In this case, a literal translation from Latin or Greek could be used.
Russian surnames at different times
As already noted, in different strata of society, surnames were acquired at different times. According to the Novgorod chronicles, the first names of nicknames have already been noted since 1240 during the census of fallen soldiers at the Battle of the Neva. Already in the 13-15 centuries, surnames as generic names were assigned to boyars and princes. At the same time, the princes were given surnames according to the name of their inheritance. If the prince lost his inheritance, then the surname was preserved for him. Much fewer last names princes comes from their nicknames.
Some boyars and princely surnames have in their origins the names of their ancestors. This can be clearly seen in the history of the surnames of the Romanov family.
At the end of the 15th century, the first surnames of foreign origin came into use. At first these were the surnames of Greek and Polish-Lithuanian immigrants, then surnames of Western origin began to appear. Concerning Tatar surnames, then they did not always refer to the owner with oriental roots. At that time, Tatar nicknames were very popular in Russia.
During this period of time, the peasants in Russia were subjected to mass enslavement. The role of surnames for them then was played by patronymics, nicknames or the name of the owner. On the former Novgorod possessions of northern Russia serfdom was not widespread. Peasants had the right to have real surnames.
Representatives of the Cossacks, a significant part of the people of the Belarusian lands, state peasants and the population of the black earth provinces also had surnames.
Under Peter I, the documents necessary for the police registration of citizens were introduced. The passport contained information about the name, nickname or surname, place of residence, occupation, information about family members and parents, as well as information about the place of destination. At the end of the 17th century, the king issued a decree on the need to draw up a common armorial noble families. In this document, there were about 3 thousand family names and coats of arms of the nobles.
In the 18-19 centuries, surnames of both merchants and servants began to appear. At first, only eminent merchants became owners of surnames.
In the 15th and 16th centuries there were not many such people. Almost all of them were of Northern Russian origin. For example, the merchants Kalinnikovs or Stroganovs. One can also recall Kuzma Minin, who, despite the fact that he had nothing to do with the nobility, had personal surname already in the 16th century.
In the central part of Russia, surnames were quite rare until the 19th century. Despite this history known exceptions. For example, famous Ivan Susanin. The mass distribution of surnames among the peasants was not necessary. A significant part of the peasants of Central Russia received surnames only after 1861, when serfdom was abolished.
Most Russian surnames are based on family nicknames that one or another family member had. Some family nicknames had their own history and were passed down through generations. So, with the need to obtain a surname, many of the peasants of Central Russia legalized the existing nickname.
The first census, conducted in 1897, showed that more than half of the population in the country did not have their own surname. Finally, the issue of surnames was resolved only in the thirties of the last century, when there was a general passportization.
It is worth noting the formation of female surnames. Most of them differ from the masculine ending "a". Some male surnames that end in "oy", "oy" and "y" are declined and form female form with an "ay" ending. For other surnames of non-Slavic origin, the form female matches the male version.
In Russia, women, when they get married, most often take the surname of their spouse. This tradition is not an obligation. Since 1918, a woman has the right to leave after marriage her maiden name. In addition, you can take double surname, which will be written with a hyphen. Children are usually given the father's last name.
Initially, surnames did not exist in Russia. What in the ancient chronicles looked like modern Russian surnames had a completely different meaning. So, for example, Ivan Petrov, translated into modern language meant Ivan son of Petrov (Ivan Petrovich). In addition, the frequently encountered forms - Shemyaka, Chobot and even Ghoul, were personal nicknames that were given to a person and quite rarely passed on to his descendants.
Common Russian surnames of the upper class meant either belonging to a royal or princely family (Rurikovich, Gedeminovichi), or related to the places where the family came from noble person(Vyazemsky, the city of Vyazma; Belsky, the city of Bely; Rzhevsky, the city of Rzhev).
The formation of generic names began due to the combination of the root stem of the name of the founder of the genus or his nickname and suffixes, prefixes, endings.
