Characteristics of Russian literature of the 19th century. Methodological development in literature (grade 9) on the topic: General characteristics of literature of the 19th century

slide 1

The 19th century is called the "Golden Age" of Russian poetry and the century of Russian literature on a global scale. It should not be forgotten that the literary leap that took place in the 19th century was prepared by all means. literary process 17-18 centuries. The 19th century is the time of the formation of the Russian literary language, which took shape largely thanks to A.S. Pushkin. But the 19th century began with the flourishing of sentimentalism and the formation of romanticism. Specified literary trends found expression primarily in poetry. Poetic works of poets E.A. Baratynsky, K.N. Batyushkova, V.A. Zhukovsky, A.A. Feta, D.V. Davydova, N.M. Yazykov. Creativity F.I. Tyutchev's "Golden Age" of Russian poetry was completed. However, central figure of this time was Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin.

slide 2


Along with poetry, prose began to develop. The prose writers of the beginning of the century were influenced by the English historical novels of W. Scott, whose translations were very popular. The development of Russian prose of the 19th century began with prose works A.S. Pushkin and N.V. Gogol. Pushkin, under the influence of English historical novels, creates the story " Captain's daughter”, where the action takes place against the backdrop of grandiose historical events during the Pugachev rebellion *.

* Peasant war of 1773-1775 led by Emelyan Pugachev (Pugachevshchina, Pugachev uprising, Pugachev rebellion) - the uprising of the Yaik Cossacks, which grew into a full-scale peasant war under the leadership of E. I. Pugachev.

slide 3


A.S. Pushkin and N.V. Gogol identified the main artistic types that would be developed by writers throughout the 19th century. This is an artistic type extra person”, an example of which is Eugene Onegin in the novel by A.S. Pushkin, and the so-called type of "little man", which is shown by N.V. Gogol in his story "The Overcoat", as well as A.S. Pushkin in the story "The Stationmaster".

slide 4


Literature inherited from the 18th century publicism and satirical character. In the prose poem N.V. Gogol " Dead Souls"The writer in a sharp satirical manner shows a swindler who buys up dead souls, various types of landowners who are the embodiment of various human vices(the influence of classicism * affects). In the same plan, the comedy "The Inspector General" is sustained. are full satirical images and works by A. S. Pushkin. Literature continues to satirically depict Russian reality. The trend of depicting vices and shortcomings Russian society- a characteristic feature of the whole Russian classical literature. It can be traced in the works of almost all writers of the 19th century.

* Classicism is based on the ideas of rationalism. A work of art, from the point of view of classicism, should be built on the basis of strict canons, thereby revealing the harmony and logic of the universe itself. Interest for classicism is only eternal, unchanging - in every phenomenon, he seeks to recognize only essential, typological features, discarding random individual features. The aesthetics of classicism attaches great importance to the social and educational function of art. Classicism takes many rules and canons from ancient art.

slide 5


At the beginning of the 19th century, one of the most major figures literature was N.M. Karamzin. Naturally prone to sensitivity and melancholy, he greedily received influences Western literature- Rousseau and his followers, French and German, English novel Richardson, Stern's humor. Karamzin considered it a duty to visit famous writers, and for the first time in Russian literature he gave live information about the actors of European enlightenment. Karamzin's sentimental stories were successful - " Poor Lisa", and historical stories, in which the sentimental rhetoric of the future "History of the Russian State" is already manifested. For the first time, Russian history was presented by a talented, already famous writer, armed with multilateral research, but at the same time in a beautiful, accessible form, in the tone national pride and with sentimental eloquence, which was especially to operate in popular reading. Karamzin had great importance and as a translator of the literary language. Karamzin and his followers wanted to bring the literary language closer to colloquial speech, avoided heavy Slavic, were not afraid of foreign words and sought to impart elegance and lightness to the language. But Karamzin's school was short-lived: the ridiculous aspects of sensibility began to catch the eye, which, moreover, had neither valuable poetic nor social content; and most importantly, much more significant forces and with a more vital direction appeared in poetry.


