Topic: The image of the main character in a Russian folk fairy tale
"Sivka-Burka"
Goals:
1) To acquaint children with the features of the genre of the Russian folk fairy tale "Sivka-Burka"; Learn to observe the word, its subtext, ambiguity, the development of the plot, the actions of the characters, learn to analyze, compare, generalize, draw conclusions, form your own point of view, defend it with the help of text.
2) Work on skills expressive reading, over the development of logical and figurative thinking, over artistic, figurative speech, imagination, attention, memory, over the development creativity children.
3) To cultivate a culture of reading, communication with the teacher, with each other, with the book; respect for the traditions and culture of our people.
Type of lesson: learning new.
Equipment: textbooks, illustrations, riddles, titles of topics.
I .II .
III .
IV .
IV .
v.
Organizational moment.
Preparing for perception.
Good and Evil in Wonderland
As they meet everywhere,
But only here they live on different shores.
Here on the roads different stories wander.
And fantasies run on thin legs.
Guys guess what genre literature is coming speech in these lines?
Why do you think it's about a fairy tale?
Guys, do you like fairy tales?
What is a fairy tale? Who will remember? (Oral entertaining story of a fantastic or everyday nature with the establishment of fiction)
What are fairy tales?
What fairy tale characters you know?
1. Who from literary heroes spent 28 years on a desert island? (Robinson Crusoe)
2. Who was shipwrecked on the voyage and was taken prisoner by the Lilliputians? (Lemuel Gulliver)
3. Iron teeth, bone leg, all people know - this is a woman ... (Yaga)
4. My father had a strange boy,
Unusual, wooden,
But the father loved his son
Shalunishka ... (Pinocchio)
5. Fruit and berry country
In one of the fairy tale books there is it,
And in it the hero is a vegetable boy,
He is brave, fair, mischievous. (Cipollino)
6. A girl appeared in a cup of a flower
And there was that girl a little more than a fingernail.
The girl slept in a nutshell.
This is such a cute girl. (Thumbelina)
7. Evening would soon come
And the long-awaited hour has come.
To me in a gilded carriage
Go to a fabulous ball.
No one in the palace knows
Where am I from, what is my name,
But as soon as midnight comes
Come back to my attic. (Cinderella)
Today at the lesson we continue our acquaintance with the Russian folk fairy tale. Open your textbooks to page 21 and read the title of the fairy tale we are going to study.
Who do you think this story will be about? What can be said from the title? (About the horse)
What horses are by suit?
What role do they play in a person's life?
Where do they live?
What do they eat? Try to imagine and describe a horse.
What do they symbolize?
How do you imagine the field?
What can grow in the fields? What have you planted before?
What does the field represent?
But the field was not only for planting grain and other crops, but also for harvesting grass for the winter for animals. (Hay)
Where was it kept?
How do you imagine hayloft?
Who are the racers? Describe them.
What was collected in the forest?
What did they collect? (In baskets, in baskets)
Primary reading.
Now I will read a fairy tale to you expressively, and you carefully follow the plot and carefully mark with a pencil the structural elements that, in your opinion, are found there, and also note unusual colorful expressions. And try to vividly, figuratively imagine the environment in which events take place, what is unusual about them?
a) exemplary reading by the teacher.
b) conversation after the initial reading.
So what's so special about the story? What did you like?
What are you especially interested in?
What words were not clear?
Did you feel the emotion or delight of the characters?
Or maybe something bothered you?
secondary reading.
And now we will read together with you, follow the development of the plot, the behavior of the characters, note the structural elements, figurative expressions, we will analyze, compare, generalize, draw conclusions, form our own points of view, defend them with the help of text.
So what structural elements did you note?
What figurative expressions did you find? (Sivka-Burka is a prophetic kaurka, ...)
So read the beginning.
How does the fairy tale begin? (Beginning)
Why do you think the youngest son was called Ivanushka the Fool? Is it by chance?
Why did the father give orders to the children? (Guard the wheat to test them)
Guys, why do you think the two eldest sons slept all night, and the father was told that there was no one. (Lazy sons, but so that their father would not punish them, they did not tell him)
Why didn't Ivanushka fall asleep? (Responsible, he himself was interested to know)
Guys. Why do you think Ivanushka believed the horse and let him go? What is he like here.
How did Ivanushka and the horse communicate? Describe the horse by choosing a synonymic row. What is he?
And why did Ivanushka tell the brothers about the horse?
Why didn't the brothers believe him?
Guys, Ivanushka could just leave. Why did he take a basket and go, as it were, for mushrooms? What is he like here?
Guys, what's unusual about a horse? Prove it with text.
What horse? (Magic)
Why do you think Ivanushka needs to get into the horse's right ear and get out into the left? What is it connected with?
Guys, what does the expression that Ivanushka calls Sivka-Burka look like? (per spell)
Why do you think spells are used in the fairy tale? (This is a fairy tale, and the spell has magic power, people believed in the power of the spell)
Guys, what number occurs many times in a fairy tale? (three) Prove with text.
Why do you think?
What is the number three? (Magical)
People believed that this number was magical.
Guys, what is the name of the main character? (Ivan the Fool)
And why is his name Ivanushka the Fool, and, say, not Ivan the Fool?
Why do you think so? Where is it seen in the text?
Guys, why does Sivka-Burka help Ivanushka? What Ivanushka appears before us? (Good, kind, honest)
Why doesn't Sivka-Burka help his brothers? (They are lazy, angry, envious)
Which Ivanushka? (Stupid, small, he alone would not have coped)
Guys, why do you think Elena the Beautiful is holding a contest for grooms? (Find out who is strong, dexterous)
How many times did Ivanushka try to remove the ring from Elena's hand? (3)
Why did he manage to do it the third time? (Three is a divine number)
Why did she put a ring on his finger?
How did Elena find out that Ivanushka was exactly the groom she had been looking for for a long time?
Which Ivanushka is here?
How does the fairy tale end?
What is this expression called?
Consolidation of what has been learned.
We have disassembled the fairy tale.
Try to vividly, figuratively, using a synonymous series, describe Ivanushka.
Most best work we will read.
Giving homework.
Try to change the course of the storyline at home. ( Oral story)
Or compose from any character a story about his life.
Or draw a fragment of a fairy tale, and we will guess it in the next lesson.
Julia Koroleva
Literary and artistic analysis of the work (Russian folk tale) "Sivka-Burka"
Literary and artistic analysis of the Russian folk tale
"Sivka-Burka" (Russian folk tale - a magical kind)
Topic: The fairy tale tells how Ivanushka the Fool caught a magic horse, how he served him and helped him. How the brothers mocked Ivanushka, and he, despite this, was able to fulfill the task of the king and married Elena the Beautiful.
Idea: Do not be lazy and then you will receive gratitude for all your efforts. Patience, kindness are praised.