The basis of the surname of men and girls allows you to identify how it appeared. The most common suffixes involved in the creation of generic names are "-ov / ova", "-ev / eva", "-in / ina". Other popular suffixes are "-yn / yn", "-sky / ska", "-sky", "-tsky / tskoy / tskaya".
500 years of surname formation
The family was first given a name in the 15th century. The stage of assigning a generic name in XIX century. The history of the formation of surnames in Russia is very similar to the process of the emergence of surnames in other states. The sources for creating a generic name were geographical names, professions of the founder of the clan, crafts and others. First of all, they were awarded to representatives of the upper class, while the peasants and the poor received them last.
Many surnames are not subject to the simplest analysis and quick decoding. They require careful study of the nuances. This is mainly due to the history of a particular genus. All Russian surnames have a root and an additional particle. The root is always endowed lexical meaning. So, in the surname Ivanov, he is the name Ivan, Kuznetsov - the profession is a blacksmith. The bulk of family names have a clear answer to the question "Whose?" or “Whose will you be?”.
The most beautiful names of representatives of the clergy
Beautiful men's generic names received by representatives of the clergy in the second half of the 18th century. The root basis in this case was the name of the parish or church. Up to this point, the ministers of the church did not need a generic name. It was customary to call them Father Fedor, Father Alexander, and so on. From the 18th century, they were given surnames like Rozhdestvensky, Uspensky, Pokrovsky, Blagoveshchensky, and so on.
Many clergy received a family name when they graduated from the seminary. In this case, it could sound like Athensky, Kiparisov, Tikhomirov and others. Under such circumstances, the most thoughtful surnames were selected for the clergy. If the student had a bad reputation, he was awarded a name, the meaning of which was negative. Basically, they came from bad biblical characters.
Count's surnames or Orthodox
Women's surnames in Russia, as history tells us, were formed in the same way as men's - through suffixes and prefixes. The most popular generic names for girls come from proper names, as well as the names of birds and animals. Sound good county surnames but no less beautiful and neutral. Such beautiful generic names as Illarionova, Vladimirova, Romanova, Pavlova originated from proper names.
The list of Russian female surnames derived from birds and animals includes the most sonorous of them: Strizhenova, Sokolova, Orlova, Lebedev. Many popular endowed deep meaning, such as Generous or Wise, Slavic. Among them, unusual ones, such as the Motherland, can also be found. All beautiful generic names for girls are contained in the Dictionary of Russian Surnames, where they are presented alphabetically.
The most noble family names bear the Orthodox connotation - Resurrection, Preobrazhenskaya, Rozhdestvenskaya.
Strength and nobility, vocation and profession
Male surnames are of great importance in life modern man. Every girl strives to acquire a worthy surname after marriage. Of course, not only beautiful count family names are popular with men, but also those that carry a semantic load. Surnames based on the names of church parishes, geographical objects and proper names are recognized as excellent. It's hard to argue with that.
The surnames Makovetsky, otherwise the owner of Makovets and Bondarchuk, who are descended from a professional nickname, are quite famous today in cinematographic circles. Other well-known male generic names are Tikhonravov, Ilyin, Dobrovolsky, Pobedonostsev. As it is easy to see, in Russian history the cultural and politicians with great generic names.
Each generic name has its own history and meaning. An example of beautiful surnames based on a geographical name are Beloozerov, Shuisky, Gorsky, Vyazemsky. The origin of Russian surnames was initially associated with the laying in them of a meaning that will be passed down from generation to generation.
Orthodoxy gave many interesting surnames
The dictionary of Russian surnames contains quite interesting and unusual examples. Many of these generic names originally belonged to the Orthodox clergy. This includes such surnames as Gilyarovsky, Luminantov, Hyacintov, Ptolemy and Tsezarev. With each century, the number unusual surnames is added. It can be seen that unusual generic names are of Muslim and Buddhist origin. Do not be surprised, since the emergence of such a phenomenon as surnames on the globe happened at about the same time and under the same circumstances.