slide 6


At the beginning of the century, the poetic activity of V.A. Zhukovsky. His first poems drew attention to themselves by the subtlety of feeling and the "sweetness of the verse." His name became famous when, in the twelfth year, "A Singer in the Camp of Russian Warriors" was written, filled with patriotic animation. Contemporaries did not notice the strangeness of the form, where Russian soldiers appeared in classical weapons and in romantic lighting: the classical convention had not yet been forgotten, they were beginning to get used to the romantic one. His poetry answered personal character, religious and mystical mood brought him closer to Gogol. From the newest literary circle he was far away. During literary development Zhukovsky, in addition to translation works, always elegant and expanding the horizon of Russian poetry, also had the merit of a high understanding of the essence of poetry. His definition of poetry corresponded to his entire worldview. Poetry - "there is God in the holy dreams of the earth", and on the other hand, "poetry - there is virtue." The definition was too personal, but in any case, putting poetry in the most high spheres moral life. Zhukovsky's younger contemporary was K.N. Batyushkov, but his literary career was interrupted too early and sadly mental illness where he lived last dozen years of his life. It was a living and varied talent that did not have time to develop to full originality. In his poetry he is still dependent on European models, old and new; but he thought about other people's poetry, he himself was carried away by it, and what would have been a simple imitation before became his sincere, sometimes deep passion. He also had a peculiarity in the development of verse; here, together with Zhukovsky, he was Pushkin's immediate predecessor.


Slide 7


More free atmosphere public life was in the reign of Alexander I *, responded with a great revival of literary interests. At this time, I.A. made his glory. Krylov. He began his literary career in the time of Catherine with comedies and a satirical magazine of average dignity. Having only succeeded in mature years, he settled on the genre that best suited his talent. In part he retold the traditional plots of fables, but he also wrote many original ones and surpassed his predecessors Khemnitzer and Dmitriev. He retained a pseudo-classical manner, but at the same time a lot of lively wit, knowledge of Russian life and language. According to the general outlook of the world, he was a man of reason, rather indifferent to the unrest of life that took place around him, distrustful of hobbies. It was moderation, but at the same time skepticism.

* 1801 - 1825 Board Russian emperor Alexander I. At the beginning of his reign, he carried out moderately liberal reforms. In foreign policy maneuvered between Britain and France. In 1805-1807 he participated in anti-French coalitions. In 1807-1812 he temporarily became close to France. He led successful wars with Turkey (1806-1812) and Sweden (1808-1809). Under Alexander I, Eastern Georgia (1801), Finland (1809), Bessarabia (1812), the Eastern Caucasus (1813), and the former Duchy of Warsaw (1815) were annexed to Russia. After the Patriotic War of 1812, in 1813-1814 he headed the anti-French coalition of European powers. He was one of the leaders of the Vienna Congress of 1814-1815 and the organizers of the Holy Alliance.

Slide 8


Another very famous and revered writer of that time was N.I. Gnedich, the main work which was the translation of the Iliad: he put many years into the completion of this work, which aroused the astonishment of his contemporaries. Serious work on Homer is visible in Gnedich's translation, but due to his old predilection for false-classical arrogance, Gnedich devoted too much space to Church Slavonic elements of the language, sometimes using words completely unknown in ordinary speech. In the field of drama at the beginning of the century, V.A. was a famous name. Ozerov: his tragedies were written in the classical spirit, with great ease of verse and sincerity of feeling. Ozerov's tragedies were a huge success, especially "Dmitry Donskoy", which caused patriotic enthusiasm.


Slide 9


Early XIX century - the time of the cultural and spiritual upsurge of Russia. Patriotic War 1812 accelerated growth national consciousness Russian people, its strengthening.

The general trend of this period is the growing democratization of culture, the coverage of education by ever wider sections of the people. The diverse strata of society not only join the culture developed by the Russian nobility, but also become the creators of Russian culture, setting its new motives and trends. The Church, subordinate to the state and having adopted the forms of Western learning, is an example of asceticism, affirming Orthodox tradition. Having fully mastered the limits of European education, Russian culture is intensely looking for an image of national cultural identity, developing national forms of being in modern civilization.

The growth of the national self-consciousness of the people during this period had a huge impact on the development of literature, visual arts, theater and music.

View all slides

The beginning of the 19th century was a unique time for Russian literature. AT literary salons, on the pages of magazines there was a struggle between supporters of various literary trends: classicism and sentimentalism, the educational trend and the emerging romanticism.