Characteristics of the main characters:
Ivan the Fool: patient, obedient son (“I came to the field, sat on a stone. He doesn’t sleep, he chews a pie, he waits for a thief”). Dexterous, strong (“Ivanushka jumped on him deftly and grabbed tightly by the mane. Already the horse carried, carried him across the open field, galloped, galloped - he could not throw it off!”). Kind, decent (“- Yes, he promised not to go into wheat anymore, so I let him go”)
Elena the beautiful : kind, fair (“The brothers look and think: “Look, the princess brings wine to our Ivashka!”). Beautiful (“And by herself she is the beauty of beauties”). Fulfilled the order of the king ("- Here, father, my fiancé was found!")
Artistic features of the tale:
The fairy tale begins with a non-traditional beginning ("Once upon a time there was an old man, and he had three sons ...", a magical assistant: Sivka-Burka - helps to achieve the goal
(“-I want to look at the royal daughter Elena the Beautiful!”, Anthropomorphism is used (“The horse began to ask Ivanushka: “Let me go, Ivanushka, to freedom! I will serve you a great service for this”). The fairy tale is based on magic, transformations ( “Ivanushka climbed into the horse’s right ear, and got out into the left - and became such a fine fellow ...”, the law of repeated repetition (“Three nights, three brothers, went to the city three times, called the horse three times”). , magic spells, descriptions are used (“Sivka-burka, prophetic kaurka, stand in front of me, like a leaf in front of grass!”, ... a horse rode on wheat - one hair is silver, the other is gold; it runs - the earth trembles, smoke pours out of its ears, from the nostrils the flame blazes).
Characteristics of the language: The language of the fairy tale is colorful, emotional, expressive, double words are used to reinforce the impressions of what is happening (“Already the horse carried, carried it across the open field, galloped, galloped - could not throw it off!”, “visibly invisible to the people”, “And by itself she is the beauty of beauties, set expressions, characteristic of a fairy tale ("neither think, nor guess, nor in a fairy tale say, nor describe with a pen", constant epithets decorating the language of a fairy tale ("valiant whistle", "heroic cry", " good fellow"). The tale ends with the traditional ending (“I was at that feast, I drank honey-beer, it flowed down my mustache, but it didn’t get into my mouth”).
Conclusion: The fairy tale teaches to believe in goodness, to respect parents. Helps in shaping moral values. kind people life is more interesting and happier, they have many friends and they can achieve a lot in life, and the evil ones remain lonely and useless.
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There are a huge number of toys in the form of horses in stores: soft and plastic, wooden and metal.
Ivan the Fool is not at all stupid! On the contrary, he is smart with all the wisdom of the Russian people.SA KR AL bn S Y O B R AZ DU RA KA
B R US SC THEM FROM To BUT W To OH
Is it possible to imagine a modern superhero as a fool? Hardly. But the most common beginning of Russian folk tales: “There lived - there were three brothers - two smart ones and Ivan the Fool” - that's exactly it. But have we ever wondered why a fairy-tale hero often turns out to be a fool? What is he, this Ivan, and why is he actually a fool? Surely many will answer - “because the narrow-minded, simple-minded, slow-witted”, etc. Then why is the lazy and fool the hero of folk wisdom? Why would he be helped by higher and lower forces and various magicians there. And he lies on the stove and is in no hurry.
But really why? Why are there Fools in our Russian folklore? When did they appear? What does the image of the Fool express? And why not an idiot, not a fool, not a jerk, namely the Fool? Why is it that in fairy tales all the sympathies of not only the heroines - Helen the Beautiful and Vasilis the Wise, a simple-minded hero, princesses and princesses, but also the narrator himself - the creator of the tale - are entirely on the side of this?
First you need to decide what kind of fools in question. They are indeed different. And not only in the sense of a multi-level position on the scale of stupidity ... but, for example, in terms of the meaning of the word itself. In our opinion, without knowledge of the history of origin, this image cannot be correctly understood by the reader.
Having opened explanatory dictionaries and searching the Internet, we found that the word "fool" changed its meaning several times. As concepts emerge:
1. Historian Kostomarov N.I., describing the way of life ancient Russia, mentions that a "fool" was called a whip, with which a husband punished his wife (obsolete);
2. Since the 14th century, it has been used in Russian as a Slavic non-church name-amulet (Dur, Duras, Fool). Before the adoption of Christianity in Rus', children were called: Pervak, Vtorak, Tretiak, and also Drugak, that is, “another”, next or other. It was the most popular, denoting, in most cases, the youngest child, of course, because the youngest is the most inexperienced and unintelligent, as a result it became a household word and simplified to “Fool”.
3. In church documents of the XIV-XVII centuries. the word "fool" occurs as a name. And not serfs are called like that, but quite respectable people: Prince Fedor Semenovich DurakKemsky, Prince Ivan Ivanovich Bearded Fool Zasekin, Moscow clerk Fool Mishurin. Since the same time, countless "stupid" surnames begin - Durov, Durakov, Durnovo ... How many famous people wore surnames with the root "dur"! This is the cavalier girl Nadezhda Durova and the whole circus dynasty Durov.
4. From the 16th century, according to written sources, fairy tales appear in folklore and in them main character, as a rule, Ivan the Fool.
5. From the 17th century, jesters-fools appeared at the court of the monarch (obsolete). At the same time, it begins to acquire a modern meaning - a stupid person.
6. In the 18th century, the word "fool" becomes an offensive, insulting statement, denoting a mentally handicapped person;
7. Since the 19th century card game"fool" becomes popular among the common people.
And most interesting interpretation we found in an article by the writer Radiy Pogodin:
Du is two.
Ra is the sun.
Du Ra - two suns.
The image of Ivan the fool in Russian folk tales
In almost every Russian fairy tale there is a "fool" who stands out from the rest of the characters.
In fairy tales, the "fool" is called different names: Ivan, Emelya, Martinka, Balda, as well as just the Fool.
The social status of the "fool" is usually low: he peasant son or simply the son of an old man and an old woman, or an old widow, sometimes he is a royal son, but "stupid" or just a fool, sometimes a merchant's son. He is almost always the third or youngest of the peasant sons. His poverty is often emphasized, because he does not get anything or the most unnecessary things from the parental inheritance. The fool is despised by everyone, everyone laughs at him, everyone scolds him, and sometimes beats him. In his own family, he is an outcast being.
His older brothers, who are engaged in farming, trade, arable farming, are smart and practical, have families. Our hero is single, lying on the stove all day, catching flies, spitting at the ceiling or blowing his nose. His appearance is negative and ugly: “the dress on him is thin, covered in soot, his hair is standing on end”, “drooling and snot flow down his face”. In general, lazy and unattractive.