Such generic names are very beautiful and many of them are popular today. Of course, most often there are people with "professional" surnames - Rybnikov, Goncharov, Khlebnikov. A large percentage is occupied by Russian surnames of "nominal" origin - Ilyin, Sergeev, Ivanov, Vladimirov. Over time, surnames of Russian origin acquired foreign shades. So, the Russian Dobrovolsky turned into Benevolensky, and Nadezhdin into Speransky.
At the heart of the name - do not take away popularity
History decreed that male surnames become popular if the root base is the name of the founder of the clan. Today you can count in Russia a considerable number of Sergeevs, Vladimirovs and Ivanovs. The most common surnames are Petrov, Sidorov, Alekseev and others. "Professional" generic names make up a considerable percentage of total number. Less "successful" are surnames based on the names of animals and geographical objects.
Selected individuals, successors of the clans, bear count and boyar surnames, like Pobedonostsev, Godunov, Tikhonravov, Novgorodtsev, Stroganov or Minin. Of course, the most beautiful of the surnames still have a church or parish origin. The dictionary of Russian surnames contains a great variety of them, from the most incredible and single to the most famous.
Video: Russian surnames
A beautiful surname for a girl means as much as neat good clothes. Agree, there is a difference in sound between the names "Olga Lozhkomoeva" and "Olga Lebedeva". In the first case, an untidy girl from the outback appears before the mind's eye, in the second - a beautiful sophisticated lady. Fortunately, it is possible to choose a new surname and change it in official documents.
This step must be approached responsibly, so it is not necessary to immediately run to the registry office and the passport office. Social media is a great place to try on any pseudonym!
Many Slavic ones are absolutely incompatible with foreign surnames. For example, when you hear "Tamara Ivanovna Adams", you, with highly likely, smile. A beautiful Russian surname for a girl can be selected from the following list:
- Astafiev;
- Romanova;
- Arseniev;
- Pazhinskaya;
- Bernatskaya;
- Razumovskaya;
- Berezina;
- Bestuzhev;
- Vishnevetskaya;
- Voronin;
- Vorontsov.
Any girl can feel like a countess or princess by choosing one of the options above. After all, these names belonged to the upper class in Russia!
A romantic and well-read girl can borrow a surname from famous poet or a writer. In conjunction with female names The following options are well perceived by ear:
- Bulgakov;
- Ostrovskaya;
- Chekhov;
- Uspenskaya;
- Bunin;
- Tsvetaeva;
- Balmont;
- Akhmatova;
- Kamenskaya;
- Zhukovskaya;
- Nabokov;
- Novitskaya.
When choosing a new surname, be sure to consider how it will sound in combination with yours. full name and patronymic. Don't stop at the first option you like. Pick a few more, think carefully, consult with loved ones. And only then change the surname in official documents.
The most unusual and beautiful surnames can be found in foreign languages. Many girls change their personal details, choosing a beautiful English or German version. But there are still so many beautiful surnames - Japanese, Italian, Spanish, French.
English
English surnames are most often formed from proper names. For example, Jameson means "son of James" (literally "James" + "son"). You can also find the names of professions, colors, qualities. Taylor (Taylor) in translation sounds like “tailor”. Smith (Smith) means "blacksmith", Brown (Brown) - "brown", etc.
As for the original English surnames, in this country they come from their own names or professions, often - the qualities of a person or even flowers. For example, "Johnson" is "son of Jones" or John; popular surname"Smith" is translated as "merchant"; "Brown" is a color designation, "brown". Surnames with American or English etymological roots will become good companions for serious and self-confident girls who always achieve everything they want. Some interesting English-language variations:
- Morgan;
- Lewis;
- Martin;
- Carroll (dear);
- Austin (great, majestic);
- Utterly;
- Brickman;
- Derrick;
- Whale;
- Oliver;
- Porter;
- Selby;
- Tracey;
- White;
- Fisher (fish);
- Sven (swan);
- Dalton (next door is the Dalton Highway);
- Cowell (coal);
- Donovan (dominant);
American surnames
American and English surnames suitable for girls serious, self-sufficient, self-confident.