In the first years of the 19th century, the dominant position in Russian literature was occupied by sentimentalism, inextricably linked with the names of Karamzin and his followers. And in 1803, a book was published entitled “Discourses on the old and new style Russian language”, the author of which A.S. Shishkov subjected the “new style” of sentimentalists to very strong criticism. The followers of Karamzin's reform of the literary language give the classicist Shishkov a sharp rebuke. A long controversy begins, in which all the literary forces of that time were involved to one degree or another.

Why is the controversy on a special literary question acquired such social significance? First of all, because behind the discussions about the style there were more global problems: how to portray a person of the new time, who should be positive and who - villain what is freedom and what is patriotism. After all, these are not just words - this is an understanding of life, and therefore its reflection in literature.

Classicists with their very clear principles and rules brought into the literary process such essential qualities hero as honor, dignity, patriotism, without blurring space and time, thereby bringing the hero closer to reality. They showed it in a "truthful language", conveying a sublime civil content. These features will remain in the literature of the 19th century, despite the fact that classicism itself will leave the stage. literary life. When you read "Woe from Wit" by A. S. Griboyedov, see for yourself.

close to the classicists enlighteners, for which political and philosophical themes, of course, were leading, most often turned to the ode genre. But under their pen, the ode from the classic genre turned into a lyrical one. Because the most important task of the poet-educator is to show his civil position to express the feelings that overwhelm him. In the 19th century, the poetry of the Romantic Decembrists will be inextricably linked with educational ideas.

There seemed to be a certain affinity between enlighteners and sentimentalists. However, this was not the case. Enlighteners also reproach the sentimentalists with "feigned sensitivity", "false compassion", "sighs of love", "passionate exclamations", as the classicists did.

sentimentalists, despite the excessive (with modern point vision) melancholy and sensitivity, show a sincere interest in the personality of a person, his character. They begin to be interested in an ordinary, simple person, his inner world. Appears new hero — real person interesting to others. And with him on the page works of art comes ordinary, everyday life. It was Karamzin who first made an attempt to reveal this topic. His novel A Knight of Our Time opens a gallery of such heroes.

romantic lyrics- it's basically the lyrics of moods. Romantics deny the vulgar everyday life, they are interested in the spiritual and emotional nature of the personality, its aspiration to the mysterious infinity of a vague ideal. Romantic innovation in artistic knowledge reality consisted in a polemic with the fundamental ideas of enlightenment aesthetics, the assertion that art is an imitation of nature. Romantics defended the thesis of the transformative role of art. The romantic poet thinks of himself as a creator creating his own new world because the old way of life does not suit him. Reality, full of insoluble contradictions, was subjected to the most severe criticism by the romantics. The world of spiritual unrest is seen by the poets as enigmatic and mysterious, expressing the dream of the ideal of beauty, of moral and ethical harmony.

In Russia, romanticism acquires a pronounced national identity. Remember the romantic poems and poems of A. S. Pushkin and M. Yu. Lermontov, early works N. V. Gogol.

Romanticism in Russia is not only new literary movement. Romantic writers not only create works, they are "creators" own biography that will eventually become theirs" moral history". In the future, in Russian culture, the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe inextricable connection between art and self-education, the lifestyle of the artist and his work, will become stronger and more established. Gogol will reflect on this on the pages of his romantic story "Portrait".

See how intricately intertwined styles and views, artistic means, philosophical ideas and life...

As a result of the interaction of all these areas in Russia, a realism as a new stage in the knowledge of man and his life in literature. A. S. Pushkin is considered to be the ancestor of this trend. It can be said that the beginning of the 19th century was the era of the emergence and formation in Russia of two leading literary methods: romanticism and realism.

The literature of this period had another peculiarity. This is the unconditional predominance of poetry over prose.

Once Pushkin, while still a young poet, admired the verses of one young man and showed them to his friend and teacher K. N. Batyushkov. He read and returned the manuscript to Pushkin, indifferently remarking: "But who does not write smooth poetry now!"

This story speaks volumes. The ability to compose poetry was then a necessary part noble culture. And against this background, Pushkin's appearance was not accidental, it was prepared by a general high level culture, including poetry.