But for some reason, in fairy tales, for example, by P. Ershov or “Ivan Tsarevich and the Gray Wolf,” it is the older brothers who, setting off to carry out an assignment, do it extremely dishonestly, hide and miss the thief. And even more often, with requests and promises to buy him red clothes, boots, give him gold, feed him to his full, they shift their duties to Ivanushka - a fool who guards for three days and three nights, while they themselves stay at home and sleep ... Ivan the Fool correctly performs the assigned task, and in the end he receives a reward: Sivka-Burka a prophetic kaurka, Konka - a humpbacked horse with two graceful horses, a spear, a battle club, a sword - a treasury, a wonderful pipe, etc.
The acquisition of a wonderful horse is the first success. It is he who opens the way to glory, wealth and success for him. This fabulous episode reveals another essential character trait, for the time being, imperceptible to others - cunning. Having received the horse, he prudently hides this event from the brothers. Sometimes he is not easy to keep quiet or get off with stingy explanations like “he didn’t see anything”. And in the fairy tale "Humpbacked Horse" Ivanushka gets the most unsightly foal, which, nevertheless, is endowed with many wonderful qualities.
The behavior of a fool is sometimes ridiculous, which naturally causes contempt and condemnation among those around him. He brings trouble on himself, he simply attracts them to himself. His actions seem senseless and useless. And behaves unforgivably stupid by today's standards, but in a strange way this same stupidity and impracticality help him out of various troubles.
To study the image, it is important to pay attention to the question, not what does main character and how he does it. Emelya releases the pike back into the water, Martynka buys a cat and a dog for a lot of money instead of the things needed in the household. The fool is capable of love, mercy and kindness when other characters arrange their material world. For such qualities, the tale rewards the protagonist. He is not interested in practical matters, he does not notice hunger and cold, he is overcome by laziness when it comes to everyday things. Money for a fool has no value.
In the fairy tale "Sivka-Burka" the hero performs a difficult task and hides away, unrecognizable by anyone. He does not brag about his victory, but hides it from his brothers. And going to a feast to the king, Ivan the Fool does not change, preferring to appear before future wife in its true form. But it is he, contrary to logic and common sense turns out to be the luckiest of the three brothers. It is he who, with the help of magical means, successfully passes all the tests: he defeats the enemy, marries the king's daughter, receives wealth, fame, becomes Ivan Tsarevich.
The strength of a fool in Russian folk tales is in his kindness and responsiveness, in his readiness to help those in trouble, in the absence of greed. The fool does without thinking about the benefits and consequences. Such people are cute even today. Miraculous forces always help Ivanushka to perform feats - grateful animals: a pike, a cat and a dog, the Little Humpbacked Horse, Sivka-Burka.
And he can be called a hero because he finds non-standard solutions to difficult issues. He does not accept stamped decisions, therefore, at first glance, he is a fool. But as a result of the contradiction between ignorance and the search for a solution, new knowledge, new opportunities open up to him. And that's the quality of a hero. And one more thing: Ivan is a fool - the only one in the fairy tale who speaks from the brothers, guesses and guesses riddles, he is a poet and musician and a bearer of a special speech.
Ivan's highlights:
Firstly, he is not at all conceited and never demands recognition and glory for his exploits.
Secondly, Ivan is disinterested, nowhere and never does anything for the sake of self-interest.
Thirdly, there is not even a hint of a tendency to kill or torment others in it.
Fool - does not mean stupid. Just Fools - people who look at things from a different angle, compared to ordinary people. And it is still unknown who perceives the surrounding world more correctly ... A fool is not a vice in Rus'. In addition, in Russian fairy tales, it is the Fools who in the end turn out to be the smartest of all!
Let's try to analyze the word "fool" from the position of semiotics, the science of signs, which considers various kinds of natural phenomena and human culture as interactions (the first to mention this topic was the ancient Greek scientist Cratylus (5th century BC), a student of Heraclitus:
D - something giving, contributing, helping.
U - doubt, distrust, something incomprehensible.
R - male property, energy saturating, but also overwhelming, aggressive property.
A - despair, anxiety, alarm signal.
K - small separate part something.
In the complex, the meaning of letters-sounds can be interpreted as follows: a fool is individual person, possessing courage, incomprehensible to others, which is directed against general idea. It causes doubt, mistrust, but at the same time despair and anxiety. All of these properties give something, contribute to something, help this person. This conclusion is fully confirmed by fairy tales, proverbs and sayings:
Fools are lucky! The law is not written for fools. Fools love work.
The collective image of the Fool can be represented as follows:
Fool - the hero of many Russian fairy tales, not like the others. He is the youngest son in the family and no one takes him seriously. The neighbors do not really know him, but they only hear about him, that he always lies on the stove and snores, instead of helping around the house. He is stupid, but brave, honest, mysterious, cheerful, kind, affectionate, sympathetic, artless, savvy. A wise and handsome guy is hiding inside a lazy and neglected person. The fool has a broad, noble, open Russian soul. He is the master of his life and at the same time the minion of fate, but at the same time he is happy with a piece of bread, does not strive for glory, does not like to command, does not seek to rule. Thanks to his non-standard thinking, useful knowledge obtained and unpredictable actions, he passes all fabulous tests. The fool himself thinks out how to get out of difficult situations, thus outwitting their enemies and helping friends out of trouble. As a result, he is the smartest and luckiest character who comes out of all the ups and downs as a hero, while helping good and evil, and in return receives help from magical powers and as a result he is rewarded. And all this happens because he knows how to get along and find mutual language with other characters.
"Why does Ivan win - the fool?"
“He defeats enemies by virtue of his natural behavior. Everything that is light and good helps Ivan, and his mother is the damp earth, and forests, and rivers, and smaller brothers, to small animals and insects. They help because he himself is bright and kind, and not just close to light and good.
The reasoning of A. Sinyavsky about the behavior of the hero-fool is interesting. The critic draws attention to the fact that the phrase "God loves fools" can be explained by two reasons. Firstly, the Fool simply has no one else to help, he is so unhappy and not even able to do anything himself; secondly, in this case, the Fool is incredibly gullible to higher powers, because he does not use the advice of elders, nor his own mind, experience.
Conclusion:
Ivan the Fool is not at all stupid! Yes, he is naive and trusting. But at the same time, he is smart with all the wisdom of the Russian people.
1. The people love fools not because they are stupid, but because they are smart: smart with a higher mind, which is not in cunning and deceiving others, but in wisdom that knows true price any falsehood that sees the price in doing good by others.
2. The Russian people treated and still treat fools with great respect, people who have their own point of view, different from the generally accepted one. This is evidenced by the fact that in fairy tales Ivan the Fool always remains the winner.
3. For a very long time, the word fool was not offensive ... Following folk traditions Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin in the work “The Fool” gives such a description of his fool Ivanushka, the son of smart parents: “He is not a fool at all, but he has no vile thoughts - he cannot adapt to life because of this ...”
In modern fairy tale literature the image of the fool is represented by many other characters, for example, Scarecrow, Pinocchio, Dunno.
“So who is he - this eternally laughing Fool? Not putting a penny on what others usually cling to, trying to maintain their dignity, their status, themselves?