French
Words spoken in the "language of love" have a special charm. French surnames sound mysterious and sophisticated. Below are the most common ones. These options were formed from the most revered names in France.
| Martin | Martin |
| Bernard | Bernard |
| Simon | Simon |
| Laurent | Laurent |
| Vincent | Vincent |
| Andre | Andre |
| Francois | Francois |
| Robert | Robert |
You can also use personal data to emphasize personal qualities. For example, kind girl can take the surname Bonnet (Bonnet - French kind, good), the owner of a proud disposition - Leroy (Leroy, from French leroy - king).
German
German surnames are formed from nicknames that reflect the personal qualities of a person, the area where he comes from, his profession. You can choose an option, the translation of which can somehow characterize you. For example, the surname Krause, which has an imperious, strong-willed character, Mayer, a lawyer, Richter, etc., is suitable for a curly girl.
German popular surnames Hartmann (Hartman) and Werner (Werner) are derived from male names. If the value doesn't matter, you might like an option from the following list. The most harmonious German surnames:
- Bauer;
- Wagner;
- Weber;
- Grossman;
- Callenberg;
- Kaufman;
- Koehler;
- Laufer;
- Mertz;
- Merkel;
- Osterman;
- Etinger;
- Erdman.
These surnames sound beautiful in combination with the names Anna, Maria, Sofia, Angelina, Erika, Aurika. For example, Anna Bauer, Angelina Erdman.
Japanese
Japanese surnames are beautiful, sound original and have a certain meaning. You can choose the option that suits your inner world or evokes pleasant associations.
Girls who love anime and manga can choose as a pseudonym for social networks also Japanese name. For example, Aiko Shimizu - "child of love" + " pure water”, Akemi Sakurai - “bright beauty” + “sakura at the well”.
Korean surnames
Asian peoples are very great importance give the name of the child - both names and surnames are not given by chance. When reading, it is worth remembering that the surname is written under the name, so the first syllable is given to it. The next two are the name. Interesting fact: only 12 variations of surnames consist of 2 syllables, and all the rest are monosyllabic. Less popular surnames are used by very few native speakers, this is a special category of people.
- Jin - Ho (translated as "precious lake");
- Monkut ("crown");
- Jung ("love");
- Hong ("rose");
- Trey ("oyster");
- Haneul ("sky");
- Dung ("brave");
- Tea ("pearl");
- Isyl ("purity");
- An (internal);
- Choi (high born);
- Tu (starry);
- Kim (gold)
- Kwon (fist);
- Khan (ruler);
- Dream (star).
Chinese surnames
In China, surnames began to be used a very long time ago - even before our era. At that time it was considered a luxury, and was used exclusively for members of the imperial families and aristocrats. AT modern life Chinese, there are few surnames - a little more than a hundred names. Most often, these are single-syllable and look like one hieroglyph. Their origin, as well as about the whole world, depends on many factors: the profession or the name of the state that formed the basis of China, such as it is now. All strangers from foreign countries were called Hu. Women very rarely take their husband's surname - the most common option is double or their own, maiden.
- Gia (beautiful);
- Ai (love);
- Huijong (loyal, wise);
- Ningong (calm);
- Venkian (purified);
- Ji (pure);
- Meihui (beautiful wisdom);
- Zhilan (rainbow orchid);
- Jiao (beautiful, graceful);
- I (grace);
- Yui (moon);
- Yuming (jade brightness);
- Yun (cloud);
- Ruolan (as an orchid);
- Ting (grace);
- Fenfang (fragrant);
- Kiaohui (wise, experienced).