Pushkin had predecessors who prepared his poetry, and contemporary poets - friends and rivals. All of them represented the golden age of Russian poetry, as they call the 10-30s of the 19th century. Pushkin- starting point. Around him, we distinguish three generations of Russian poets - the older, the middle (to which Alexander Sergeevich himself belonged) and the younger. The division is conditional, and of course simplifies the real picture.

Let's start with the older generation. Ivan Andreevich Krylov(1769-1844) by birth and upbringing belonged to the 18th century. However, he began to write the fables that glorified him only in the 19th century, and although his talent manifested itself only in this genre, Krylov became a herald new poetry, accessible to the reader by language, which opened the world to him folk wisdom. I. A. Krylov stood at the origins of Russian realism.

It should be noted that the main problem of poetry at all times, and at the beginning of the 19th century too, is the problem of language. The content of poetry is unchanged, but the form... Revolutions and reforms in poetry are always linguistic. Such a "revolution" took place in the work of Pushkin's poetic teachers - V. A. Zhukovsky and K. N. Batyushkov.
With works Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky(1783-1852) you have already met. You probably remember his "The Tale of Tsar Berendey ...", the ballad "Svetlana", but perhaps you do not know that many works of foreign poetry you read were translated by this lyricist. Zhukovsky is a great translator. He "got used" to the text he translated so much that the result was an original work. This happened with many of the ballads he translated. However, own poetic creativity poet was of great importance in Russian literature. He abandoned the ponderous, outdated, pompous language of 18th century poetry, immersed the reader in the world of emotional experiences, created new look a poet who subtly feels the beauty of nature, melancholic, prone to tender sadness and reflections on the transience of human life.

Zhukovsky is the founder of Russian romanticism, one of the founders of the so-called "light poetry". "Light" not in the sense of frivolous, but in contrast to the former, solemn poetry, created as if for the palace halls. Zhukovsky's favorite genres are elegy and song addressed to a close circle of friends, created in silence and solitude. Their content is deeply personal dreams and memories. Instead of grandiloqueous thunder - melodiousness, musical sound verse, which expresses the feelings of the poet more than written words. No wonder Pushkin in his famous poem "I remember wonderful moment..." used the image created by Zhukovsky - "the genius of pure beauty".

Another poet of the older generation of the golden age of poetry - Konstantin Nikolaevich Batyushkov(1787-1855). His favorite genre is the friendly message, which celebrates the simple joys of life.

Pushkin highly valued the lyrics of the legendary Denis Vasilyevich Davydov(1784-1839) - hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, organizer of partisan detachments. In the poems of this author, the romance of military life, hussar life is sung. Not considering himself a true poet, Davydov neglected poetic conventions, and from this his poems only benefited in liveliness and immediacy.

As for the middle generation, in it Pushkin valued above others Evgeny Abramovich Baratynsky(Boratynsky) (1800-1844). He called his work "the poetry of thought." This is philosophical poetry. The hero of Baratynsky's poems is disappointed in life, sees in it a chain of senseless suffering, and even love does not become salvation.

Lyceum friend of Pushkin Delvig gained popularity with songs "in the Russian spirit" (his romance "The Nightingale" to the music of A. Alyabyev is widely known). languages became known for his image of a student - a merry fellow and a freethinker, a kind of Russian vagant. Vyazemsky possessed a merciless irony that permeated his mundane on the topic and at the same time deep in thought poems.

At the same time, another tradition of Russian poetry continued to exist and develop - the civil one. She was associated with names Kondraty Fedorovich Ryleev (1795—1826), Alexander Alexandrovich Bestuzhev (1797—1837), Wilhelm Karlovich Kuchelbecker(years of life - 1797-1846) and many other poets. They saw in poetry a means of fighting for political freedom, and in the poet - not a "pet of the muses", a "son of laziness", avoiding public life, but a stern citizen, calling for a battle for the bright ideals of justice.

The words of these poets did not differ from their deeds: all of them were participants in the uprising on Senate Square in 1825, they were convicted (and Ryleev was executed) in the “December 14 case”. “Bitter is the fate of the poets of all tribes; Fate is executing Russia the hardest of all ... ”- this is how V.K. Kuchelbecker began his poem. It was the last one he wrote with his own hand: the years of prison deprived him of his sight.