The fool does not care about honor and glory, but it is about him that epics are composed and fairy tales are told; he is always glad of a little and is full of crackers, but for some reason it is he who turns out to have an abundant self-collected tablecloth; wealth and money do not matter to him, but again - only he gets all the treasures and, as a rule, half the kingdom in addition; he does not seek to command, but always around him - a bunch of assistants, vying with each other offering their services; he makes all decisions not by reason and calculation, but by INSPIRATION and inner impulse, and it is they who turn out to be the only true ones and leading him to good luck.
.... And it turns out that the qualities expressed by the Fool are always pleasant and close to us in some way; it turns out that they are deeply, literally from the very beginning, embedded in us, in our culture, in our worldview.
A fool is the Master of his life. This is the playing host. This is always a joyful and in love with life Owner, this is a laughing Owner. Fool - this is laughter. Owner's laugh.
Having touched the concept of "Fool", we reveal a layer of possibilities of tremendous capacity that opens up before us.
Instead of endless reasoning and cleverness about the Fool, finally remember this forgotten quality, return to your Fool his legitimate Divine status.
Trust me, it's possible, try it, it's not difficult at all, and do it while playing, because The Fool is an ongoing adventure. This is our further path, our Divine game, this is the possibility of true awakening and real, not illusory existence.
Everything you hear is a lie.
Everything you see is a lie.
Everything you say is a lie
Everything you know is a lie.
You are absent. You are another's dream.
surrounds you a dead world, woven by you from the lies of others.
This means that by acting contrary to knowledge, you awaken.
Talking less and laughing more, you manifest yourself in this World.
Perceiving not words and concepts, but sensations, you come to life.
Watching without analyzing - you see clearly.
The absurd is your mind. Laughter is your voice.
Fool is your name.
Wake up, the living world is waiting for you.
Fool's Code
1. Look for the Fool, but you will find it.
2. Evolution has evolved from smart to stupid. A wise man can discover the Fool in himself. A fool will never agree to become smart again, a fool with a small letter is a dead end branch of evolution.
3. The fool is so simple that they refuse to believe in him.
4. - The law is not written for a fool, - the Fool laughs. - therefore he is doomed to be free.
5. Failure haunts everyone. But Fools they can not catch up.
6. A fool never spits against the wind, as the wind is always fair to him.
7. The mind is the trap of the Devil. A fool is a way out of it, given by God.
8. The fool is a great player: he never wins.
9. But the Fool is invincible because he never fights.
10. - Why indulge in the sin of despondency, - the Fool laughs, - When there are other sins?
11. A fool never gets into trouble. I'm not that smart, he laughs, to find this place.
12. A fool always walks with open mouth That's why he's always full.
13. When a smart one, becoming a Fool, wakes up - the world disappears. Then the Fool, laughing, rebuilds it.
14. - Most of the smart ones, - the Fool laughs, - die without having time to break out.
15. - Know yourself, - the Fool laughs, - until others know you.
16. A fool does not believe in miracles. He uses them.
17. - Love the Fool in your neighbor, - offers the Fool.
18. All people are from God, but only a fool To God.
19. Have you done everything to become a Fool?
20. Laughter is the shortest path from the smart to the Fool.
21. A fool never looks for anything, because he knows that if he finds, then only himself.
22. The fool is always there. When the smart one finally finds it, then he laughs for a long time, remembering his search.
23. A fool joyfully laughs in himself at what a wise man wants to change in another.
24. What the Fool eats, he is, And he eats everything.
25. Smart fights with Satan. The fool only laughs when he hears that name.
26. Look for the Fool in your heart.
27. When Nietzsche said: God is dead! - he hurried. After all, the Fool remained.
28. The end of the world will not come as long as there is at least one Fool.
29. A wise man measures himself from the earth to his head, and a Fool from his head to Heaven.
30. Not the world created the Fool, but the Fool the world.
31. Make the Fool pray to God - such laughter will be heard from above.
32. A fool is always in love.
33. - What you own, then owns you, - the Fool laughs, Looking into his empty pocket. “If you don’t own anything, then you have everything,” he continues, pulling out a sandwich.
34. The Fool's pocket is always full, because it is full of holes.
35. A fool blinks - and the world is different.
36. - good god- laughs the Fool - this is the God about whom jokes are told.
37. God and the Fool play hide and seek. The fool does not seek. But he finds it all the time.
38. Everything that a smart man can imagine, a Fool can create.
39. A fool can do everything. But he only wants what he has.
40. - In the world of sleepers, - the Fool laughs, - the smart one is the King. But for those who are awake. The king is not needed.
41. - As the blind does not understand the mirror, - adds the Fool, - so sleeping - the Fool.
42. - When people agree with me, I always want to apologize.
43. - The Fool's Code is a mirror, - the Fool laughs - if a donkey reads it, then he sees ...
44. - The louder the laughter - the closer to God - the Fool laughs.
45. - Ask me. - the Fool smiles, - and I'll lie.
46. - Being smart is the funniest of habits, - the Fool laughs.
47. - Many fool around, - the Fool laughs, - but only a few decide to lie with him.
48. - Troubles come and go, - the Fool laughs, - but their creators remain.
49. - And you try - laugh with clever expression faces, - suggests the Fool.
50. - Come to the mirror, - the Fool laughs, - and you will see the world in which you live.
51. - Throw away the mirror, - the Fool laughs, - and maybe you will see yourself.
52. - Do you always control yourself? - the Fool is surprised. - How do they get something?
53. - Life, - the Fool laughs. This is one day spent visiting yourself.
54. - There are two tragedies in a person's life, - the Fool recalls, - this is when he cannot get what he wants and when he finally gets it.
55. - Laughter is a great way to carry on a conversation, - the Fool laughs.
5 B. - Next to me, you can learn only one thing, - the Fool laughs, - to forget.
57 - To forget, - he smiles slyly, - means to remember.
58. - A fool never argues. Who to argue with? he chuckles.
59. - Are you at a dead end? - the Fool laughs, - that's nice, from there I can see better.
60. - Clever, - the Fool laughs, - this is a candle for those who sleep.
61. - Free cheese is only in a mousetrap, - the Fool declares authoritatively, cutting off another piece for himself.
62. - To lose, - says the Fool, - means to find.
63. The fool is the key to the doors behind which there is nothing.
64. A fool is the key to the doors behind which there is everything.
65. - It doesn't matter what you do, - the Fool laughs, - it matters what you do.
66. - But do not, - he adds, - what you can not do.
67. - Do you want to be free? - asks the Fool, - then forget this word.
68. - Laugh and bow more often, - says the Fool, - otherwise you will be taken for a smart one.
69. - Are you being praised? - the Fool smiles, - forgive them.
70. - If you do not understand my laughter, - the Fool laughs, - how can you understand my words?
71. - Good? - the Fool asks in surprise, - oh, yes! ... This is what with fists ... - he laughs.
72. - If you think, - the Fool laughs, - then you are not even a Fool.