Italian
Italian surnames are for girls with character. Everyone knows what Italians are temperamental. If impulsiveness, emotionality and energy are the main features of your character, feel free to choose a surname from the following list!
The red-haired beauty will suit the surname Rossi, who lives by the sea - Marino, who has the external data of a sophisticated aristocrat - Conte, cheerful and energetic - Allegro.
In medieval Italy, the name Esposito was entered into the documents of orphans by default. The meaning of this word is nobody's, free. A self-sufficient and independent young girl can use such a pseudonym, he will emphasize her personal qualities and add originality.
Spanish
Spanish female surnames also have a beautiful sound. Most of them are derived from personal names:
- Garcia - Garcia;
- Fernandez - Fernandez;
- Martinez - Martinez;
- Diaz - Diaz;
- Flores - Flores;
- Santana - Santana;
- Vincente - Vincente.
This option is best for a dark-skinned girl. Spanish surname will be a hint of southern roots, a cheerful light disposition and a passionate nature!
What surname to choose a girl for VK?
For social networks, you can choose a nickname option based on your real first and last name. For example, Svetlana Semenova - Lana Sam (LanaSam), Anna Petrova - Ann Pietro (AnnPietro) with an emphasis on the last syllable. In a contact, you can choose a surname that will evoke certain associations in others. For example:
- Angelova;
- Snegov;
- cold;
- Lebedev;
- Net;
- free;
- Winter (Summer, Spring, Autumn);
- daring;
- Secular.
Most cool last names for VK - foreign. You can simply translate any word you like into English, German, French and get the original alias. A brunette can choose Noir or Black, a blonde can choose Snow or White. There are no limits to your imagination. The main thing is that the pseudonym is combined with yours. real name. The most popular options are:
- Noir (Fr.) - black;
- Black (Black, English) - black;
- Snow (Snow, English) - snow;
- Light (Light, English) - light, light;
- Strong (Strong, English) - strong;
- Young (Young, English) - young;
- Kitten (Kitten, English) - a kitten;
- Fox (Fox, English) - fox, fox;
- Horse (Horse, English) - horse, horse;
- Sweet (English) - sweet;
- Sugar (Sugary English) - sugar.
Combinations of two words sound interesting:
- Sweet Caramel - sweet caramel;
- Sugary Candy - sugar candy;
- Dark Horse - dark horse;
- Broken Angel - fallen angel;
- Red Fox - red fox.
It is better to shorten your name so that it is combined with foreign surname(Alexandra - Alex, Margarita - Rita, etc.).
Popular
The most popular surnames of girls for VK are borrowed from famous actresses, singers, models and others famous people. You can use the pseudonym of your idol or choose a fashionable option from those offered below.
The names of characters in books, TV shows and movies are popular:
- Stark, Lannister, Targaryen (TV series "Game of Thrones");
- Everdeen (Katniss Everdeen, main character the Hunger Games trilogy);
- Swan (Bella Swan, "Twilight");
- Granger (Hermione Granger, "Harry Potter");
- Martin (Lydia Martin, a girl with unique abilities, the series "Teen Wolf").
- Hermes - Ermes;
- Lanvin - Lanvin;
- Moschino - Moskino;
- Herrera - Herrera;
- Balenciaga - Balenciaga.
This option is suitable for the owner of model external data, refined taste, slender figure.
Cool
Many use Vkontakte and Instagram to sell clothes, other goods, and promote their services. It is advisable to choose a pseudonym that will reflect the essence of your activity. For example, if you have a page for an online clothing store, you can choose this option:
- Krasotkin;
- Dresseva;
- Shmotkin.
- Konfetkin;
- Karamelkin;
- Chocolate.
For any page of the online store, the following options are suitable:
- Saleswoman;
- Prodavashkin;
- Pokupashka (Pokupashkina).