Meanwhile, a new generation of poets was taking shape. The first poems were written by a young Lermontov. A society arose in Moscow wisdom—philosophers who interpreted German philosophy in Russian manner. These were the future founders of Slavophilism Stepan Petrovich Shevyrev (1806—1861), Alexey Stepanovich Khomyakov(1804-1860) and others. The most gifted poet of this circle was the early deceased Dmitry Vladimirovich Venevitinov(1805—1827).

One more thing interesting phenomenon this period. Many of the poets we named, in one way or another, turned to folk poetic traditions, to folklore. But since they were nobles, their works "in the Russian spirit" were nevertheless perceived as a stylization, as something secondary in comparison with the main line of their poetry. And in the 30s of the 19th century, a poet appeared who, both by origin and by the spirit of his work, was a representative of the people. This Alexey Vasilievich Koltsov(1809-1842). He spoke in the voice of a Russian peasant, and there was no artificiality in it, no play, it was his own voice, suddenly standing out from the nameless choir of Russian folk poetry.
Russian literature of the first half of the 19th century was so multifaceted.

8. The main trends in the development of Russian literature in 1810-1830.

Characteristics of Russian literature of the 19th century.

The French Revolution of 1789-1794 is rightly considered the starting point of a new historical era. The new mentality gave rise to profound changes in the structure of Russian literature. The focus was on the inner world of a person and his complex relationship with the outside world: people, country, history, his destiny. An increased interest in human emotional experiences led to the emergence of the phenomenon of a lyrical hero, which radically changed the poetics of classicism, violated stable genres, mixed styles, deformed the boundaries between poetry and prose, literature and reality.

Literature has new challenges. Literature faced the need to develop poetic forms "that would be traditional and national, on the one hand, and capable of expressing individual feelings on the other."

The main ideas of the spiritual quest of Russian literature of this period, according to Yu.M. Lotman, there were ideas of personality and nationality. The 19th century began with the realization of the individual and the people as two different and opposite, irreconcilable principles; a person's personal aspirations and his natural basis contradict each other.

Features of the development of Russian literature in the 1810-1830s.

Advanced Russian literature of the 10-30s of the XIX century developed in fight against serfdom and autocracy, continuing the liberation traditions of the great Radishchev.

With the development of the revolutionary movement of the Decembrists, with the advent of Pushkin, Russian literature entered a new period in its history, which Belinsky rightly called Pushkin's period. The patriotic and emancipatory ideas characteristic of the preceding advanced Russian literature were raised to a new, high level. The best Russian writers “following Radishchev” (Griboedov, Pushkin) sang of freedom, patriotic devotion to the motherland and people, angrily denounced the despotism of the autocracy, boldly revealed the essence of the feudal system and advocated for its destruction.

The powerful rise of national self-consciousness, caused by 1812 and the development of the liberation movement, was an incentive for further democratization of literature. Along with images the best people from the nobility, in fiction began to appear more and more often images of people from the social lower classes, embodying the remarkable features of the Russian national character. The pinnacle of this process is the creation by Pushkin in the 30s the image of the leader peasant uprising Emeliana Pugacheva.

The very process statements of realism in Russian literature of the 1920s and 1930s was very complex and proceeded in a struggle that took sharp forms. The beginning of the Pushkin period was marked by the emergence and development of progressive romanticism in literature, which was inspired by poets and writers of the Decembrist circle and headed by Pushkin. The principles of realism laid down in the work of Pushkin were developed by his great successors - Gogol and Lermontov, and then raised to an even higher level by revolutionary democrats and strengthened in the fight against all kinds of reactionary trends by a whole galaxy of progressive Russian writers.

The main directions of Russian literature of the first half of the XIHv.