73. - How much intelligence is needed not to seem like a Fool, - he adds, laughing.
74. - You are very smart, - the Fool laughs, - therefore you are the same ...
75. - A man forever pursues a radiant creature, fleeing from a black creature, - says, sneezing, Fool, they raised such dust, running around me ...
76. - The less desire to speak, - the Fool laughs, - the more one manages to say.
77. - We are not slaves, we are not slaves - barely holding back laughter, the Fool reads - but what about pleasures?
78. - I really don't mean anything, - the Fool laughs. But how much did I have to study for this.
79 – Fill yourself with knowledge. Pump up! - the Fool laughs, - after all, you must vomit with something before cleansing.
80. - Do you know the way? - Fool laughs, - and you even have a map? - he laughs, - nothing but from a marked deck.
81. - And you try, - suggests the Fool, feel your fall as a jump.
82. - Do you want to fool the world? Tell him the truth, the Fool laughs.
83. - Truth hides in its absence, - he adds, smiling
84. - Happiness does not need to be sought, - the Fool laughs, - they need to live.
85. - A smart one is a suicide, - says the Fool.
86. - Why should I think? - the Fool is surprised, - I know!
87. - And how does the wind know, - he laughs, - in which direction to blow?
88. - It goes in one ear, goes out the other, - the Fool laughs, - and so on all day. You can go crazy!
89. Round Fool by the perfection of its form reflects the perfection of the universe.
90. - I, too, can get a fly in the soup, - smiling happily, the Fool assures.
91. - Do you want to see? Durak laughs. - Close eyes.
92. - Do you want to understand the speaker? - he has fun, - stop listening to him.
93. - There will be no weather vane, - the Fool laughs, - the wind will disappear.
94 – Looking at the moon, the Fool turns it on like a light bulb.
95. - The mind is a shovel, - the Fool laughs, - the sharper it is, the deeper the grave.
96. - In the beginning there was a word, - the Fool recalls, - and then words, words, words ...
97 - Are you writing? Durak laughs. - Write. But don't forget - the cleaner the paper, the cleaner the ass.
98. - Break the stick, break it, - the Fool laughs, - maybe you will get one end.
99. - Aim well, - suggests the Fool, - and if you're lucky, you'll miss.
100. - Did you hit the target? Durak laughs. - Look for a hole in your own body.
101. - Do you want to be happy? - the Fool laughs. - Hoti!
102. - If you are an honest person, - says the Fool, - then you are always lying.
103. - The closer to the truth, - he laughs, - the further into the forest.
104. - Any statement is false, - the Fool laughs, - this too.
105. - If you know where you are going, you are a brave man, - the Fool laughs, - after all, you can really get there.
106. - Circumstances, - the Fool puffs out his cheeks importantly, - it's me.
107 - Do you really want to live? Durak laughs. - Well, then - then try to die. Laughing.
108. - You are just dreaming about yourself, - the Fool laughs.
109. - Impossible? Durak laughs. - Exactly. Just that. What do you need.
110. - God is a great joker, - says the Fool. - But he laughs only after I open my mouth.
111 - Hope, - the Fool laughs, - is a lollipop with which you are trying to rape God.
112. - Experience - Fool laughs - it's an enema. Try. Compare. Well, how? What, besides the usual shit, came out of you?
113. - You are talking about how to become better, - the Fool laughs, - and I am talking about how to become a Fool.
114. - One and Perfect? - the Fool laughs. - That's it, and I'm talking about the same. - And coquettishly adjusts his cap.
115. - It was at the beginning, - the Fool remembers, - it will be at the end ... But where are you going to go? he laughs. - After all, your Fool is still nearby.
The image of Ivan the Fool in Russian folk tales Researchers have not come to an unambiguous opinion about the origin of the image. E. M. Meletinsky believes that the image of the persecuted hero was borrowed by a fairy tale from mythological legends, since individual motifs that make up the plots of fairy tales about Ivan are common in the mythology of different peoples. Ivan is the third and youngest of the brothers. He is born into a peasant family, but most often he does not do any useful work, unlike his older brothers - prudent, thrifty owners. However, Ivan's brothers never achieve their goal, while he, on the contrary, gains wealth and happiness. Ivan the Fool, or Ivanushka the Fool, is one of the main characters in Russian fairy tales. As a rule, his social status low - a peasant son or the son of an old man with an old woman. He was often the third in the family, younger son. Not married. According to some versions, the name Ivan the Fool is a name-amulet that prevents the evil eye. As you know, fairy tales took shape during pagan times, and many heroes were representatives of Good and Evil. Ivan the Fool is one of the goodies. With the help of magical means, and especially thanks to his "not mind", Ivan the Fool successfully passes all the tests and reaches higher values: he defeats the enemy, marries the king's daughter, receives both wealth and fame. Perhaps Ivan the Fool achieves all this due to the fact that, according to the literary scholar J. Dumézil, he embodies a magical function associated not so much with the deed as with the word, with the duties of a priest. Ivan the Fool is the only one of the brothers who speaks in a fairy tale. Ivan the Fool makes and guesses riddles, that is, he does what a priest does in many traditions during a ritual dedicated to the main annual holiday. Ivan the Fool - poet and musician; in fairy tales, his singing, his ability to play the wonderful pipe or the gusli-samoguds, which make the herd dance, are emphasized. Ivan the Fool is the bearer of a special speech, in which, in addition to riddles, jokes, and jokes, fragments are noted where either the phonetic or semantic principles of ordinary speech are violated, or even something resembling absurdity; compare “nonsense”, “absurdities”, linguistic paradoxes based, in particular, on the game of homonymy and synonymy, polysemy and multi-reference of the word, etc. (for example, Ivan the Fool describes killing a snake with a spear as a meeting with evil, which he is evil and struck, "evil died of evil"). Ivan the Fool is connected in the plot with a certain critical situation ending with a holiday (victory over the enemy and marriage), in which he is the main participant. 3. The image of Ivan the Fool in Russian folk tales Russian fools and holy fools not so much testified about their own stupidity as they revealed someone else's, and especially boyar and royal. It seems that "father" Ivan the Terrible himself envied the glory of Ivanushka the Fool and played the fool with might and main. And he married without end, and divided the kingdom in two, in order to remain with half the kingdom, and the oprichny court in Alexandrovsky started up with all sorts of buffoonery. He even renounced the kingdom, put on the Cap of Monomakh on the Kasimov prince Simeon Bekbulatovich, and he himself performed buffoons and holy fools - the feat that made them almost saints, and often saints. Holy fools were often declared saints by popular rumor, and buffoons too. Remember the most wonderful Novgorod epic"Vavilo buffoon". And buffoons are not simple people - buffoons, holy people. But the people never show special emotion before stupidity. But it is customary to think well about the fairy-tale fool: he, they say, looks like this, but in fact he is a chamber of mind. But fools are different. Ignorant fool "You can't drag it!" - shouts such Ivan the Fool at the funeral. And for the wedding train, he wishes the kingdom of heaven and eternal rest. He is rude and does everything wrong. The story laughs at such a fool. A lazy fool Such a fool lies to himself all day long on the stove. But he's incredibly lucky. He will go for water - he will pull the magic pike out of the hole. The stump will be whipped - and gold will fall from under the stump. And then he suddenly gets everything he wants: a red caftan, and beauty, and handsomeness, and even a royal daughter with half a kingdom in addition. In such a fool, good beginnings are hidden. When the time comes, he looks and acts smart. One releases the pike into the wild, the other, guarding the wheat, shows both dexterity, and courage, and ingenuity. Executive Fool There are executive fools. “Make a fool pray to God - he will hurt his forehead” - this is said about such people. Such a worker can be a fool, that he guards the door separately from the house, and drives the bear instead of the cow to the cattle. Just a fool There are such fools in every nation. No wonder they say: "Fools do not sow, do not reap - they themselves will be born." Both storytellers and listeners always make fun of them, feeling very smart. 