The options sound interesting: Masha Saleswoman, Dasha Buyer, etc. A well-chosen name will attract new subscribers to your page, and these are potential customers. Turn on creativity, fantasy, add a little sense of humor - and you will succeed!
Unusual cool last name for a girl can be obtained by choosing a rhyme for her name. This option is suitable for a cheerful and creative girl. The following combinations are found on the network:
- Dasha Kasha;
- Masha Chamomile;
- Olka Dolka;
- Irina Ballerina;
- Arinka Mandarinka.
You can pick up a consonant word for any name using the rhyme generator on the Internet. As a result, you get cool and for the social network.
Simple
If you are not attracted to the original options, and you want simple surname, then you can transform any male name and - done! Well perceived by ear:
- Vladimirova;
- Alexandrova;
- Semenov;
- Antonov;
- Alekseev;
- Andreeva;
- Fedorov.
It is believed that a change of name entails a change in fate. What about last name? It is possible that this rule also applies to her. Dissonant surname can cause jokes, ridicule and complexes at any age. If you have a desire to change it, then follow it. Just make a conscious choice new surname delighted your ears all your life.
Scientists have been able to full list true Russian surnames by regions of the country: Kuban turned out to be Russian
Unfortunately, the interpretations of family analysis that appeared in the media this summer (after the first publication of the data in a specialized scientific journal), could create a false impression of the goals and results of the enormous work of scientists, the main thing was not that the surname Smirnov turned out to be more common among Russian people than Ivanov, but that for the first time a complete list of truly Russian surnames was compiled by regions of the country. At the same time, scientists had to spend a lot of time collecting Russian surnames on their own.
The Central Election Commission and local election commissions flatly refused to cooperate with scientists, arguing that only if the voter lists are secret can they guarantee the objectivity and honesty of elections to federal and local authorities. The criterion for inclusion in the list of a surname was very lenient: it was included if at least five carriers of this surname lived in the region for three generations.
First, lists were compiled for five conditional regions - Northern, Central, Central-Western, Central-Eastern and Southern. In total, about 15 thousand Russian surnames were accumulated in all regions, most of which were found only in one of the regions and were absent in others. When regional lists were superimposed on each other, scientists identified a total of 257 so-called "all-Russian surnames".
Interestingly, on final stage research, they decided to add the names of residents to the list of the Southern Region Krasnodar Territory, expecting the dominance Ukrainian surnames descendants of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks, evicted here by Catherine II, will significantly reduce the all-Russian list. But this additional restriction reduced the list of all-Russian surnames by only 7 units - to 250. From which the obvious and not pleasant conclusion followed that the Kuban was inhabited mainly by Russian people. And where did the Ukrainians go and were there at all here - the big question.
An analysis of Russian surnames generally provides food for thought. Even the simplest action - searching it for the names of all the leaders of the country - gave an unexpected result. Only one of them was included in the list of top 250 all-Russian surnames - Mikhail Gorbachev (158th place). The surname Brezhnev takes 3767th place in the general list (found only in the Belgorod region of the Southern region). The surname Khrushchev is in 4248th place (found only in the Northern region, Arkhangelsk region). Chernenko took 4749th place (only the Southern region). Andropov - 8939th place (only the Southern region). Putin took 14250th place (only the Southern region). But Yeltsin did not get into common list. Stalin's surname - Dzhugashvili - for obvious reasons was not considered. But on the other hand, the pseudonym Lenin got into the regional lists under the number 1421, second only to the first president of the USSR, Mikhail Gorbachev.
250 MOST RUSSIAN SURNAMES
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Historians expand the list of nominal nicknames every year. Slavic origin. Many would be interested to know their origin. But sometimes it is impossible to determine this by the sound itself, since various suffixes, prefixes and prefixes have been added to the derivative word for years, distorting its original meaning.