For Russian literature of the first half of XIX in. characterized by a rapid change in artistic directions. The dominant aesthetic principles managed to transform several times during the life of one generation. The final chord of development classicism a play appeared in Russian literature A. S. Griboedova "Woe from Wit"(1823), in which the traditions of the classical comedy of the XVIII century. combined, as in D. I. Fonvizin, with the features of emerging realism. At the beginning of the century in Europe and in Russia, a romanticism- a trend in literature and art, which is characterized by special interest to an extraordinary personality, a lonely Hero, who opposes himself, the world of his soul to the world around him. Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky is considered the founder of Russian romanticism.(1783–1852), a poet whose works full of melancholy, folk motives and mystical images (the ballads “Lyudmila” in 1808, “Svetlana” in 1812) became examples of the style of new literature. The early works of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin (1799–1837) and Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov (1814–1841) cannot be called anything other than romantic. Pushkin is one of those writers whose creative path was marked by an appeal to various artistic directions. As already mentioned, the early Pushkin is a romantic, in his works one can even detect some influence of sentimentalism. At the same time, he is considered the founder of Russian realism. In addition to Onegin, outstanding examples of realism in the work of A. S. Pushkin are the historical drama Boris Godunov, the stories The Captain's Daughter, and Dubrovsky.

Lermontov's early works are mostly love lyrics. However, over time, along with the theme of tragic, unhappy love, civil themes enter his poetry. Fame brought him the poem "On the Death of a Poet", dedicated to the death of A. S. Pushkin. It was followed by Rodina, Borodino. Like his great predecessor, M. Yu. Lermontov combined romanticism and realism in his work. The poetry of romantic loneliness and opposition to the world is reflected in the poems "Mtsyri" and "Demon". The pinnacle of Lermontov's realism is the novel A Hero of Our Time. The dramaturgy of M. Yu. Lermontov is represented by the play "Masquerade", written in 1835.

The further development of literature was associated with the strengthening positions of realism. An important milestone in this process was creativity Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol(1809–1852). He is considered the first writer of the so-called " natural school” in Russian literature, that is, of the current that is now commonly called “critical realism”. These are colorful sketches of the life of Little Russian landowners in the stories "Mirgorod", and filled with fantastic and fabulous motifs of Ukrainian folklore "Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka", and mystical "Petersburg Tales" in which grotesque, fantasy ("Nose") are combined with a piercingly realistic image the life of a “little man” crushed by life (“The Overcoat”).

Of particular importance, which acquired in the first half of the XIX century. literature, led to the emergence literary criticism How independent genre. The highest achievements in this area are associated with the name Vissarion Grigorievich Belinsky(1811-1848), the significance of whose work goes far beyond narrow literary issues. Largely thanks to V. G. Belinsky, literary criticism in Russia became a space for ideological struggle, a forum where the most important issues of society were discussed, a platform from which advanced ideas went to the masses.

Literary movement 1800-1830s

Changes in public consciousness were significant: spiritual values ​​were rapidly moving from the sphere of autocracy to the sphere of a particular private person. They ceased to act as abstract requirements outside the person, as was the case in the philosophy and literature of the 18th century, but became the property of the individual, who felt the interests of the state with her own interests. The abstract concept of the state, embodied in autocracy, was a thing of the past. The coloring of social concepts with personal feeling and the filling of the personal world with social emotions have become a sign of the times.

All this predetermined the victory of romantic moods in life and literature. At the same time, the ideas of the Enlightenment that had not disappeared from Russian reality were romantically comprehended.

Romanticism in Russia went through several stages of development:

1810s - the emergence and formation of a psychological current; leading poets Zhukovsky and Batyushkov;

1820s - the emergence and formation of a civil, or social, trend in the poetry of F.N. Glinka, P.A. Katenina, K.F. Ryleeva, V.K. Kuchelbeker, A. A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky; the maturity of psychological romanticism, in which the main figures were A.S. Pushkin, E.A. Baratynsky, P.A. Vyazemsky, N.M. languages;

1830s - the emergence of a philosophical trend in the poetry of Baratynsky, Lyubomudrov poets, Tyutchev, in the prose of V.F. Odoevsky; the penetration of romanticism into prose and its wide distribution in the genre of the story; the flourishing of romanticism in the work of Lermontov and signs of a crisis: the dominance of epigone (imitative) poetry, Benediktov's lyrics, "Caucasian" ("Eastern") stories by A.A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky;

1840s - the decline of romanticism, its displacement from the foreground of literature; from the acting subject of the literary process, romanticism is increasingly turning into its object, becoming the subject of artistic representation and analysis.