4. The history of the name The hero of fairy tales, Ivan the Fool, is not at all a fool, in the modern sense of the word. Before the adoption of Christianity and for a long time after, there was a tradition not to call children "adult" names, so that they would not be kidnapped by "devils" while they were helpless. The “adult”, “real” name the child received at the initiation at the age of 10-13, and before that he wore a fake, childish one. Children's names formed from numerals - Pervak, Vtorak, Tretyak - were very common. And also Drugak, that is, “another”, the next. Since it was the most popular, denoting, in most cases, the youngest child, as a result it became a household word and simplified to "Fool". The name "Fool" is found in church documents up to the 14th and 15th centuries. From the 17th century, it began to mean what it means now - stupid person. Naturally, because the youngest is the most inexperienced and unintelligent. Therefore, the famous Ivan the Fool from Russian fairy tales is not a fool at all, but simply the youngest of three sons. 5. The mystery of the image of Ivan the Fool Ivan the Fool is a character that is inherently obscure, if not mysterious. Being the main character of the fairy tale, he, in accordance with the laws of the genre, successfully overcomes all the obstacles placed in his path by fate, and achieves prosperity, usually symbolized by marrying the king's daughter. In this, Ivan the Fool differs little from Ivan the Tsarevich and others. fairytale heroes with whom listeners sympathize and may identify, but if in others fairy tales luck eventually rewards heroes for their intelligence, cunning, loyalty, kindness, courage, then, considering this type of fairy tales, we have to conclude that Ivan the Fool is rewarded for his stupidity. Possessing no special virtues that even counterbalance his stupidity, he nevertheless comes to the same finale as obviously worthy heroes. Moreover, in the tale, in addition to Ivan the Fool, his brothers are often present, who differ from him only in their rationality and who also try to win luck, but of the three brothers, fate turns out to be favorable to the fool, confirming the conclusion about the reward for stupidity. The morality straightforwardly derived from these tales says that a person does not particularly need a mind, it is not at all required to achieve success in life (or even hinders its achievement); if it is destined for you to become the royal son-in-law, then even if you are a fool, this will not prevent you from becoming one, and if it is not written, then you should not try. Hence, sometimes a rather offensive conclusion is made for us Russians, that the people, whose favorite folklore hero can be a fool and an idler, do not value intelligence, diligence, calculation and perseverance in achieving a goal, but are inclined, lying on the stove, to hope for a miracle, which without any hassle will lift him from rags to riches. But this conclusion - in addition to the fact that it clearly unrealistically describes the scale of folk values - is in clear contradiction with the fact that in other - created by the same people - fairy tales, the natural mind of the heroes, their education, prudence, wit, cunning serve as the basis of their life. success and are highly commended. Ershov, in his famous "Humpbacked Horse", using the folklore story about Ivan the Fool, follows this generally accepted path. In the beginning, he, however, follows the folk tale, saying: “He had three sons. The older one was smart, The middle one was this way and that, The younger one was a fool at all. However, in the future, the motive of “stupidity” of the protagonist completely disappears, he remains a “fool” only in name, but neither his actions nor the opinion of those around him in any way correspond to this nickname. Rather, he compares favorably with his brothers, whose laziness, cowardice and disobedience to parental will block their opportunity to meet a magical mare and, consequently, the path to success in life. Thus, Ivan the Fool is interpreted by Ershov as a hero who is considered stupid only due to a misunderstanding and whose virtues are hidden under an inconspicuous appearance for the time being. In Russian fairy tales there is a similar plot in which the main character, who occupies a low social position (a man, a soldier) and only because of this is regarded by others as a deliberate fool and ignoramus, shames others - highly exalted in public opinion- characters due to the natural peasant mind and cunning, but this is the plot of other fairy tales, clearly different from the fairy tales about Ivan the Fool. “Editing” the plot and replacing one motive in it with another taken from another fairy tale, Ershov follows ordinary common sense, confident that if a person whom we considered a fool has achieved extraordinary success in life, then he is probably not so and a fool, and perhaps smarter than the others. From this, the tale becomes more “correct”, logical, but at the same time, originality and the true meaning of the plot are lost. In order to correctly understand the meaning of the tale and find out why the main character is a fool, what is the functional role of his stupidity in the development of the plot, it is necessary to move away from your usual ideas and try to take the point of view of the subject of folklore, the personal fate of a person, acting in the form of his personal life circumstances , (of the environment in which he is forced to act and which he cannot choose at will), constantly hinders his progress towards the goal and diverts away from it. Everyone's task is to correct deviations, eliminate or circumvent obstacles and return to the right path, and to do this as quickly, efficiently as possible, without wasting too much time and energy. It is in solving such problems that the personal virtues of a person are manifested, here his mind, ingenuity, stamina, and other qualities necessary for the struggle of life are tested, and the more obstacles there were, the farther fate brought a person from the goal, the more honor to those who managed to do it all the same. overcome difficulties and reach the goal. Many fairy tales are built exactly according to this model: someone sets difficult tasks for the hero, and he is forced, if he does not want to lose his life and happiness, to overcome all obstacles. (But the hero himself cannot for no reason, for no reason, come up with the idea of going on feats; any feats that are not related to his life path do not make any sense to him). At the same time, the main thing he strives for is the restoration of the initial state, and not the conquest of some new heights. Even if a reward awaits him at the end, like marrying the king's daughter, then this is only an honorary title confirming his valor and success, but not the goal he aspired to. The plot about Ivan the Fool is similar to this type of fairy tale, and it uses the same elements: there are also difficult tasks that exceed human capabilities, there are magical assistants who solve unsolvable problems for the hero, and the same brilliant ending awaits the hero at the end. The cubes from which the fairy tale is built are the same, but the fairy tale is different. In it, a person is placed in a boundary situation, which obviously excludes the possibility of happiness for him. In a fairy tale, people are looking for an answer to the question of what a person should do if fate puts him in a position from which there is no return to life path leading to the goal. It is such a person that the image of Ivan the Fool symbolizes. If you take this point of view, it immediately becomes clear why the hero should be a fool not in appearance, but in his essence. Ivan's stupidity is not proved by anything in the fairy tale, he is a fool by definition. Obviously, his foolishness is so undeniable that it does not need to be proven, he is a well-known village fool, to