Russian names and surnames
To determine the origin of a person's genus, his passport data is used. The key points are the root of the word, which forms Russian names and surnames. They differ in prevalence. By sound, you can determine the eminence of the family or the belonging of ancestors to different social groups and castes of society: peasants, boyars, clergy. The etymology of some includes archaisms and strange foundations; you can use the reference book to determine these yourself.
Origin
Derivatives and roots can originate from the nicknames of ancestors, funny nicknames, names, activities. The origin of Russian surnames, in most cases, is unraveled in its etymology. You should be interested in this clue, because through it you can find out about an outstanding ancestor or eminent family. For those who want to determine the origins of their family nickname, there are alphabetical collections that are replenished and updated annually; on their pages, almost everyone can find out the history of their name.
The most popular derivatives:
- On behalf of the ancestor (whose? whose will you be?) - Ivanov, Sidorov, Kuzmin, Petrov.
- From geographical names - Vyazemsky, Stroganov, Smolensky.
- From the nicknames of the representatives of the clergy - Rozhdestvensky, Preobrazhensky, Assumption.
- From the names of plants and animals - Sokolova, Orlova, Hare, Lebedev, Golubev.
- From count and boyar titles - Minin, Tikhomirov, Tikhonravov, Godunov.
Meaning
Etymology and the formation of a proper genus name are of interest to an increasing number of people. The meaning of Russian surnames is found out when determining the root part of the word, it indicates the meaning. The meaning of family names like Bondarev, Kovalev, Shevtsov - indicate the craft that someone from the family was engaged in. Muzzle, Stoyan, Brave - on external or internal characteristics individual person. All members of the family were called by the nickname of the head of the family, and this was passed down from generation to generation.
When did surnames appear in Russia
The assignment of a generic nickname to identify each genus began to take shape from the 15th century. When surnames appeared in Russia, they initially referred to representatives higher strata society: boyars and aristocrats, later, in the 18th century, to church servants. Until the 19th century, peasants and artisans received their nicknames. Their genus names were derived from the nicknames of one of the members of the family or occupation. Listings were found in historical scrolls and records explaining this phenomenon: “Vasily, the son of Kuznetsov ... Ivan, the son of Khlebnikov”
How many surnames in Russia
The study of these data is still in question. An absolutely correct numerical value has not been deduced that could answer exactly the question of how many surnames exist in Russia today. Researchers undertook such a difficult task only a few times, about 250 thousand meanings are officially included in the collection, and these lists are constantly updated with new forms of nicknames once given.
Declension of surnames in Russian
Rules Russian language strictly determine the spelling and pronunciation of passport data. The declension of surnames in Russian occurs according to the following basic rules: standard ones are declined as adjectives, and foreign origin- as nouns. Do not bend over zero ending, or ending in a consonant (Bondar, Nitsevich, Ponomar), ending in -o (Petrenko, Shevchenko, Kovalenko), foreign ones in -a, -ya (Varnava, Okidzhava, Zola).
The most common surname in Russia
Boris Ubenhaun was the first to start compiling a directory that lists the names of Russia. There are collected various variations due to the transformation process. folk nicknames. Each position has an explanation (highlighted parts of word formation that explain the essence of a particular word). There are positions that can be found more often, there are those that are very rare. The data were taken on the basis of the census of the population of the city of St. Petersburg.
Common surnames in Russia:
- Vladimirov;
- Sergeev;
- Petrov;
- Ivanov.
Beautiful Russian surnames
There are people whose generic nicknames enchant with their sound. These include those derived from place names or long nicknames given to church officials. Such an etymology is rare, it sounds aristocratically melodious. Many people change the birth data in the passport in order to get a beautiful name that stands out from the crowd. Lucky among the people are those to whom it was inherited.
The most beautiful surnames in Russia:
- Preobrazhensky;
- Caesar;
- Christmas;
- Vyazemsky;
- Uspensky.