The division of romanticism into various currents occurred according to the following criteria:

to psychological flow Russian romanticism belongs to romantics who professed the ideas of self-education and self-improvement of the individual as the surest way to transform reality and man;

to the course of the civil or social, romanticism includes romantics who believed that a person is brought up primarily in social, public life, and, therefore, he is intended for civic activity;

to philosophical current Russian romanticism includes romantics who believed that a person’s place in the world is predetermined from above, his lot is predetermined in heaven and entirely depends on general laws of the universe, and not at all from social and psychological causes. Between these currents do not have impenetrable boundaries, and the differences are relative: poets of different currents not only argue, but also interact with each other.

Initially, romanticism wins in the poetry of Zhukovsky and Batyushkov, which was due to:

Karamzin reform of the literary language;

Crossing the poetic principles of "sentimental" literature with the principles of "light poetry";

Discussions on the problems of the literary language, which opened and cleared the way for romanticism.

The presentation contains abstracts for a lecture on the topic "Features of Russian literature in the first half of the 19th century", considers the following issues:

1. general characteristics and originality of Russian literature of the 1st half of the 19th century.
2. Features of the socio-political situation in Russia.
3. The main problems of time.

4. The significance of Russian literature of the 1st half of the 19th century in the development of the Russian and world literary process.

During the lecture, you can create a reference table with students.

Download:

Preview:

To use the preview of presentations, create an account for yourself ( account) Google and sign in: https://accounts.google.com

Slides captions:

"Nineteenth century, iron, truly cruel age!" General characteristics of Russian literature in the first half of the 19th century

The 19th century is called the "Golden Age" of Russian poetry and the century of Russian literature on a global scale. It should not be forgotten that the literary leap that took place in the 19th century was prepared by the entire course of the literary process of the 17th and 18th centuries. The 19th century is the time of the formation of the Russian literary language, which took shape largely thanks to A.S. Pushkin.

But the 19th century began with the heyday of sentimentalism and the formation of romanticism. These literary trends found expression primarily in poetry. Poetic works of poets E.A. Baratynsky, K.N. Batyushkova, V.A. Zhukovsky, A.A. Feta, D.V. Davydova, N.M. Yazykov. Creativity F.I. Tyutchev's "Golden Age" of Russian poetry was completed. However, the central figure of this time was Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin.

A.S. Pushkin began his ascent to the literary Olympus with the poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila" in 1920. And his novel in verse "Eugene Onegin" was called an encyclopedia of Russian life. Romantic poems by A.S. Pushkin " Bronze Horseman"(1833)," The Fountain of Bakhchisaray", "Gypsies" opened the era of Russian romanticism. Many poets and writers considered A. S. Pushkin their teacher and continued the traditions of creating literary works. One of these poets was M.Yu. Lermontov.

His romantic poem "Mtsyri", the poetic story "Demon", many romantic poems are known. Interestingly, Russian poetry of the 19th century was closely connected with the social and political life of the country. Poets tried to comprehend the idea of ​​their special purpose. The poet in Russia was considered a conductor of divine truth, a prophet. The poets urged the authorities to listen to their words. Vivid examples understanding the role of the poet and influence on political life countries are poems by A.S. Pushkin "Prophet", ode "Liberty", "The Poet and the Crowd", a poem by M.Yu. Lermontov "On the Death of a Poet" and many others.

Along with poetry, prose began to develop. The prose writers of the beginning of the century were influenced by the English historical novels of W. Scott, whose translations were very popular. The development of Russian prose of the 19th century began with the prose works of A.S. Pushkin and N.V. Gogol. Pushkin, under the influence of English historical novels, creates the story The Captain's Daughter, where the action takes place against the backdrop of grandiose historical events: during the time of the Pugachev rebellion. A.S. Pushkin did a colossal job exploring this historical period. This work was largely political in nature and was directed to those in power.

A.S. Pushkin and N.V. Gogol identified the main artistic types that would be developed by writers throughout the 19th century. This is the artistic type of the “superfluous person”, an example of which is Eugene Onegin in the novel by A.S. Pushkin, and the so-called type of "little man", which is shown by N.V. Gogol in his story "The Overcoat", as well as A.S. Pushkin in the story "The Stationmaster".