whom the Lord did not give reason. There is a contradiction in the tales about Ivan the Fool, which is removed by the development of the plot (thesis: “A fool cannot reach the goal because he acts like a fool”; antithesis: “A fool can reach the goal only if he acts like a fool”) , is usually quite clearly expressed, and, apparently, is easily “read” from the plot by those to whom, in fact, the tale is addressed. So, in one version of this tale, the plot unfolds as follows. When dividing property between brothers, the younger brother-fool asks his father to also allocate a part to him, and although the old father doubts whether this is worth doing - no property will help the fool, his case is hopeless - he still gives the fool a hundred out of justice and pity. rubles. The fool goes out into the street, and there the boys are torturing a kitten and a puppy. The fool asks to give them to him and in return gives his hundred rubles. In the future, a dog and a cat grow up and, naturally, turn out to be wonderful helpers of a fool, bringing him good luck and happy ending fairy tales. From this it can be seen that the fool's success comes from the correct (in his position) choice of path: after it has been completed, bringing the plot to a happy end is already a matter of fabulous technology. 6. A world without "scientists." There is an unconditional boundary between him and "learned" people: in one of the cycles of fairy tales, Ivan emphatically bears the nickname Dunno, and in the other - Untalented. And "scientists" are the only human environment from where fabulous Ivans did not come out, that is, it has no representative in fairy tales. None! As if "scientists" for the author of fairy tales - the people - do not exist at all, or they are somehow unworthy of representation in Ivanstvo-Ivania. It comes not from self-abasement and not from the pride of the author. Simply - simply the people themselves are learned, without "scientists" who have broken away from them. In the people's multi-thousand-year-old universal laboratory, many things were created that scientists only later confirmed. The list is endless: the first ideas about world harmony, matter and energy, force and motion, the molecule and the atom, the invention of the globe, the creation of the book, etc., etc. Our Mikhailo Lomonosov, having made his way into "scientists", did just that , what folk performances clarified. And how many of these ideas have not been understood by "scientists", have not been developed, and are often distorted beyond recognition. But the main thing, I repeat, is the spiritual boundary between the Ivans and the "scientists." It is no coincidence that Dunno radiates light, surprisingly clean, bright. If the "experts" radiated such light, maybe the world would have been different, and not so scary. like now. The "scientists", who had forgotten their kinship, would not have climbed onto Ivan's hump, would not have sought to drive, teach the mind, would not have destroyed the living. The line between the Ivans and the "scientists" is a principled, dividing line. Ivans never forget about their relationship. "Ivans who do not remember kinship" - so it is said to emphasize the improbability of such a case. Not remembering kinship is no longer Ivan. Who hates Ivan. First of all, Ivan the Fool is completely devoid of the three vices that his enemies consider virtues. Firstly, he is not at all conceited and never demands recognition and glory for his exploits. Moreover, he strives with all his might not to be considered a hero. One would like to call him, as some researchers do, "a hero in disguise". As if Ivan is wearing the mask of the Fool. But the fact of the matter is that this is not a mask, but a face - an image, an expression of an inner attitude towards the world. You can take off the mask, - it is impossible to take off the face, they live with it, they die with it, they appear before God with it, where "they will last first". Therefore, we must not talk about a disguised hero, but about the main features of a certain personality class. Secondly, Ivan is disinterested, nowhere and never does anything for the sake of self-interest. Thirdly, there is not even a hint of a tendency to kill or to bully others, and he is cruel only in cases of extreme necessity, and only with evil spirit. From the point of view of the enemies, it is the absence of these three vices, which they consider to be the most important virtues, that makes it possible to call Ivan a "fool". In fairy tales, the enemies, knowing how Ivan will behave, take advantage of this, provoke conditions in which he goes "there, not knowing where" in order to "bring something, not knowing what", they get both fame and wealth. Peasant origin, it cannot be otherwise. As his enemies cannot be otherwise. They are not specifically his enemies, they are like that, they are just different, they represent another opposite meaning, a personal class. And even their anger at Ivan can be explained by the fact that they cannot be like Ivan. They live according to other commandments. Why does Ivan win? The highest meaning of Ivan's travels and all the misadventures, even when he goes, and not knowing where and for no one knows why, is in the fight against evil spirits and in the multiplication of good. He conquers enemies by virtue of his natural, God this behavior. Ivan is helped by everything that is light and good, and mother - damp earth, and forests, and rivers, and smaller brothers, to small animals and insects. It helps, because he himself is bright and kind, and not just close to light and goodness. He is an inner man, living with his heart - a prophet. "Here an old woman jumps over the garden: Fu-fu-fu, what is it! The Russian spirit came to me in the forest!" The kingdom of the dead, the main enemies of Ivan - Koshchei, Baba Yaga, the Serpent Gorynych - is opposed by the kingdom of the living. A special country Ivanstvo-Ivania is a special civilization. "Here is the Russian spirit, here it smells of Russia." This is the civilization of Russia. You won't find another one like it. "Rus Ivan" was and is still being called by our western neighbors, "Urus Ivan" by our eastern neighbors. Moreover, a person of a nasty personal class, opposite to civilization, where, first of all, "favorite" wealth is held in high esteem, that is, an external person living with a cold mind, considers the Orthodox no longer fabulous, but real fools, and Russia - a wild, uncivilized country of fools. People from this country-civilization who have remained Orthodox, that is, you and I, are Ivans - Fools. Meanwhile, the immortality of Russia lies precisely in the fact that Ivans lived and created, live and create in it, remembering kinship. The personality of the people's favorite is recognizable throughout our culture, both in its creators and in their creations, as, for example, in Dostoevsky and Prince Myshkin or Sholokhov and his hero from The Fate of a Man. In Pushkin and Yurodiv. Of course, why not Ivan the Fool national pride Russia - Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. After all, even his death for a prudent person is stupidity, there is no way to justify it. A brilliant poet, revered by the people, could not shoot himself, live and live, then compose. But the fact of the matter is that all of Russia stood behind Pushkin in the duel, from the peasant woman Arina Rodionovna to the heroes of 1812, to her saints. The killer, shooting at Pushkin on the order of obscurantism, darkness, shot at each of us. And this is the case when "death tramples death", a person wins. 7. Conclusion The Russian people love fools not because they are stupid, but because they are smart: smart with a higher mind, which is not in cunning and deceiving others, not in swindle and successful pursuit of their own narrow benefit, but in wisdom that knows the true price of any falsehood, ostentatious prettiness, seeing the price in doing good to others, and, consequently, to oneself as a person. And not every fool and eccentric is loved by the Russian people, but only one who will take a liking to an ugly humpbacked horse, will not offend a dove, will not break a talking tree, and then will give his own to others, will save nature and respect his dear parents. Such a "fool" will not only get a beauty, but the princess will give an engagement ring from the window, and with it half a kingdom-state as a dowry.