Slavic
There are genus names that originated from the ancient Slavs. These nicknames are very rare and therefore valuable to historians. Their small number is due to the fact that derivatives originate from the names pagan gods or old Slavic names. With the advent of Christianity, such nicknames were categorically banned, people were massively baptized and renamed, because those who still have them to this day are a godsend, a prime example pagan culture.
Old Slavic surnames, examples:
- Yarilo;
- Dovbush;
- Putyata;
- Lada;
- Saint;
- Dobrynin;
- Peaceful.
Popular
According to a population census conducted in the 1980s, former USSR, about 50% of the rural and 35% of the urban population have generic nicknames formed on the basis of patronymics with the addition of suffixes. This study is recognized as the highest quality and most detailed up to our times. Popular Russian surnames: Sidorov, Smirnov, Kuzmin, Vasiliev. The second place in frequency is occupied by nicknames that indicate the type of activity: Kuznetsov, Bondarev, Reznikov, Khlebnikov, etc.
Rare Russian surnames
It is difficult to compile a reliable list that includes all positions. But the main ones have been selected. It is not often possible to meet people who have a family nickname that coincides completely with a geographical name or is formed from a combination of two words. Few of those who were lucky enough to become the namesake of famous historical figures and heroes literary novels.
Rare surnames in Russia:
- Astrakhan;
- Kamchatka;
- Eibogin;
- Krutiperets;
- Crusoe;
- Karenin.
funny
Sometimes among acquaintances there are family nicknames that involuntarily cause a smile with their comicality. They surprise fellow citizens, and especially foreigners, with their pronunciation, they consist of the addition of the foundations of any nouns or verbs, they can denote a funny or strange action, name objects whose name sounds strange in human name. A person who has to wear them can hardly be called lucky.
Funny Russian surnames:
- Kostogryzov;
- Mozgoedov;
- Popkin;
- Rzhach;
- Login;
- Khachapuri;
- Govnodedov;
- Snot.
Russian noble families
Their owners can be sure of high title someone of their kind, they were assigned exclusively to nobles, boyars, high-ranking officials. People close to high positions and ruling power. They can also be merchants. The presence of such title nicknames among the peasantry, a worker from the common population or artisans is excluded, their mere presence spoke of a high social status its owner.
Russians noble families:
- Stroganov;
- Godunov;
- Tikhomirov;
- Minin;
- Novgorodtsev;
- Tikhonravov;
- Crowned.
Old Russian
This term denotes not only Old Slavonic nicknames from the times of paganism, but also those that, by their etymology, denote obsolete concepts and words. ancient usage eradicated from current speech. Interesting to consider generic nicknames that call the old monetary units, household items, crafts not found in modern world. All these signs indicate the prescription of the genus and the roots that go far.
- Kunin;
- Altynov;
- Kalita;
- Zlatnikov;
- Pryalkin;
- Kozhemyak;
- Bandurov.
Rating of surnames in Russia
The top 100 items have been compiled, which can often be found in the passports of fellow citizens. All of them were selected based on the directory and ordered during the census during the year. This information will be especially interesting for girls, because everyone wants to meet her man and get married. Statistics show that 89% of women switch to a male generic nickname when they get married. Such a top will clearly show the most likely options that everyone can face. The section includes 10 first positions.
- Ivanov;
- Smirnov;
- Kuznetsov;
- Popov;
- Sokolov;
- Vasiliev;
- Fedorov;
- Novikov;
- Egorov;
- Kozlov.
Famous Russian surnames
Their list is based on the frequency of use among the population. The most common surname in Russia is Ivanov. Even foreigners know about it, associating with it all the names of Russian compatriots. She went down in history and became a classic. For example in German such a nickname was - Muller, in America and Britain - Smith, Poland - Novak or Kovalsky, Georgia - Mammadov.
Famous Russian surnames:
- Sidorov;
- Ivanov;
- Petrov;
- Kozlov;
- Smirnov;
- Popov;
- Sokolov.
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