Literature inherited its publicism and satirical character from the 18th century. In the prose poem N.V. Gogol's "Dead Souls", the writer in a sharp satirical manner shows a swindler who buys up dead souls, various types of landlords who are the embodiment of various human vices (the influence of classicism affects). In the same plan, the comedy "The Inspector General" is sustained. The works of A. S. Pushkin are also full of satirical images. Literature continues to satirically depict Russian reality. The tendency to depict the vices and shortcomings of Russian society is a characteristic feature of all Russian classical literature. It can be traced in the works of almost all writers of the 19th century.

Since the middle of the 19th century, the formation of Russian realistic literature has been taking place, which is created against the backdrop of a tense socio-political situation that developed in Russia during the reign of Nicholas I. A crisis in the serf system is brewing, contradictions between the government and common people. There is a need to create a realistic literature that sharply reacts to the socio-political situation in the country. literary critic V.G. Belinsky means new realistic direction in literature. His position is being developed by N.A. Dobrolyubov, N.G. Chernyshevsky. A dispute arises between Westerners and Slavophiles about the ways historical development Russia.

Writers turn to the socio-political problems of Russian reality. Genre develops realistic novel. Their works are created by I.S. Turgenev, F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy, I.A. Goncharov. The socio-political prevails philosophical problems. Literature is distinguished by a special psychologism. The development of poetry somewhat subsides. Its useful to note poetic works Nekrasov, who was the first to introduce social issues into poetry. His poem “Who is living well in Rus'?” is known, as well as many poems, where the hard and hopeless life of the people is comprehended.

Preview:

Russian national culture in the 19th century it reached in art, literature, in many areas of knowledge the heights defined by the word "classic". Russian literature of the 19th century is deservedly called the "golden age." Even an ignoramus of literature cannot object. She became a trendsetter in literary fashion, world literature. "Golden Age" gave us many famous masters. The 19th century is the time of the development of the Russian literary language, which took shape for the most part thanks to. It began with the flourishing of sentimentalism and the gradual emergence of romanticism, especially in poetry. During this period there are many poets, but the main figure of that time was Alexander Pushkin. As they would now call him a "star".

His ascent to the Olympus of Literature began in 1820 with the poem Ruslan and Lyudmila. And "Eugene Onegin" - a novel in verse was called an encyclopedia of Russian life. The era of Russian romanticism was opened by him romantic poems"The Bronze Horseman", "The Fountain of Bakhchisaray", "Gypsies". For most poets and writers, A. S. Pushkin was a teacher. The traditions laid down by him in the creation of literary works were continued by many of them. Among them was. Russian poetry of that time was closely connected with the socio-political life of the country. In the works, the authors tried to comprehend and develop the idea of ​​their special purpose. They urged the authorities to listen to their words. The poet of that time was considered a prophet, a conductor of divine truth. This can be seen in Pushkin's poem "The Prophet", in the ode "Liberty", "The Poet and the Crowd", in Lermontov's "On the Death of a Poet" and many others. In the 19th century, English historical novels. Under their influence, A.S. Pushkin writes the story "The Captain's Daughter".

During the 19th century, the main artistic types there was the "little man" type and the "superfluous man" type.

From the 19th century, literature inherited a satirical character and publicism. This can be seen in "Dead Souls", "The Nose", in the comedy "The Inspector General", in M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin "History of one city", "Gentlemen Golovlev".

The formation of Russian realistic literature has been going on since the middle of the 19th century. She reacted sharply to the socio-political situation in Russia. A dispute arises between the Slavophiles and the Westernizers about the paths of the country's historical development.

The genre of the realistic novel begins to develop. A special psychologism can be traced in the literature, philosophical, socio-political problems prevail. The development of poetry somewhat subsides, but, despite the general silence, the voice is not silent, which in the poem “Who is living well in Rus'?” illuminates the hard and hopeless life of the people. -

The end of the century gave us,. Pre-revolutionary moods run like a red thread in literature. The realistic tradition began to fade, replaced by decadent literature, with mysticism, religiosity, as well as a premonition of changes in the socio-political life of Russia. Then everything grew into symbolism. And a new page has been opened in the history of Russian literature.

On the works of writers of that time, we learn humanity, patriotism, we study ours. More than one generation of people - Humans - has grown up on this "classic".