Article
"The development of coherent speech in younger students is the fundamental task of the teacher"
Compiled by:
teacher primary school
Donetsk secondary school №77
Logvinenko Liliya Vladimirovna
One of the fundamental tasks in the activity of a primary school teacher is the development of coherent speech of schoolchildren. The quality of further education and upbringing largely depends on the success of its implementation. The basis of teaching coherent speech should be the formation of skills common to oral and written statements. Such skills include the ability to reveal the main idea of what is heard or read, to correctly build one's own statements, the ability to communicate, to freely build sentences and text.
Directions in the work on the development of speech:
Enrichment of the vocabulary of younger students.
Work on phrases and sentences.
Developing the skill to link sentences into a harmonious speech.
All these areas should be systematically andin parallel, because they are in constant relationship - vocabulary work provides material for sentences, for coherent speech; and in preparation for a story, an essay, work is carried out on the word and sentence.
Work on enriching the vocabulary of students has 4 directions:
dictionary enrichment;
vocabulary refinement;
dictionary activation;
elimination of non-literary words.
The main sources of vocabulary enrichment are works of art, texts in textbooks, teacher's speech.
In order to clarify and enrich the vocabulary of students in primary school the following tasks are used:
Selection of synonyms for the word and finding them in the text, finding out similarities and differences in meaning;
Selection to given word antonyms;
Work on direct and figurative meaning words:
Work with proverbs and sayings;
Work with phraseological turns;
Working with dictionaries;
Performance various kinds creative works(composing sentences, retelling what was read using keywords and according to plan, stories according to observations).
So, for example, when reading the fairy tale "Sivka-burka" in grade 3, children are offered the following tasks:
Think and answer why exactly Ivanushka got Elena the Beautiful?
What human qualities helped him find happiness? Formulate your answer using the appropriate words:
kindness;
cruelty;
courage;
greed;
perseverance;
the ability to carry out assigned tasks;
resourcefulness.
Why do you think so?
In order to activate the dictionary, the work can be presented in the form of the following main stages:
1. Interpretation of a word using one or more techniques:
explanation of meaning through context (Reading a passage explains the meaning of words; students understand more easily not only them direct meaning, but also the appropriateness of use.)
selection of synonyms or antonyms;
finding out the meaning of a new word reference materials;
demonstration of an object, picture;
word-formation analysis, on the basis of which the meaning of the word is clarified;
comparing words to find differences (for example, golden hands and golden color).
So, for example, when studying the topic “Seasons and their features”, we introduce children to several names of months, explaining old names with the help of specially selected poems or based on knowledge natural features occurring at one time or another of the year.
For example.
March is the first month of spring. It is called "morning of spring", "morning of the year", "sunshine". The sun rises higher and shines brighter, the days are getting longer. The sky seems blue-blue. Blue shadows from the trees lie on the snowdrifts.
In the old days, the month of March had another vernacular name - "drip". From the sun's rays, the snow becomes loose, the snowdrifts settle, the icicles fall and break. At noon, the March drop sings a sonorous song.
I listen at noon drops,
It murmurs like a bird's chirp.
Ringing with a crystal bell
Escaping from the roof above the porch.
Why do you think March was called a drip?
2. Reading and writing words (work on orthoepy and spelling).
3. Work on patterns of word usage (The teacher introduces children to ready-made phrases and sentences that include the words being studied).
4. Work on the semantic connections of words.
Exercises that teach children to identify and assimilate word connections contribute to the enrichment of their vocabulary. Such exercises develop the ability to choose the right word, accurately convey the meaning of the statement.
Exercise.
In each line, find words that are close in meaning and write them out:
Kind, evil, sensitive;
Indifferent, affectionate, gentle;
Indifferent, indifferent, kind.
Make up a sentence with any of the words.
To develop the skill to link sentences into a harmonious speech, students need to learn:
To reason, to express one's attitude to the situation, to one's actions and the actions of other people, the heroes of the read work;
Highlight the main and secondary, compare;
Build a logically justified, linguistically correct statement.
Children's statements can be in the form of reasoning, storytelling, memories, etc.
One of the necessary links in the work aimed at developing coherent speech of students is the ability to correctly build a dialogue, which includes the ability to speak and listen to the interlocutor.
In the classroom, during walks, excursions, a significant place is occupied by conversations about the surrounding children of close and familiar objects and phenomena. (Describing any plant, animal, natural phenomenon, the student mustuse words that would make his characterization vivid,complete and accurate. It is very important to involve all students in the analysis of the received answer, in addition and clarification of what they heard.) General direction conversations should be such that it ultimately leads children to master the skills of coherent speech.
When conducting a conversation, you need to strive to ensure that the children speak in full sentences.
The development of speech also includes the assimilation of the literary language norm, the improvement of the culture of speech.
The culture of speech must be brought up through a conscious attitude to the language. In elementary school, work on the culture of speech should be aimed not so much at communicating certain knowledge, but at developing children's linguistic sense, linguistic intuition, and their accumulation of positive speech experience.
The most effective in the formation of the speech culture of primary school students are the following methods:
Dialogue teaching method.
Game technologies.
Group work.
For example, when studying the topic “Save water!” ( The world, Grade 3) I suggest that students work in groups and compose stories “Why do I need to save water?”, “What can I do so that fresh water reserves do not run out?”, Based on existing knowledge, based on personal observations.
After reading N. Nosov's story "Telephone" (Grade 3), students are invited to build a dialogue during their communication with each other on the phone. The teacher sets the main tasks for the children: to observe the culture of speech, to be able to listen to their interlocutor to the end, etc.
Also, the guys really like to play the game “Know me”.
Several students receive cards with the image of objects. They must, without naming the subject, indicate it characteristics and give its description, the rest of the students guess what was discussed, and make up a sentence with this word. And if such an object was mentioned in a fairy tale, story or poem known to them, then this work is called with pleasure.
The game"Innovators"
Children are invited to come up with several new uses for seemingly unnecessary objects - an empty rod, a chocolate wrapper, an empty plastic bottle etc.
The kids love to fantasize. Such games help children build sentences, draw conclusions, enrich their vocabulary, and teach them to think. Alternating such games, you can maintain interest in independent statements, form the ability to compare, explain your point of view.
All of the above methods are good, but they are effective only when used in a complex and systematic way.They do not have a noticeable effect on short term. Only systematic work will lead to success. It is aimed at ensuring that students master not only grammatical theory and spelling skills, but in the process of speech practice they also master the ability to correctly pronounce words and use them correctly in speech, build phrases, sentences and speech in general. Thus, the development of speech is work on the speech culture of students, and therefore work on the harmonious development of the child's personality.
